Pre Islamic Arabia n Caravan Culture n Tribal organization n
Pilgrimage to Mecca n Violent, warrior states based on vendetta
culture n ghazu (raids) on caravans n Patriarchal: women veiled
& segregated, no property, female infanticide, child
marriage
Slide 4
Cultural influences on Islam n Persia Administration and
governance literature n India Mathematics, science, medicine Hindi
numbers n Greece Philosophy, esp. Aristotle Greek medicine n Rome
and Byzantium Architecture
Slide 5
Islamic Art and Architecture n Found all over the world n
Influenced from other classical traditions n Expression of divine
presence n Both secular and religious n Major practices: Metalwork
Pottery Painting Calligraphy rugs
Slide 6
Origins of Islam n Arabian Peninsula Before Muhammad n
Beginning of His Ministry n Muhammad in Mecca n The Hijra n Umma:
community of believers
Slide 7
The Quran n Record of revelations received during visions n
Committed to writing c. 650 CE, compiled (Muhammad dies 632) Under
the third Caliph, Uthman ibn Affan n Tradition of Muhammads life:
hadith
Slide 8
Five Pillars n Confession of faith n Prayer 5 times a day n
Charity to the needy n Fasting during the month-long Ramadan n
Pilgrimage to Mecca at least once during ones lifetime
Slide 9
The Kaaba in Mecca
Slide 10
Early Problems n Succession Mohammed had no surviving male
children n generated a permanent split in the Islamic community
Sunnis Shias
Slide 11
Who will be Mohammeds successor? The Caliph debate Abu Bakr M
uhammad's father-in law and close friend Ali Mohammeds cousin and
son-in-law Supported by Sunni Muslims Supported by Shia Muslims The
schism or divide happened during the First Islamic Civil War 656661
CE
Slide 12
Abu Bakr n not particularly popular with the Muslim community n
Ruled 632-634 n allowed raid, then invasions of Byzantine and
Persian territory n subjugated any dissident elements or tribes n
disposed of any new prophets
Slide 13
Ali n Was cousin and son-in-law of the Prophet n Ruled 656-661
n Assassinated 661 n Umayyad leader Muawiya declates self
caliph
Slide 14
Sunnisvs. Shia n considered themselves the orthodox followers
of Mohammed n Sunni : from an Arabic word usage or custom implies:
precedent n consider the Shias to be dissenters n went successively
to followers -Abu Bakr, then Oman, then Uthman n Sunni:
conservative, in favor of the status quo consensus is the guiding
principle n Disagreements over selection of caliphs n Ali passed
over for Abu Bakr n Served as caliph 656-661 CE, then assassinated
along with most of his followers n Remaining followers organize
separate party called Shia n accepted Ali n Shias: defenders of the
oppressed, critics of privilege and power n obedience is required
only as long as it can be forced, and no longer
Slide 15
Slide 16
Umayyeds n successful in the war n Ali assassinated in 661 A.D.
by the Kharijites n beginning of the Umayyed dynasty n Atlantic
Ocean to India n Syria: center of the Islamic World n eventually
displaced by the Abbasids an Arab family claiming decent from
Mohammed
Slide 17
Dome of the Rock, Temple Mount Jerusalem
Slide 18
The Courtyard of the Umayyad Mosque in Damascus
Slide 19
Success = strain n success introduced luxury and change From
original caliphs to the Umayyad caliphs n new ideas and new ethnic
groups with their own customs and heritage, to try to assimilate n
rise of a sort of revivalist element Islam had strayed from its
original path and purity Muslims were being led back to paganism
caliphs were becoming idle, corrupt, tyrants Photo on right:
Ummayad Mosque in Damascus
Slide 20
Policy toward Conquered Peoples n Favoritism of Arab military
rulers causes discontent n Limited social mobility for non-Arab
Muslims n Head tax (jizya) on non-Muslims n Umayyad luxurious
living causes further decline in moral authority
Slide 21
The Abbasid Dynasty (750-1258 CE) n Abu al-Abbas Sunni Arab,
allied with Shia, non-Arab Muslims n Seizes control of Persia and
Mesopotamia n Defeats Umayyad army in 750 Invited Umayyads to
banquet, then massacred them Only Spain remains Umayyad North
Africa is disputed territory, ultimately Fatamid Mosque of Abu
Abbas al-Mursi in Alexandria
Slide 22
Nature of the Abbasid Dynasty n Diverse nature of
administration (i.e. not exclusively Arab) n Militarily competent,
but not bent on imperial expansion n Dar al-Islam n Growth through
military activity of autonomous Islamic forces
Slide 23
Victories n Syria: 635 A.D. n Palestine: 636 A.D. n Persia:
captured in one battle expansion into India expansion to the
borders of China n Egypt: help by local Christians n North Africa:
the Berbers n Spain 711-720 A.D. n Battle of Tours: October 732
A.D. Charles Martel n Siege of Constantinople: 717-718 A.D. Leo III
Greek fire n beginnings of Christian re-conquest of former
Roman/Christian territory
Slide 24
Slide 25
Slide 26
Abbasid Decline n Civil war between sons of Harun al-Rashid n
Provincial governors assert regional independence n Dissenting
sects, heretical movements n Abbasid caliphs become puppets of
Persian nobility n Later, Saljuq Turks influence, Sultan real power
behind the throne n Crusades
Slide 27
Slide 28
Imperial Breakdown n Problems with rural population n Declining
position of women n Nomadic Incursion n Impact of Christian
Crusades
Slide 29
Reasons for Islams success n exhaustion of Rome and Persia End
of a 400 year war n nationalist sentiments in Egypt and Syria n
arguments among Christian factions n speed and size of Muslim
armies n simplicity and uncomplicated nature of Islam n acceptance
of the Old and New Testament People of the Book
Slide 30
Consequences of Islamic Expansion n loss of the oldest and most
central lands of Christendom n aided the ascendancy of the bishop
of Rome n virtual collapse of Zoroastrianism as a major religion n
radically altered the balance of power between the Roman Empire and
the East n disruption of the Mediterranean economic community
Slide 31
Islamic Civilization n Law and Dogma Sharia: Codification of
Islamic law Based on Quran, hadith, logical schools of analysis
Extends beyond ritual law to all areas of human activity This is
the basis the idea of an Islamic republic for instance n Converts
and Cities n Persian Literature n Scientific Achievements A
depiction of a Medieval Islamic astronomer. Thought by some to
represent Abd al-Rahman al-Sufi.
Slide 32
Islam, Women, and Slaves n Quran improves status of women
Outlawed female infanticide Brides, not husbands, claim dowries
Rights under Islamic law n Yet male dominance preserved Patrilineal
descent Polygamy permitted, Polyandry forbidden Veil adopted from
ancient Mesopotamian practice n Slavery
Slide 33
Re-centering of Islam n No religious center n Madrasses n Sufi
brotherhoods Asceticism, mysticism Some tension with orthodox
Islamic theologians Wide popularity
Slide 34
Nomadic Invasion n Mongols n Mameluk halt
Slide 35
Islam in India n Challenge to Hinduism n Political Divisions
and first wave of Muslim invasions n Indian Influences on Islam n
Second wave of Muslim invasions
Slide 36
Delhi Sultanate (1211-1526) n 1211 Muslim general who conquers
India declares self separate Sultanate n 1236 control almost entire
subcontinent n Power based on military organization n Public works
and social welfare secondary Ushered in a period of cultural
renaissance.
Slide 37
Islam in India n Patterns of Conversion n Patterns of
Accommodation n Islamic Challenge and Hindu Revival n End of the
Sultanate Mira Bai, one of the Hindu song writers of the bhaktic
movement
Slide 38
Spread of Islam to SE Asia n Trading Contacts and Conversion n
Sufi Mystics and the Nature of SE Asian Islam
