The Rise of Dictators and World War II

Main Idea – The rise of dictators in Europe and Asia helped lead to World War II.

.

The Great Depression had ruined economies in Europe. Many Europeans turned to new leaders to solve their problems.

Who were the dictators that came to power in Europe?

Totalitarian

• Expected active loyalty and commitment• control of political, economic, social

and cultural aspects of life• led by a single leader and party• not interested in individual freedom

(civil liberties)• used modern technology and

propaganda

Who were these dictators?

Who were these dictators?

-Adolf Hitler, Germany

-Josef Stalin, U.S.S.R.

-Benito Mussolini, Italy

-Francisco Franco, Spain

-Tojo and Other Militarists, Japan

What made them dictators?

What made them dictators?

-Authoritarian Rule

-Nationalism

-Expansion

-Totalitarian Government

What made them different?

-Communism

-Fascism

-Nazism

-Japanese Militarists

Why did people support dictators?

VS.

Why did people support dictators?

- Success of authoritarians

- Weakness of democracies

- Pride of nationalism

- Promise of growth

- Rise in power during a time of decline

-For some fascism was a defense against Communism

What’s the harm?

- The trains ran on time

- They beat the Depression

- The Five Year Plans succeeded

- These nations had real needs to fill

- They inspired their people

What’s the harm?

- Jewish persecution

- Racial oppression

- Brutal police states

- Attack on Ethiopia

- Invasion of Manchuria

- Seizure of the Rhineland and the Sudetenland

Why did the other nations of the world stand by?

Why did the other nations of the world stand by?

- Fear of another Great War

- U.S. was bound to Neutrality

- Lack of preparation

- Was this the war people were expecting?

Who am I?

Adolf Hitler

•Germany – Adolf Hitler – leader of the fascist National Socialist German Workers’ Party – or Nazi Party.

• Hitler used his image as a father figure

• Hitler extinguished dissent

• Hitler used an organized program to keep his kids occupied

• Pope of Rome, Joseph Ratzinger, was also kept busy as a boy as a part of this same "Hitler Youth".)

• Hitler gathered the children into frequent rallies

• Hitler used uniforms

• Hitler used the Jews as a focus of blame

• Hitler used a propaganda program

• Hitler installed "spies" within these ranks of children

Adolph Hitler 1889-1945Der Fuhrer

• born in Austria-early life in Vienna• core of beliefs- anti-Semitic• wrote “Mein Kampf” in jail in 20’s• built Nazi party on dissatisfaction• won over elite and establishment• fear of communists- largest party

–became chancellor• Reichtag burned-emergency powers

European

• Italy – Benito Mussolini – began a political movement – fascism – an extreme form of nationalism and racism.

Mussolini

• Preached a government called Fascism – includes intense patriotism & nationalism

• Very much linked to racism and cultural superiority

Benito Mussolini 1883-1945Il Duce

• First Fascist Dictator• Italy- in political and economic crisis• had support of middle class seeking stability• 1922- march on Rome- Victor Emmanuel

made him PM• Could legislate by decree, police state• Created Young Fascists- Never really in

control of all culture/society

Fascism vs Nazism

• Fascism (fascio) “union of bundle”: State is the most important element

• Nazism (National Socialism): emphasis on racism “Aryanism”

Fascism vs Communism

• Communism stands for a stateless society where all is equal

• Fascism: pertains to state and it considers state on top of everything: radical authoritarian nationalism

Soviet Union

- Joseph Stalin – the Communist dictator took over upon the death of Vladimir Lenin (led the Communist takeover of Russia in 1917.) His government tried to control every aspect of life in the nation.

• Joseph Stalin and the USSRCommunist State

• Similar to Total state• oppression of the masses• ownership of production and land by the

state• forced rapid industrialization ,cruel• purges- wondered who was in power

Who am I?

EmperorHirohito

Japan

Totalitarian State

General Hideki Tojo

Prime Minister

JAPAN

• Japan – The military was gaining more and more power with army General Hideki Tojo having more power than the Emperor Hirohito.

Who am I?

Francisco FrancoFrancisco Franco

Spain

Fascist who overthrows the democratic government in Spanish Civil War

Who am I?

Winston ChurchillWinston Churchill

Great Britain

Who am I?

Franklin Delano Roosevelt

United States

Countries That Countries That Threatened World Threatened World PeacePeace

Japan•Military leaders took control of gov’t •Invaded Manchuria•Tried to expand in the Pacific•Joined the Axis Powers in 1940

Japan Invades Manchuria, 1931

Japan Invades Manchuria, 1931

1931 – Japan attacks 1931 – Japan attacks Manchuria in northern Manchuria in northern ChinaChinaJapan wants more Japan wants more natural resources for natural resources for its growing population its growing population (Manchuria is rich in (Manchuria is rich in natural resources)natural resources)

Countries That Countries That Threatened World Threatened World PeacePeaceItaly

•Mussolini seized control of the gov’t and the military and formed a fascist state•Italy formed alliance with Germany called the Axis Powers•Invaded Ethiopia in 1936•Supported Franco in Spain’s civil war

Italy Attacks Ethiopia, 1935

Italy Attacks Ethiopia, 1935

Emperor Emperor Haile Haile

SelassieSelassie

Countries That Countries That Threatened World Threatened World PeacePeaceGermany•Dictator and fascist Adolph Hitler took control in 1934

•created a totalitarian state

•built up Germany’s army

Germany Invades the Rhineland

March 7, 1936

Germany Invades the Rhineland

March 7, 1936

Germany Begins Conquests

1936 – Hitler moves 1936 – Hitler moves troops into the troops into the RhinelandRhineland (German (German region near the region near the French border)French border)WWI treaty said WWI treaty said nono German troops hereGerman troops hereFrench Gov’t and French Gov’t and League of Nations – League of Nations – TAKE NO ACTIONTAKE NO ACTION

Hitler begins his own Conquests1938 – Hitler and the 1938 – Hitler and the Germans invade Germans invade Austria (most Austria (most Austrians spoke Austrians spoke German and German and welcomed becoming a welcomed becoming a part of Germany)part of Germany)But…Hitler and the But…Hitler and the Germans were Germans were expanding – and the expanding – and the WWI treaty told them WWI treaty told them not to…not to…

The SudetenlandAfter taking Austria – After taking Austria – Hitler wants moreHitler wants moreHis next desire is the His next desire is the SudetenlandSudetenland in in CzechoslovakiaCzechoslovakiaThe Czechs didn’t The Czechs didn’t want to give this area want to give this area to Germany – nor did to Germany – nor did France and RussiaFrance and Russia

“Appeasement” at MunichThe British step in to The British step in to offer a peace and avoid offer a peace and avoid warwarBritish Prime Minister British Prime Minister Neville Chamberlain Neville Chamberlain meets with Hitler in meets with Hitler in Munich, GermanyMunich, Germany

They agree to give They agree to give Hitler the Hitler the SudetenlandSudetenlandHitler has to promise Hitler has to promise he ishe is done seeking done seeking territoryterritory

Reactions to Munich• Neville Chamberlain,

the British Prime Minister who came up with the agreement, said that he had achieved “peace in our time”

• Winston Churchill, the future Prime Minister, said: “Britain and France had to choose between war and shame. They chose shame. They will get war, too.”

Hitler breaks his promise: Germany Starts the War

• After being given Sudetenland – Hitler takes the rest of Czechoslovakia

• Hitler signs a Non-Aggression Pact with Stalin and the Soviet Union (they agree to not make war on each other) – now France and Britain have lost an ally

• Immediately after – Germany invades Poland (France & Britain declare war on Germany) WWII officially begins

The Nazi-SovietNon-Aggression Pact, 1939

The Nazi-SovietNon-Aggression Pact, 1939

Foreign Ministers Foreign Ministers von Ribbentrop & von Ribbentrop &

MolotovMolotov

• Germany and Russia started secret talks while Germany was negotiating with Great Britain and France.– Terms of Non Aggression pact:

– Will not attack each other

– Will remain neutral if either is attacked

• What was not announced to the world:

Hitler and Stalin agreed to divide parts of Eastern Europe

Germany – Western Poland Soviets - Eastern Poland, Baltic countries

German Aggression!

Lightning War - Hitler invades Poland

CAUSES CAUSES (Long Term)(Long Term)

•WWI (the harsh conditions of the WWI (the harsh conditions of the Treaty of Versailles)Treaty of Versailles)

•Dictators come to power in Germany, Italy, Japan, Dictators come to power in Germany, Italy, Japan, and the Soviet Unionand the Soviet Union

•Severe economic problems exist in Europe and Severe economic problems exist in Europe and Asia.Asia.

•Italy, Germany, and Japan expand their territory.Italy, Germany, and Japan expand their territory.

•The policy of appeasement fails.The policy of appeasement fails.

WorldWorld War IIWar II

Immediate Causes•Germany invades Poland.

•Japanese attack the U.S. naval base at Pearl Harbor

One of the VonTrapp children in the Sound of

Music calls it The “angry spider”.

Even today, neo nazi groups and other hate groups use it to represent their programs of

prejudice.

Nazi Blitzkrieg April - May 1940

German Aggression

Hitler conquers Denmark, Norway, Belgium, and the Netherlands

Defeated and forced to acknowledge the Nazi government.

April 1940

The Miracle of Dunkirk

Bombing damage in France.

June 22, 1940

France surrenders

September 1940

U.S. passes first peacetime draft

German Aggression

Battle of Britain

Autumn 1940 - daily air raids over Britain - Unable to defeat the British quickly!

Despite their partnership – Hitler and Stalin distrusted each other. (There is no honor

among thieves or dictators.)

•June1941 Germany invades the Soviet Union

•September 1941 – January 1944 German troops surround the city. The Siege of Leningrad - - lasted 872 days

•December 1941 – German advance to Moscow – harshest winter in decades. The weather and the Soviets push them back.

German Aggression

Dec. 1940

The Lend-Lease Policy allows U.S. to give Allies help.

Atlantic Charter

Prime Minister Winston Churchill

President Franklin Roosevelt

Discuss allied goals: the right of all people to self-determination, freedom of speech, freedom of religion, free from want, and freedom from fear.

Ford Island, seen on 10 October 1941 from much the same angle as Japanese bomber pilots viewed it on 7 December.

National Archives Photo 80-G-279375

183 aircraft of the first attack wave were launched from the six Imperial

Japanese Navy carriers; Akagi, Kaga, Soryu, Hiru, Zuikaku and Shokaku, 230 miles North of O'ahu at 6:00 A.M. - They were ordered to attack at 0750 A.M. by

Lt. Commander Mitsuo Fuchida.

• At approximately 7:15 A.M. the second wave of aircraft was launched and 170 more aircraft were on their way to Pearl Harbor.

Shattered by a direct hit, the USS Arizona burns and sinks, December 7, 1941.

Damage at Pearl Harbor

Aerial view of the USS Arizona

Memorial

FDR calls this “a date which will live in infamy”, and

Congress declares that a state of war exists with

Japan.

Deployment of attacking Japanese aircraft

At approximately 7:15 A.M. the second wave of aircraft was launched and 170 more aircraft were on their way to Pearl

Harbor.

Roosevelt signs the Declaration of War

Doolittle’s Raid

With only 450 feet of 'runway,' one of sixteen Army B-25 Mitchell bombers takes off from the deck of the USS HORNET on its way to take part in the Doolittle Raid, the first U.S. bombing raid on Japan. The all volunteer strike force, trained and led by Lt. Col. James Doolittle, flew 800 miles then bombed Tokyo and 3 other cities without opposition. The raid inflicted little damage but gave a big boost to Allied morale in the face of the seemingly unstoppable Japanese. April 18, 1942.

Major Events Review1936 Germany and Italy form Axis Powers.

Civil war erupts in Spain.

1938 Germany annexes Austria (think the Sound of Music - true story.)

Britain and France allow Germany to annex the Sudetenland in the Munich Agreement.

1939 Germany invades Czechoslovakia.

Germany signs nonaggression pact with the Soviet Union.

Germany invades Poland, Sept. 1, 1939.

Britain and France declare war on Germany, Sept. 3

1940 Japan joins the Axis Powers

Germany invades France.

Battle of Britain fought.

1941 Germany invades the Soviet Union.

December 7 - Japan attacks United States at Pearl Harbor.

The United States enters the war.

1941 June - British stop Axis advance in Africa at the Battle of El Alamein.

September - Germans attack Soviet Union city of Stalingrad. November - American forces join tlhe Allies in North Africa.

• February Soviets win the Battle of Stalingrad.

The Allies defeated the Axis Powers in Europe and in Africa.

War in Africa and EuropeSection 2

During World War II, the United States assumed a leading role in world affairs that continues today.

Terms to Know:

1.Dwight D. Eisenhower – U.S. general who led the Allied Forces in Europe.

2.D-Day – Allied invasion of France in June 1944 to liberate Europe.

3.Battle of the Bulge – Germany’s last major attack.

4.Yalta Conference – Meeting of Allied leaders to discuss the end of the war plans.

5.Holocaust – Systematic murder of millions of Jews and other people in Europe by the Nazis.

6.Anti-Semitism – hostility or discrimination against Jews.

6. Anti-Semitism – hostility or discrimination against Jews.

7.Persecute – to continuously treat others in a way meant to be cruel and harmful.

8.Genocide – the deliberate destruction of a racial, political, or cultural group.

9.The Holocaust – complete destruction of life on purpose – usually by fire. This term refers to the murder of 6 million Jews and 5 million others by the Nazis in WWII.

10.The Final Solution – Hitler’s plan to exterminate “inferior” people such as Jews, the handicapped, political enemies, and others that did not conform.

The Panzer IV was the mainstay of the Afrika Corps and were needed in great numbers in theWestern Desert

Erwin Rommel

Commander of the Nazi forces in North

Africa

Operation Torch North African Campaign

Purposes:•Drive Axis powers out of North Africa and Middle East•Divert German forces from Russian Front

Strategy: Sandwich Afrikan Corp between British in East and Allied forces (including US) in West

July - August 1943, Operation "Husky": Allied forces invade Sicily, Italy.

This Operation was the greatest Airborne-Amphibious Operation of WWII until D-DAY

3,000 ships and landing-craft with 160,000 men (8 Divisions), 14,000 vehicles, 600 tanks and 1800

guns. Operation continues in Sicily and Italy 1943-1945

First Allied attacks on Monte Cassino

Operation Husky

Invasion

of Italy

Landing on the beach was difficult.

1. Surprise attack

2. Poor weather conditions

3. German fortifications

Landing on Omaha BeachLanding on Omaha Beach

13 June, 1944 - till 20 June, V-1 named "Vergeltungswaffe". Germany launches its first V-1 rocket attack on England,

•8000 V-1's fired to London.•Up to 100 V-1s fell every hour on London.•Over an 80 day period, more than 6,000 persons were killed.

Launched a V-2 rocket.8 September 1944,

Those witnessing the event cannot explain the cause of the explosion because the speed of the projectile is such that it arrives before the sound of its passage is heard.

7 November 1944, Franklin D. Roosevelt is elected to an unprecedented fourth term as President of the United States.

"The Battle of the Bulge” December 1944 - January 1945

Last major offensive German action.

Yalta Conference•FDR, Stalin, Churchill

•Meet to decide what happens next in Europe

•Stalin wants complete control of eastern Europe.

•FDR and Churchill refuse!

•Agree to divide Germany into occupied zones

•Agree to set up the United Nations

12 April 1945, U.S. President Franklin D. Roosevelt dies; he is succeeded by his Vice-president, Harry S. Truman.

• April 1945, "United Nations" formed in San Francisco.

• 28 April 1945, Benito Mussolini, and sixteen of Mussolini's body-guards are assassinated in the village of Giulino di Messegra, on Lake Como, Italy.

• 30 April 1945, Adolf Hitler, Eva Braun, Goebbels and his wife commit suicide in the bunker under the Reich Chancelleryin Berlin, Germany

Germany Surrenders!

Victory in Europe

8 May 1945, V-E Day -

Victory in Europe is

celebrated.

January 1945 - Red Army liberates Auschwitz, finds convincing evidence of SS atrocities of the Holocaust.

Concentration Camps

Section 3 After early losses, the Allies defeated the Japanese in the Pacific.

Section 3 Terms to Know

1.Bataan Death March – Forced march of captured Americans and Filipinos in the Philippines.

2.Island hopping – Strategy of invading Japanese – held islands and moving ever closer to Japan.

3.General Douglas MacArthur – “I shall return,” are his words after FDR orders him to withdraw from the Philippines in March 1942. (same guy – drove out the WWI Bonus Army.)

4.Battle of Coral Sea – 1st time in Naval history, enemy ships fought a battle without seeing each other – aircraft carriers’ war planes fought the battle. No clear victory for either side but America blocks their path to Australia. (May 1942)

5.Battle of Midway – naval battle between American and Japanese forces – won by Americans. (June 1942)

6. Battle for Guadalcanal – After 6 months of fierce fighting, the US wins first major land victory against the Japanese. ( Feb. 1943)

7. Navajo Code Talkers – Navajo Indians were trained to used their native language to communicate coded messages so the Japanese couldn’t decode our messages.

8. March 1945 – MacArthur returns and liberates Manila, Philippines.

9. Kamikaze – Japanese suicide pilot10. Iwo Jima and Okinawa – Fiercely fought battles for

these two islands places Americans close enough to begin major bombings of Japan.

11. Manhattan Project – Secret program to build an atomic bomb. Led by American scientist, J. Robert Oppenheimer. Worked for 3 years to develop and test the world’s first atomic bomb.

12. Enola Gay – the name of the B-29 bomber that dropped the atomic bomb.

13. Hiroshima and Nagasaki, Japan – The US dropped bombs on these two cities after issuing a warning to surrender or face complete destruction.

14. September 2, 1945 – Japan signed the official letter of surrender, ending the war.

Map of the Japanese Empire at its height in 1942.

Allied POWs with hands tied behind their backs pause during the Bataan Death March. About 76,000 prisoners including 12,000 Americans were forced on the 60 mile march under a blazing sun without food or water toward a new POW camp in the Philippines. April, 1942.

Island hopping was the Pacific strategy

GIs waded ashore on islands with strange names.

Like Tarawa and Bougainville

Every island posed new dangers.

The Army Air Corps needed airfields within range of the Japanese.

USN Ships Sunk and DamagedBy Kamikazes

• Kamikazes didextreme damage to USships– They sunk a total of

34 ships

– They damaged a totalof 288 ships

Letters homewere sent by“V MAIL”

The “V”was for

VICTORY.

Marines of the 5th Division inch their way up a slope on Red Beach No. 1 toward Mount Suribachi on Iwo Jima, defended by seven Japanese Battalions. By nightfall, 566 Marines were killed and 1,854 wounded. February 19, 1945.

19 February 1945, (till 26 March). •US Marines divisions land on Iwo Jima In the Pacific Iwo Jima is strategically and politically important to both sides. The Americans need the island as a fighter base (Mustangs P-51 fighters) for their Japanese raids (B-29's) and a relief base for damaged bombers.

•On the first day some 30,000 marines landed on the 8 square mile island. About 23,000 Japanese soldiers had prepared defences but allowed the landing to take place before opening fire. The Japanese had prepared for the invasion with a system of underground tunnels, bunkers, and pillboxes, designed to entrap and decimate the Americans.

•Over the next 36 days - 6,281 US soldiers are killed (in the first 2 days, 4000 US soldiers died), and 21,865 are wounded in capturing the island from 23,000 defenders. 21,000 Japanese soldiers died.

23 February 1945,

U.S. Marines plant a U.S.

flag on Mount Suribachi, Iwo

Jima.The flag

raising photo and

subsequent statue came to

symbolize being a Marine.

26 May 1945, Tokyo, Japan is fire bombed by American bombers. The city burns, uncontrolled, for two days.

•26 June 1945, Fifty nations meet in San Francisco, California (USA) and sign the World Security Charter formally establishingthe United Nations.•4 July 1945, General Douglas MacArthur announces the liberation of the Philippines.•21 July 1945, The U.S. delivers a final ultimatum to the Japanese, quit the war or face total destruction.•24 July 1945, • At the Potsdam Conference in defeated Germany, President Truman told Stalin only that the U.S. "had a newweapon of unusual destructive force."

Enola Gay

Col. Paul W. Tibbets, pilot of the B-29 Superfortress ENOLA

GAY, drops the world's first atomic bomb, Little Boy, on Hiroshima.

The 9,000 lb. bomb was dropped from 31,600 feet and detonated at 8:15 a.m., August 6, 1945, about 1,900 feet above the center of Hiroshima. A blinding light, tremendous explosion and dark gray cloud enveloped the city, followed by a rising mushroom shaped cloud. The Japanese estimated 72,000 were killed and 70,000 out of 76,000 buildings in the city were destroyed.

At the time of the bombing, Hiroshima was a prosperous city of nearly 320,000. The bomb exploded almost directly over the center of the city. Two square miles of the city were completely leveled by the bomb, and the intense heat generated by the explosion started fires as far as two milesfrom ground zero.

About one hour after the bombing on 6 August 1945.

A Roman Catholic cathedral on a hill is all that remains in this section of Nagasaki following the dropping of the second Atomic Bomb from a B-29 flown by Major Charles W. Sweeney, August 9, 1945. The Japanese estimated 25,680 were killed and 44 percent of the city was destroyed.

•8 August 1945, The Soviet Union declares war on Japan. Soviet forces invade Manchuria and North-Korea.

•9 August 1945, The world's second (and last) atomic bomb(Plutonium), Fat Man, is dropped on Nagasaki, Japan. One minute after explosion 39,000 were killed and 25,000 wounded.•14 August 1945, Emperor Hirohito announces the Japan defeat to his people. Japan accepts an unconditional surrender. Thefear of more atomic weapon attacks and the certainty of land defeat by the Soviets have combined to secure thecomplete surrender.•2 September 1945, Japanese Foreign Minister Mamoru Shigemitsu signs the instrument of surrender aboard the battleshipU.S.S. Missouri in Tokyo Bay, Japan.End of World War II.

Sept 2, 1945

Japanese sign surrender agreement

Gen. Douglas MacArthur signs as Supreme Allied Commander during formal surrender ceremonies on the USS MISSOURI in Tokyo Bay.

Gen. Douglas MacArthur signs as Supreme Allied Commander during formal surrender ceremonies on the USS MISSOURI in Tokyo Bay. September 2, 1945.