The Rise of The Rise of EuropeEurope

Chapter 8Chapter 8

The The Middle Middle AgesAgesAn IntroductionAn Introduction

Why do they call it the Middle Ages?

Main Ideas of the Middle Main Ideas of the Middle Ages:Ages:

FeudalismFeudalism Christianity/ CrusadesChristianity/ Crusades Chivalry Chivalry PlaguePlague WarWar

VocabularyVocabulary

Any thing from the Middle Any thing from the Middle Ages is considered to be Ages is considered to be Medieval.Medieval.

Examples:Examples:

Medieval CastleMedieval Castle

Medieval KnightMedieval Knight

The Early Middle AgesThe Early Middle AgesBy A.D. 500, the Roman Empire had fallen By A.D. 500, the Roman Empire had fallen

apart. Historians call the 1000 years apart. Historians call the 1000 years following the fall of Rome the Middle following the fall of Rome the Middle Ages. These years are in the middle Ages. These years are in the middle between the fall of Rome and the rebirth between the fall of Rome and the rebirth of learning in Europe in the 1500s.of learning in Europe in the 1500s.

During the Middle Ages, the eastern part of During the Middle Ages, the eastern part of the old Roman Empire grew strong as the the old Roman Empire grew strong as the Byzantine Empire, but the western part Byzantine Empire, but the western part broke into many parts and fell into decay.broke into many parts and fell into decay.

The Early Middle AgesThe Early Middle AgesThe fall of Rome brought important changes The fall of Rome brought important changes

to Western Europe. Germanic tribes slowly to Western Europe. Germanic tribes slowly moved south and took over Roman lands. moved south and took over Roman lands. People did not obey Roman laws any People did not obey Roman laws any longer. Roman soldiers could not keep longer. Roman soldiers could not keep order.order.

For 500 years there had been one Roman For 500 years there had been one Roman Empire. Now hundreds of little kingdoms Empire. Now hundreds of little kingdoms took its place. These kingdoms had no took its place. These kingdoms had no system for collecting taxes and rulers had system for collecting taxes and rulers had no money for a governmentno money for a government

Also called the “Dark Also called the “Dark Ages”Ages”

Why? Not much emphasis on

Thought Government Art Philosophy

The Early Middle AgesThe Early Middle AgesFrom about 500 to 1000, the region From about 500 to 1000, the region was a frontier land (underdeveloped was a frontier land (underdeveloped area on the outskirts of a civilization area on the outskirts of a civilization with vast natural resources). with vast natural resources). Dense Dense forests flourished in the north. forests flourished in the north. Beneath the earth’s surface lay Beneath the earth’s surface lay mineral resources, and the seas mineral resources, and the seas and rivers provided fish, energy, and rivers provided fish, energy, and trade routes.and trade routes.

The Early Middle AgesThe Early Middle AgesBetween 400 and 700 A.D., Germanic tribes Between 400 and 700 A.D., Germanic tribes

carved western Europe into small carved western Europe into small kingdoms, the most successful of which kingdoms, the most successful of which was that of the Franks. They began a was that of the Franks. They began a civilization that later developed into the civilization that later developed into the modern countries of France, Germany, and modern countries of France, Germany, and Italy. Italy. In 481 A.D., a warrior named In 481 A.D., a warrior named Clovis united the Franks and became Clovis united the Franks and became their kingtheir king. He made Paris his capital. . He made Paris his capital. He He was the first Germanic king to become was the first Germanic king to become a Roman Catholic.a Roman Catholic.

The Early Middle AgesThe Early Middle AgesWhile Germanic peoples conquered While Germanic peoples conquered

western Europe, Muslims from the western Europe, Muslims from the Middle East won victories in the area Middle East won victories in the area around the Mediterranean Sea. around the Mediterranean Sea. They They conquered North Africa and Spain conquered North Africa and Spain but were defeated in France at the but were defeated in France at the Battle of Tours. European Battle of Tours. European Christians viewed Muslims with Christians viewed Muslims with hostility and fear, but gained hostility and fear, but gained knowledge from them.knowledge from them.

The Early Middle AgesThe Early Middle AgesIn 800 A.D., one Frank king became

strong enough to unite all of Western Europe. His name was Charlemagne, or Charles the Great. One of history’s great kings/curious, driven, intelligent, strong warrior, devout Christian/ was illiterate, but strongly supported learning

Ruled from 768 to 814/ Expanded the Frankish kingdom into Carolingian empire = covered much of western & central Europe

Reunites most of the western empire

He defeated the other Germanic tribes and united them into one kingdom,

Spreads Christianity

The pope Leo III crowned him “Emperor of the Romans.”

The Early Middle AgesThe Early Middle AgesCharlemagne tried to create a united Charlemagne tried to create a united

Christian Europe and to revive Latin Christian Europe and to revive Latin learning.learning. He also established a He also established a school at Aachen (Germany), school at Aachen (Germany), where the scholar Alcuin set up where the scholar Alcuin set up a Latin-type curriculum in which a Latin-type curriculum in which students studied grammar, students studied grammar, rhetoric, logic, arithmetic, rhetoric, logic, arithmetic, geometry, music, and astronomy.geometry, music, and astronomy.

The Early Middle AgesThe Early Middle AgesCharlemagne appointed powerful Charlemagne appointed powerful nobles to rule local regions. He nobles to rule local regions. He gave them the land so they could gave them the land so they could offer support and supply soldiers offer support and supply soldiers for his armies. To keep control of for his armies. To keep control of these rulers, he sent out officials these rulers, he sent out officials called called missi dominicimissi dominici to check on to check on roads, listen to grievances, and see roads, listen to grievances, and see that justice was done.that justice was done.

Charlemagne’s EmpireCharlemagne’s Empire

But then, his kids screw it up…

Charlemagne’s EmpireCharlemagne’s Empire

But then, his kids screw it up…

The Early Middle AgesThe Early Middle AgesHis rule brought law and order back to His rule brought law and order back to

Western Europe, but less than 30 years Western Europe, but less than 30 years after his death in 814, his empire broke after his death in 814, his empire broke apart and civil war began. New apart and civil war began. New invaders threatened his kingdom. In invaders threatened his kingdom. In 843, his grandsons drew up the 843, his grandsons drew up the Treaty Treaty of Verdunof Verdun, which split the empire into , which split the empire into three regions: Lothair in Italy, Louis three regions: Lothair in Italy, Louis the German in Bavaria, and Charles the the German in Bavaria, and Charles the Bald in Aquitaine.Bald in Aquitaine.

The Early Middle AgesThe Early Middle Ages

Muslims invaded southern FranceMuslims invaded southern France Magyars settled on the plains of HungaryMagyars settled on the plains of Hungary Vikings (Norsemen of Scandinavia) Vikings (Norsemen of Scandinavia)

attacked the empireattacked the empire Vikings were superb warriors & Vikings were superb warriors &

shipbuilders/ famed dragon ships shipbuilders/ famed dragon ships carrying about 50 men could go shallow carrying about 50 men could go shallow rivers to attack inlandrivers to attack inland

99thth century, Vikings settled in Europe century, Vikings settled in Europe 911, Frankish king gave Vikings land of 911, Frankish king gave Vikings land of

NormandyNormandy

No strong, No strong, centralizedcentralized rule rule

Is this a good thing? Why would you want a ruler

anyway? What does a government provide for

you?

Here’s a hint…

Europe under Europe under attack!attack!

Magyars from the East

Muslims from the South

And the biggest threat came from the North, the Vikings

The Early Middle AgesThe Early Middle AgesOne of the invaders that attacked One of the invaders that attacked Charlemagne’s empire was the Charlemagne’s empire was the Vikings, which came from northern Vikings, which came from northern Europe. They were sailors who built Europe. They were sailors who built excellent ships. Viking explorers excellent ships. Viking explorers traveled to Russia, all across traveled to Russia, all across Europe and to America. They were Europe and to America. They were not just destructive raiders, but not just destructive raiders, but also traders and explorersalso traders and explorers

The Early Middle AgesThe Early Middle Ages

Around the year 1000, Around the year 1000, a Viking named a Viking named Leif Leif ErikssonEriksson landed on landed on and island northeast and island northeast coast of North coast of North America. He called it America. He called it Vinland… today Vinland… today Newfoundland! Newfoundland!

Statue of Leif Eriksson in Duluth, Minnesota

The Early Middle AgesThe Early Middle AgesAfter the Romans left Britain in the After the Romans left Britain in the fifth century, different Germanic fifth century, different Germanic tribes invaded the island (Angles, tribes invaded the island (Angles, Saxons, and Jutes). They destroyed Saxons, and Jutes). They destroyed and invaded. In 1016 A.D., a Viking and invaded. In 1016 A.D., a Viking named Canute became the ruler of named Canute became the ruler of England. In 1042 A.D., Edward the England. In 1042 A.D., Edward the Confessor, an Anglo-Saxon, Confessor, an Anglo-Saxon, became king.became king.

Feudalism and the Manor Feudalism and the Manor EconomyEconomyAfter the fall of the Roman Empire, a new After the fall of the Roman Empire, a new

political and military system arose based political and military system arose based on the holding of land. It was called on the holding of land. It was called feudalism and it evolved in response feudalism and it evolved in response to invasions by Vikings, Muslims, and to invasions by Vikings, Muslims, and MagyarsMagyars. Under the feudal system, the . Under the feudal system, the king (lord) owned all the land, he gave it king (lord) owned all the land, he gave it to nobles (lord), who could then give the to nobles (lord), who could then give the land to other people (land to other people (vassalsvassals) and ask for ) and ask for their loyalty. The land given to the vassal their loyalty. The land given to the vassal was called fief and peasants farmed it. was called fief and peasants farmed it.

FeudalismFeudalism Invaders posed a threat to the safety of the Invaders posed a threat to the safety of the

people due to decentralized governmentpeople due to decentralized government People began to turn landed aristocrats or People began to turn landed aristocrats or

nobles for protection/ led to feudalismnobles for protection/ led to feudalism Feudalism arose between 800-900/ similar Feudalism arose between 800-900/ similar

system in Japan- Samuraisystem in Japan- Samurai Vassalage = center of feudalism/ came Vassalage = center of feudalism/ came

from Germanic society where warriors from Germanic society where warriors swore oath to their leaderswore oath to their leader

Vassal = man who served a lord militarily Vassal = man who served a lord militarily

Feudalism: MilitaryService for Land

Feudalism Feudalism Knights = heavily armored warriorsKnights = heavily armored warriors Male = armor made of metal links or platesMale = armor made of metal links or plates Frankish army initially set up foot soldiers in Frankish army initially set up foot soldiers in

mailmail Heavily armored knights dominated warfare Heavily armored knights dominated warfare

for over 500 yearsfor over 500 years Knights had great prestige & formed much Knights had great prestige & formed much

of European aristocracyof European aristocracy Early Middle Ages (500-1000) wealth was Early Middle Ages (500-1000) wealth was

based on owning land/very little tradebased on owning land/very little trade Nobles gave a piece of land to vassals in Nobles gave a piece of land to vassals in

exchange for fighting = fiefexchange for fighting = fief

FeudalismFeudalism Vassals had political authority in their fief/in Vassals had political authority in their fief/in

charge of keeping ordercharge of keeping order Feudalism became complicated = kings had Feudalism became complicated = kings had

vassals who had vassalsvassals who had vassals Feudal contract = unwritten rules that Feudal contract = unwritten rules that

characterized feudalism/relationship characterized feudalism/relationship between king & vassal/knights for about 40-between king & vassal/knights for about 40-60 days a year60 days a year

Vassals were to advise the lord, financial Vassals were to advise the lord, financial obligations to the lord, knighting of his eldest obligations to the lord, knighting of his eldest son, son,

Lord supported the vassal with land grant & Lord supported the vassal with land grant & protection in military & courtprotection in military & court

Feudalism and the Manor Feudalism and the Manor EconomyEconomy

To protect the To protect the fieffief, each vassal , each vassal needed his own soldiers, but needed his own soldiers, but sometimes money was scarce so the sometimes money was scarce so the vassal would offer land, dividing it vassal would offer land, dividing it into smaller and smaller pieces.into smaller and smaller pieces.

Only the son of a noble could become Only the son of a noble could become a knight. At the age of seven, a boy a knight. At the age of seven, a boy was sent away to learn to fight and was sent away to learn to fight and ride.ride.

Feudalism and the Manor Feudalism and the Manor EconomyEconomyDuring the long winter nights, the lord During the long winter nights, the lord

and his guests drank and sang. They and his guests drank and sang. They also held also held tournamentstournaments, contests , contests between knights. A lord would invite between knights. A lord would invite knights from the surrounding area to knights from the surrounding area to enter contests of fighting skill. Two enter contests of fighting skill. Two knights in armor would ride toward knights in armor would ride toward each at full speed and try to knock the each at full speed and try to knock the other off his horse. The tournaments other off his horse. The tournaments were as dangerous as real battles.were as dangerous as real battles.

Feudalism and the Manor Feudalism and the Manor EconomyEconomyNoblewomen played active roles in the Noblewomen played active roles in the

warrior-society. While the husbands or warrior-society. While the husbands or fathers were off fighting, the “ladies of fathers were off fighting, the “ladies of the manors” took over their duties. They the manors” took over their duties. They supervised vassals, managed the supervised vassals, managed the household, and perform necessary household, and perform necessary agricultural and medical tasks. The agricultural and medical tasks. The daughters of the nobles were sent to daughters of the nobles were sent to friends for training: they were expected friends for training: they were expected to know how to weave and spin and how to know how to weave and spin and how to supervise servants. to supervise servants.

Feudalism and the Manor Feudalism and the Manor EconomyEconomyOnce a lord knighted a squire in a special Once a lord knighted a squire in a special

ceremony, the knight would adopt a ceremony, the knight would adopt a code of conduct called code of conduct called chivalrychivalry: the : the knight promised to defend the church, knight promised to defend the church, to be loyal to the lord, protect the weak, to be loyal to the lord, protect the weak, and be polite to women. Chivalry placed and be polite to women. Chivalry placed women in a pedestal. women in a pedestal. TroubadoursTroubadours, or , or wandering poets, adopted the view of wandering poets, adopted the view of chivalry and their love songs praised chivalry and their love songs praised the perfection, beauty and wit of the perfection, beauty and wit of women.women.

Feudalism and the Manor Feudalism and the Manor EconomyEconomyThe whole feudal system was based on the The whole feudal system was based on the

control of land. A control of land. A manor manor was that part of was that part of the fief that peasants farmed to support a the fief that peasants farmed to support a lord’s family. A manor was self-sufficient lord’s family. A manor was self-sufficient because the people who lived on it grew, because the people who lived on it grew, raised, or made nearly everything that they raised, or made nearly everything that they needed. The majority of the people who needed. The majority of the people who lived during the Middle Ages were lived during the Middle Ages were peasants; a few were free, but most were peasants; a few were free, but most were serfsserfs (they were not slaves, but bound to (they were not slaves, but bound to the land), no one could buy or sell themthe land), no one could buy or sell them

Feudalism and the Manor Feudalism and the Manor EconomyEconomyMen, women, and children serfs worked Men, women, and children serfs worked

on the manor farms from early in the on the manor farms from early in the morning until late at night. They did morning until late at night. They did the farmwork, cut wood, and built the farmwork, cut wood, and built fences. The men planted with his wife fences. The men planted with his wife along next to him. Children helped along next to him. Children helped plant seeds, weeded, and took care of plant seeds, weeded, and took care of pigs or sheep. At night, the family and pigs or sheep. At night, the family and any animals slept together in their one any animals slept together in their one room hut.room hut.

The Medieval ChurchThe Medieval ChurchDuring the early Middle Ages, the During the early Middle Ages, the

Church’s most important achievement Church’s most important achievement to Christianize the diverse peoples of to Christianize the diverse peoples of Western Europe. Missionaries were Western Europe. Missionaries were sent to spread their faith among sent to spread their faith among Germanic tribes. Women also spread Germanic tribes. Women also spread the faith by marrying pagan kings and the faith by marrying pagan kings and bringing the into the Church. Clothilde, bringing the into the Church. Clothilde, the wife of Clovis (king of the Franks), the wife of Clovis (king of the Franks), persuaded him to accept Christianity.persuaded him to accept Christianity.

Role of the ChurchRole of the Church Christianity became main religion of Roman Christianity became main religion of Roman

empire by 4empire by 4thth century century Roman church developed a system of Roman church developed a system of

organizationorganization

PriestsPriests was head of parishes – local was head of parishes – local communitiescommunities

BishopBishop was head of diocese - a group of was head of diocese - a group of parishes or bishopricparishes or bishopric

Archbishop – head of groups of dioceseArchbishop – head of groups of diocese

Bishop of Rome became known as Pope Bishop of Rome became known as Pope – the head of what is now known as the – the head of what is now known as the Roman Catholic ChurchRoman Catholic Church

Patriarch

Archdiocese/Archbishop

Bishop/Diocese

Priest/Parish

Pope

Roman Catholic ChurchRoman Catholic Church Pope claim was based on the belief that Pope claim was based on the belief that

Jesus gave Peter the keys to HeavenJesus gave Peter the keys to Heaven Peter was considered to be the chief apostle Peter was considered to be the chief apostle

& the first bishop of Rome& the first bishop of Rome Bishops who succeeded Peter were called Bishops who succeeded Peter were called

popes = Latin word for “popes = Latin word for “papa” – papa” – fatherfather Western Christians accepted the pope as the Western Christians accepted the pope as the

church’s leader, but could not agree on the church’s leader, but could not agree on the pope’s powerspope’s powers

Gregory I strengthened power by taking Gregory I strengthened power by taking political control of Rome & surrounding political control of Rome & surrounding territoriesterritories

The Medieval ChurchThe Medieval ChurchIn manor villages, the priests of the parish In manor villages, the priests of the parish

was the only contact people had with the was the only contact people had with the Church. The priests celebrated the mass Church. The priests celebrated the mass and administer the and administer the sacramentssacraments (the (the sacred rites of the Church). Christians sacred rites of the Church). Christians believed that faith in Christ and believed that faith in Christ and participation in the sacraments would participation in the sacraments would lead them to salvation.lead them to salvation.

The church was a social center. Peasants The church was a social center. Peasants gossiped or danced. Later on, priests ran gossiped or danced. Later on, priests ran schools.schools.

The Medieval ChurchThe Medieval ChurchTo support the parish, the Church To support the parish, the Church

required Christians to pay a required Christians to pay a tithetithe, or , or tax equal to a tenth of their income. The tax equal to a tenth of their income. The Church taught that men and women Church taught that men and women were equal before God, but on Earth, were equal before God, but on Earth, women were viewed as “daughters of women were viewed as “daughters of Eve,” weak and easily lead into sin. At Eve,” weak and easily lead into sin. At the same time, the Church offered a the same time, the Church offered a view of the ideal woman, as modest and view of the ideal woman, as modest and pure as Mary, the mother of Jesus.pure as Mary, the mother of Jesus.

The Medieval ChurchThe Medieval ChurchAbout 530, a monk named Benedict About 530, a monk named Benedict

organized the monastery of Monte Casino organized the monastery of Monte Casino in southern Italy. He drew up a set of rules in southern Italy. He drew up a set of rules to regulate monastic life: monks lived in to regulate monastic life: monks lived in monasteries and nuns lived in convents. monasteries and nuns lived in convents. Under the Under the Benedictine RuleBenedictine Rule, monks and , monks and nuns took three vows: obedience to the nuns took three vows: obedience to the abbot who headed the monastery or abbot who headed the monastery or convent, poverty, and chastity or purity. convent, poverty, and chastity or purity. Each day was divided into periods of Each day was divided into periods of worship, work, and study.worship, work, and study.

Role of ChurchRole of Church Monks meditated & read privately/ They Monks meditated & read privately/ They

prayed together seven times a dayprayed together seven times a day All aspects of Benedict life was All aspects of Benedict life was

communalcommunal Abbot (father) ruled each Benedictine Abbot (father) ruled each Benedictine

monasterymonastery Monks spread Christianity throughout Monks spread Christianity throughout

Europe/Irish & English monks were Europe/Irish & English monks were enthusiastic missionariesenthusiastic missionaries

The Medieval ChurchThe Medieval ChurchMonasteries and convents also performed Monasteries and convents also performed

a vital role in preserving the writings. a vital role in preserving the writings. Monks and nuns copied by hand books Monks and nuns copied by hand books from the past to make more copies. from the past to make more copies. Over time, the largest monasteries and Over time, the largest monasteries and convents became centers of learning, convents became centers of learning, and the monks and nuns kept learning. and the monks and nuns kept learning.

Abbey of Monte Cassino, originally built by Saint Benedict, shown here as rebuilt after World War II.

The Medieval ChurchThe Medieval ChurchWomen could not become priests, however, Women could not become priests, however,

many did enter convents. In the later many did enter convents. In the later Middle Ages, the Church put more Middle Ages, the Church put more restrictions on nuns: it withdrew rights restrictions on nuns: it withdrew rights that nuns had once enjoyed, such as that nuns had once enjoyed, such as preaching the Gospel, and placed most preaching the Gospel, and placed most independent convents under the control of independent convents under the control of Church officials. Although women’s role Church officials. Although women’s role within the Church was limited, they made within the Church was limited, they made valuable contributions to their faith.valuable contributions to their faith.

Role of ChurchRole of Church Nuns = women who withdrew from the Nuns = women who withdrew from the

world to dedicate themselves to Godworld to dedicate themselves to God Nuns lived in convents headed abbessesNuns lived in convents headed abbesses Abess Hilda founded a monastery in Abess Hilda founded a monastery in

Whitby in 657 where she educated five Whitby in 657 where she educated five future bishopsfuture bishops

The Medieval ChurchThe Medieval ChurchThe Church not only controlled the spiritual life of The Church not only controlled the spiritual life of

Christians, but gradually became the most powerful Christians, but gradually became the most powerful secular, or worldly, force in medieval Europe. The secular, or worldly, force in medieval Europe. The pope was the spiritual leader of the Roman Catholic pope was the spiritual leader of the Roman Catholic Church… medieval popes eventually claimed papal Church… medieval popes eventually claimed papal supremacy. High clergy, such as bishops and supremacy. High clergy, such as bishops and archbishops, were usually nobles and they had their archbishops, were usually nobles and they had their own territories. The pope itself held vast lands in own territories. The pope itself held vast lands in central Italy, later called Papal States. Because central Italy, later called Papal States. Because churchmen were often the only educated people, churchmen were often the only educated people, feudal rulers appointed them to high government feudal rulers appointed them to high government positions.positions.

The Medieval ChurchThe Medieval ChurchThe medieval Church developed its own body of laws, The medieval Church developed its own body of laws,

known as known as canon lawcanon law, which is a fully developed legal , which is a fully developed legal system, with all the necessary elements: courts, system, with all the necessary elements: courts, lawyers, judges, a fully articulated legal code and lawyers, judges, a fully articulated legal code and principles of legal interpretation. It applied to religious principles of legal interpretation. It applied to religious teachings, the clergy, marriages, and morals. Anyone teachings, the clergy, marriages, and morals. Anyone who disobeyed Church law faced a range of penalties, who disobeyed Church law faced a range of penalties, including including excommunicationexcommunication, which meant people , which meant people could not receive the sacraments or a Christian burial. could not receive the sacraments or a Christian burial. A noble who opposed the Church could face the A noble who opposed the Church could face the interdictinterdict, an order excluding an entire town, region or , an order excluding an entire town, region or kingdom from receiving most sacraments.kingdom from receiving most sacraments.

The Medieval ChurchThe Medieval ChurchWith all the success the medieval Church achieved With all the success the medieval Church achieved

came many problems: monks and nuns ignored came many problems: monks and nuns ignored their vows of poverty, the clergy lived in luxury, their vows of poverty, the clergy lived in luxury, priests could marry and spent more time on family priests could marry and spent more time on family matters than on Church duties. These trouble matters than on Church duties. These trouble times called for reform in the Church.times called for reform in the Church.

In the early 900s, Abbot Berno of Cluny set out to In the early 900s, Abbot Berno of Cluny set out to end abuses: he revived the Benedictine Rule, he end abuses: he revived the Benedictine Rule, he declared that the nobles could not longer interfere declared that the nobles could not longer interfere in monastery affairs, and he filled the monastery in monastery affairs, and he filled the monastery of Cluny with men devoted to religious pursuitsof Cluny with men devoted to religious pursuits

The Medieval ChurchThe Medieval ChurchJewish communities existed across Europe. In their Jewish communities existed across Europe. In their

homes, the Jews preserved the oral and written laws homes, the Jews preserved the oral and written laws that were central to their faith. Jews in Spain were that were central to their faith. Jews in Spain were known as Sephardim. Jewish farmers migrated to known as Sephardim. Jewish farmers migrated to Western Europe and became known as Ashkenazim.Western Europe and became known as Ashkenazim.

In the late 1000s, Christians persecuted Jews and In the late 1000s, Christians persecuted Jews and accused them of being responsible for the death of accused them of being responsible for the death of Jesus. In bad times, Jesus. In bad times, antisemitismantisemitism, or prejudice against , or prejudice against Jews, worsened: Christians blamed Jews for things they Jews, worsened: Christians blamed Jews for things they could not understand, such as illness or famine. The could not understand, such as illness or famine. The Jews moved to Eastern Europe were rulers welcomed Jews moved to Eastern Europe were rulers welcomed the newcomers’ skills and knowledge.the newcomers’ skills and knowledge.

Economic Expansion and Economic Expansion and ChangeChangeBy 1000, Europe’s economic recovery was well By 1000, Europe’s economic recovery was well

underway. Farming changed because of five underway. Farming changed because of five inventions: inventions: the three-field system, the the three-field system, the harness for horses and horseshoeharness for horses and horseshoe, , iron iron plows, the waterwheelplows, the waterwheel, and the windmill. , and the windmill. Under the three-field system , a lord left one Under the three-field system , a lord left one third of his fields unplanted each year, third of his fields unplanted each year, allowing the soil to rest. Then the field allowing the soil to rest. Then the field produced more food when the serfs planted it produced more food when the serfs planted it a year later. In 300 years, the population of a year later. In 300 years, the population of Europe doubled.Europe doubled.

The Change from The Change from Manor Life to the Manor Life to the Growth of TownsGrowth of Towns

Causes of the growth of Causes of the growth of townstowns

The use of horses The use of horses instead of oxen.instead of oxen. Oxen are big and Oxen are big and

slow.slow. Horses plow much Horses plow much

faster.faster. People could plow People could plow

twice as much.twice as much. RESULTS……RESULTS……

More Food!!!More Food!!!

The Three Field SystemThe Three Field System

In two of the fields the farmer would plant his crops.

In the last field the farmer would leave it FALLOW

What is the Result?????What is the Result?????

More Food!!!!

What is the final result?What is the final result? Because of horses and the 3-field system, there Because of horses and the 3-field system, there

was more food, MORE FOOD MEANS……was more food, MORE FOOD MEANS…… People become People become HEALTHIERHEALTHIER== People People LIVE LONGERLIVE LONGER== MORE BABIESMORE BABIES== INCREASED POPULATIONINCREASED POPULATION== NEED MORE PLACES TO LIVENEED MORE PLACES TO LIVE==

THE GROWTH OF THE GROWTH OF TOWNSTOWNS

Economic Expansion and Economic Expansion and ChangeChangeEurope’s growing population needed goods that Europe’s growing population needed goods that

were not available on the manor: peasants were not available on the manor: peasants needed iron for farm tools, wealthy nobles needed iron for farm tools, wealthy nobles wanted fine wool, furs, and spices from Asia. As wanted fine wool, furs, and spices from Asia. As foreign invasions and feudal warfare declined, foreign invasions and feudal warfare declined, traders crisscrossed Europe to meet the growing traders crisscrossed Europe to meet the growing demand for goods. Traders and their customers demand for goods. Traders and their customers did business at local trade fairs; however, they did business at local trade fairs; however, they closed in the fall and the merchants waited closed in the fall and the merchants waited during the winter months near a castle. With during the winter months near a castle. With time these became the first real medieval citiestime these became the first real medieval cities

Economic Expansion and Economic Expansion and ChangeChangeTo protect their interests, the merchants who To protect their interests, the merchants who

set up a new town would ask the local lord, set up a new town would ask the local lord, or king, for a or king, for a chartercharter (a written document (a written document set out the rights and privileges of the set out the rights and privileges of the town). In return, merchants paid the lord a town). In return, merchants paid the lord a large sum of money.large sum of money.

As trade revived, merchants had to borrow As trade revived, merchants had to borrow money to buy goods. The need for capital, or money to buy goods. The need for capital, or money for investment, spurred the growth money for investment, spurred the growth of banking houses.of banking houses.

Rise of FairsRise of Fairs Since people no Since people no

longer lived on a longer lived on a self-sufficient self-sufficient manor, they needed manor, they needed a place to buy and a place to buy and sell their stuff.sell their stuff.

Most fairs took Most fairs took place outside of the place outside of the town and the town and the peasants got tired of peasants got tired of always carrying always carrying their stuff..their stuff..

This was too This was too much work so much work so pretty soon pretty soon the peasants the peasants would just stay would just stay at the fair and at the fair and not go back to not go back to the manor.the manor.

Growth of TownsGrowth of Towns

What is it like to What is it like to live in a town?live in a town? ExcitingExciting CrowdedCrowded DirtyDirty NoisyNoisy Garbage Garbage

everywhereeverywhere

But, this is where But, this is where they want to live!!!!!they want to live!!!!!

busy, no bathrooms, nofresh air…….

Dirty, smelly, animals in thestreets, fires ………

Rise of GuildsRise of Guilds A guild is almost like today’s

UNIONS. They are groups of people with

the same job. They controlled what the

product was supposed to look like and how much they could charge for the product. It was like quality control for medieval time.

Members cooperated to protect their own economic interests. Only members could work in any trade. They provided social services, operating schools and hospitals, and looking after the widows and orphans of their members.

Economic Expansion and Economic Expansion and ChangeChange

To become a guild member meant many To become a guild member meant many years of hard work. At the age of 7 or 8, a years of hard work. At the age of 7 or 8, a child could become an child could become an apprenticeapprentice, or , or trainee, to a guild master. Most trainee, to a guild master. Most apprentices worked for guild members as apprentices worked for guild members as journeymenjourneymen, or salaried workers., or salaried workers.

Women worked in dozens of crafts and Women worked in dozens of crafts and could inherit the workshops of their could inherit the workshops of their fathers or husbands, even become guild fathers or husbands, even become guild masters.masters.

Economic Expansion and Economic Expansion and ChangeChangeTo meet the needs of the changing economy, To meet the needs of the changing economy,

Europeans developed new ways of doing business:Europeans developed new ways of doing business: Many merchants joined together in an organization Many merchants joined together in an organization

known as a known as a partnershippartnership, where a group of , where a group of merchants pooled their funds to finance a large-scale merchants pooled their funds to finance a large-scale venture.venture.

Merchants developed a system of insurance to help Merchants developed a system of insurance to help reduce business risks.reduce business risks.

A merchant deposited money with a banker in his A merchant deposited money with a banker in his home city. The banker issued a home city. The banker issued a bill of exchangebill of exchange, , which the merchant exchanged for cash in a distant which the merchant exchanged for cash in a distant city.city.

Economic Expansion and Economic Expansion and ChangeChangeThese new ways reshaped medieval society. These new ways reshaped medieval society.

Feudalism endedFeudalism ended. By 1300, most peasants . By 1300, most peasants were either tenant farmers, who paid rent were either tenant farmers, who paid rent for their land, or hired farm laborers, who for their land, or hired farm laborers, who paid with rent with their labor.paid with rent with their labor.

A A new middle class formednew middle class formed between the between the nobles and peasants. The clergy and nobles nobles and peasants. The clergy and nobles despised the new middle class because they despised the new middle class because they saw them as immoral for making money saw them as immoral for making money from from usuryusury (lending money at interest) (lending money at interest)

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