THE ROLE OF SPATIAL PLANNING IN

MANAGING DISASTER IN INDONESIA

PRESENTED BY DR A.HERMANTO DARDAK

DIRECTOR GENERAL OF SPATIAL PLANNING

MINISTRY OF PUBLIC WORKS

SEPTEMBER 2005

OUTLINE

I. BACKGROUND

II. DISASTERS OCCURENCES INDONESIA

III. SPATIAL PLANNING PROCESS WITH REGARD TO DISASTER

IV. APPLICATION OF SPATIAL PLANNING IN MANAGING

DISASTER

V. CLOSING REMARKS

i

1. Indonesia is an archipelago with more than 17.000 islands, located between Indian and Pacific Oceans and two major tectonic plates, Eurasian and Indo-Australian

2. Besides, there are more than 76 volcanoes stretching from North of Sumatra down to Eastern part of Indonesia

3. These situations have caused Indonesia to become so PRONE to earthquakes and any other Natural Disaster

4. Impacts of natural disaster resulted in economic, social and ecological losses

5. From Spatial Planning point of view, consistent implementation and effective control of land use may reduce and prevent the risk caused by natural disasters

ii

LIKE THE PIECES OF A GIANT JIGSAW PUZZLE, SLABS OF ROCKY

CRUST KNOWN AS TECTONIC PLATES FIT TOGETHER TO FORM

THE EARTH’S OUTER SHELL.

THE PUZZLE CHANGES AS THE PLATES SLIDE OVER

THESE INTERACTION SET OFF EARTHQUAKES, FIRE UP VOLCANOES,

AND WRINKLE THE EARTH CRUST INTO MOUNTAINS, VALLEYS,

AND DEEP-SEA TRENCHES.

Bontang

Main Island

Gugus Pulau Samudra

Gugus Pulau Pantai

Pegunungan Tinggi Batas Teritorial

Batas ZEE

Plates

Kota PKN

KUALA LUMPUR BANDAR SRI BEGAWAN

SINGAPORE

DILLI

Banda Aceh

Medan

Pekanbaru

Padang

Jambi

Bengkulu

Palembang

Lampung

JAKARTA

Bandung

Semarang

Yogyakarta

Surabaya

Denpasar Mataram

Kupang

Pontianak

Palangkaraya

Banjarmasin

Samarinda

Manado

Palu

Makasar

Kendari Ambon

Jayapura

Batam

Pangkal Pinang

Serang

Mamuju

Gorontalo Ternate

Sorong

Entikong

Malang

Pangkalan Bun

Balikpapan

Biak

Merauke

EARTHQUAKE IN INDONESIA

Very active, in average 450 earthquake/year

BIG TSUNAMI IN INDONESIA

Sumbar 1861

Bengkulu 1833

Krakatau 1883

Banyuwangi 1994 Sumba 1977

Flores 1992

Biak 1996

Mindoro 1994

Panay 1948

Mindanao 1918 Mindanao 1897

Sumbawa 1820

Banda 1674

Sangihe 1856

Seram 1965 Sulteng 1968

Sulteng 1996

Lomblen 1979

Sulsel 1969

Taliabu 1998

Aceh 2004

Source: Puspito, Kompas 2 Nov. 2002

1010

1100

1120 1130 1130

1260 2010 2020 2040

2050 2080

2090

2120

2100

2130 2140

4140

5090

5150

5170

1090

1180

1210

1240

1290

2070 2110

5100

4020 4030

4080

7020

1150

2150

4070

4090

5020

3010

5160 4010

In 1998, as many as 59 river basins are in critical condition

RIVER BASIN IN CRITICAL CONDITION

PEMANFAATAN

RUANG SPATIAL

PLANNING IMPLEMENTATION

DEVELOPMENT

CONTROL

SPATIAL PLANNING PROCESS

Strategic Development Framework

RTRWN RTRWP RTRW

Kabupaten

National Spatial

Planning System

Regional Spatial

Planning system

Sub-regional Spatial

Planning system

RTR Pulau, Kawasan

Tertentu, Kawasan

Perbatasan, Kawasan

Terpencil

Renc. Bagian

Wilayah

Provinsi

Renc. Bagian

Wilayah

Kabupaten

RTR Kaw. Nas RTR Kawasan

(Skala Provinsi)

RTR Kawasan

(Skala Kabupaten)

Hierarchy

Strategic

Spatial Plan

Implementing

Plan

Local

Detailed Plan

RTRW Kota

RDTR Kota

RTR Kawasan

(Skala Kota)

Local Spatial Planning

system

Road Network

Master Plan

Water Resources

Dev’t Master Plan Clean Water

Master Plan

Indicative Strategic Program (5 year)

Implementation

Monitoring

Sub- National Spatial Plan

National System

1. Development of Strategic Areas

2. Urban System Development

3. Strategic Infrastructure dev’t

4. River Basin Development

Evaluation

National Spatial Plan

Directorate General

of Spatial Planning

Sectors

Urban Dev’t

4

1. Strengthening the role of global/national development axis :

• Global axis : Development corridor of (i) eastern part of Sumatera, (ii) Northern part of Java Island to Nusa Tenggara Island; (iii) development corridor of western and eastern part of Kalimantan Island (iv) development corridor of western part of Sulawesi Island up to Manado and Jayapura- Merauke in Papua Islan

• National axis : Development corridor along Padang-Pekanbaru, Bengkulu-Palembang; Batam-Pekanbaru, Pangkal Pinang-Palembang, Bandung Jakarta, Yogya Semarang, Malang Surabaya, Pangkalan Bun Palangkaraya Banjarmasin, Kendari Makasar and Ambon Ternate.

2. Accelerating the development of some strategic areas which is located on development axis, such as Metropolitan Jabodetabek Punjur, Mebidang, Gerbang Kerta Susila, Maminasata, Bandung Raya

3. Supporting the development of national border areas, including small outer-islands

4. Strengthening social-economy linkages among regions through improving national transportation system

5. Development of sea-port infrastructure by promoting international hub-port (such as Bojonegara-West Jawa, Bitung, developing an effective shipping network which is compatible with international network

6. Providing strategic infrastructure, particularly to support development axis

Bontang

Pulau Besar

Gugus Pulau Samudra

Gugus Pulau Pantai

Pegunungan Tinggi

Kawan, Kapet, Kesr

Poros Pengembangan Startegis Global/Nasional

Poros Pengembangan Strategis Sub Regional

Poros Pengembangan Strategis Nasional

Batas Teritorial

Batas ZEE

Jalur Patahan dan Sesar Alur Pelayaran Internasional

Kota PKN

Samudera Hindia

(Afrika, Australia)

Teluk Benggala, Mediteran,

Samudera Hindia (Timur

Tengah, Eropa) Laut Cina Selatan

(Hongkong, Cina, Taiwan)

Laut Cina Selatan (Jepang,

Korea, Filipina)

Samudera Pasifik (Jepang,

Korea, Amerika, Kanada)

Samudera Pasifik (Amerika,

Kanada, Amerika Latin)

Samudera Hindia (Australia,

Selandia Baru)

KUALA LUMPUR BANDAR SRI BEGAWAN

SINGAPORE

DILLI

Banda Aceh

Medan

Pekanbaru

Padang

Jambi

Bengkulu

Palembang

Lampung

JAKARTA

Bandung

Semarang

Yogyakarta

Surabaya

Denpasar Mataram

Kupang

Pontianak

Palangkaraya

Banjarmasin

Samarinda

Manado

Palu

Makasar

Kendari Ambon

Jayapura

Batam

Pangkal Pinang

Serang

Mamuju

Gorontalo Ternate

Sorong

Entikong

Malang

Pangkalan Bun

Balikpapan

Biak

Merauke

STRATEGIC DEVELOPMENT FRAMEWORK (ECONOMIC BASED)

Bontang

STRATEGIC DEVELOPMENT FRAMEWORK ( FOR SUSTAINING NATIONAL INTEGRATION)

Pulau Besar

Gugus Pulau Samudra

Gugus Pulau Pantai

Pegunungan Tinggi

Poros Pengembangan Strategis Sub Regional Batas Teritorial

Batas ZEE

Jalur Patahan dan Sesar

Alur Pelayaran Internasional

Kota PKN

Samudera Hindia

(Afrika, Australia)

Teluk Benggala, Mediteran,

Samudera Hindia (Timur

Tengah, Eropa) Laut Cina Selatan

(Hongkong, Cina, Taiwan)

Laut Cina Selatan (Jepang,

Korea, Filipina)

Samudera Pasifik (Jepang,

Korea, Amerika, Kanada)

Samudera Pasifik (Amerika,

Kanada, Amerika Latin)

Samudera Hindia (Australia,

Selandia Baru)

KUALA LUMPUR BANDAR SRI BEGAWAN

SINGAPORE

DILLI

Banda Aceh

Medan

Pekanbaru

Padang

Jambi

Bengkulu

Palembang

Lampung

JAKARTA

Bandung

Semarang

Yogyakarta

Surabaya

Denpasar Mataram

Kupang

Pontianak

Palangkaraya

Banjarmasin

Samarinda

Manado

Palu

Makasar

Kendari Ambon

Jayapura

Batam

Pangkal Pinang

Serang

Mamuju

Gorontalo Ternate

Sorong

Entikong

Malang

Pangkalan Bun

Balikpapan

Biak

Merauke

Bontang

STRATEGIC DEVELOPMENT FRAMEWORK (FOR INCREASING EQUALITY AMONG REGIONS)

Kawasan Tertinggal

Lintas Barat Sumatra, Lintas Selatan Jawa,

Lintas Tengah Kalimantan, Lintas Papua dan Sulawesi

Orientasi Pengembangan Daerah Tertinggal

Batas Teritorial

Batas ZEE

Jalur Patahan dan Sesar Kota PKN

Kawasan Tertentu

KUALA LUMPUR BANDAR SRI BEGAWAN

SINGAPORE

DILLI

Banda Aceh

Medan

Pekanbaru

Padang

Jambi

Bengkulu

Palembang

Lampung

JAKARTA

Bandung

Semarang

Yogyakarta

Surabaya

Denpasar Mataram

Kupang

Pontianak

Palangkaraya

Banjarmasin

Samarinda

Manado

Palu

Makasar

Kendari Ambon

Jayapura

Batam

Pangkal Pinang

Serang

Mamuju

Gorontalo Ternate

Sorong

Entikong

Malang

Pangkalan Bun

Balikpapan

Biak

Merauke

Epicentre earthquake and affected area

EARTHQUAKE AND TSUNAMI IN ACEH 26 DECEMBER 2004, 07.58 WIB

Earthquake and tsunami on the

26 December 2004 resulted in

devastating effect particularly to

the Province of Aceh.

It is recorded : 170.000 people passed away and 400 thousands people displaced.

After going through site

assessment, it was found that

most of the infrastructures were

severely damaged, namely roads

and bridge, water treatment,

irrigation, telephones, electricity

and ports.

AREAS AFFECTED BY THE TSUNAMI ATTACK IN THE NAD PROVINCE

1.Emergency Phase (2005):

Emergency works is intended to rebuild the damaged of infrastructure in order to be able to serve to its marginal function. These recovery works are being undertaken immediately after disaster and it is expected to be completed in the end of March 2005. This work includes:

• Cleaning of garbages and debris, including corpse evacuation, particularly to open accessibilities and public service centers

• Temporary development of Public Works infrastructure to revitalize the service function of infrastructures and to ease the distribution of aids

• Construction of temporary shelters for internal displaced person, including supports in the form of clean water supply , sanitation and access roads to the location

2.Rehabilitation Phase (2005 – 2006): Rehabilitation works involve repairing the less functioning infrastructure, in order to provide higher level of services in supporting the important social and economic activities, taking place during recovery of the area. This work is expected to be implemented starting from April 2005 up to Mid 2006. This work includes:

• Repairing Public Works infrastructure so that it can perform at the minimum level to support society’s economic and social activities

3.Reconstruction Phase (2005 –2009): Reconstruction works involve constructing the completely damage infrastructure which include relocation from the original location. The works include:

• Full recovery of all Public Works Infrastructure to support the total recovery of society’s social and economic activities in Nangroe Aceh Darussalam and North Sumatera that have been jeopardized by the natural disaster

SPATIAL PLAN AS INTEGRATING TOOL

FOR THE REHABILITATION

AND RECONSTRUCTION

IN THE POST-DISASTER NAD AND NIAS/NORTH SUMATRA

Require handling with

synergy :

INFRASTRUCTURE

FACILITIES

ENVIRONMENT

SETTLEMENTS

BEACH AREA

MANUFACTURING

INDUSTRY

ETC

SPATIAL POLICY

& DIRECTIVES IN

PROVINCE SCALE

HANDLING

DIMENSIONS

• SOCIAL

• ECONOMY

• SOCIETY

SPATIAL POLICY

& DIRECTIVES IN

CITY/DISTRICT/Z

ONING SCALE

PROVINCIAL

SPATIAL PLAN

CITY/DISTRICT

SPATIAL PLAN

Integrated

Activities Society Private Government Donor Actors:

• The spatial plan to rebuild Aceh is developed to provide general policies and guideline in rehabilitating and reconstructing the area.

• The plan composed of structural and spatial-use pattern of the area and appropriate zoning system that taking into account different levels of vulnerability of the area

• The used of land for settlement and other social economic purposes in the affected areas is determined by considering geological, geographical conditions as well as community aspiration according to the zoning regulation principles, building code and also environmental sustainability

• In the affected zones some disaster mitigation measures such as buffer zone, escape hill, evacuation and early warning system will be developed.

IMPLEMENTATION

RDTR

APPLICATION OF PLANNING PROCESS FOR MANAGING THE

DISASTER IN ACEH

NATIONAL PLAN

PROVINCIAL PLAN

(Review)

Contigencis Plan

SPATIAL PLANNING SYSTEM

PROVINCE GOV REGULATION

DISTRICT/CITY GOV REGULATION

RDTR Detailed Plan

SECTORAL PROGRAM

Distric &city Plan

(review) STRUCTURE PLAN AND

ZONING REG. DIST/CITY

STRUCTURE PLAN

PROVINCE

COMMUNITY DEV. PLAN

URGENT REHAB &

RECONS. PLAN (JICA)

Legal Aspect

Feed Back

REGENT/MAYOR DECREE

• Spatial Planning largely involves the review of provincial, district and city spatial plan as guidance for sector and district development to integrate recovering of urban and rural simultaneously whereby:

• In Province level : provide scenarios for cities and road network developments

• In District /city level: zoning for city functions such as settlement, buffer zone, business.

• In areas level : covers the location of settlements, social and general facilities as well as other supporting facilities.

• Improve spatial zoning policy to consider hazardous zones

Hazardous Zones

Land Use & Spatial Planning

Improved Spatial Zoning

• Law enforcement for Building Code and Zoning Regulation to

encourage the best use of land

• Improve land use control strategy through consistent/rational

building permit and incentive to assure the implementation of the

plan.

• In preparing spatial plan, some factors are considered among others physical and geological aspects including aspects of natural disaster (earthquake, tsunami, flood, landslide and other environment aspects), economic aspects, and socio-cultural aspect using participatory planning approach by involving local government, prominent community, private sectors, practitioners and academics.

• Reconstruction of Public Works infrastructure in compliance with the spatial plan directions not only revitalize and improves the social economic activities of NAD and North Sumatra (Nias), it also functions as facilities for safety and protection to disaster (disaster mitigation)

Chosen Scenario for Recommendation of Provincial Spatial Structure

Growth centers remain in the existing condition, but coastal cities slightly move to the inland area.

PROVINCIAL SPATIAL PLAN FOR NAD

Beach Line in Banda Aceh : Before Tsunami

Citra Natural Color QuickBird, 23 Juni 2004

Source : DIGITALGLOBE

Farm Area

Port

Dicetak Ulang Oleh : BANGFATJA-LAPAN

Dan Subdit Ranmasy, Dit. Tarunas, Dep. PU

Citra Natural Color QuickBird, 28 Desember 2004

Seashore Line Experience Heavy Erosion

Overall Building Damage

Seashore Line Missing

Source : DIGITALGLOBE

Inundated area

Dicetak Ulang Oleh : BANGFATJA-LAPAN

Dan Subdit Ranmasy, Dit. Tarunas, Dep. PU

Beach Line Damage in Banda Aceh : After Tsunami

1. Soak by Water

2. Destroyed

3. Structuraly

Destroyed

4. Light Damaged /

Undamaged

BREAK LINE

The Physical Zonation of Banda Aceh

IV

III

I

I II

II

Aquatic area, (dyke, mangrove

forrest, and beach recreation),

very low building density

supported by earthquake proof

building/ traditional building

(stage house)

Low density developed

area, supported by

earthquake proof

building/traditional

builidng, and good

drainage system (canal)

Medium density developed

area, with earthquake proof

building, drainage system

supported by down stream

High density developed

area, with earthquake proof

building, and drainage

system supported by down

stream

Unsuggested to be developed,

maintain as preserved area, with

high accessbility for escape or

evacuate on tsunami

V

V

V

Development Concept

New Urban Center is accessible from its

surrounding areas

Airport

New Urban Center

To Port

To MedanTo Meulaboh

Sub-Center

Sub-Center

Sub-Center

Existing

Urbanized

Area

Existing Center

New Residential Area

The Advantageous

Preparedness from disaster

Having flexibility for future development

Having prospect for commercial and industrial activities

Effective transport system Source : JICA

Port and fish market

Commercial

Main port

Cultural

facilities

Sub-center

New Civic center

Sub-center-

comercial

Open space

(can be used in case of

emergency)

Education facilities

Airport

Development concept

PARK

next

back

BIG TREE PARK

next

back

TSUNAMI PARK

next

back

Development Pattern Concept for Part of Calang (in Aceh Jaya District)

Borders of Calang

City Section (BWK)

Environment Unit Center

Environment Center

LAND USE IN

JABODETABEK AREA

2001

High Density

Settlements

Low density

settlements/open

space

Arable farm/drench

Forest/Plantation

LOCATION

OF

INUNDATED

AREA IN 2002

JAKARTA FLOOD CONTROL PLAN

1. MASTER PLAN 1973

• The West & East Flood Canal circles Jakarta

and bears the river flow from upstream directly

to the sea

• Gravitational flow for possible areas in the

downstream of the flood canal

• Polder drainage system (dam and pum) in low

altitude area

The target of 1973 Masterplan is to secure 24,000ha area that is composed of:

- East Flood Canal will secure 16,500 ha area (Eastern River Basin)

- West Flood Canal will secure 7.500 ha area (Central River Basin)

DEVELOPMENT OF EAST CANAL - JABODETABEK

EAST FLOOD

CANAL WEST FLOOD

CANAL

CENGKARENG DRAIN

consist among others:

• Conservation and development of small dam in the upstream

• Resettlement and greenery along Ciliwung River

• Competing Eastern Flood Canal

• Improving drainage system in Jakarta

• The description above demonstrate the importance of

Spatial planning to assure the mitigation and prevention of Disaster

• Considering the existing practice in Indonesia, the Spatial Plan should be translated into more detail plan among others in the form of Zoning Regulation as a tool for controlling the implementation of the plan.

• The process in formulating Spatial Plan should accommodate active participation of community, more intensively in the micro level.

• All of the above plan should have Legal Aspects.