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THE ROLE OF SAVING AND CREDIT COPERATIVE SOCIETIES (SACCOS) IN POVERTY REDUCTION: EVIDENCE FROM SAME DISTRICT By Alicia Peter Mbagga A Dissertation Submitted in Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements for Award of the Degree of Master of Local Government Management (MSc. LGM) of Mzumbe University 2013 i CERTIFICATION We, the undersigned, certify that we have read and hereby recommend for acceptance by Mzumbe University, a dissertation entitled; The Role of Saving and Credit Cooperation in Poverty Reduction: Evidence from Same District, in partial fulfillment of the requirements for award of the degree of Master of Science in Local Government Management of Mzumbe University. ______________________ (Major Supervisor) _______________________ Internal Examiner _______________________ External Examiner Accepted for the Board of SOPAM ______________________________________________ DIRECTOR, SCHOOL PUBLIC ADMINSTRATION ii DECLARATION AND COPYRIGHT I, Alicia P Mbagga, declare that this dissertation is my own original work and that it has not been presented to any other university for similar or any other degree award. Signature____________________________ Date________________________________ © This Dissertation is a copyright material protected under the Berne Convention, the copyright Act 1999 and other international and national enactments, in that behalf, on intellectual property. It may not be produced by any means in full or in part, except for short extracts in fair dealings, for research or private study, critical scholarly review or discourse with an acknowledgement, without the written permission of Mzumbe

THE ROLE OF SAVING AND CREDIT COPERATIVE SOCIETIES.docx

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THE ROLE OF SAVINGANDCREDITCOPERATIVE SOCIETIES (SACCOS) INPOVERTY REDUCTION: EVIDENCE FROM SAME DISTRICT By Alicia Pete M!a""aA Di##etati$% S&!'itte( i% Patial F&l)ill'e%t $) t*e Re+&ie'e%t# )$ A,a( $) t*e De"ee$) Ma#te $) L$cal G$-e%'e%t Ma%a"e'e%t (MSc. LGM) $) M/&'!e U%i-e#ity 0123 iCERTIFICATION 4e5 t*e &%(e#i"%e(5 ceti)y t*at ,e *a-e ea( a%( *ee!y ec$''e%( )$acce6ta%ce!yM/&'!eU%i-e#ity5a(i##etati$%e%title(7 T*eR$le$)Sa-i%"a%(Ce(itC$$6eati$% i% P$-ety Re(&cti$%: E-i(e%ce )$' Sa'e Di#tict5 i% 6atial )&l)ill'e%t $) t*ee+&ie'e%t# )$ a,a( $) t*e (e"ee $) Ma#te $) Scie%ce i% L$cal G$-e%'e%tMa%a"e'e%t $) M/&'!e U%i-e#ity. 8888888888888888888888 (Ma9$ S&6e-i#$)88888888888888888888888 I%te%al E:a'i%e 88888888888888888888888 E:te%alE:a'i%e Acce6te( )$ t*e B$a( $) SOPAM8888888888888888888888888888888888888888888888 DIRECTOR5 SCHOOLPUBLICADMINSTRATION ii DECLARATION AND COPYRIGHT I5 Alicia P M!a""a5 (eclae t*att*i#(i##etati$%i#'y$,%$i"i%al,$;a%(t*atit*a#%$t!ee%6e#e%te(t$a%y$t*e&%i-e#ity )$ #i'ila $ a%y $t*e (e"ee a,a(. Si"%at&e8888888888888888888888888888Date88888888888888888888888888888888 NO4LEDGEMENT T*i#(i##etati$% i# a e#&lt $) c$lla!$ati-e e))$t# $) -ai$ 6e$6le ,*$ #et a#i(e ti'e i% t*ei#c*e(&le t$ a##i#t 'e. I% 6atic&laly I ,$&l( li;e t$ e:6e## 'y a66eciati$% t$ T*e Al'i"*tyG$( 'y L$( )$ "i-i%" 'e "&i(a%ce5 #te%"t* a%( *ealt* (&i%" t*e 6e6aati$% $) t*i# ,$;.S6ecial t*a%;# t$ 'y 'a9$ #&6e-i#$ M. E'a%&el N(i;&'a%a )$ *i# "&i(a%ce5e%c$&a"e'e%t a%( c$ $6eati$% (&i%" t*e e%tie 6ei$( $) 'y (i##etati$% ,iti%". A #6ecial%$te $) t*a%;# al#$ #*$&l( "$ t$ 'y '$t*e E#te M;&'!,a5 'y !el$-e( (a&"*te Gi)t a%('y #i#te Nee'a )$ t*ei #&66$t a%( a##i#ta%ce (&i%" t*e e%tie ti'e $) 'y (i##etati$%,iti%". I,$&l(al#$li;et$e:6e##'y#i%ceet*a%;#t$t*ec$eLect&e#5 SOPAM'e'!e# $) #ta)). Cla##'ate# $) t*eMSc(L$cal "$-e%'e%t Ma%a"e'e%t) $) t*eyea0122?0123 )$ t*ei c$$6eati$% a%( e%c$&a"e'e%t 6$-i(e( t$ 'e (&i%" 'y #t&(y 6ei$(.Ma%yt*a%;# #*$&l(al#$"$t$t*e Sa'e Di#tict E:ec&ti-e Diect$ ,*$"a%te('e6e'i##i$% )$ c$%(&cti%" t*i# #t&(y i% *i# aea $) 9&i#(icti$%. I ,$&l( li;e al#$ t$ t*a%;Sa'eDi#tict C$&%cil $))icial#e#6ecially)$'De6at'e%t#$)C$$6eati-e#5 C$''&%ityDe-el$6'e%t5 a%( Pla%%i%". 4a( E:ec&ti-e O))icial# a%( all e#6$%(e%t# i% Sa'e (i#tict!$t* )$' SACCOS a%( %$%@SACCO # 'e'!e#7 ,it*$&t t*e' t*i# #t&(y ,$&l( %$t *a-e !ee%6$##i!lea%(#&cce##)&l. It ,$&l(!ei'6$##i!let$ac;%$,le("ea(e+&atelyall t*e6e$6le ,*$ *a-e !ee% i%)l&e%tial i% #$ 'a%y ,ay# t$ t*e (e-el$6'e%t $) t*i# ,$;5 t$ t*e'all5 I #ay acce6t 'y "atit&(e. i- DEDICATION I ,$&l( li;e t$ (e(icate t*i# ,$; t$ 'y (a&"*te Gi)t ,*$ a##i#te( 'e)$'t*ei(e%ti)icati$%$)e#eac*6$!le'5 (e-el$6'e%t $)e#eac*6$6$#al a%(e6$t,iti%". Al#$ #6ecial (e(icati$% #*$&l( "$ t$ 'y !el$-e( '$t*e E#te a%( 'y #i#te# Gace5Ha(i9a a%( Nee'a )$ t*ei e%c$&a"i%" a%( a##i#ti%" 'e t$ c$'6lete 'y #t&(y. - LIST OF ABREVIATIONS CBO C$''&%ity Ba#e O"a%i/ati$% CRDB C$$6eati-e R&alDe-el$6'e%t Ba%;DANIDADa%i#*I%te%ati$%al De-el$6'e%t A"e%cyDCDODi#tictC$''&%ity De-el$6'e%t O))ice DCO Di#tict C$$6eati-e O))ice DMFIS Di#tict Mic$Fi%a%ce I%#tit&ti$% S&6e-i#$ MEDA Me(i&' E%te6i#e De-el$6'e%t A"e%cy NGO# N$%@G$-e%'e%tal O"a%i/ati$% PRIDE P$'$ti$% $) R&al I%itiati-e a%( De-el$6'e%tE%te6i#e# SACCOS Sa-i%" a%( Ce(it C$$6eati-e S$cietie# SCCULT Sa-i%"# a%( Ce(itC$$6eati-e Lea"&e$) Ta%/a%iaSIDAS,e(i#*I%te%ati$%al De-el$6'e%t A"e%cyUNU%ite(Nati$%#UNDPU%ite(Nati$%al De-el$6'e%t P$"a''e4B4$l(Ba%;4EO4a( E:ec&ti-e O))ice -i ABSTRACT T*e #t&(y #et t$ a##e## t*e $le $) SACCOS i% 6$-ety e(&cti$% i% Ta%/a%iaat Sa'eDi#tict.A c$###ecti$%e#eac*(e#i"%,a#e(t$eac*t*ee#6$%(e%t#.T*eta"et "$&6 )$ t*e 6e#e%t #t&(y ,a# t*e SACCO # 'e'!e# a%( %$%SACCOS 'e'!e# i% ,*ic* a #a'6le #i/e $) 011 ,a# e( t$ #elect 211 e#6$%(e%t# )$' 'e'!e# a%( 211 )$'%$% 'e'!e#. Pi'ay (ata ,ee c$llecte( !y i%" i%te-ie,5 +&e#ti$%%aie#5 $!#e-ati$%a%( )$ce( "$&6 (i#c#i$% ,*ile #ec$%(ay (ata ,ee $!tai%e( )$' ($c&'e%tay #$&ce##&c*a#'a"a/i%e5 !$$;#5 %e,#6a6e#5 'a%&al )ile#a%(9$&%al#. A&a%titati-e(ata)$'#t&ct&e(a%(#e'i@#t&ct&e(+&e#ti$%%aie# ,ee a%aly/e(i%"E:cel a%(Stati#ticalPac;a"e )$ S$cial Scie%ce# (SPSS). T*e SPSS ,a# #6eci)ically e( t$ #*$, t*e #i"%i)ica%ce!et,ee%t*ei%c$'e$)'e'!e#a%(%$%'e'!e#al#$i%c$'e!e)$e'e'!e#9$i%i%"SACCOS a%( a)te !ei%" 'e'!e#. Si'6le (e#ci6ti-e 'et*$(# #&c* a# )e+&e%cie#56ece%ta"e# a%( c$## ta!le# ,ee e( t$ e:6lai% t*e e:i#ti%" #it&ati$% $) t*e i%#tit&ti$%. T*ee#&lt#$!tai%e(,eee(t$'a;ec$'6ai#$%!et,ee%'e'!e#a%(%$%'e'!e# li)e i'6$-e'e%t. It ,a# )$&%( t*at t*e 6ece6ti$% $) t*e 6e)$'a%ce $) SACCOS ,a# "$$(,*ee !y B=C $) 'e'!e# a%( D3C $) %$%@'e'!e# t*e 6e)$'a%ce $) SACCOS i% t*eiaea# te#ti)ie(. Re#&lt# c$%ce%i%" t*e )act$# )$ #&cce## a%( )ail&e e-eale( acce##i!ility $)SACCO ##e-ice#,a#t*e'a9$)act$#,*ic*c$%ti!&te(t$t*e#&cce##,*ilelac;$) tai%i%" $66$t&%itie# e'e"e( a# a 'a9$ )act$ )$ t*e )ail&e $) SACCOS t$ 6e)$' !ette.T*e #t&(y ec$''e%(# t*at5 SACCOS #*$&l( c$%#i(e tai%i%" c$'6$%e%t i% t*ei 6la%# a%(t*e "$-e%'e%t #*$&l( #te%"t*e% t*e SACCOS t$ !e a!le t$ $6eate li;e !a%;# a%( l$a%$66$t&%itie# !e c*a%%ele( t*$&"* t*e'. -ii TABLE OF CONTENTSCERTIFICATION.............................................................................................................iDECLARATION AND COPYRIGHT............................................................................iiAC>NO4LEDGEMENT...............................................................................................iiiDEDICATION ................................................................................................................i- LISTOF ABREVIATIONS............................................................................................. -ABSTRACT ....................................................................................................................-iTABLE OF CONTENTS ...............................................................................................-ii LISTOFTABLES..........................................................................................................:i LISTOFFIGURES........................................................................................................:ii LIST OFAPPENDICES ...............................................................................................:iii CHAPTERONE............................................................................................................. 2 2.1I%t$(&cti$% ................................................................................................................ 2 2.2Bac;"$&%( t$ t*e 6$!le'........................................................................................ 2 2.0State'e%t $) t*e 6$!le'........................................................................................... D 2.3.O!9ecti-e $) t*e #t&(y................................................................................................ E 2.3.2Ge%eal $!9ecti-e..................................................................................................... E 2.3.3S6eci)ic O!9ecti-e#.................................................................................................. E 2.BRe#eac* +&e#ti$%....................................................................................................... E 2.DSi"%i)ica%ce $) t*e #t&(y ............................................................................................ F 2.ESc$6e $) t*e #t&(y ..................................................................................................... FCHAPTER T4O............................................................................................................ GLITERATURE REVIE4.............................................................................................. G 0.1I%t$(&cti$% ................................................................................................................ G 0.2T*e$etical liteat&e e-ie,...................................................................................... G0.2.2T*e c$%ce6t $) 6$-ety............................................................................................ G 0.2.0Mic$)i%a%ce ......................................................................................................... 21 0.2.3Mic$)i%a%cei%#tit&ti$%#....................................................................................... 21-iii 0.2.BTy6e# $) Fi%a%cial I%#tit&ti$%#.............................................................................. 21 0.2.DSa-i%" a%( Ce(it C$$6eati-e S$cietie#.............................................................. 22 0.2.EHi#t$ical !ac;"$&%( $) SACCOS ...................................................................... 22 0.2.FT*e$ie# $) 6$-ety............................................................................................... 200.2.F.2C&lt&al t*e$y.................................................................................................... 20 0.2.F.0St&ct&al t*e$y................................................................................................. 23 0.2.GP$-ety a%( Mic$)i%a%ce ..................................................................................... 2B 0.2.= T*eR$le $) 'ic$)i%a%ce i%#tit&ti$% i% 6$-ety e(&cti$% ................................... 2D 0.0 E'6iicalLiteat&e Re-ie, .................................................................................... 2E 0.0.2. T*ec$%ti!&ti$% $) 'ic$)i%a%ce i%#tit&ti$%#...................................................... 2E 0.0.2.2I%cea#e( i%c$'e ................................................................................................ 2E 0.0.2.04$'e%e'6$,e'e%t..................................................................................... 2G0.0.2.3F$$(#ec&ity ................................................................................................... 2= 0.0.2.BP$(&cti-ity...................................................................................................... 2= 0.0.0C*alle%"e# )aci%"'ic$)i%a%cial i%#tit&ti$%#...................................................... 010.0.0.2De6e%(e%cy #y%($'e ....................................................................................... 01 0.0.0.0 P$$i%)a#t&ct&e............................................................................................. 02 0.3 C$%ce6t&al)a'e,$; ............................................................................................. 00 0.3 T*e#y%t*e#i#............................................................................................................ 0B CHAPTERTHREE ..................................................................................................... 0D 3.1I%t$(&cti$% .............................................................................................................. 0D 3.2Re#eac* Aea........................................................................................................... 0D 3.2.2T*e La%( U#e Patte%# .......................................................................................... 0E3.2.0Ge$"a6*ical Feat&e#............................................................................................ 0E3.2.3T*e U6la%( Platea& ................................................................................................ 0E3.2.B T*e Mi((le Platea& ............................................................................................... 0E3.2.D T*e L$,la%(.......................................................................................................... 0E 3.2.ELi-e#t$c;;ee6i%".................................................................................................. 0Fi:3.2.FMi%eal#................................................................................................................. 0F 3.2.GI%)a#t&ct&e ......................................................................................................... 0F 3.3.G.2R$a(#.................................................................................................................. 0F 3. 2.=E(&cati$% Sect$................................................................................................... 0F 3.2.=.2Pi'ay E(&cati$%.............................................................................................. 0F 3.2.=.2Sec$%(ay E(&cati$%.......................................................................................... 0G 3.2.=.0Healt*................................................................................................................. 0G3.2.21C$@$6eati-e Sect$............................................................................................. 0G 3.2.22S&''ay $) C$''&%ity P$)ile ......................................................................... 0G 3.0Re#eac* De#i"% ....................................................................................................... 0= 3.3Sa'6le #i/e............................................................................................................... 0= 3.3Met*$( $) Data C$llecti$% ....................................................................................... 31 3.BSa'6li%" tec*%i+&e#................................................................................................. 31 3.DMet*$(# $) t*e#t&(y................................................................................................ 323.D.2Pi'ay #$&ce....................................................................................................... 32 3.D.0Sec$%(ay(ata...................................................................................................... 323.EDataP$ce##i%"5 a%aly#i# a%(6e#e%tati$%.............................................................. 30 3.FSt&(yli'itati$%#....................................................................................................... 30 CHAPTERFOUR ........................................................................................................ 33 FINDINGS:PRESENTATION AND DISCUSSION .............................................. 33 B.1I%t$(&cti$% .............................................................................................................. 33 B.2S$ci$@ De'$"a6*ic$) e#6$%(e%t# ........................................................................ 33B.2.2Se: $) t*e e#6$%(e%t#........................................................................................... 33 B.2.0 A"e$) e#6$%(e%t#................................................................................................ 3BB.2.3Maital#tat $) t*ee#6$%(e%t#........................................................................... 3DB.0P&6$#e$)9$i%i%" SACCOS.................................................................................... 3F B.3 P&6$#e )$l$a%........................................................................................................ 3G B.3.2 C*alle%"e#)ace( 'e'!e# ,*e% 6$ce##i%" l$a% ................................................ 3= B.3.0 L$a% 6ay!ac;6e)$'a%ce ................................................................................... B1 : B.3.3 Be%e)it# $))ee(t$ SACCOS 'e'!e#................................................................. B2 B.3.B Tai%i%" !e%e)it# )$SACCOS'e'!e#.............................................................. B0B.BPece6ti$%$)c$''&%ity$% t*e 6e)$'a%ce $) SACCOS i% Sa'e Di#tict ......... B3 B.B.2 Rea#$% )$ 6ece6ti$%# !ye#6$%(e%t#................................................................. BB B.B.0 C$%ti!&ti$% $) i%c$'e$!tai%e( )$' SACCOS i% i%-e#t'e%t !y 'e'!e# c$'6ae( t$ %$%'e'!e#............................................................................................. BEB.B.3 Di#ti!&ti$%$)'e'!e# a%( %$% 'e'!e# !y t*ei a##et#................................... BF B.D Fact$# c$%ti!&ti%"t$ t*e #&cce## $) SACCO # 6e)$'a%ce i% t*e #t&(y aeaH.BG B.D.2.Fact$ )$ )ail&e $) SACCOS 6e)$'a%ce.......................................................... B= B.E T$ e:a'i%e t*e 6$ce(&e$) #a-i%" a%( $!tai% ce(it ........................................... B= B.E.2 P$ce(&e e( !y 'e'!e#t$ "et l$a%................................................................ D1 B.E.0 L$a% ecei-e( !y'e'!e#.................................................................................... D1 B.E.3 I%tee#t ate# c*a"e(!y #electe( SACCOS i% Sa'e ........................................... D2 CHAPTERFIVE.......................................................................................................... D3 CONCLUSIONAND POLICY IMPLICATION...................................................... D3 D.1I%t$(&cti$% .............................................................................................................. D3 D.2C$%cli$%#.............................................................................................................. D3 D.0P$licy i'6licati$%..................................................................................................... DB D.0.2E(&cati$% a%( tai%i%" )$ 'e'!e#. .................................................................... DB D.0.0S'all l$a% #i/e....................................................................................................... DB D.0.3Hi"* i%tee#t ate#.................................................................................................. DDREFERENCES ............................................................................................................. DEAPPENDICES .............................................................................................................. E2 :iLIST OF TABLES Ta!le 3.2 Di#ti!&ti$% $)e#6$%(e%t#............................................................................ 31 Ta!le 3.0 Di#ti!&ti$% $) ;eyi%)$'a%t#....................................................................... 31 Ta!le B.2 Di#ti!&ti$% $)e#6$%(e%t# !y#e:................................................................. 3BTa!le B.0: Di#ti!&ti$%$)e#6$%(e%t# !y a"e ............................................................... 3D Ta!le B.3: Pece%ta"e(i#ti!&ti$% $) e#6$%(e%t# !y'aital #tat.............................. 3ETa!le B.BPece%ta"e(i#ti!&ti$%$) e#6$%(e%t# !yt*ei e(&cati$%le-el# .................. 3ETa!leB.DMe'!e#ecei-e( l$a% )$' 0122@0123 ....................................................... 3= Ta!le B.E Pece6ti$% $)e#6$%(e%t# $%t*e 6e)$'a%ce $) SACCOS......................... BBTa!le B:GRea#$%)$6ece6ti$%# !y e#6$%(e%t#.......................................................... BE Ta!le B.= Di#ti!&ti$% $)'e'!e# !y a##et# $,%e( !e)$e a%( a)te 9$i%i%"SACCOS ....................................................................................................................... .BFTa!le B. 21 Di#ti!&ti$% $) 'e'!e# a%( %$% 'e'!e# !y t*ei a##et# ....................... BG Ta!leB.20 Fact$# c$%ti!&ti%" t$ t*e #&cce## $) SACCO # 6e)$'a%ce.................... B= Ta!le B.20 Fact$#c$%ti!&ti%"t$t*e)ail&e$)SACCOS6e)$'a%ce...................... B= Ta!leB.23:P$ce(&e e(!y'e'!e# t$"et l$a%...................................................... D1Ta!le B.2BMe'!e# ecei-e(l$a%)$'0121@0123..................................................... D2Ta!le B.2DI%tee#tate#c*a"e(!y #electe( SACCOS ................................................D0 :iiLIST OFFIGURES Fi"&e B.2 P&6$#e $) 9$i%i%"SACCOS ........................................................................ 3F Fi"&e B.0 P&6$#e# )$ L$a% !yMe'!e#.................................................................... 3G Fi"&e B.3 C*alle%"e# )ace( !y'e'!e# ,*e% 6$ce##i%" l$a%................................... B1 Fi"&e B.B L$a% 6ay!ac;6e)$'a%ce# ......................................................................... B2 Fi"&e B.D Be%e)it# $))ee( t$'e'!e# a)te 9$i%i%" SACCOS.................................... B0 Fi"&e B.E Pece%ta"e $) 'e'!e#,*$ atte%(e( Tai%i%"............................................ B3 :iii LIST OF APPENDICESAPPENDII I: I%te-ie, G&i(e F$ Di#tictHea(O)De6at'e%t# (DCDO5DPLO5DCO5DALDO a%( DTO) .............................................................................................. E2APPENDIIII:I%te-ie,G&i(e F$ 4a( Lea(e# ...................................................... E3APPENDIIIII: I%te-ie,G&i(e F$ Sacc$# Lea(e#................................................... EBAPPENDIIIV: A&e#ti$%%aie F$ Sacc$# Me'!e#.................................................... EEAPPENDIIV: A&e#ti$%%aie F$ N$% Sacc$# Me'!e#............................................. E=APPENDII VI: P$)ile$)Sacc$#i%Sa'eDi#tict0122JMac*0123...................... F2APPENDIIVII(A): Ca#*P$#iti$%at Sa'eTeac*e#Sacc$#(0121@0120)................ F0APPENDIIVII (B): Ca#*P$#iti$%# $) Sa'e>ayaSacc$# (0121@0120).................... F3APPENDIIVII(C) : Ca#*P$#iti$%$) >&&"e%/i Sacc$# (0121@0120)....................... FBAPPENDIIVII (D) : Ca#*P$#iti$%$) >i#i,a%i Sacc$# (0121@0120)......................... FDAPPENDIIVII (E) : Ca#*P$#iti$%$) >&'e;&c*aSacc$# (0121@0120)..................... FEAPPENDII VIII(F):Sc*e(&le a%( 4$; Pla%............................................................... FF 2 CHAPTER ONE 2.1 I%t$(&cti$% T*i# c*a6te *a# #i: #ecti$%#5 #ecti$% $%e i# !ac;"$&%( i%)$'ati$% $) t*e 6$!le'5 #ecti$% t,$ i# a!$&t #tate'e%t $) t*e 6$!le'5 #ecti$% t*ee $!9ecti-e#5 #ecti$% )$& "i-e# e#eac* +&e#ti$%#5 #ecti$% )i-e i# #i"%i)ica%ce $) t*e #t&(y a%( #ecti$% #i: i# #c$6e $) t*e #t&(y. 2.2 Bac;"$&%( t$ t*e 6$!le' Mic$)i%a%ce i%#tit&ti$%# (MFI#) *a-e !ee% e#ta!li#*e( i% -ai$ c$&%tie# i% t*e ,$l( a# a 'ea%# t$ 6$-i(e !a%;i%"#e-ice# t$ t*e 6$$ a%( l$, i%c$'e 6e$6le. T*e (e-el$6'e%t $) MFI# ca% !e atti!&te( t$ e))$t# 'a(e !y M&*a''a( Y&% a% ec$%$'ic# P$)e##$5 ,*$ !e"a% a% e:6ei'e%tal e#eac* 6$9ect i% Ba%"la(e#* (&i%" t*e 2=F1#. Y&% i%itiate( a 'ic$ ce(it 6$"a''e a%( )$&%(e( t*e Ga'ee% Ba%; i% Ba%"la(e#* a# a !a%; t*at (eli-e# #e-ice# t$ t*e 6$$ 6e$6le (>at#*i et al5 0121). Mic$)i%a%ce i%#tit&ti$%# 6lay a #i"%i)ica%t $le $% 6$-ety e(&cti$% t*$&"*$&t t*e ,$l(. T*ey 6$-i(e ce(it a%( i%#&a%ce )acilitie# t$ e%a!le t*e 6$$ t$ #'$$t* t*ei c$%#&'6ti$%5 e%*a%ce t*ei i%c$'e ea%i%" ca6acity a%( e%9$y a% i'6$-e( +&ality $) li)e (c&e-a#5 2==0). It *a# 6$-e( it# -al&e i% 'a%y c$&%tie# a# a ,ea6$%a"ai%#t 6$-ety a%( 6$$ li)e. T*e !e"i%%i%" $) c$$6eati-e ce(it #$cietie# 'a;e( t*e )i#t *al) $) t*e %i%etee%t* ce%t&y5 t,$ 'e% i% Ge'a% JRei))ei#ia% Sc*&/e Delit/#ec* !e"a% t$ i%tee#t t*e'#el-e# i% $"a%i/i%" 6e$6le )$ #el) *el6 a%( '&t&al *el6 Rai))e#ia% 'a(e it *i# !i%e## t$ ,$; $&t 6la%t t$ *el6 #'all )a'e# ,*$ c$&l( %$t 6$"e## $,i%" t$ lac; $) ce(it )acilitie# Sc*&/e Delit/#ec* (i( t*e #a'e )$ &!a% ,$;e#. I% A)ica G*a%a ,a# t*e 6i$%ee ,*ee!y Re-ee( K$*% Mac N&tty #tate( !y #etti%" &6 a #t&(y "$&6 a'$%" *i# 6ai#*i$%e#5 it t$$; #$'e ei"*t '$%t* #t&(yi%" t*e %ee( a%( t*e c*aactei#tic# $) a ce(it &%i$% !e)$e. It ,a# )i%ally la&%c*e( i% Se6te'!e 2=DD. 0 T*e ce(it &%i$% i% Ta%/a%ia i# elati-ely $l( Ta%/a%ia ,a# %&'!e $%e i% t*e c$%ti%e%t t$ *a-e Nati$%al A##$ciati$% $) ce(it &%i$% S$ciety $) C$$6eati-e U%i$% Lea"&e $) Ta%"a%yi;a (SCULT) e"i#tee( i% K&%e2=EB. H$,e-e $%e $) t*e -ey )i#t #a-i%" a%( ce(it #$cietie# ,a# $"a%i/e( i% 2=E2 at Ma,ela Pai#* (>ILIMANKARO REGION) U%(e t*e #&6e-i#i$% $) Fat*e Ric*a( i.e. Clai ,*ite i% La%/i!a )a'e# ,ee e:te'ely 6$$ a%( #a-i%" ,a# al'$#t %$% J e:i#te%t t*ei atte'6t# t$ &% t*e)t a%( l$a% #$cietie# *a( !ee% &%#&cce##)&l I% 2=E1 t*ee alea(y e:i#te( '$e t*a% 31 ce(it &%i$%#. T*e#e )i"&e #*$,# t*at t*e ce(it &%i$% '$-e'e%t i% Ta%/a%ia ca% 6$i%t t$ #$&%( )$&%(ati$%5 alt*$&"* t*i# 't !e i''e(iately +&ali)ie( !y e)ee%ce t$ t*e )act t*at t*e a-ea"e #a-i%" ca6ital 6e 'e'!e5 (i( %$t e:cite t*e e+&i-ale%t $) US M 3B !y t*e% (ICA 0112) . A66$:i'ately E1 6ece%t $) all ce(it &%i$%# i% Sa'e Di#tict ca% !e cla##i)ie( a c$''&%ity ty6e i%cl&(i%" 6ai#* ty6e. De-el$6'e%t i% "$,t*5 a c$''&%ity 'ay (e-el$6 i% a %e, ,ay ,it* $&t#i(e *el65 !&t it i# t*e 6e$6le $) t*e c$''&%ity ,*$ 'a;e t*e (e-el$6'e%t *a66e%5 t*$&"* t*ei $,% 6atici6ati$% a%( t*ei a-aila!le l$cal e#$&ce#. T*ee *a# !ee% &%e'6l$y'e%t ci#i# a%( )alli%" ($,% $) i%c$'e #&c* t*at #$cial #e-ice# li;e e(&cati$%5 ,ate #e-ice li;e e(&cati$%5 *ealt*5 ,ate #e-ice #e-ice#5 6$,e (electicity) ae !ec$'i%" a !i" #$cial 6$!le' t$ '$#t $) t*e c$''&%itie# i%>ili'a%9a$. A# 'e%ti$%e( a!$-e e))ect# Ta%/a%ia G$-e%'e%t i% c$lla!$ati$% ,it* NGO# (N$%@G$-e%'e%t O"a%i/ati$%#)5 e:te%al a"e%cie#5 6i-ate #ect$# a%( $t*e #ta;e*$l(e# *a-e 6&t '$e e'6*a#i# t$ i'6$-e a"ic&lt&al acti-itie# i% t*e e"i$% )$ 6&6$#e $) $-ec$'i%" t*$#e ci#i#. I% A)ica% c$&%tie# t*e 6$$ 6e$6le e6e#e%t t*e la"e#t #*ae $) t*e 6$6&lati$% 'ic$)i%a%ce i%#tit&ti$%# ae t*e i'6$ta%t 6at $) t*ei ec$%$'y. M$#t $) t*e 6$$ 6$6&lati$% i% #&!@Sa*aa% A)ica *a# -ey li'ite( acce## t$ (e6$#it a%( ce(it )acilitie# a%( $t*e )i%a%cial #e-ice# 6$-i(e( !y )$'al )i%a%cial i%#tit&ti$%#. F$ e:a'6le5 i% G*a%a a%( Ta%/a%ia5 $%ly a!$&t DJE 6ece%t $) t*e 6$$ 6$6&lati$% *a# acce## t$ t*e !a%;i%" #ect$. T$ 'eet &%#ati#)ie( (e'a%( )$ )i%a%cial #e-ice#5 a 3 -aiety $) 'ic$)i%a%ce i%#tit&ti$%# *a#e'e"e( $-e ti'e i% A)ica. S$'e $) t*e#e i%#tit&ti$%# c$%ce%tate $%ly $% 6$-i(i%" ce(it5 $t*e# ae e%"a"e( i% 6$-i(i%" !$t* (e6$#it a%( ce(it )acilitie# a%( #$'e ae i%-$l-e( $%ly i% (e6$#it c$llecti$%. Mic$)i%a%ce i%#tit&ti$%# *el6# t$ a##i#ti%" #'all e%te6i#e#5 t*e 6$$ a%( *$e*$l(# ,*$ *a-e %$ acce## t$ t*e '$e i%#tit&ti$%ali/e( )i%a%cial #y#te' t$ '$!ili/i%" #a-i%"# a%( $!tai%i%" acce## t$ )i%a%cial #e-ice# (A%&6a' et al5 011B). By 2==F t*e a-aila!le i%)$'ati$% i% Mala,i #&""e#te( t*at a!$&t 200 111 'ic$ e%te6e%e *a( acce##e( l$a%#. M$#t $) t*e#e l$a%# *a-e *a( a 6$#iti-e i'6act $% t*e li-e# $) t*e eci6ie%t# i% te'# $) i%cea#e( )$$( c$%#&'6ti$%5 i%cea#e( #el)e'6l$y'e%t5 i%cea#e( #a-i%"#5 acce##t$ $t*e !a#ic %ece##itie# a%( !i%e## e:6a%#i$%. 4$'e% ,*$ *a-e acce##e( t*e#e l$a%# *a-e !ee% e'6$,ee( ,*ile i%cea#e( i%c$'e *a# e%a!le( eci6ie%t# t$ *a-e "eate c$%t$l $-e t*ei li-e# (B&c;ley5 2==F). Mic$)i%a%ce 6$9ect *a# !ee% $) "eat i'6$ta%ce t$ 6$$ 6e$6le i% Ma&iti (B&c;ley5 2==F). Mic$)i%a%ce c$%ti!&te( t$,a(# i'6$-e'e%t $) t*e )a'ily i%c$'e t$ t*$#e )a'ilie# ,*$ ae 'ai%ly i% (e6i-e( aea#. Li;e $t*e (e-el$6i%" c$&%tie#5 Ta%/a%ia *a# !ee% (eali%" ,it* 'ic$)i%a%ce i%#tit&ti$%# #i%ce t*e 2==1#5 ,*e% t*eG$-e%'e%t $) Ta%/a%ia e'!a;e( $% )i%a%cial #ect$ e)$'# t$ ceate a% e))ecti-e a%( e))icie%t )i%a%cial #y#te'. T*e 'ai% $!9ecti-e ,a# t$ )acilitate t*e acce##i!ility $) )i%a%cial #e-ice# t$ t*e l$, i%c$'e 6e$6le a# a 'ea%# t$ i'6$-e t*e #$cial a%( ec$%$'ic ,ell@!ei%" $) t*e 6e$6le (Bi;; N K$#elit$5 0113). Fi%a%cial #e-ice# ae 'ai%ly 6$-i(e( i% t*e c$&%ty t*$&"* -ai$ (i))ee%t i%#tit&ti$%#. S$'e $) t*e i%#tit&ti$%# ae !a#e( $% t*e )$'al )i%a%cial #ect$ ,*ic* c$'6i#e# !a%;#. T*ey i%cl&(e t*e Nati$%al Mic$)i%a%ce Ba%; (NMB)5 C$$6eati-e R&al De-el$6'e%t Ba%; (CRDB)5 A;i!a C$''ecial Ba%; (ACB) a%(a )e, c$''&%ity?e"i$%al !a%;# li;e Da e# Salaa' C$''&%ity Ba%; a%( M,a%"a C$''&%ity Ba%;. Ot*e i%#tit&ti$%# ae !a#e( $% #e'i@)$'al i%#tit&ti$%#. T*e#e i%#tit&ti$%# i%-$l-e Sa-i%"# a%( Ce(it C$$6eati-e S$cietie# (SACCOS)5 S'all I%(tie# De-el$6'e%t O"a%i/ati$% (SIDO)5 B P$'$ti$% $) R&al I%itiati-e# a%( De-el$6'e%t (PRIDE) a%( S'all E%te6i#e De-el$6'e%t A"e%cy (SEDA). T*e e#t $) i%#tit&ti$%# c$%#i#t $) #'all 6$"a''e# #cattee( t*$&"*$&t t*e c$&%ty5 'ai%ly i% t*e )$' $) c$''&%ity@!a#e( $"a%i/ati$%# (CBO#). It i# e#ti'ate( t*at all t*e MFI# i% Ta%/a%ia #e-e a c$'!i%e( clie%t 6$6&lati$% $) a!$&t B11 111 SME#5 ,*ic* i# $%ly a$&%( DC $) t*e t$tal e#ti'ate( (e'a%(. T*e )i%a%cial #e-ice# t$ t*e 6$$ a%( l$, i%c$'e *$e*$l(# i% t*e &al a%( &!a% aea# *a-e !ee% #l$, t$ (e-el$6 a%( t*e acce## $) t*e#e la"e #e"'e%t# $) t*e 6$6&lati$% t$ )i%a%cial #e-ice# *a# e'ai%e( #t&%te( (URT5 2==F). De#6ite t*e i'6$ta%ce $) 'ic$)i%a%ce i%#tit&ti$%# i% Ta%/a%ia5 '$#t $) t*ei acti-itie# ae #;e,e( i% )a-$& $) &!a% aea# lea-i%" &al aea# "$##ly &%(e #e-e(. MFI# ae t*ee)$e el&cta%t t$ e:te%( t*ei #e-ice# t$ e'$te 6at# $) t*e c$&%ty5 citi%" t*e *i"* $6eati$%al c$#t# i%-$l-e(. Ma%y MFI# ae al#$ c$%#tai%e( !y )&%(i%" #$ t*ey ae &%a!le t$ e:6a%( a%( t*ee)$e te%( t$ c$%ce%tate i% &!a% ce%te#. T*e "a6 le)t !y )$'al MFI# i% &al aea# i#5 *$,e-e5 !ei%" )ille( !y t*e i%)$'al )i%a%cial #ect$# (C*i9$i"a5 0111). Ta%/a%ia "$-e%'e%t *a# !ee% ta;i%" #$'e i%itiati-e# t$ i'6$-e 'ic$)i%a%ce #ect$ i% t*e c$&%ty i% $(e t$ e%a!le it# citi/e% t$ acce## )i%a%cial #e-ice# ea#ily. T*e "$-e%'e%t eali/e( t*at5 )$ a c$&%ty t$ *a-e a% e))icie%t a%( e))ecti-e )i%a%cial #y#te'5 a((iti$%al )$c 't !e 6lace( $% t*e e:6a%#i$% $) )i%a%cial #e-ice# t$ t*e l$,@i%c$'e #e"'e%t $) t*e 6$6&lati$%. T* 'ic$)i%a%ce #ect$ 't !e a% i%te"al 6at $) t*e c$&%ty # )i%a%cial #y#te'. Rec$"%i/i%" t*e ,i(e%i%"i%#tit&ti$%al "a6 t*e G$-e%'e%t i% c$lla!$ati$% ,it* t*e N$%@G$-e%'e%tal O"a%i/ati$%# (NGO#) a%( t*e ($%$ t$$; acti$% t$ )acilitate t*e (e-el$6'e%t $) t*e 'ic$)i%a%ce i%(ty. O%e $) t*e i'6$ta%t acti$%# ,a# i%itiati%" t*e Nati$%al Mic$)i%a%ce P$licy 0111 a# a "&i(eli%e t$ 'ic$)i%a%ce acti-itie# i% t*e c$&%ty. I% it# #tate'e%t $) t*e $-eall 'ic$)i%a%ce6$licy5 t*e G$-e%'e%t ec$"%i/e# t*e 'ic$)i%a%ce #ect$ a# a% i%te"al 6at $) t*e )i%a%cial #ect$5 ,*ic* )all# ,it*i% t*e D "e%eal )a'e,$; $) it# Fi%a%cial Sect$ Re)$' P$licy State'e%t $) 2==2. 2. T*e C$$6eati-e S$cietie# Act $) 2==2 6$-i(e( t*e !a#i# )$ t*e (e-el$6'e%t $) Sa-i%"# a%( Ce(it C$$6eati-e S$cietie# (SACCO#) a# a% i%#tit&ti$%al t$ #a-e t*e 6$$ 6e$6le. 2.0 State'e%t $) t*e 6$!le' T*e "$-e%'e%t $) Ta%/a%ia5 i% c$lla!$ati$% ,it* 6i-ate #ect$# a%( N$%G$-e%'e%tal $"a%i/ati$%# (NGO#)5 *a# !ee% (eali%" ,it* 'ic$ )i%a%ce i%#tit&ti$%# a%( i%c$6$ati%" 'ec*a%i#'# !elie-i%" t*at it ,$&l( 'a;e t*e ce(it #e-ice# acce##i!le t$ t*e 6e$6le7 e#6ecially i% &al aea# ,*ee t*ee i# li'ite( %&'!e $) )i%a%cial i%#tit&ti$%#. T*e Nati$%al Mic$)i%a%ce P$licy (0111) )$ce# $% ca6acity !&il(i%" $) t*e citi/e% a%( eali/e# t*e i'6$ta%ce $) 'ic$ )i%a%cial i%#tit&ti$%# t$ e'6$,e 6e$6le ec$%$'ically. Ge%(e e(&cati$% #e%#iti-ity a,ae%e## a%( "e%(e !ala%ce e(&cati$% *a-e !ee% 6$-i(e( !y c$''&%ity (e-el$6'e%t ,$;e# i% >ili'a%9a$ e"i$% t$ ceate 6$##i!ility )$ all 6e$6le (4$'e%5 Me%5 Y$&t* a%( Di#a!le() t$ !e #&66$te( #$ t*at t*ey ca% ai#e t*ei i%c$'e t$ i'6$-e #$cial li)e i% a#6ect# $) e(&cati$%5 *ealt*5 electicity a%( ,ate #&66ly t$ t*e c$''&%itie#5 R&al Fi%a%cial Se-ice P$"a''e (RFSP) U%(e Pi'e Mi%i#te $))ice i% ,$;i%" #$ a# t$ *el6 i% >ili'a%9a$ R&al aea# t$ ec$-e a%( i'6$-e t*e ,$#e ec$%$'ic #it&ati$%. T*e #&cce## $) a%y Sa-i%" Ce(it C$$6eati-e S$ciety(SACCOS) e+&ie# !$t* 'e% a%( ,$'e% 6$-i(e t*at $%e ac*ie-e# t*e a"e $) 'at&ity *a# #$&%( 'i%( ca% e t*e #e-ice# 6$-i(e( !y t*e #$ciety. F$ t*e 6$$ a%( &!a% )a'ilie# i% (e-el$6i%" c$&%tie# li;e Ta%/a%ia SACCOS *a-e !ee% 6lay a !i" $le t$ e%a!le t*e' t$ *a-e acce## t$ ce(it a%( ce(it c$$6eati$% #$ciety 6e'it *$e*$l(# t$ !&il( &6 )&%(# )$ )&t&e i%-e#t'e%t $ c$%#&'6ti$%. E MFI# *a-e !ee% i%t$(&ce( i% Ta%/a%ia !ecae t*e "$-e%'e%t e"a(# MFI# a# a% i'6$ta%t t$$l )$ e'6$,ei%" 6e$6le t$ acc&'&late ca6ital )$ t*ei #tai%a!le (e-el$6'e%t. S$'e #t&(ie# )$ci%" $% 'ic$)i%a%ce *a-e !ee% ($%e !y (i))ee%t #c*$la#7 )$ e:a'6le a #t&(y !y C*i9$i"a (0111)5 e-al&ate( t*e 6e)$'a%ce a%( )i%a%cial #tai%a!ility $) MFI# i% Ta%/a%ia. T*e )i%(i%"# e-eale( t*at5 t*e $-eall 6e)$'a%ce $) MFI# i% Ta%/a%ia i# 6$$ a%( $%ly )e, $) t*e' *a-e clea $!9ecti-e#5 $ a #t$%" $"a%i/ati$%al #t&ct&e. It ,a# )&t*e $!#e-e( t*at MFI# i% Ta%/a%ia lac; 6atici6at$y $,%e#*i6 a%( 'a%y i# ($%$ (i-e%. >&/il,a (0110) e:a'i%e# t*e $le $) ce(it i% "e%eati%" e%te6e%e&ial acti-itie#. R,eye'a'& et al.5 0113) al#$ e-al&ate( t*e 6e)$'a%ce $) a%( c$%#tai%t# )aci%" #e'i@)$'al 'ic$)i%a%ce i%#tit&ti$%# c&e%tly 6$-i(i%" ce(it i% M!eya a%( M,a%/a e"i$%#. De#6ite t*e a!$-e e'6iical #t&(ie# $% 'ic$)i%a%ce i%#tit&ti$%#5 little *a-e !ee% c$%(&cte( elati%" t$ t*e $le $) SACCOS 6$-ety e(&cti$%. T*i# )act t*ee)$e5 6$'$te( t$ )i%( #t&(y $&t t*e $le $) SACCOS i% e(&cti$% $)6$-ety i% Ta%/a%ia ta;i%" Sa'e Di#tict a# a ca#e #t&(y. 2.3. O!9ecti-e $) t*e #t&(y 2.3.2 Ge%eal $!9ecti-e O T$ a##e## t*e $le $) SACCOS i% 6$-ety e(&cti$% i% Sa'e Di#tict. 2.3.3 S6eci)ic O!9ecti-e#T$ e:a'i%e 6ece6ti$% $) *$e*$l(# $% t*e 6e)$'a%ce $) SACCOS i% Sa'e Di#tictT$ a%aly/e t*e 'a9$ )act$# t*at c$%ti!&te# t$ t*e #&cce## a%( )ail&e $) SACCO # 6e)$'a%ce i% Sa'e Di#tict.T$ e:a'i%e t*e 6$ce(&e $) #a-i%" a%( $!tai%i%" ce(it. 2.B Re#eac* +&e#ti$%4*at ae t*e 6ece6ti$%# $) l$cal c$''&%itie# i% elati$% t$ t*e 6e)$'a%ce $) SACCOS i% Sa'e Di#tictP F4*at ae t*e 'a9$ )act$# t*atc$%ti!&te t*e #&cce## a%( )ail&e $) SACCOS 6e)$'a%ce i% Sa'e Di#tictP4*at ae t*e 6$ce(&e# e( i% SACCOS )$ #a-i%" a%( ce(it 6$-i#i$%P 2.D Si"%i)ica%ce $) t*e #t&(y OT*e #t&(y i# $) "eate i'6$ta%ce t$ t*e 6e$6le ,*$ li-e i% &al aea# $ t*e #$ciety at la"e.It e%a!le t$ &%(e#ta%( t*e e)&l%e## a%( t*e 6at 6laye( !y t*e 'ic$ ce(it #c*e'e i% Ta%/a%ia 6atic&laly SACCOS. O T*$&"* t*i# #t&(y 6e$6le ca% !ec$'e #e%#iti/e( t*at ec$%$'ic ci#i# ca% !e #$l-e( ,it*$&t '&c* (e6e%(e%cy $% e:te%al ai(# a%( *e%ce ca% c*a%"e t*ei attit&(e a%( )$eca#t i% !ette ,ay ceati%" a #6iit $) #el) elia%ce #i%ce SACCOS ae #el) i%itiate( O T*e #t&(y 'ay !e%e)it (eci#i$% 'a;e# e#6ecially i% SACCOS t$ &%(e#ta%( t*e #te%"t*5 ,ea;%e##5 $66$t&%ity a%( t*eat t$,a( t*e (e-el$6'e%t $) SACCOS. O T*e #t&(y !$a(e%# $) t*e liteat&e $% SACCOS a%( t*ei $le# i% #$cialec$%$'ic (e-el$6'e%t $) t*e c$&%ty. O T*e #t&(y i# e)&l t$ (i))ee%t #ta;e*$l(e# i%cl&(i%" t*e "$-e%'e%t $) Ta%/a%ia5 N$%@G$-e%'e%tal O"a%i/ati$%# (NGO#)5 E:te%al A"e%cie#5 t*e Pi-ate #ect$5 t*e R&al Fi%a%ce Se-ice P$"a''e (RFSP) a%( all t*$#e ,it*'i##i$% a%( -i#i$% $) i'6$-i%" a%( "e%eati%" i%c$'e $) &al aea#. T*ey ca% ,i(e% '$e t*ei ,i%($,# $) 6ece6ti$% $% t*e ,*$le i##&e $) ec$%$'ic ci#i# i% &al aea#. 2.E Sc$6e $)t*e #t&(y T*e #t&(y c$-ee( Sa'e Di#tict i% >ili'a%9a$ Re"i$% ,it* t*e 'ai% )$c $% t*e #electe( SACCOS a%( %$% SACCOS 'e'!e i% Sa'e Di#tict. SACCOS -i#ite( ,ee Sa'e >aya5 Sa'e Teac*e#5 >i#i,a%i5 Ma'!a a%( >&&"e%/i5 G CHAPTER T4O LITERATURE REVIE4 0.1 I%t$(&cti$% T*i# c*a6te c$%#i#t# $) t,$ 'ai% 6at#5 6at $%e i# a!$&t t*e$etical liteat&e e-ie, a%( 6at t,$ i# e'6iical liteat&e e-ie,. T*e$etical 6at c$%ce%e( ,it* c$%ce6t&ali/ati$% $) (i))ee%t te'#5 it al#$ #*$,# i%" 'ateial# )$' ea(i%" 'ateial# li;e !$$;#5 aticle#5 9$&%al#5 ec$(# a%( $t*e e6$t# ,*ic* *a-e !ee% ($c&'e%te( !y (i))ee%t #c*$la# ,*$ (e-el$6e( t*e "&i(eli%e# a%( a##i#te( #$ciety i% t*e a#6ect elate( t$ 'ic$)i%a%ce i%#tit&ti$%#. Pat t,$ (eal# ,it* -ai$ #t&(ie# ($%e !y (i))ee%t 6e$6le $% t*e t$6ic elate( t$ Mic$)i%a%ce i%#tit&ti$%# ,$l(,i(e a%( Ta%/a%ia i% 6atic&laly. 0.2 T*e$etical liteat&e e-ie, 0.2.2 T*e c$%ce6t $) 6$-ety P$-ety i# a ,i(e c$%ce6t7 it ca% !e (e)i%e( a%( 'ea#&e( (i))ee%tly !y (i))ee%t 6e$6le. It e'ai%# t$ !e a l$cal a%( i%te%ati$%al #$ci$ ec$%$'ic 6$!le' i% !$t* (e-el$6e( a%( (e-el$6i%" c$&%tie#. P$-ety i# a *i#t$ical 6*e%$'e%$% a))ecti%" 6e$6le i% (i))ee%t aea#. P$-ety al#$ e)e# t$ lac; 6$,ele##%e## a%( *$6ele##%e## (Ma!&"5 2==E). P$-ety al#$ (e)i%e( a# lac; $) e(&cati$%5 #;ill# $ t$$l# t$ ac+&ie i%c$'e a%( a##et# a# ,ell a# lac; $) acce## t$ 6$,e t$ '$(i)y t*e #it&ati$% (Va% Lie$6 et al5 2==2). P$-ety #*$&l( !e #ee% a# t*e 6$ce## lea(i%" t$ (e6i-ati$% a%( -&l%ea!ility (Mi#a%a5 2==D). P$-ety ca% )&t*e !e c$%ce6t&ali/e( a# a #ta%(a( $) li-i%" ,*ee!y $%e li-e# !el$, a 'i%i'&' acce6ta!le le-el (Mtati)i;$l$5 2==B7 Se'!$9a5 2==B). I%(icat$# $) %&titi$%al a%( %$% %&titi$%al e+&ie'e%t# li;e #*elte a%( cl$t*i%" ae e( t$ = (a, t*e 'i%i'&' e+&ie'e%t# le-el $ t*e 6$-ety li%e. P$-ety li%e i# t*e a'$&%t $) i%c$'e %ece##ay t$ 6&c*a#e t*e 'i%i'&' )$$( a%( %$% )$$( e+&ie'e%t#.I% elati%" 6$-ety t$ "e%(e a%( #$cial "$&6#5 (M,ai6$6$5 2==B) a"&e# t*at ,it*i% "e%(e a%aly#i#5 'a%i)e#tati$% $) 6$-ety ae la"ely a##$ciate( ,it* i%e+&alitie# i% "e%(e a# ,ell a#,it*i% #$cial cla##. T*i# -ie, i# ,i(ely acce6te(. F$ e:a'6le t*e 4$l( Ba%;5 i% $&tli%i%" t*e #tate"ie# )$ i%c$6$ati%" ,$'e% i% ec$%$'ic (e-el$6'e%t5 #&""e#t# a'$%" $t*e #tate"ie#5 t*e %ee( $) #t&(yi%" a%( c$%#i(ei%" "e%(e elati$%# i% a# )a a# acce## t$ a%( c$%t$l $) e#$&ce# )$ alle-iati$% $) 6$-ety ae c$%ce%e(. P$-ety *a# !ee% i%te6ete( c$%-e%ti$%ally a# $%e $) lac; $) acce## !y 6$$ *$e*$l(# t$ t*e a##et# %ece##ay )$ a *i"*e #ta%(a( $) i%c$'e $ ,el)ae5 ,*et*e a##et# ae t*$&"*t $) a# *&'a% (acce## t$ e(&cati$%)5 %at&al (acce## t$ la%()5 6*y#ical (acce## t$ i%)a#t&ct&e)5 #$cial (acce## t$ %et,$;# $) $!li"ati$%#) $ )i%a%cial (acce## t$ ce(it). Lac; $) acce## t$ ce(it i# ea(ily &%(e#ta%(a!le i% te'# $) t*e a!#e%ce $) c$llateal t*at t*e 6$$ ca% $))e c$%-e%ti$%al )i%a%cial i%#tit&ti$%# (4B5 2==F). P$-ety i# c$''$%ly 'ea#&e( !y *$e*$l( i%c$'e a%( 6$-ety li%e7 6e$6le ,*$ ea% le## t*a% $%e ($lla 6e (ay ae te'e( a# t*e 6$$. N$% i%c$'e 6$-ety 6e-aili%" t$ t*$#e 6e$6le ,it* a little !it $) '$%ey !&t ($e# %$t *a-e acce## t$ #$cial #e-ice# #&c* a# #c*$$l# a%( *$#6ital#. P$-ety i# al#$ cate"$i/e( i% t,$ ,ay#5 a!#$l&te a%( elati-e 6$-ety. A!#$l&te 6$-ety $cc& ,*e% 6e$6le lac; a!ility t$ eac* 'i%i'&' c$%#&'6ti$% ,*ile elati-e 6$-ety i# t*e a!ility t$ 'eet $%e# !a#ic %ee( !&t ca%%$t 'eet t*e (e#ie( %ee(#. P$-ety i# a '$t*e $) c$%#&'6ti$% a%( i# e)lecte( i% #&c* i%(icat$# a# 6$$ *$i%"5 6$$ %&titi$%5 l$, li)e e:6ecta%cy5 *i"* c*il( '$tality ate5 ill%e## a%( l$, le-el $) e(&cati$% (K*i%"a%5 011B). 21 0.2.0 Mic$)i%a%ce Mic$)i%a%ce 'ea%# t*e 6$-i#i$% $) a !$a( a%"e $) )i%a%cial #e-ice# #&c* a# (e6$#it#5 l$a%#5 6ay'e%t #e-ice#5 '$%ey ta%#)e5 a%( i%#&a%ce t$ 6$$ a%( l$,i%c$'e *$e*$l(# a%( t*ei 'ic$ e%te6i#e#. It i# a a%"e $) i%%$-ati-e )i%a%cial aa%"e'e%t# (e#i"%e( t$ attact t*e 6$$ a# eit*e !$$,e# $ #a-e# (Mill# a%( Kac$!#$%5 011G). Mic$)i%a%ce ($e# %$t $%ly c$-e )i%a%cial #e-ice# !&t al#$ %$%)i%a%cial a##i#ta%ce #&c* a# tai%i%" a%( !i%e## a(-ice. 0.2.3 Mic$)i%a%ce i%#tit&ti$%# I# a% $"a%i/ati$% t*at $))e# )i%a%cial #e-ice# t$ t*e 6$$ a%( l$, i%c$'e 6e$6le5 t*ey ae i%itiate( t$ 'eet (i))ee%t $!9ecti-e i%cl&(e: 6$-ety e(&cti$%5 t$ 6$-i(e !a%;i%" #e-ice# t$ t*e 6$$ t*at i# t$ le%( -ey #'all #&'# t$ -ey 6$$ !$$,e# a%( t*e (e-el$6'e%t $) t*e !i%e## #ect$ a# a 'ea%# $) ac*ie-i%" *i"* #ta%(a(# $) li-i%" (C*i#te% N Da;e5 0110). 0.2.B Ty6e# $) Fi%a%cial I%#tit&ti$%# Fi%a%cial i%#tit&ti$%# cate"$ie# i%t$ t*ee cate"$ie# %a'ely: )$'al5 #e'i )$'al a%( i%)$'al )i%a%cial i%#tit&ti$%# (C*i#te% N Da;e5 0110). F$'al )i%a%cial i%#tit&ti$%# ae e"i#tee( i%#tit&ti$%# lice%#e( t$ 6$-i(e a a%"e $) )i%a%cial #e-ice# a%( t*ey e"i#tee( &%(e )i%a%cial #e-ice# le"i#lati$%# li;e 'ic$)i%a%ce Act5 I%#&a%ce Act a%( c$$6eati-e Act. I% Ta%/a%ia )$'al i%#tit&ti$%# i%-$l-e# %ati$%al i%#&a%ce c$'6a%ie# a%( !a%;# #&c* a# NMB5 NBC a%( CRDB.T*e#e i%#tit&ti$%# ,ee i%itiate( t$ #e-e t*e 'a9$ity $) 6$$ a%( l$, i%c$'e 6e$6le all $-e t*e c$&%ty !&t t*e e:6eie%ce *a# #*$,% t*at la"e %&'!e $) t*e#e i%#tit&ti$%# eac*e( t*e la"e 6at $) t*e &!a% aea#. >e##y a%( Ui$ (011E) )$&%( t*at5 '$#t MFI# $6eati$%# ae !a#e( i% 'a9$ citie# a%( t$,%# ,*ile t*e 'a9$ity $) 6$$ Ta%/a%ia%# ae c$%ce%tate( i% &al aea#. T*i# 6a-e( t*e ,ay )$ #e'i a%( i%)$'al i%#tit&ti$%# t$ )ill t*e "a6. 22 Se'i )$'al i%#tit&ti$%#5 t*e#e ae c$''ecial $ %$%6$)it 6$-i(e# ,*ic* ceate acce## t$ !a#ic !a%;i%" !y &tili/e c$''&%ity &le#5 ct$'#5 elati$%#*i6#5 ;%$,le("e5 a%( #$li(aity a%( e#$&ce# '$!ili/ati$%. T*e#e i%#tit&ti$%# i%-$l-e# SACCOS5 PRIDE5 SEDA 'e%ti$% )e,. I%)$'al )i%a%cial i%#tit&ti$%#5 t*e#e ae t*e 'a;et# i%#tit&ti$%# 'a(e &6 $) )ie%(#5 elati-e# a%( %ei"*!$. T*ey 'ay al#$ !e i% t*e )$' $) R$tati%" Sa-i%" a%( Ce(it A##$ciati$%# (ROSCA#) ,*ic* ae $,%e( a%( c$%t$lle( ,it* 'e'!e# $) t*e "$&6# (H&l'e N M$#ley5 2==E) t*e#e i%#tit&ti$%# e%a!le# 'e'!e# t$ (eal ,it* )i%a%cial #te## i% t*ei aea#. 0.2.D Sa-i%" a%( Ce(it C$$6eati-e S$cietie# Sa-i%" a%( Ce(it C$$6eati-e S$ciety i# a "$&6 $) 6e$6le ,*$ *a-e c$''$% !$%(5 li-e i% t*e #a'e c$''&%ity $ #$ciety #a-e '$%ey t$"et*e a%( le%( it t$ $%e a%$t*e at a"ee( i%tee#t ate5 ti'e a%( c$%(iti$%#. It i# a (e'$catic5 &%i+&e 'e'!e (i-e% a%( #el) *el6 &%i$% (Mac Bet* N Ca$li%e5 2===). SACCOS al#$ (e)i%e( a# a le"al e%tity e#ta!li#*e( !y t*e -$l&%tay 'e'!e#*i6 $) 6i-ate $ 6&!lic )$ t*e 6&6$#e $) (e6$#iti%" t*ei #a-i%"# a%( 6$-i(i%" ce(it# t$ it# 'e'!e# (URT5 011B). 0.2.E Hi#t$ical !ac;"$&%( $) SACCOS SACCOS e'e"e( (&i%" t*e 'i( $) 2G11# !y He'a%% Sc*&l/e@ Delit/#c* a%( Fie(ic* Rai))ei#e% a# a 'ea%# t$ e(&ce 6$-ety a%( $-e i%(e!te(%e## a'$%" #'all )a'e# a%( ca)t#'e% i% &!a% a%( &al aea#. O%e $) t*e &al SACCOS Ba%; )$'e( i% Ge'a%y t$ &%ite 6$$ 6e$6le a%( $"a%i/e( t*e' )$ #el) *el65 '&t&al *el6 a%( t$ *el6 #'all )a'e# ,*$ c$&l( %$t acce##e( ce(it )acilitie# ea#ily (Ba%e9ee et all. 2==3). 20 Ce(it &%i$% "$,t* i% A)ica 6atic&laly i% T$"$ a%( Ca'e$$% (&i%" t*e 2=F1#5 !y t*e e%( $) t*e 2=G1# t*ee ,ee i% EF l$,@i%c$'e c$&%tie# a!$&t 2F5111ce(it &%i$%# (C&e-a#5 2==0). T*e i(ea $) *a-i%" SACCOS i% Ta%/a%ia #tate( i% 2=0Da# a ,ay $) )i"*ti%" 6$-ety a%( !i%"i%" (e-el$6'e%t. O%e )$' $) (e-el$6'e%t t*at i# ai'e( i# t*e e'6$,e'e%t $) 'a"i%ali/e( "$&6# #&c* a# &al 6e$6le5 ,$'e% a%( (i#a!le( !y "i-i%" t*e' acce## t$ l$a%#. By 'ay 011=5 t*ee ,eeD53BF SACCOS i% t*e c$&%ty ,it* t$tal #a-i%" (e6$#it# $) TLS 0F3.E !illi$% a%( l$a% 6$t)$li$ $) TLS 30=.E !illi$% (>e#a%ta5011=). 0.2.F T*e$ie# $) 6$-ety T*e$y $) 6$-ety *el6# t$ &%(e#ta%( ,*at cae# 6$-ety. Da-i( (2=F1) t*e$ie# $) 6$-ety ae (i-i(e( i%t$ t,$ 'ai% 6at# i%cl&(e# c&lt&al a%( #t&ct&al t*e$y. 0.2.F.2 C&lt&al t*e$y C&lt&al t*e$ie# e:6lai% 6$-ety i% t*e tait# $) t*e 6$$ t*e'#el-e#. T*e#e t*e$ie# a##et 6$-ety a# t*e -al&ati$%5 attit&(i%al a%( !e*a-i$al 6atte%# $) t*e 6$$ ,*ic* 6e-e%t t*e' )$' !ei%" #$cially '$!ile (Da-i(5 2=F1). Petai%i%"t$ t*i# t*e$y5 6$-ety i# ceate( !y t*e ta%#'i##i$% $-e "e%eati$%# $) a #et $) !elie)#5 -al&e# a%( #;ill# t*at ae #$cially "e%eate( !&t i%(i-i(&ally *el(. I%(i-i(&al# ae %$t %ece##aily t$ !la'e !ecae t*ey ae -icti'# $) t*ei (y#)&%cti$%al #&!c&lt&e $ c&lt&e. I% ta(iti$%al A)ica5 c&lt&e ceate( title (ee(#5 'a;i%" 'e% t*e #$le $,%e# $) la%(5 t*ee!y e%(ei%" ,$'e% ec$%$'ically ,ea;. 4$'e% c$%#e+&e%tly ,ee $-e!&(e%e( ,it* &%%i%"*$'e#5 'a;i%" t*e' ec$%$'ically &%#ta!le. 4$'e% i% A)ica ae %$t e'6$,ee( (&e t$ %e"ati-e c&lt&al 6actice#. Mic$)i%a%ce #ect$ i# %$, ta;i%" t*e A)ica% ,$'e% !ac; t$ t*ei $le $) !ei%" i%-$l-e( i% t*e ec$%$'y a# t*ey ,ee i% (ie %ee( $) $t*e i%c$'e "e%eati%" acti-itie# t$ #&66le'e%t t*ei #'all )a'# ,*ic* !aely )e( t*e'. 23 It i# e#ti'ate(t*at ,$'e% c$'6i#e FBC $) t*e 2=.3 'illi$% $) t*e ,$l(Q# 6$$e#t 6e$6le %$, !ei%" #e-e(!y 'ic$)i%a%ce i%#tit&ti$%#. Mic$@)i%a%ce ca% 'a;e a c$%ti!&ti$% t$ e'6$,e'e%t $) ,$'e%. Acce## t$ #a-i%"# a%( ce(it )acilitie# #te%"t*e%# ,$'e% i% ec$%$'ic (eci#i$%#. It al#$ i'6$-e# t*ei #;ill#5 ;%$,le("e a%( #&66$t %et,$;# a# ,ell a# e%*a%ci%" t*ei #tat i% t*e c$''&%ity (R$!i%#$%5 0112). P$-ety e(&cti$% a%( ,$'e% e'6$,e'e%t ae #ee% a#t,$ #i(e# $) t*e #a'e c$i% a%( it i# t*e $%ly ,ay t$ !i%" ,i(e c*a%"e# i% t*e c$''&%ity. E-i(e%ce $) 4$'e% e'6$,ee( ec$%$'ically t*$&"* 'ic$ )i%a%ce i# Pa%;$6 4$'e% Fa'e# F$&' i% M6&'ala%"a5 S$&t* A)ica5 Ka'ii B$a H$i%" P$9ect i% >a6&tei5 >e%yaa'$%"#t $t*e#. 4$'e% *a-e 6$-e% t$ !e e:celle%t clie%t# %$ta!ly i% 6ayi%" !ac; l$a%# i% a ti'e a%( t*ey ae ;ey (i-e# t$ (e-el$6'e%t5 i%-e#ti%" i% ,$'e% *a# 6$-e% e))ecti-e ,ay t$ i%cea#e i%(i-i(&al )a'ily e:6e%(it&e $% *ealt*5 e(&cati$%5 i'6$-e( %&titi$% a%( )$$( #ec&ity (B&c;ley5 2==F). 0.2.F.0 St&ct&al t*e$y I% c$%ta#t t$ c&lt&al t*e$y5 #t&ct&al t*e$ie# e:6lai% 6$-ety i% te'# $) t*e c$%(iti$%# &%(e ,*ic* t*e 6$$ li-e: &%e'6l$y'e%t5&%(ee'6l$y'e%t5 6$$ i%)a#t&ct&e#5 6$$ e(&cati$% a%( 6$$ *ealt* (Da-i(5 2=F1). St&ct&al t*e$i#t# )&lly acce6t t*e c&lt&al t*e$i#t#Q c*aactei/ati$% $) t*e 6$$7 t*ey 'eely 6lace a%$t*e i%te6etati$% $% it. T*e$i#t# i% t*i# ta(iti$% l$$; t$ t*e ec$%$'ic5 6$litical a%( #$cial #y#te' ,*ic* cae# 6e$6le t$ *a-e li'ite( $66$t&%itie# a%( e#$&ce# ,it* ,*ic* t$ ac*ie-e i%c$'e a%( ,ell !ei%". P$-ety i# #ai( t$ !e cae( !y #t&ct&al !aie# t*at 6e-e%t 6$$ )$' acce## t$ #$cial #e-ice# a%( acc$'6li#*'e%t i% ;ey #$cial# i%#tit&ti$%# i%cl&(e# 9$!#5 e(&cati$%5 *$i%"5 *ealt*cae5 #a)ety a%( 6$litical e6e#e%tati$% (Maliya';$%$5 011E). A'$%" t*e c*alle%"e# )aci%" 'ic$)i%a%ce i%(ty i# *i"* c$#t $) #e-ice (eli-ey ,it* 6$$ i%)a#t&ct&e. Becae i%)a#t&ct&e a%( c$''&%icati$% 2B tec*%$l$"y e'ai% la"ely &%(e(e-el$6e(5 it i# #i"%i)ica%tly '$e e:6e%#i-e )$ MFI# t$ $6eate a%( eac*e( t*e 6$$ 6e$6le. I) acce## t$ ce(it ca% !e i'6$-e(5 it i# a"&e( t*at5 t*e 6$$ ca% )i%a%ce 6$(&cti-e acti-itie# t*at ,ill all$, i%c$'e "$,t*. Mic$)i%a%ce i%#tit&ti$%# 6$-i(e# t*e 6$##i!ility $) ce(it at ti'e# $) %ee( a%( i% #$'e #c*e'e# t*e $66$t&%ity $) e"&la #a-i%"# !y a *$e*$l(. 0.2.G P$-ety a%( Mic$)i%a%ce P$-ety *a# !ec$'e $%e $) t*e 'a9$ 6$!le'# )aci%" t*e ,$l(5 it i# e#ti'ate( t*at $-e 2.3 !illi$% 6e$6le li-e $% le## t*a% $%e ($lla 6e (ay a%( $%e !illi$% 6e$6le ca%%$t 'eet !a#ic %ee(. I% S&! Sa*aa A)ica it i# e#ti'ate( t*at5 a!$&t 32D 'illi$% 6e$6le #&-i-e $% le## t*a% $%e ($lla 6e (ay a%( 2GB 'illi$% 6e$6le #&))e )$' 'al%&titi$% (UNDP5 0112) I% Ta%/a%ia it i# e#ti'ate( t*at a!$&t D1C $) Ta%/a%ia% ae 6$$5 t*e #it&ati$% $) 6$-ety i# ,i(ely #6ea( i%&al aea#. H$e*$l( B&("et S&-ey (HBS) $) 0111?12 e-eal# t*at5 t*e 6$6$ti$% $) t*e 6$6&lati$% !el$, t*e %ati$%al )$$( 6$-ety li%e i# 2G.F 6ece%t a%( t*at !el$, t*e %ati$%al !a#ic %ee(# 6$-ety li%e i# 3D.F 6ece%t. Ta%/a%ia i# cate"$i/e( a# t*e t*i( 6$$e#t c$&%ty5 a t*i( $) Ta%/a%ia%# li-e i% *$e*$l( # cla##i)ie( *a( c$e 6$$ a%( a )&t*e )i)t* $)Ta%/a%ia%# li-e i% *$e*$l(# cla##i)ie( a# 6$$ $% t*e !a#i# $) t*ei i%c$'e. T*e (e6t* a%( #e-eity $) 6$-ety i# "eate#t i% t*e &al aea# a# a$&%( GD 6e ce%t $) t*e 6$$ a%( *a( c$e 6$$ li-e i% t*e &al aea#. 4$'e% ae "e%eally 6ecei-e( t$ !e 6$$e t*a% 'e% (4B5 2==F). Mic$)i%a%ce *a# !ee% ,i(ely #6ea( a%( acce6te( i% 'ai%#tea'i%" acti-itie# t*at ai' at i'6$-i%" li)e #ta%(a( $) l$, i%c$'e ea%e# a%( 6$$ 6e$6le. I% ec$"%i/i%" t*e i'6$ta%ce $) 'ic$)i%a%ce t*e "$-e%'e%t $) Ta%/a%ia *a# !ee% ceati%" c$%(&ci-e e%-i$%'e%t )$ 6$$ a%( l$, i%c$'e 6e$6le t$ acce## )i%a%cial #e-ice#. O%e $) t*e i%itiati-e# i# t$ e#ta!li#* t*e Nati$%al Mic$ Fi%a%ce 6$licy (0111) a# a% e))$t t$ 6$-ety e(&cti$%. De-el$6'e%t P$licy (0110) #&66$t# t*e 2D e#ta!li#*'e%t $) -ia!le c$$6eati-e )i%a%cial i%#tit&ti$%# i% 6atic&la5 t*e 6$licy #tate# t*at5 t*e "$-e%'e%t# e%c$&a"e )$'ati$% $) SACCOS ,it*i% t*e aea $) $6eati$% $) 6i'ay #$cietie# a%( 6$-i(e tec*%icala##i#ta%ce t$ t*e SACCOS. 0.2.= T*e R$le $) 'ic$)i%a%ce i%#tit&ti$% i% 6$-ety e(&cti$% T*e$etically5 'ic$)i%a%ce 6lay# a% i'6$ta%t $le i% t*e )i"*t a"ai%#t 6$-ety. It e%a!le# !$$,e# t$ "e%eati$% i%c$'e ,*ic* *el6# %$t $%ly t*e !i%e## acti-ity e:6a%( !&t al#$ c$%ti!&te# t$ *$e*$l( i%c$'e a%( it# atte%(a%t !e%e)it# $% )$$( #ec&ity a%( c*il(e% #e(&cati$%. Mic$)i%a%ce "e%eate# e'6l$y'e%t t$ '$e t*a% 2D1 'illi$% 6e$6le i% t*e ,$l( a%( 6$-i(e# $66$t&%itie# )$ t*e (e-el$6'e%t $) 6e$6le i% &al a%( &!a% aea# (>at#*i et al.5 0121). F$ ,$'e% ,*$ i% 'a%y c$%te:t# ae e:cl&(e( )$' 6&!lic #6ace 'ic$)i%a%ce *el6# t$ !&il( c$%)i(e%ce a%( e'6$,e'e%t. Mic$)i%a%ce *el6# t*e 6$$ t$ i%cea#e i%c$'e5!&il( -ia!le !i%e##e# a%( e(&ce t*ei -&l%ea!ility t$ e:te%al #*$c;#. It ca% al#$ !e a 6$,e)&l i%#t&'e%t )$ #el)@e'6$,e'e%t !y e%a!li%" t*e 6$$5 e#6ecially ,$'e% t$ !ec$'e ec$%$'ic a"e%t# $) c*a%"e (Te(5 0112). I% B$li-ia a%( Ce%tal A'eica% 'ic$)i%a%ce i# a 'ea%# t$ e(&ce 6$-ety a%( $-e i%(e!te(%e## a'$%" #'all )a'e# a%( ca)t#'e% i% &!a% a%( &al aea# t$ i'6$-e t*ei )a' acti-itie#. Mic$)i%a%ce *el6# t$ (ecea#i%" &%e'6l$y'e%t5 alle-iati%" 6$-ety a%( i%cea#i%" ec$%$'ic "$,t* $) t*e c$&%ty ec$%$'y i% I%($%e#ia (R$!i%#$%5 0112). Mic$)i%a%ce i% (e-el$6i%" c$&%tie# e#ta!li#*e( t$ 6$-i(e 'ea%# $) $-ec$'i%" 6$!le'# )aci%" '$#t $) l$, i%c$'e c$%#&'e#5,*$ ae %$t a!le t$ 6ay a66$:i'ately USM 21 t$ 31 6e &%it $) e)&l li"*ti%" #e-ice. T*ey ae %$'ally &%a!le t$ 'a;e #&c* a $%eti'e i%-e#t'e%t &6 )$%t5 (&e t$ %at&e $) t*ei a-aila!le ca#* )l$,#5 a# ,ell a# eal a%( 6ecei-e( i#;# $) i%-e#ti%" i% a 6$te%tially #&! #ta%(a( 6$(&ct# (Mill# N Kac$!#$%5 011G). It i# !elie-e( t*at 6e$6le ,*$ li-e i% (e-el$6i%" c$&%tie# 'i"*t i'6$-e t*ei li-i%" #ta%(a(# !y !ec$'i%" 'ic$ 2E e%te6e%e a%( t*at )i%a%cial i%#tit&ti$%# #*$&l( #&66$t t*ei i%itiati-e# ,it* #'all l$a%#. Mic$@)i%a%ce )acilitie# ca% 6$-i(e a a%"e $) )i%a%cial #e-ice# i%cl&(i%" ce(it5 #a-i%"# a%( i%#&a%ce t$ 6$$ e%te6i#e# a%( *$e*$l(#. It $))e# t*e 6$te%tial )$ "$,t* a%( *el6# #a)e"&a( 6$$ *$e*$l(# a"ai%#t e:te'e -&l%ea!ility. L$a%#5 #a-i%"#5 a%( i%#&a%ce *el6 e-e% $&t i%c$'e )l&ct&ati$%# a%( 'ai%tai% c$%#&'6ti$% le-el# (Bi;;i N K$#elit$5 0113). 0.0 E'6iical Liteat&e Re-ie, 0.0.2. T*e c$%ti!&ti$% $) 'ic$)i%a%ce i%#tit&ti$%# T*e #c*$la# i%(icate( t*at5 t*e c$%ti!&ti$% $) 'ic$)i%a%ce $% 6$-ety e(&cti$% #tate"y i# "i-e# 'i:e( e#&lt#. I% #$'e ca#e# t*e #t&(ie# "i-e# 6$#iti-e e#&lt# ,*ile $t*e #t&(ie# )$&%( $t*e,i#e. 0.0.2.2 I%cea#e( i%c$'e Re"a(i%" t*e i%cea#e( i%c$'e a# $%e $) t*e citeia )$ 6$-ety e(&cti$%5#c*$la# i%(icate# t*at5 'ic$)i%a%ce *a-e c$%ti!&te( 6$#iti-ely t$ t*e i%c$'e $) 6e$6le. T*e#t&(y ($%e !y H&l'e a%( M$#ley (2==E) e-eale( t*at5 i% Ba%"la(e#* t*e "$,t* $) i%c$'e# $) !$$,e# al,ay# e:cee(# t*at $) c$%t$l "$&6. I%cea#e i% !$$,e # i%c$'e la"e )$!ette $)) !$$,e# i% Ba%"la(e#*5 I%($%e#ia a%( Si La%;a. It i# al#$ #*$,e( t*at5 t*ee i# a% a-ea"e a%%&al i%cea#e i% i%c$'e $) 0GC )$ !$$,e# c$'6ae( ,it* a% a-ea"e $) 2B.DC )$ t*e c$%t$l "$&6. A% e#ti'ate( GC $) !$$,e# c$##e( t*e 6$-ety li%e. Re'e%yi N A&i%$%e# (0111) al#$ e-eale( t*at5 *$e*$l( i%c$'e $) )a'ilie# ,it* acce## t$ ce(it i# #i"%i)ica%tly *i"*e t*a% )$ c$'6aa!le *$e*$l(# ,it*$&t acce## t$ ce(it. T*e #t&(y i%(icate( t*at5 i% I%($%e#ia 20.= 6e ce%t a%%&al a-ea"e i#e i% i%c$'e )$' !$$,e#,a# $!#e-e( ,*ile $%ly 3 6e ce%t i#e ,a# e6$te( )$' %$% !$$,e# (c$%t$l "$&6). T*e #t&(y %$te( t*at5 i% Ba%"la(e#*5 0=.3 6e 2F ce%t a%%&al a-ea"e i#e i% i%c$'e )$' !$$,e# ,a# $!#e-e( ,*ile $%ly 3 6e ce%t i#e ,a# e6$te( )$' %$% !$$,e# (c$%t$l "$&6). T*e #t&(y %$te( t*at5 i% Ba%"la(e#*5 0=.3 6e ce%t a%%&al a-ea"e i#e i% i%c$'e ,a# ec$(e( a%( 00 6ece%t a%%&al a-ea"e i#e i% i%c$'e )$' %$%@!$$,e#. It i# )&t*e e-eale( t*at5 i% Si@La%;a 2D.E 6ece%ta"e i#e i% i%c$'e )$' !$$,e# a%( = 6e ce%t i#e )$' %$% !$$,e#. I% t*e ca#e $) I%(ia5 BE 6e ce%t a%%&al a-ea"e i#e i% i%c$'e ,a# e6$te( a'$%" !$$,e# ,it* 0B 6e ce%t i%cea#e e6$te( )$' %$%@!$$,e#. T*e e#&lt# #*$, t*at5 'ic$)i%a%ce i%#tit&ti$%# t*$&"* ce(it 6$-i#i$% c$%ti!&te( t$ t*e i%cea#e i%c$'e $) t*e 6atici6a%t# i% t*e aea #t&(ie( t*i# *a# 6$#iti-e i'6act t$ 6$-ety e(&cti$%. A%$t*e #t&(y ($%e !y M$#ley (0112) e-eale( t*at5 t*e e:ce## i%c$'e "$,t* )$ !$$,e# $-e t*e c$%t$l "$&6 ,a# !et,ee% 230C a%( 2DGC. F$ 6$$ !$$,e# (,*$ ,ee a 'i%$ity $) t*$#e #&-eye() "ai%# elati-e t$ t*e a-ea"e )$ t*e c$%t$l "$&6 ,ee l$,e t*a% )$ all !$$,e#. T*e e"e##i$% a%aly#i# elati%" i%c$'e i%cea#e 6e *$e*$l( elati-e t$ t*e c$%t$l "$&65 t*e a-ea"e t$ i%itial i%c$'e #*$,# a 6$#iti-e elati$%#*i65 6$6$ti$%ate "ai%# )$' !$$,i%" i#e ,it* *$e*$l( i%c$'e. T*i# #t&(y al#$ i%(icate( t*at5 t*ee i# a 6$#iti-e 6$-ety i'6act alt*$&"* "i-e% t*e )act t*at $%ly 'i%$itie# $) !$$,e# (a$&%( $%e t*i() ,ee 6$$ at t*e #tati%" 6$i%t $) t*e a%aly#i# i% 2==35 t*i# i# '$(e#t. Bet,ee% 21CJ01C $) 6$$ !$$,e#5 -ayi%" !et,ee% i%#tit&ti$%# c$##e( t*e 6$-ety li%e $-e t*e 6ei$( #t&(ie( a# a e#&lt $) 'ic$)i%a%ce. >*a%(;e (2==G) al#$ )$&%( t*at5 i% Ba%"la(e#* DC $) 'ic$)i%a%ce 6atici6a%t *$e*$l(# e'$-e( )$' 6$-ety a%%&ally. T* 'ic$)i%a%ce c$%ti!&te# #i"%i)ica%tly t$ 6$-ety e(&cti$% e#6ecially )$ 6$$ ,$'e%. N$t $%ly 6atici6a%t# #ee' t$ !e%e)it !&t t*e ,*$le l$cal c$''&%ity. 2G 0.0.2.04$'e% e'6$,e'e%t La'a% (0111)5 )$&%( t*at 'ic$@ce(it c$%ti!&te# t$ 'iti"ati%" a %&'!e $) )act$# t*at c$%ti!&te t$ -&l%ea!ility. T*e #t&(y i%(icate( t*at5 'ic$)i%a%ce #'$$t*e# c$%#&'6ti$%5 !&il(# a##et#5 6$-i(e# e'e"e%cy a##i#ta%ce (&i%" %at&al (i#a#te#5a%( c$%ti!&te# t$ )e'ale e'6$,e'e%t. P$-i#i$% $) 'ic$@ce(it #te%"t*e% ci#i# c$6i%" 'ec*a%i#'#5 (i-e#i)y i%c$'e@ea%i%" #$&ce#5 !&il( a##et# a%( i'6$-e t*e #tat $) ,$'e%. Mic$ ce(it *a# *a( a 6$#iti-e e'6$,e'e%t i'6act t$ ,$'e% (>*a%(;e5 2==G). T*e 6$#iti-e i'6act $) 'ic$ ce(it t$ ,$'e% e'6$,e'e%t ,a# (&e t$ 9$i%t (eci#i$% 'a(e !y ,$'e% i% t*ei )a'ily. T*i# ,a# i%te6ete( a# a 6$#iti-e i'6act t$ t*e'7 t*e #t&(y e( a((iti$%al e'6$,e'e%t i%(icat$# #&c* a# 6$(&cti-e a##et $,%e#*i6 a%( 6$litical a,ae%e## a# a e#&lt $) 'ic$)i%a%ce e))ect t$ ,$'e%. T*e a&t*$ c$%cl&(e( t*at acce## t$ ce(it *a( a 6$#iti-e i'6act t$ ,$'e% e'6$,e'e%t. R$!i%#$% (0112) e-eale( t*at5 i% t*e A)ica% #&!@e"i$%# $) Et*i$6ia5 Ca'e$$% a%( Ni"eia i% 2===@ 0111 'ic$)i%a%ce e%a!le( ,$'e% "$&6# t$ c$%#$li(ate t*ei e))$t# t$ ea(icate a c$''$% a#6ect $) 6$-ety i% t*ei c$''&%ity. I% Et*i$6ia5 it all$,e( a "$&6 $) #'all e%te6e%e t$ 'atc* )&%(# a%( #tat !&yi%" t*ei a, 'ateial i% !&l;5 lea(i%" eac* $) t*e' t$ a #&!#ta%tial #a-i%"#. I% Ni"eia5 it all$,e( -illa"e# t$ 'atc* )&%(# t$ !i%" a 'e(ical ($ct$ )$& ti'e# a '$%t* i% a -illa"e $) 0111 6e$6le5 !i%"i%" *ealt* a%( ,ell@!ei%" t$ all. I% Ca'e$$%5 it all$,e( a -illa"e t$ 'atc*)&%(# t$ #e%(i%" all c*il(e% t$ 6i'ay #c*$$l a%( t$ "i-i%" t*e' a 'eal D (ay# a ,ee;. I% Ta%/a%ia5 >ya&i (2==E)5 %$te( t*at5 t*e 6$"a''e *a( ($%e -ey little t$ 6$'$te ,$'e% !ecae t*e ce(it 6$-i(e( ,a# %$t #t&ct&e( t$ !e #tai%a!le. T*e 6$"a''e (i( %$t c$%#i(e t*e ele'e%t $) #tai%a!ility a# a% a#6ect t$ ac*ie-e )&t&e (e-el$6'e%t5 *e%ce t*e 6$"a''e )aile(. He )&t*e %$te( t*at ,$'e% 2= e%te6e%e %ee( )i%a%cial #e-ice# %$t 9t )$ 6$-i#i$% $) l$a% !&t al#$ )$ $t*e #e-ice# li;e !&yi%" #*ae#5 #a-i%" a%( ca6acity !&il(i%". I% a((iti$% it ,a# a"&e( t*at5 'ic$ ce(it *a# a %e"ati-e i'6act $% ,$'e% e'6$,e'e%t. A #t&(y !y G$et/ a%( G&6ta (2==B) i%" a 'a%a"eial c$%t$l i%(e: a# a% i%(icat$ $) e'6$,e'e%t 5 t*e #t&(y i%(icate( t*at ,$'e% (i( %$t *a-e a%y c$%t$l $-e t*e e $) l$a% a%( (i( %$t 6atici6ate i% )&%(e( 6$9ect# t$ )&ll c$%t$l. T*e #t&(y )&t*e c$%cl&(e( t*at5 t*e 'a9$ity $) ,$'e% e#6ecially 'aie( ,$'e% (i( %$t *a-e c$%t$l $-e l$a%#. 4*ile it ,a# t*e ,$'e% ,*$ ,ee ta"ete( !y t*e ce(it 6$"a''e5 t*e 'e% t$$; $-e t*e 'a%a"e'e%t $) t*e l$a%#5 *e%ce %e"ati%" t*e (e-el$6'e%t $!9ecti-e $) le%(i%" t$ ,$'e%. 0.0.2.3 F$$( #ec&ity M;Nelly a%( D&%)$( (2===) e-eale( t*at5 t*e '$#t 6$#iti-e e#&lt $) 'ic$)i%a%ce $!#e-e( )$' *$e*$l(# #&))ei%" R)$$( #te## 5 i% t*i# ca#e DDC $)6atici6a%t# ae le## li;ely t$ #ell $)) a%i'al# a%( ae '$e li;ely t$ ta;e $&t l$a%# a# a c$6i%"#tate"y t*a% 30.3C $) %$% 6atici6a%t#. A ece%t #&-ey c$%(&cte( !y C*e% a%( D$%al( (2===) )$&%( t*at5 a-ea"e (aily e:6e%(it&e $% )$$( ,a# 02C *i"*e t*a% i% clie%t *$e*$l(#. I% c$%ta#t5 #a-e $%ly *$e*$l(# e%9$y $%ly a #'all (ietay 'a"i% $-e %$%@clie%t *$e*$l(#. A-ea"e (aily e:6e%(it&e $% )$$( ,a# $%ly DC i% %$%@clie%t *$e*$l(#. 0.0.2.B P$(&cti-ity >*a%(;e (2==G) a"&e( t*at5 6$(&cti$% -al&e $) a%%&al 6$(&cti$% $) 6$"a' -illa"e# ,a# '$e t*a% t,ice t*at $) %$%@6$"a' -illa"e#. Mac Bet* a%( Ca$li%e5 (2===) al#$ )$&%( t*at5 a-aila!ility $) ce(it 6e-e%te( #$'e !$$,e# )$' *a-i%"t$ #ell t*ei 6$(&ce at !el$, 'a;et ate# t$ la%( $,%e# a%( 'ec*a%t# t$ $!tai% a% a(-a%cei% t*e lea% #ea#$% t* i%cea#i%" t*ei i%c$'e#. T*e #t&(y e-eale( t*at5 ce(it ,a# e%a!li%" 6e$6le t$ (e-el$6 a"ic&lt&e $ $t*e e%te6i#e# cl$#e t$ *$'e a%( e(&ci%" t*e %ee( t$ 'i"ate )$ #ea#$%al ,$;5 01 c*il(e% # c*a%ce# $) atte%(i%" #c*$$l ,ee "eatly i%cea#e(.Patici6a%t# *a-e al#$ (i-e#i)ie( t*ei 6$(&cti-e acti-itie# a%( *a-e ac+&ie( '$e a##et# t*a% %$%!$$,e#. I% A)ica5 'ic$ )i%a%ce c$%ti!&te( t$ 6$(&cti-ity $) )a'e# (A%&6a'5 011B) )$&%( t*at5 t*$&"* ce(it5 )a'e# $!tai%e( i%6&t# a%( i%cea#e( t*ei 6$(&cti$%. It al#$ #*$,e( t*at5 'ic$ ce(it 6$'$te( a%( i%cea#e( a"ic&lt&al $&t6&t ,it* "eate e+&ity $ i%t$(&ce( )a'e# t$ t*e #'all@e%te6i#e. T*e #t&(y e-eale( t*at5 t*ee ,a# a6i( i%cea#e $) ice "$,e# ,it* i%cea#e i% (i))ee%t -illa"e# a%"i%" )$' D1C t$ 011C. F&t*e #t&(y ,a# ($%e i% Ta%/a%ia !y R,eye'a'& et al. (0113) 5 t*e #&-ey ,a# c$%(&cte( t$ 000 )a'e# ,*$ e%"a"e( i% a"ic&lt&e (e-el$6'e%t 6$"a''e i% M!$/i a%( U;ee,e. T*e #t&(y e-eale( t*at5 t*e i%tee#t ate# c*a"e( ,ee t*e !aie# t$ '$#t !$$,e#5 t*e 6$ce(&e# e( !e)$e "etti%" a l$a% ,ee t$$ !&ea&catic a%( le( t$ 6$$ 6e)$'a%ce. T*e#t&(y al#$ )$&%( t*at5 i%acce##i!ility $) 'ic$)i%a%ce i%#tit&ti$% i% &al aea# lea( t$ *i"* $6eati$% c$#t# t$ 6e$6le i% &al aea# (&e t$ ta%#6$tati$% c$#t# ,*e% #eac*i%" )$ l$a% at &!a% aea#. T*i# #t&(y #*$,e( t*at5 'ic$)i%a%ce 6e)$'e( 6$$ly a%( )aile( t$ i'6$-e li-i%" #ta%(a( $) )a'e# a# it ,a# i%te%(e(. 0.0.0 C*alle%"e# )aci%" 'ic$ )i%a%cial i%#tit&ti$%# 0.0.0.2 De6e%(e%cy #y%($'e S$'e $) #t&(ie# ($%e !y -ai$ #c*$la# #*$,% t*at5 '$#t $) )i%a%cial i%#tit&ti$%# (e6e%(# $% ($%$# a##i#ta%ce t$ )i%a%ce t*ei acti-itie#. C*e% a%( D$%al( (2===) e-eale( t*at5 B2C $) 'ic$)i%a%ce i%#tit&ti$%# ,ee %$t )i%a%cially #el)@#tai%a!le7 t*ey ,ee elyi%" $% ($%$ #&66$t t$ ;ee6 a)l$at5 t*i# *a( %e"ati-e i'6act# $% 6$-ety e(&cti$%. It ,a# )&t*e $!#e-e( t*at5 MFI# i% Ta%/a%ia lac; 6atici6at$y $,%e#*i6 a%( 'a%y ,ee ($%$ (i-e%. T*ei $6eati$%al 6e)$'a%ce 02 (e'$%#tate# l$, l$a% e6ay'e%t ate# a%( t*ei ca6ital #t&ct&e# ,a# (e6e%(a%t $% ($%$ $ "$-e%'e%t )&%(i%" (C*i9$i"a5 0111). 0.0.0.0 P$$ i%)a#t&ct&e Mic$)i%a%ce i%#tit&ti$%# ca%%$t 'a;e t*e !e#t e $) t*ei #e-ice# t$ eac* t*e 6$$ 6e$6le i) #$'e $) t*e ;ey 6at# $) t*e c$&%ty # 6*y#ical i%)a#t&ct&e ae 6$$. Detaile( e-i(e%ce $% t*e $&teac* $) MFI# i% B$li-ia ,a# 6$-i(e( !y t*e #&-ey e6$te( !y Na-a9a# et al (0111)7 t*ey )$&%( t*at5 MFI# *a( (i))ic&lty i% eac*i%" t*e -ey 6$$ 6e$6le i% e'$te%e## aea# (&e t$ 6$$ i%)a#t&ct&e# a-aila!le i% t*e aea. Ba;*tiai5 (011E) )$&%( t*at5 '$#t $) MFI# 6e)ee( t$ $6eate i% &!a% aea# (&e t$*ea-y ta%#acti$% c$#t a##$ciate( ,it* &al ce(it $6eati$%# t*ee!y (e%yi%" t*e &al 6$$ acce## t$ )i%a%cial #e-ice#. I% G*a%a t*e e#eac* c$%(&cte( !y Ba%; $) G*a%a e-eale( t*at5'ic$)i%a%ce i% G*a%a eac*e( $%ly a!$&t DC $) 6$$ *$e*$l(# a%( ca6t&e( B1C $) '$%ey #&66ly. T*ee)$e t*ee ,a# $$' )$ e:6a%(i%" t*e 'ic$)i%a%ce #ect$ i% G*a%a (K$*%#$%5 011F). A%$t*e #t&(y ($%e i% Ta%/a%ia !y C*i9$i"a (0111) )$&%( t*at5 alt*$&"* clie%t $&teac* ,a# i%cea#e(5 ,it* !a%c*e# $6e%i%" i% al'$#t all e"i$%# $) t*e Ta%/a%ia% 'ai%la%(5 #till MFI# acti-itie# e'ai%e( i% a%( a$&%( &!a% aea#. I% c$%cli$%5 t*e a&t*$ 6$i%te( t$ 6$$ i%)a#t&ct&e# a%( l$, *$e*$l( i%c$'e le-el# a# c$%#tai%t# t$ t*e MFI# 6e)$'a%ce. A'$%" t*e +&e#ti$%# ,*ic* a$#e $&t $) t*e#e e#eac* )i%(i%"# ,a# ,*et*e t*e#e MFI# ,*$#e 6e)$'a%ce ,a# +&e#ti$%a!le ,ill *a-e a%y i'6act $% 6$-ety alle-iati$%.I% a((iti$%al t$ t*at >e##y a%( Ui$ (011E) e-eale( t*at5 '$#t $) MFI# $6eati$%# ,ee !a#e( i% 'a9$ citie# a%( t$,%# ,*ile t*e 'a9$ity $) 6$$ Ta%/a%ia%# ,ee c$%ce%tate( i% &al aea#. I% t*ei c$%cli$% t*ey a##et t*at t*ee ,a# a %ee( t$ c$%(&ct a c$'6aati-e #t&(y !et,ee% 'e'!e# !a#e( MFI# SACCOS i% &al aea# a%( MFI# $6eati%" i% &!a% aea#. T*i# ,$&l( (eli%eate t*e &al@&!a% #t&ct&e $) MFI# $6eati$%#. 00 0.3 C$%ce6t&al )a'e,$; C$%ce6t&al )a'e,$; i# a #i'6li)ie( #y#te'atic c$%ce6t&al #t&ct&e $) i%teelate( ele'e%t# i% #$'e #c*e'atic %aati-e #tate'e%t# $ 'at*e'atical e+&ati$%. It i# a(e#ci!e( elati$%#*i6 !et,ee% a%( a'$%" c$%ce6t# a%( -aia!le# #&c* a# (e6e%(e%t5 i%(e6e%(e%t a%( !ac;"$&%( -aia!le#. De6e%(e%t -aia!le i# t*e $%e ,*$#e c*a%"e# e#&lt )$' $&t#i(e cae# (a -aia!le t*at i# i%)l&e%ce( !y $t*e -aia!le#). I%(e6e%(e%t -aia!le# ae t*e $%e#5 ,*ic* cae c*a%"e# $ 6e##&i/e $t*e# t$ c*a%"e. Bac;"$&%( -aia!le# ae i%*eite( c*aactei#tic# t*ey *a-e %$ (iect i%)l&e%ce $% (e6e%(e%t -aia!le# (N(&%"&&5 011F). F$ll$,i%" t*e liteat&e e-ie, it ,a# $!#e-e( t*at t*ee i# c$%%ecti-ity !et,ee% 'ic$)i%a%ce a%( 6$-ety e(&cti$%. Mic$)i%a%ce e%a!le# !$$,e# t$ "e%eate i%c$'e ,*ic* *el6# %$t $%ly t*e !i%e## acti-ity e:6a%( !&t al#$ c$%ti!&te# t$ *$e*$l( i%c$'e a%( it# atte%(a%t !e%e)it# $% )$$( #ec&ity a%( c*il(e% # e(&cati$% (>at#*i et al.5 0121). 03 Fi"&e 0.2: C$%ce6t&al )a'e,$; )$ 6$-ety e(&cti$% t*$&"* 'ic$)i%a%ce i%#tit&ti$%# S$&ce: A($6te( )$' Geta%e* G$!e/ie5 011B. Fi"&e 0.2 6e#e%t# t*e c$%ce6t&al )a'e,$;e( i% t*e 6e#e%t #t&(y. T*e )i"&e #*$,# i%(e6e%(e%t -aia!le# t*at i%)l&e%ce (e6e%(e%t -aia!le#. SACCOS 6$-i(e #$)t l$a%# t$ i%c$'e ea%e# t$ e%a!le t*e' t$ i%-e#t i% eit*e e:i#ti%" $ %e, i%c$'e "e%eati%" acti-itie# li;e !i%e##5 a"ic&lt&e a%( li-e#t$c; ;ee6i%" a# 6e#e%te( i% t*e #ec$%( 6at $) t*e )i"&e Me'!e#i%c$'e "e%eati%" acti-itie#A"ic&lt&e Li-e#t$c; Bi%e## I'6$-e( i%c$'e t$ t*e 'e'!e# L$a% e6ay'e%t t$ SACCOS @P$(&cti-ity @C$%#&'6ti$% @I%-e#t'e%t @ H$e*$l( 6$-ety e(&cti$% SACCOS A"e5 #e:5 *$e*$l( #i/e5 'aital #tat e(&cati$% 0B A%$t*e 6at 6e#e%t t*e c*a%"e# t*at $cc& a# a e#&lt $) t*e acti-itie# 6e)$'e(. T*$&"* t*e#e acti-itie# i%c$'e $) t*e *$e*$l(# i%cea#e(. By i%cea#e( i%c$'e $) 'e'!e# t*e a!ility t$ i%c& -ai$ li-eli*$$(c$#t# ,it* e#6ect t$ *$e*$l(#!a#ic %ece##itie# a%( t*ey ca% al#$ e6ay t*ei l$a%# a##*$,% i% )$&t* 6at. Al#$ t*e )i"&e e-eal# t*e i'6$-e'e%t i% #ta%(a( $) li-i%" ,*ic* e#&lti%" t$ *$e*$l( 6$-ety e(&cti$%. Bac;"$&%( i%)$'ati$%5 t*e#e ae t*e )act$# ,*ic* *a# (iect i%)l&e%ce t$ 'e'!e# i%c$'e "e%eati%" acti-itie# a%( SACCOS 6e)$'a%ce. I% -ie, $) t*e a!$-e c$%te:t5 all t*e 6$ce(&e# $) t*e 'ic$)i%a%ce i%#tit&ti$%# i% #a-i%"5 6$ce##i%" t*e l$a%# a%( t*e acc$'6a%ie( 6$licie# a# ,ell a# t*e l$a%# t*e'#el-e# c$%#i(ee( a# t*e i%(e6e%(e%t -aia!le#. All -aia!le# i%-$l-i%" a%y ;i%( $) e#&lt# )$' t*e l$a%# c$%#i(ee( a# (e6e%(e%t -aia!le# t*e#e i%cl&(e# i'6$-e'e%t i% i%c$'e "e%eati%" acti-itie#5 6$(&cti-ity5 c$%#&'6ti$%5 i%-e#t'e%t# a%( *$e*$l( 6$-ety e(&cti$%. 0.3 T*e #y%t*e#i# SACCOS *a# t*e "eat $le i% 6$-ety e(&cti$%5 *$,e-e (&e t$ lac; a%( i%a(e+&ate a"e $) !i%e## 6la%5 lac; $) e%te6e%e*i6 a%( !i%e## (e-el$6'e%t #;ill#5 i"%$a%ce a'$%" t*e 'e'!e#5 a c$''&%ity ae #till 6$$. T*ee)$e t*e acc$'6li#*'e%t $) t*i# e#eac* ,ill ceate c$''&%ity a,ae%e## t$,a( 6$-ety e(&cti$% t*$&"* SACCOS5 *e%ce 6e$6le ,ill 9$i%5 i%-e#t a%( !$$, l$a% )$' t*$#e SACCOS i% $(e t$ (eli-e t*e'#el-e# )$' 6$-ety 0D CHAPTER THREE 3.1 I%t$(&cti$% T*i# c*a6te "i-e# (etail# $) t*e 'et*$($l$"y a%( 6$ce(&e# a($6te( i% t*e 6$ce## $) c$%(&cti%" t*e #t&(y. T*e c*a6te i# #&!(i-i(e( i%t$ t*e )$ll$,i%" c$'6$%e%t#. T*e#e i%cl&(e aea $) t*e #t&(y5 e#eac* (e#i"%5 (ata c$llecti$% 'et*$(# (,*ic* i# )&t*e #&!(i-i(e( i%t$ 6i'ay a%( #ec$%(ay (ata)5 #t&(y 6$6&lati$%5 #a'6li%" tec*%i+&e# #a'6le #i/e a%( (ata a%aly#i# 3.2 Re#eac* Aea T*e e#eac* ,a# c$%(&cte( at Sa'e (i#tict i% >ili'a%9a$ Re"i$%. >ili'a%9a$ i# a'$%" t*e Re"i$% i% Ta%/a%ia ,it* ,ell $"a%i/e( Sa-i%" a%( Ce(it S$cietie# a%( Sa'e Di#tict i# a'$%" t*e #e-e% i% >ili'a%9a$ Re"i$% ,it* a %&'!e $) )i%a%cial I%#tit&ti$%# #&66$ti%" (i))ee%t )i%a%cial !$(ie# i%cl&(i%" t*e SACCOS. T*e Di#tict i# #it&ate( S$&t* Ea#t $) t*e Re"i$% a%( it !$(e# M,a%"a Di#tict t$ t*e N$t*5 Si'a%9i$ Di#tict ,*ic* !el$%"# t$ A*a Re"i$% t$ t*e ,e#t5 L*$t$ Di#tict t$ t*e S$&t* Ea#t5 >$$",e Di#tict t$ t*e S$&t* a%( Re6&!lic $) >e%ya t$ t*e N$t* Ea#t. T*e Di#tict *a# t$tal $) D52GE#+.;' e+&i-ale%t t$ 3=C $) t*e t$tal aea $) Re"i$% (23531=) 'a;i%" it a la"e#t Di#tict i% t*e Re"i$%. A('i%i#tati-ely t*e Di#tict i# Di-i(e( i%t$ E Di-i#i$%#5 0D ,a(#5G3 -illa"e# a%( BDB e"i#tee( #&! -illa"e#. T*e Di#tict *a# t,$ 6alia'e%tay c$%#tit&e%cie# (Sa'e Ea#t a%( Sa'e 4e#t). Acc$(i%" t$ yea 0110 Ce%# t*e Di#tict i# e#ti'ate t$ *a-e 0052B= i%*a!ita%t# !y a&"t 011D. T*e a-ea"e 6$6&lati$% (e%#ity i# B26e$6le 6e #+ ;' acc$(i%" t$ t*e %ati$%al ce%# $) yea 0110. Acc$(i%" t$ t*e e"i$%al #$ci$@ ec$%$'ic #&-ey $) 0110 t*e ca6ital i%c$'e $) Sa'e Di#tict e#i(e%t ,a# T#*# 2B=5311?S 6e a%%&'. 0E 3.2.2 T*e La%( U#e Patte%# T*e la%( e 6atte%# *a-e !ee% cla##i)ie( a# )$ll$,#: @"a/i%" aea i# 3BE5111 *a5 )$e#t e#e-e# 20E5111 *a5 "a'e e#e-e# 2115111 *a5 aa!le la%( #&ita!le )$ a"ic&lt&e BD5111 *a5 aa!le la%( &tili/e( B25D11 *a5 la%(#&ita!le )$ ii"ati$% 205111 *a a%( c&e%tly &%(e ii"ati$% G5011 *a. 3.2.0Ge$"a6*ical Feat&e# T*e e:i#ti%" "e$"a6*ical )eat&e# i%)l&e%ce #ettle'e%t#5 t*e cli'ate a%( a"$ec$%$'ic /$%e#. T*e (i#tict *a# t*ee Mai% L$%e#5 %a'ely t*e &6la%( 6latea&5 'i((le 6latea& a%( l$, la%(. 3.2.3T*e U6la%( Platea& T*i# /$%e lie# !et,ee% a% Altit&(e# $) 2211 J 0BE0 a!$-e Sea Le-el. It i# (e%#ely 6$6&late( ,it* ED1 6e$6le 6e #+&ae ;'. T*e /$%e al#$ ecei-e# *i"* ai%)all t*at a%"e# )$' 20D1 J 0111 '' 6e a%%&'. Te'6eat&e i% t*i# /$%e a%"e# !et,ee% 2DTC J 0DTC. 3.2.B T*e Mi((le Platea& T*i# /$%e *a# a% Altit&(e a%"i%" !et,ee% =11 J 2211' a!$-e Sea Le-el. It *a# a 6$6&lati$% (e%#ity $) 0D1 6e$6le 6e ;'0 a%( e:6eie%ce# ai%)all a%"i%" )$' G11 J 20D1'' 6e a%%&' a%( te'6eat&e a%"e# )$' 0DTC J 31TC. T*e c$6# c&lti-ate( i%cl&(e 'ai/e5 !ea%#5 )&it#5 -e"eta!le#5 !a%a%a#5 c$))ee a%( ti'!e tee# (e.". Ce-illea5 Ce(ella5 6i%e#) "i%"e. 3.2.D T*e L$,la%( T*i# /$%e lie# !et,ee% D11 J =11' a!$-e Sea Le-el a%( it e:6eie%ce# ai%)all a%"i%" )$' D11 J G11'' 6e a%%&'. T*i# /$%e i# Se'i@Ai( a%( i# ($'i%ate( !y Pa#t$ali#'. C$6# "$,% ae 6a((y5 'ai/e5 c$tt$%5 #i#al5 -e"eta!le#5 #i'#i'5 'illet5 #$"*&'5 "$&%(%&t#5 !ea%#5 #&%)l$,e5 #&"aca%e a%( )&it# (i.e. $a%"e5 6a, 0F 6a,#5 a%( 'a%"$e#). T*i# /$%e i# al#$ c*aactei/e( !y a6i( &!a% #ettle'e%t (e-el$6'e%t. A!$&t G1C $) t*e t$tal Di#tict 6$6&lati$% i# e%"a"e( i% a"ic&lt&al acti-itie#5 alt*$&"* $&t6&t i# !ei%" a))ecte( !y e"&la ($&"*t#. 3.2.E Li-e#t$c; ;ee6i%" T*e Di#tict i# e#ti'ate( t$ *a-e a t$tal $) 2=35111 cattle $&t $) ,*ic* =5G31 ae Diay cattle a%( 2=B5D11 !ee) cattle5 2215B32 "$at# $&t $) ,*ic* $%ly 211 ae )$ 'il;. T*ee ae G5D11 #*ee6. Ot*e# i%cl&(e 6i"# a%( G5111 D$%;ey#. M$#t )a'ilie# ;ee6 C*ic;e%5 Ra!!it# a%( D&c;# )$ !$t* )a'ily c$%#&'6ti$% a%( )$ ea%i%" i%c$'e. 3.2.F Mi%eal# T*e Di#tict i# 6$te%tial i% Gy6#&' ,it* a% a-ea"e $) E15111 T$%e# $) Gy6#&' !ei%" e:6$te( t$ >e%ya a%( Ta%"a Ce'e%t C$'6a%y a%%&ally. 3.2.G I%)a#t&ct&e 3.3.G.2 R$a(# T*e Di#tict *a# a t$tal $) F=2.G3 ;'. $) $a(# %et,$; $&t $) ,*ic* $%ly =F;'. i# ta'ac ()$' Sa'e J M;$'a/i) $% t*e ,ay t$ Da e# Salaa' a%( a!$&t DEE.G3 ;' ae eat* $a( a%( "a-el $a(. 3. 2.= E(&cati$% Sect$ 3.2.=.2 Pi'ay E(&cati$% Di#tict *a( a t$tal $) 2G0 Pi'ay #c*$$l# ,it* a t$tal $) E05EF0 6&6il# $&t ,*ic* 315FB3 ,ee "il# a%( 325=0= !$y#. 0G 3.2.=.2 Sec$%(ay E(&cati$% T*e Di#tict *a# a t$tal $) B0 Sec$%(ay #c*$$l# $&t $) ,*ic* 0D (F2.BC) !el$%" t$ t*e G$-e%'e%t a%( a'$%" t*e' 0B *a-e !ee% c$%#t&cte( !y t*e c$''&%itie# t*e'#el-e# t*$&"* #el)@*el6 #6iit. 3.2.=.0 Healt* T*ee i# &%e-e% (i#ti!&ti$% $) *ealt* )acilitie# (&e t$ "e$"a6*ical #etti%". U!a% aea# ae '$e )a-$e( t*a% &al (e'$te) aea#. T*e#e Healt* )acilitie# %ee( e*a!ilitati$%5 e%$-ati$%a%( #$'e %ee( t$ !e ec$%#t&cte( #i%ce t*ey ,ee !&ilt i%" &% !&%t !ic;# $ tee ,all# a%( al#$ #$'e ,ee t&%e( *ealt* )acility )$' %$'al *$e# $ $t*e 6&!lic !&il(i%"# #&c* a# G$($,%# $ C$''&%ity Ce%te#. T$6 te% (i#ea#e# i%cl&(e Malaia5 ARI5 P%e&'$%ia5 I%te#ti%al ,$'#5 Dia*ea (i#ea#e#5 I'6$ta%t Rati$#: D$ct$ t$ 6atie%t#ati$ i# 2:0E5DB27*$#6ital t$ 6atie%t # ati$ i# 2:21252E05 *ealt* Ce%te t$ 6atie%t # ati$ 2:3E5B3F. Ot*e# ae (i#6e%#ay t$ Patie%t# Rati$ i# 2:B520Da%( Be( t$ Patie%t# Rati$ i#2:G11. 3.2.21 C$@$6eati-e Sect$ T*e Di#tict *a# #e-e%ty (F1) e"i#tee( C$$6eati-e S$cietie# $) ,*ic* 0G ae Sa-i%"#a%( Ce(it C$$6eati-e S$cietie#. T*e Sa-i%"# a%( Ce(it C$@$6eati-e S$cietie# ae %$t "e%(e !ala%ce( a%( t*ei 6e)$'a%ce# ae %$t "$$( i% te'# $) (eli-ei%" )i%a%cial #e-ice# t$ t*e ct$'e# a%( 'e'!e#. 3.2.22 S&''ay $) C$''&%ity P$)ile C$''&%ity 6$)ile *a# !ee% ela!$ate( a%( t*e ele'e%t# (i#c#e( i%cl&(e ec$%$'ic acti-itie# &%(eta;e% !y t*ec$''&%ity5 *ealt* #it&ati$%5 a%( #tat $) Di#tict C$$6eati-e S$cietie#5 #tat $) 6i'ay a%( #ec$%(ay e(&cati$%5 6e-aili%" i%)a#t&ct&e5 "e$"a6*ical )eat&e# a%( 'i%eal#. S$'e $) t*e ele'e%t# 'e%ti$%e( ,ee t*e aea# (i#c#e( (&i%" t*e e#eac*. 0= 3.0 Re#eac* De#i"% A c$##@#ecti$%al e#eac* (e#i"% ,a# e( i% t*e 6e#e%t #t&(y. It *a# t*e a(-a%ta"e $) #a-i%" ti'e a%( c$llecti%" (ata at a #i%"le 6$i%t i% ti'e (Bailey5 2==B). T*e (e#i"% 6$-i(e# e)&l i%)$'ati$% )$ #i'6le #tati#tical (e#ci6ti$% a%( i%te6etati$% (Ba!!ie5 2==D).It all$,# (ete'i%ati$% $) elati$%#*i6 !et,ee% (i))ee%t -aia!le# t*at ae )$ce( i% t*e #t&(y. 3.3 Sa'6le #i/e F$ t*e ai' $) e(&ci%" a #t&(y aea i%t$ 'a%a"ea!le #i/e a c$'!i%ati$% $) #i'6le a%($' a%( 6&6$#i-e #a'6li%" ,ee e'6l$ye(. Si'6le a%($' ,a# e( t$ #elect SACCOS %a'ely Sa'e >aya5 Sa'e Teac*e5 >i#i,a%i5 Ma'!a a%( >&&"e%/i. >ey i%)$'a%t# ,ee #electe( )$' #$'e $) l$cal "$-e%'e%t *ea(# $) (e6at'e%t# i%cl&(i%" DCDO5 DPLO5 DALDO5 DCO a%( DTO i%" 6&6$#i-e #a'6li%". T*e #a'e 'et*$( ,a# al#$ e( t$ #elect D SACCOSlea(e# a%( )i-e (D) ,a( lea(e# t*i#eac*e( t*e t$tal %&'!e $) )i)tee% (2D) ;ey i%)$'a%t#. T*e #a'e 'et*$( ,a# e'6l$ye( a"ai% t$ #elect ,a(# ,ee SACCOS all$cate( %a'ely >i#i,a%i5 Ma'!a5 Sa'e t$,% O% t*e $t*e *a%( a t$tal #a'6le #i/e $) 011 e#6$%(e%t# ,ee #electe( i%" #i'6le a%($' #a'6li%" ,*ee!y 211 e#6$%(e%t# ,ee #electe( )$' SACCO # 'e'!e# a%( 211 )$'%$%@SACCO # 'e'!e#. T*e "$&%( )$ c*$$#i%" 011 e#6$%(e%t# a# a #a'6le *a# !ee%!a#e( $% t*e )act# elate( t$ ti'e a%( )i%a%cial ca6a!ility (Bailey5 2==G). D&i%" t*e a%aly#i# 2=3 e#6$%(e%t# ,ee e(5 =G )$' 'e'!e# a%( =D )$' %$% 'e'!e# t*e ea#$% !e*i%( ,a# (&e t$ #$'e $) e#6$%(e%t# ,*$ (i(% t et&% t*ei +&e#ti$%%aie#. T*e #t&(y e(a((iti$%al e))$t# t$ e%#&e t*at t*e +&e#ti$%%aie# ,ee et&%e( !&t t*e e))$t# )aile( !ecaet*e e#6$%(e%t# ,ee ta%#)ee( t$ $t*e 6lace#. T*e (i#ti!&ti$% $) t*e #a'6le e#6$%(e%t# ,a# a# #*$,% i% Ta!le 3.2 a%( Ta!le 3.0 !el$, 31 Ta!le 3.2 Di#ti!&ti$% $) e#6$%(e%t# Cate"$y E:6ecte( %&'!e $) e#6$%(e%t# Act&al %&'!e $) e#6$%(e%t# SACCOS 'e'!e#211 =G N$% SACCOS 'e'!e# 211 =D T$tal 011 2=3 S$&ce: Fiel( (ata5 0123 Ta!le 3.0 Di#ti!&ti$% $) ;ey i%)$'a%t# Cate"$y N&'!e $) e#6$%(e%t# SACCOS lea(e# D Di#tict *ea(# $) (e6at'e%t# D 4a( lea(e# D T$tal 2D S$&ce: Fiel( (ata5 0123 3.3 Met*$( $) Data C$llecti$% 3.B Sa'6li%" tec*%i+&e# T*e c$'!i%ati$% $) #i'6le a%($' a%( 6&6$#i-e #a'6li%" tec*%i+&e# ,ee e( at (i))ee%t 6$i%t# i% ti'e t$ $!tai% a #a'6le #i/e $) 011 e#6$%(e%t#5 211 )$' SACCOS'e'!e# a%( 211 )$' %$% SACCOS'e'!e#. A c$'6lete li#t $) all &%it# i% t*e 6$6&lati$% ,a# 'a(e a-aila!le i% c$lla!$ati$% ,it* lea(e#7 t*e 6$6&lati$% ,a# #tati)ie( !a#e( $% t*e acti-itie#5 )$' t*e #tati)ie( #tata 211 'e'!e# a%( 211 %$% 'e'!e# ,ee #electe(. P&6$#i-e #a'6li%" ,a# e( t$ #elect 2D ;ey i%)$'a%t# t*at i%cl&(e( D Di#tict *ea(# $) (e6at'e%t# #&c* a# DCDO5 DPLO5 DCO5 DALDO a%( DTO5 D ,a( lea(e# a%( D SACCOSQ lea(e#. Selecti$% ,a# ($%e &%(e 6&6$#i-e #a'6li%" tec*%i+&e t$ e%#&e t*at ;ey i%)$'a%t# ,ee i%cl&(e( i% t*e #a'6le. 4il#$%5 (0110) P&6$#i-e #a'6li%" $) #&!9ect# i# #electe( &%(e e#ta!li#*e( citeia )$' ,*ic* $%e ca% lea% t*e '$#t. 32 3.D Met*$(# $) t*e #t&(y T*e 6e#e%t #t&(y e( (i))ee%t 'et*$($l$"ie# t$ c$llect +&alitati-e a%( +&a%titati-e i%)$'ati$% )$' 6i'ay a%( #ec$%(ay#$&ce#. 3.D.2 Pi'ay #$&ce Pi'ay i%)$'ati$% ,a# c$llecte( !y i%" i%te-ie,5 +&e#ti$%%aie#5 $!#e-ati$% a%( )$c "$&6#. I%te-ie, ,a# c$%(&cte( t$ Di#tict *ea(# $) (e6at'e%t#5 ,a( lea(e# a%( SACCOSlea(e# ,*ee !y !$t* $6e% a%( cl$#e( +&e#ti$%#,ee e( t$ "et t*e i%)$'ati$%. O6e% e%(e( a%( cl$#e e%(e( +&e#ti$%%aie# ,ee e( t$ SACCO # 'e'!e# a%( %$%@SACCO # 'e'!e# t$ "et i%)$'ati$% $) li)e e:6eie%ce5 !ac;"$&%( i%)$'ati$%5 a%( #6eci)ic i%)$'ati$% $) *$e*$l( i%c$'e. T*e +&e#ti$%%aie c$%#i#te( $) a %&'!e $) +&e#ti$%# 6i%te( $ ty6e( i% a (e)i%ite $(e $% a )$' $ #et# $) )$'#. T*e 'et*$( ,a# 6e)ee( !ecae it i%-$l-e# l$, c$#t e-e% ,*e% t*e &%i-e#e i# la"e (>$t*ai5 011B).T*e e#6$%(e%t# ,ee e+&ie( t$ a%#,e t*e +&e#ti$%# 6e6ae( i% t*e 6a6e eit*e $% t*ei $,% $ !y e#6$%(i%" t$ a% e%&'eat$. T*e #t&(y a66lie( $!#e-ati$% 'et*$( t$ c$llect i%)$'ati$% elate( t$ t*e t$6ic !y $!#e-i%" (i))ee%t acti-itie# caie( $&t !y SACCO # 'e'!e#. It -i#ite( t*e 6$9ect &%(eta;e% !y 'e'!e# li;e #*$6#5 li-e#t$c;a%( )a'. F$c "$&6 (i#c#i$% ,a# al#$ t$ #&66le'e%t i%)$'ati$% )$' "$&6 (i#c#i$% *el( t$ 'e'!e# a%( %$% 'e'!e#. 3.D.0 Sec$%(ay (ata 4itte% i%)$'ati$% elate( t$ t*e #t&(y ,ee $!tai%e( )$' ($c&'e%tay #$&ce# #&c* a# !$$;#5 e#eac* 6a6e#5 'a%&al )ile#5 'a"a/i%e5 6a'6*let#5 %e,#lette# a%( !$c*&e# ,it* (ata elate( t$ t*e t$6ic t$ #&66le'e%t a%( t$ 'a;e c$'6ai#$% ,it* t*e i%)$'ati$% ,*ic* ,ee $!tai%e( !y i%" $t*e 'et*$(#. T*e #t&(y 6a##e( t*$&"* -ai$ 6&!licati$%# li;e 'ic$)i%a%ce 6$licy a%( "$-e%'e%t #e6$t# a##$ciate( ,it* 'ic$)i%a%ce i##&e#. 30 3.E Data P$ce##i%"5 a%aly#i# a%( 6e#e%tati$%Data 6$ce##i%" a%( a%aly#i# i%-$l-e# e(iti%"5 c$(i%"5 cla##i)icati$%5 a%( ta!&lati$% $) c$llecte( (ata (>$t*ai5 011B). I% t*e 6e#e%t #t&(y5 t*e &%it $) a%aly#i# e( ,a# SACCO #'e'!e# a%( %$%@SACCO # 'e'!e#. Data )$' t*e e#6$%(e%t# ,ee -ei)ie(5 c$'6ile(5c$(e( a%( #&''ai/e( !y i%" Mic$#$)t ,$( $ 'a%&ally5 SPSS5 E:cel a%( #i'6le (e#ci6ti-e 'et*$(# #&c* a# )e+&e%cie#5 6ece%ta"e# a%( c$## ta!le# ,ee e( t$ e:6lai% t*e e:i#ti%" #it&ati$% $) t*e i%#tit&ti$%. 3.F St&(y li'itati$%# D&i%" t*e #t&(y it ,a# (i))ic&lt t$ )i%( #$'e $) t*e e#6$%(e%t# (&e t$ t*e %at&e $) t*ei ec$%$'ic acti-itie#7 t*ey ,$;e &6 a%( le)t -ey ealy i% t*e '$%i%" a%( ca'e !ac; i% t*e e-e%i%". T*ee)$e5 i% t*e #t&(y e:tae))$t# ,ee e( t$ e%#&e t*at t*e e#6$%(e%t# ,ee )$&%(. Li'ite( )i%a%cial e#$&ce ,a# al#$ a 6$!le'5 t*e #t&(y lac;e( )i%a%cial #&66$t a%( t*ee)$e e#$&ce# ,ee %$t e%$&"* t$acc$''$(ate #$'e $) t*e e:6e%#e#. F&t*e'$e it ,a# (i))ic&lt )$ e#6$%(e%t# t$ "i-e acc&ate i%)$'ati$% a!$&t t*ei a%%&al i%c$'e a%( t*e -al&e $) t*ei a##et#7 !ecae t*ey lac;e( ec$(# ;ee6i%" *a!it. 33 CHAPTER FOUR FINDINGS: PRESENTATION AND DISCUSSION B.1 I%t$(&cti$% T*i# c*a6te i%cl&(e# !$t* t*e )i%(i%"# a%( i%te6etati$% $) (ata. T*e#e (ata ,ee $!tai%e( )$' t*e (e#ci6ti-e #tati#tic# $) t*e e#6$%(e%t#. I% '$#t ca#e#5 (e#ci6ti-e #tati#tic# ,ee e( i% ,*ic* )e+&e%cie# a%( 6ece%ta"e# ,ee c$'6&te(. Si%ce %&'!e# )$' +&a%titati-e i%)$'ati$% !y t*e'#el-e# ($ %$t "i-e a(e+&ate 'ea%i%"5 +&alitati-e i%)$'ati$% ,*ic* i# ele-a%t t$ t*e i##&e !ei%" #t&(ie( ,a# e( t$ #&66le'e%t t*e'. T*ee ae (i))ee%t ,ay# $) a%aly/i%" +&alitati-e (ata a# a"&e( !y Gill a%( K$*%#$%5 (0110). I% t*i# e#eac* c$%te%t a%aly#i# ,a# e( )$ t*e +&alitati-e (ata5 ,*ee t*e$y ,a# c$'6ae( t$ 6actice. Diect +&$tati$%# ,ee e( t$ #*$, ,*at e#6$%(e%t# #ai( a!$&t t*e i##&e !ei%" a%aly/e(5 t*ee!y #&66$ti%" t*e #tati#tical i%)$'ati$% !y ta!le#5 6ie c*at# a%( !a c*at#. B.2 S$ci$@ De'$"a6*ic $) e#6$%(e%t# B.2.2 Se: $) t*e e#6$%(e%t# I%)$'ati$% $% #e: $) t*e e#6$%(e%t ,a# i%cl&(e( i% t*i# #t&(y t$ e#ta!li#* i) t*ee ,a# a%y elati$%#*i6 !et,ee%5 t*e $le $) SACCOS5 i% 6$-ety e(&cti$% a%( #e:. T*e )i%(i%"# #&''ai/e( i% Ta!le B.2 e-eale( t*at5 D1 (D2C) ,ee 'ale a%( BG (B=C) ,ee )e'ale. O% t*e $t*e *a%( $)t*e %$%@'e'!e# B= (D0C) ,ee 'ale a%( BE (BGC) ,ee )e'ale. T*e )i%(i%"# i%(icate t*at5 'a9$ity $) 'ale ,ee e6$te( t$ !e 'e'!e# t*a% $) )e'ale. T*i# i# al#$ c$''$% i% '$#t $) A)ica #$cietie# ,*ee!y 'a9$ity $) ,$'e% ,ee le)t !e*i%( i% -ai$ i##&e# a%( t*ee)$e 'e% ,ee t*e $%e# ,*$ t$$; t*e a(-a%ta"e $) e%"a"i%" i% (i))ee%t (e-el$6'e%t i##&e# (B&c;ley5 2==F). 3B Me'!e# ,ee ,illi%" t$ 6atici6ate i% t*e #t&(y !ecae t*e t$6ic,a# elate( t$ t*ei acti-itie# c$'6ae( t$ %$% 'e'!e# ,*$ !elie-e( t*at t*ey ,ee le## c$%ce%e( ,it* t*e i##&e. I% '$#t ca#e# 'a9$ity $) 6e$6le li;e t$ 6atici6ate i% i##&e# ,*ic* !e%e)it t*e'. T*e )i%(i%"# )&t*e #*$,e( t*at5 'a9$ity $) %$% 'e'!e# (D0C) ,ee al#$ 'ale t*a% ,$'e%. D&i%" )$ce( "$&6 (i#c#i$% $%e "$&6 'e'!e c$''e%te( t*at: UT*e 6$!le' ,a# (&e t$ 6atiac*al #y#te' ,*ic* le)t ,$'e% !e*i%( i% (e-el$6'e%t i##&e#.M$#t $) ,$'e% ,ee !ei%" $-e,$;e( ,it* acti-itie# a##i"%e( t$ t*e' t*at i# ,*y t*ey #$'eti'e# (i(%Vt atte%( t$ -ai$ i##&e# t*at *a66e%e( i% t*e -illa"e. T*ey al,ay# e%"a"e i%*$'e@!a#e( acti-itie# t*ee)$e t*ey lac; $66$t&%ity li;e atte%(i%" 'eeti%"#W. T*ey al#$ #ai( t*at '$e e))$t# e+&ie( e%a!li%" ,$'e% t$ acce## i%)$'ati$% ,*ic* i# i'6$ta%t )$ t*ei $,% !e%e)it a%( )$ t*e (e-el$6'e%t $) t*e %ati$%. Ta!le B.2 Di#ti!&ti$% $) e#6$%(e%t#!y #e: Se: SACCOS Me'!e# N$% SACCOS Me'!e# N&'!e 6ece%t %&'!e 6ece%t Male D1 D2 B= D0 Fe'ale BG B= BE BG T$tal =G 211 =D 211 S$&ce: )iel( (ata 0123 B.2.0 A"e $) e#6$%(e%t# T*e )i%(i%"# i% Ta!le B.0 e-eale( t*at5 0G (0=C) $) t*e 'e'!e# ,ee a"e( 2G t$ 3D c$'6ae( t$ 02 (00C) $) t*e %$%@'e'!e#7 a%( E1 (E2C) ,ee a"e( 3E@DD c$'6ae( t$ DD (DGC) $) t*e %$% 'e'!e#5 ,*ile 21 (21C) ,ee a"e( DE a%( a!$-e c$'6ae( t$2= (01C) $) t*e %$% 'e'!e#. T*e )i%(i%"# #*$,e( t*at5 'a9$ity (E2C) $) t*e 'e'!e# ,ee i% t*e a"e "$&6 $) 3E@DD yea# c$'6ae( t$ DD (DGC) $) t*e %$% 'e'!e#. 3DT*i# i%(icate# t*at5 t*e a"e )$' 3E t$ DD !el$%"e( t$ t*e "$&6 $) 6e$6le ,*$ *a-e 'a9$ e#6$%#i!ilitie# i% t*e )a'ily. T*ee)$e t*ey 9$i%e( SACCOS a# a 6lace t$ $!tai% l$a% t$ e%a!le t*e' t$ #$l-e t*ei )a'ily 6$!le'#. 4it* e#6ect t$ %$% 'e'!e# DD(DGC) ,*$ al#$ )all &%(e t*e a"e "$&6 $) 3E@DD5 it ,a# c$''e%te( t*at5 Uat t*i# a"e 6e$6le 6atici6ate i% -ai$ i##&e# t*at *a66e%e( i% t*ei aea# !elie-i%" t*at t*ey ca% !e%e)it i% t*e )&t&e ti'eW. URT5 (0110) #*$,# t*at5 a"e i# a% i'6$ta%t ele'e%t ,*ic* i%)l&e%ce# (eci#i$% 'a;i%" i% (e-el$6'e%t acti-itie#5 it 6$-i(e# !$t* %ati$%al a%( e"i$%al i%)$'ati$% a# a !a#eli%e i% ,*ic* )&t&e 6$"e## ca% !e a##e##e(. Ta!le B.0: Di#ti!&ti$% $) e#6$%(e%t# !y a"e A"e Me'!e# N$% 'e'!e# Fe+&e%cy Pece%t a"e# Fe+&e%cy Pece%ta"e# 2G@3D 0G 0= 02 00 3E@DD E1 E2 DD DG DE a%( a!$-e 21 21 2= 01 T$tal =G 211 =D 211 S$&ce: Fiel( (ata 0123 B.2.3 Maital #tat $) t*e e#6$%(e%t# T*e )i%(i%"# )$' Ta!le B.3 #*$,# t*at5 FE (FGC) $) t*e 'e'!e# ,ee 'aie( c$'6ae( t$ F3 (FFC) $) t*e %$% 'e'!e#7 2B (2BC) $) 'e'!e#,ee #i%"le c$'6ae( t$ 2D(2EC) $) %$% 'e'!e#. T*e )i%(i%"# al#$ e-eale( t*at5 D(DC) $) 'e'!e# ,ee (i-$ce( c$'6ae( t$3 (3C) $) %$%@'e'!e# a%( 3 (3C) $) 'e'!e# ,ee ,i($,e( c$'6ae( t$ B (BC) $) %$%@'e'!e#. A #i'ila #t&(y !y Nya;i/ee5 (011E) #*$,e( t*at5 a'$%" t*e i%te-ie,e( clie%t# E2.2C ,ee 'aie( 6e$6le. 2F.GC ,ee #i%"le5 21C ,ee (i-$ce( a%( 22C ,ee ,i($,e(. B$t* $) t*e#e #t&(ie# i%(icate( t*at *i"* 6ece%t $) 'aie( 6e$6le e( )i%a%cial i%#tit&ti$%# a# a 6lace t$ acce## )i%a%cial #e-ice# i%cl&(i%" l$a%# ,*ic* *el6 t*e' t$ i%-e#t i% (e-el$6'e%t acti-itie#. 3E O% t*e $t*e *a%( t*e )i%(i%"# e-eale( t*at5 *i"* %&'!e F3(FFC) $) t*e %$% 'e'!e# ,ee al#$ 'aie( )$ll$,e( !y #i%"le5 ,i($,e( a%( (i-$ce(. T*i# e#&lt #*$,# t*at 'aie( 6e$6le ae li;ely t$ !e i%-$l-e(i% -ai$ i##&e# at*e t*a% #i%"le 6e$6le ,*$ al,ay# ($ %$t "et i%-$l-e( i% i##&e# *a66e%i%" i% t*ei aea#. It #&""e#t# t*at t*ey #$'eti'e# ta;e i##&e# a# 'i%$ t$ t*e' c$'6ae( t$ 'aie( 6e$6le ,*$ *a-e )a'ily e#6$%#i!ilitie# a%( t*ee)$e ae -ey c$''itte( t$ i##&e# a$e( i% t*ei e%-i$%'e%t. Ta!le B.3: Pece%ta"e (i#ti!&ti$% $) e#6$%(e%t# !y 'aital #tat Maital #tat Me'!e# N$% 'e'!e# Fe+&e%cy Pece%ta"e# Fe+&e%cy Pece%ta"e# Si%"le 2B 2B 2D 2E Maie( FE FG F3 FF 4i($,e( 3 3 B B Di-$ce( D D 3 3 T$tal =G 211 =D 211 S$&ce: Fiel( (ata5 0123 T*e )i%(i%"# i% Ta!le B.B e-eale( t*at5 0 (0C) $) 'e'!e# *a( %$ )$'al e(&cati$% c$'6ae( t$ B (BC) $) %$% 'e'!e#5 32 (30C) $) t*e 'e'!e# *a( attai%e( 6i'ay e(&cati$% c$'6ae( t$ 3D(3FC) $) %$% 'e'!e#. 4*ile 03 (03C) $) 'e'!e# 6$##e##e( #ec$%(ay e(&cati$% c$'6ae( t$ 0E (0FC) $) %$% 'e'!e# a%( B0(B3C) $) 'e'!e# *a( attai%e( c$lle"e e(&cati$% c$'6ae( t$ 31 (30C1 $) %$% 'e'!e#. C$'6aati-ely *i"* 6ece%ta"e $) 'e'!e# (B3C) eac*e( c$lle"e c$'6ae( t$ %$% 'e'!e# 31 (30C).E(&cati$% i# a% $66$t&%ity )$ (e-el$6'e%t ,*ic* e%a!le# 'e'!e#t$ ac+&ie ;%$,le("e a%( #;ill# ,*ic* t*ey e'6l$y i% !i%e## a%( t*eea)te i'6$-e 6e)$'a%ce i% t*ei acti-itie#. Ta!le B.B Pece%ta"e (i#ti!&ti$% $) e#6$%(e%t# !y t*ei e(&cati$% le-el# Le-el $) e(&cati$% Me'!e# N$% 'e'!e# Fe+&e%cy Pece%ta"e Fe+&e%cy Pece%ta"e N$%e 0 0 B B Pi'ay 32 30 3D 3F Sec$%(ay 03 03 0E 0F C$lle"e B0 B3 31 30 T$tal =G 211 =D 211 S$&ce: Fiel( (ata5 0123 3F B.0 P&6$#e $) 9$i%i%" SACCOS T*e )i%(i%"# i% Fi"&e B.2 e-eale( t*at5 a'$%" t*e 'e'!e# ,*$ e#6$%(e( a!$&t DBC 9$i%e( SACCOS !ecae #e-ice# 6$-i(e( !y SACCOS #&c* a# #a-i%" a%( l$a% ,ee attacti-e a%( acce##i!le i% t*ei aea#. T*ey te#ti)ie( t*at5 t*ey ($ %$t %ee( ta%#6$t c$#t t$ eac* t*e #e-ice. T*e )i%(i%"# (i))e# ,it* t*e #t&(y !y >e##y a%( Ui$ (011E) ,*ic* )$&%( t*at5 '$#t $) MFI# $6eati$%# ,ee !a#e( i% 'a9$ citie# a%( t$,%# ,*ile t*e 'a9$ity $) 6$$ Ta%/a%ia%# ,ee c$%ce%tate( i% &al aea#. T*e )i%(i%"# (i( %$t c$%#i(e $t*e )i%a%cial i%#tit&ti$%# li;e SACCOS ,*ic* e:te%( t*ei #e-ice# &6 t$ &al aea# (#ee a66e%(i: VI). It ,a# al#$ )$&%( t*at a!$&t 3EC $) 'e'!e# ac;%$,le("e( t*at7 l$a% 6$-i(e( !y SACCOS ,ee 6$ce##e( )a#te c$'6ae( t$ $t*e le%(i%" i%#tit&ti$%# li;e !a%;#. T*ey c$''e%te( t*at5 U$%ce t*ey "et e'e"e%cy ca#e it i# ea#ie t$ "et l$a% )$' SACCOS at*e t*a% $t*e i%#tit&ti$%# li;e t*e !a%;W. O% t*e $t*e *a%( 21C $) t*e 'e'!e##*$, t*at t*ey 9$i%e( SACCOS i% $(e t$ i'6$-e t*ei li)e. T*ey )&t*e c$''e%te( t*at: USACCOS e%a!le t*e' t$ i'6$-e t*ei li)e !ecae t*ey "et l$a% ,*ic* e%a!le t*e' t$ i%-e#t i% ec$%$'ic acti-itie#. Al#$ SACCOS i# a 6lace t$ e:c*a%"e i(ea# ,it* $t*e 6e$6le e#6ecially ,*e% t*ey 'eet )$ 'eeti%"#W Fi"&e B.2 P&6$#e $) 9$i%i%" SACCOS S$&ce: Fiel( (ata5 0123 3EC DBC 21C Sa-i%" a%( l$a% acce##i!ilitie# A⁣ l$a% 6$ce##i%" I'6$-i%" li)e 3G B. 3 P&6$#e )$ l$a% T*e )i%(i%"# i% Fi"&e B.0 #*$, t*at5 DFC $) 'e'!e# i%te%(e( t$ i'6$-e t*ei e:i#ti%" acti-itie# #&c* a# !i%e##5 a"ic&lt&e a%( li-e#t$c; ;ee6i%". Fi)tee% 6ece%t $) t*e 'e'!e# t$$; l$a% )$ i%itiati%" %e, acti-itie# ,*ile0GC t$$; l$a% )$ $t*e i##&e# #&c* a# *$e*$l( a##et#5 e(&cati$%5 *$i%" e%$-ate( a%( !&il( %e, $%e. T*e )i%(i%"# 6$-i(e( t*e e-i(e%ce t*at all e#6$%(e%t# e+&e#te( )$ l$a%# )$(e-el$6'e%t acti-itie#. T*ey te#ti)ie( t$ i'6$-e t*ei li)e t*$&"* l$a% "i-e% )$' SACCOS. T*e e#&lt# i%(icate t*at a *i"* 6ece%ta"e (DFC) $) 'e'!e# ai'e( at i'6$-i%" t*ei e:i#ti%" e#&lt# i%(icate t*at a *i"* 6ece%ta"e (DFC) $) 'e'!e# ai'e( at i'6$-i%" t*ei e:i#ti%" acti-itie# )$ll$,e( !y $t*e #e-ice# #&c* a# e(&cati$%5 *$e*$l( e%$-ati$% a%( i'6$-i%" a##et#. T*i# 'ea%# t*at l$a% 6$-i(e( !y SACCOS e%a!le 'e'!e# t$ i%-e#t i% (e-el$6'e%t acti-itie# a%( t*eea)te i'6$-i%" t*ei i%c$'e a# ,ell a# li-i%" #ta%(a(. Mac Bet* a%( Ca$li%e5 (2===) al#$ )$&%( t*at5 ce(it ,a# e%a!li%" 6e$6le t$ (e-el$6 a"ic&lt&e $ $t*e e%te6i#e# cl$#e t$ *$'e a%( e(&ci%" t*e %ee( t$ 'i"ate )$ #ea#$%al ,$;. Al#$ c*il(e% # c*a%ce# $) atte%(i%" #c*$$l ,ee "eatly i%cea#e(. Patici6a%t# *a-eal#$ (i-e#i)ie( t*ei 6$(&cti-e acti-itie# a%( *a-e ac+&ie( '$e a##et# t*a% %$%!$$,e#. Fi"&e B.0 P&6$#e# )$ L$a% !y Me'!e# S$&ce: Fiel( (ata5 0123 DFC 2DC 0GC I'6$-i%" e:i#ti%" acti-itie# #&c* a# a"ic&lt&e5 !i%e## a%( li-e#t$c; I%itiati%" %e, acti-itie# #&c* a# a"ic&lt&e5 !i%e## a%( li-e#t$c; Ot*e# ( *$e*$l( a##et#5 e(&cati$%5 *$i%" e%$-ati$% a%( !&il(i%" 3= B.2.D L$a% ecei-e( !y 'e'!e# T*e )i%(i%"# i% Ta!le B.D #*$, t*at a!$&t 3=C $) 'e'!e# ecei-e( l$a% $) !et,ee% TLS D15111@2511151115 ,*ile B3C ecei-e( 251115111@051115111 a%( 2GC ecei-e( a!$-e TLS 051115111. T*e e#&lt# i%(icate t*at a *i"* 6ece%ta"e5 B3C $) t*e 'e'!e# ecei-e( l$a% $) TSHS 251115111@051115111 a%( l$, 6ece%ta"e5 2GC t$$; a!$-e 051115111 te#ti)ie( t$ *a-e !e%e)ite( )$' #&c* a'$&%t "i-e% t$ t*e' (Fi"&e B.3 ). T*e#e )i%(i%"# c$%c& ,it* t*e #t&(y !y Ma/i;& (2007) which found t as high as percent 73.7%of the clients receivedloangreater thanTZS1000000co!paredtolowpercent2".3whoreceiveda!ount #etweenTZS$0000 and 1000000 suggested that the a!ounts which were given to the!werenot enoughtoachievetheir e%pectedgoal andthereforethe&didn't#ene(ted. Ta#le ).$ *e!#ers received loan fro! 2011+2013 ,oan dis#urse -o of!e!#ers(-./0) %percentages $00000+ 1000000 30 3/ 1000000 +20000000)2)31#ove+ 2000000102GB. 3.2C*alle%"e#)ace('e'!e#,*e%6$ce##i%" l$a% T*e )i%(i%"# i% Fi"&e B.3 #*$, t*at5 DBC $) t*e 'e'!e# 'e%ti$%e( lac; $)l$a% e(&cati$% a# a 6$!le'. E(&cati$% ,a# e+&ie( !y 'a9$ity $) t*e 'e'!e# #i%ce it6lay# a c&cial $le i% l$a% e# a%( !i%e## 'a%a"e'e%t7 it e%a!le# 'e'!e# t$ ac+&ie;%$,le("e5 #;ill#a%(a($6t%e,tec*%$l$"ie#.M>Nellya%(D&%)$(5 (2===))$&%(t*at5e(&cati$% e%a!le( DF.0 6ece%t $) ce(it clie%t# i% B$li-ia t$ a($6t %e, !i%e## tactic# a%(e%te6e%e*i6 #;ill# ,*ic* t*ey e( t$ i'6$-e t*ei !i%e## a%( i%cea#e( #ale# -$l&'ea# ,ell a# e%*a%ci%" t*ei l$a% e6ay'e%t ca6acity t$ i%cea#e. E(&cati$% i# a% i'6$ta%t)act$ i% t*e (e-el$6'e%t $) 'e'!e# a%( t*ee)$e all SACCOS #*$&l( c$%#i(e t*i# )act$i% t*ei 6la%#. B1 T*e )i%(i%"# al#$ i%(icate( t*at 3E 6ece%t $) t*e e#6$%(e%t# e-eale( t*atlac;$) a(e+&atea'$&%t $)#*ae# i#a li'iti%")act$ )$t*$#e'e'!e#,*$ %ee( la"ea'$&%t. T* it ta;e# l$%" ti'e )$ t*e' t$ $!tai% e%$&"* #*ae# t$ 'eet t*e %ee(#. O% t*e$t*e *a%( 21C $) 'e'!e# i%(icate( t*at5 a66licati$% )$' #$'eti'e# ,a# a 6$!le' ,*e%'e'!e# ,a%t t$ #e%( t*ei a66licati$%. O%e 'e'!e )$' >&'e;&c*a SACCOS e'a;e(t*at5 Ui%#$'eca#e#)$'#ae%$ta-aila


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