The Revolution of 1848The Revolution of 1848 Prince Clemens von Metternich – minister Prince Clemens von Metternich – minister

of foreign affairs for Austriaof foreign affairs for Austria– Felt democratic and nationalist movements Felt democratic and nationalist movements

would destroy Austrian Empirewould destroy Austrian Empire Crush all revolutionary activityCrush all revolutionary activity

Despite his efforts, revolution spread to Despite his efforts, revolution spread to Austria in 1848Austria in 1848– Francis Joseph became emperor in OctoberFrancis Joseph became emperor in October– Dissolved revolutionary assemblyDissolved revolutionary assembly

Rejected new constitutionRejected new constitution

Maintained empire, but it was weakenedMaintained empire, but it was weakened– Future foreign crises would weaken it even Future foreign crises would weaken it even

moremore

The Dual MonarchyThe Dual Monarchy Francis Joseph was challenged by the Magyars Francis Joseph was challenged by the Magyars

of Hungaryof Hungary– Both worked together to preserve national existenceBoth worked together to preserve national existence– Ausgleich restored Hungary’s independenceAusgleich restored Hungary’s independence

Austrian Empire now a dual monarchyAustrian Empire now a dual monarchy Francis Joseph would rule both sidesFrancis Joseph would rule both sides

Remained independent politicallyRemained independent politically– Very dependent economicallyVery dependent economically– Dual monarchy restored Dual monarchy restored

industrialization in Austriaindustrialization in Austria Agreement was satisfying to mostAgreement was satisfying to most

– Nationalists were againstNationalists were against

Powder Keg in the BalkansPowder Keg in the Balkans Ottoman Empire was in declineOttoman Empire was in decline

– Austria hoped to gain territoryAustria hoped to gain territory– France wanted to protect CatholicsFrance wanted to protect Catholics– Great Britain feared disruption of Great Britain feared disruption of

Mediterranean tradeMediterranean trade– All powers wanted to prevent Russian All powers wanted to prevent Russian

expansionexpansion Start of the Crimean WarStart of the Crimean War 1875 Serbia, Bulgaria, and Romania 1875 Serbia, Bulgaria, and Romania

revolted against the Turksrevolted against the Turks– Revolts were suppressed with Revolts were suppressed with

massacresmassacres

The Congress of BerlinThe Congress of Berlin 1877 – Russo-Turkish War1877 – Russo-Turkish War

– Russia used Balkan countries as a reason to Russia used Balkan countries as a reason to go to wargo to war Gained control over much of the Bulgarian state Gained control over much of the Bulgarian state

through Treaty of San Stefanothrough Treaty of San Stefano

Great European powers protested treatyGreat European powers protested treaty– Met in Berlin to revise TreatyMet in Berlin to revise Treaty– Took away Russia’s war gainsTook away Russia’s war gains– Granted some Balkan states independence, Granted some Balkan states independence,

but not othersbut not others– Ottoman Empire lost much territoryOttoman Empire lost much territory

Balkan ConflictBalkan Conflict 1912 Balkan forces joined to free 1912 Balkan forces joined to free

members from Ottoman rulemembers from Ottoman rule– Captured most of Ottoman’s territoryCaptured most of Ottoman’s territory

Balkan states began warring with each Balkan states began warring with each otherother– Treaty of Bucharest in 1913 redistributed Treaty of Bucharest in 1913 redistributed

disputed landdisputed land– Serbia increased in powerSerbia increased in power

Threatened Austria-HungaryThreatened Austria-Hungary Russia wanted to expand its own territoryRussia wanted to expand its own territory

French, British, and German powers tried French, British, and German powers tried to maintain balance of powerto maintain balance of power– Prevent Austria-Hungary or Russia from Prevent Austria-Hungary or Russia from

gaining more territorygaining more territory