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Chapter 20Section 4
Key Terms
Czar Alexander I Hundred Days Duke of Wellington Prince Klemens von Metternich Charles Maurice de Talleyrand Indemnity Reactionary
The Russian Campaign
Czar Alexander I- Russian leader
Concerned that Napoleon stationed troops at his border
Worried about imports for his country
Napoleon moved his troops into Russia
The Russian Campaign
• 600,000 soldiers invade
• Most soldiers were new recruits
• Supplies were lost or spoiled
• July heat tough on men and horses
• Disease, desertion, hunger thinned the ranks
The Russian Campaign
Napoleon wanted a quick victory
Russian troops withdrew
Peasants moved and set their fields on fire
August French troops moving to Moscow
French won a battle
The Russian Campaign
Russian army 90000 strong retreated
French army in Moscow in September
City deserted and in flames
Napoleon could not support his troops
Left Moscow in October
The Russian Campaign
• Russians forced the French to retreat as they entered
• Russian peasants attacked isolated French soldiers
• Harsh Russian winter kills thousands
• 94,000 out 600,000 return to France
Defeat and Exile to Elba
Russia, Prussia, Austria, Great Britain become allies
October 1813 met with Napoleon
Napoleon defeated Allies enter Paris in
triumph
Defeat and Exile to Elba
Napoleon has to give up the throne
Keeps title of emperor
Sent to island of Elba
Off the coast of Italy with 400 guards
The Last Campaigns
Allies restore French monarchy
Louis XVII takes the throne
Return France to 1792 borders
King became unpopular
French feared a return to the old ways
The Hundred Days
• After a year in exile Napoleon escapes
• Louis XVII flees to Belgium
• French had despised Napoleon
• Thousands of citizens were excited
• Troops sent to arrest Napoleon pledged their loyalty
The Hundred Days
March 20 Napoleon arrives in Paris
People cheered Hundred days
begins Hundred days-
brief period of renewed glory for Napoleon
Battle of Waterloo
• Napoleon’s enemies gathered for another battle
• Duke of Wellington –British commander
• June 18, 1815 armies met at Waterloo
• Prussia and Britain combine forces
• Push the French off the battlefield
Battle of Waterloo
French and British suffer huge loses
Casualties total 50,000 men
Waterloo crushing defeat for Napoleon
End of the Napoleonic Wars
Napoleon’s Final Days
Tried to escape to America
Exiled to Saint Helena, 1200 miles from mainland
Napoleon did not escape
Died 6 years later at 51
The Congress of Vienna
Purpose was to create a stable Europe
Diplomats redrew map-of-Europe
700 diplomats attend
Only a few were crucial to negotiations
The Congress of Vienna
Lord Castlereagh, Czar Alexander I, King Frederick William III, Prince Klemens von Metternich, Charles Maurice de Talleyrand
Meeternich had a strong distaste for democracy
• Wanted to restore the old balance of power
• Restore old monarchies, compensate allies
• Wanted to make sure France would never rise again
• Congress wanted to put down revolution where ever it occurred
Redrawing the Map
• Congress of Vienna changed many borders
• Strengthened nations around France
• 38 German states for the German Coalition
• Britain gains oversea territories
• France lost all its conquered territory
• Indemnity- France had to pay back damages to other countries
Restoring Monarchies
Restored some monarchies Napoleon had eliminated
Old Bourbon family returned to Spain and Sicily
Monarchies restored in Portugal and Sardinia
Metternich’s Influence
Reactionary-ideals not only oppose progress but want things to return to the old ways
Metternich was a reactionary
Believed in absolute monarchy
Despised constitutions, voting rights, freedom of religion
Metternich’s Influence
Austria, Germany, Italy, suppressed liberal ideas with secret police
Newspapers were not allowed to publish opposing views
Revolution’s Legacy
After Congress of Vienna monarchs ruled much of Europe
Citizens rights were again restricted
French Revolution changed many things
Nobles and monarchs were not secure in their positions
Revolution’s Legacy
Enlightenment ideas would not go away
Common people knew they could make changes
People no longer assumed nothing can change
Revolution lasted 10 years
Revolutions Legacy
Inspired people for 200 years
Survived worst horrors of French Revolution and Napoleonic Wars
Massive revolutions occurred in France and Rumania
Inspired Latin America to overthrow colonial rule