Modern Church History 1

The Resurgence The Resurgence of Catholicismof CatholicismLooking at the Development Looking at the Development

of the Roman Catholic of the Roman Catholic Church 1815-1963Church 1815-1963

2Modern Church History

The Impact of the French The Impact of the French RevolutionRevolution

Pius VII Pius VII (1800-1823)(1800-1823)

NapoleonNapoleon

ChateaubriaChateaubriand nd Genie du Genie du Christianisme Christianisme 18021802

3Modern Church History

UltramontanismUltramontanism Pius IX (1846-1878)Pius IX (1846-1878)

A political reformer (at A political reformer (at first)first)

1854 Immaculate 1854 Immaculate Conception of MaryConception of Mary

1864 1864 Syllabus of ErrorsSyllabus of Errors 1869 Vatican Council: 1869 Vatican Council:

absolute papal authorityabsolute papal authority

4Modern Church History

GaribaldiGaribaldi Italian nationalism Italian nationalism

(Garibaldi) led to loss of (Garibaldi) led to loss of papal statespapal states

Effect of de-secularising Effect of de-secularising papal authoritypapal authority

Leo XIII (1878-1903) Leo XIII (1878-1903) statesmanstatesman

““Catholic Action”Catholic Action” 1891 1891 Rerum novarumRerum novarum

5Modern Church History

Catholicism in the USACatholicism in the USA The effect of The effect of

immigrationimmigration The “Catholic Irish”The “Catholic Irish” A period of A period of

naturalization and naturalization and AmericanizationAmericanization

First Plenary CouncilFirst Plenary Council Baltimore 1852Baltimore 1852

6Modern Church History

Pius X (1903-1914)Pius X (1903-1914) 1905 France formal 1905 France formal

separation of church separation of church and state. Church only and state. Church only legalised by 1920s.legalised by 1920s.

Rise of modernism/ Rise of modernism/ biblical criticismbiblical criticism

1907 1907 PascendiPascendi encyclical againstencyclical against modernismmodernism

7Modern Church History

2020thth Century Catholicism Century Catholicism October 2, October 2, 19281928: : Opus DeiOpus Dei, a worldwide , a worldwide

organization of lay members .organization of lay members . February 11, February 11, 19291929: The : The Lateran treatiesLateran treaties are are

signed by Benito Mussolini and Cardinal signed by Benito Mussolini and Cardinal Gasparri establishing the independent State of Gasparri establishing the independent State of the the Vatican CityVatican City and resolving the Roman and resolving the Roman Question. Question.

July 20, July 20, 19331933: Concordat Between the Holy : Concordat Between the Holy See and the German Reich. See and the German Reich.

September 1, September 1, 19391939: Germany invades Poland. : Germany invades Poland. Start of the Second World War. The Vatican Start of the Second World War. The Vatican declares neutrality. declares neutrality.

8Modern Church History

19441944: The German Army occupies Rome. : The German Army occupies Rome. Adolf HitlerAdolf Hitler proclaims he will respect Vatican proclaims he will respect Vatican neutrality. Rome is liberated by the Allies after only neutrality. Rome is liberated by the Allies after only a few weeks of occupation. a few weeks of occupation.

19501950: The : The Assumption of MaryAssumption of Mary is defined as dogma. is defined as dogma. January 20, January 20, 19611961: : John F. KennedyJohn F. Kennedy is sworn in as is sworn in as

the 35th president of the United States. He the 35th president of the United States. He becomes the first Roman Catholic and youngest becomes the first Roman Catholic and youngest president to be elected. president to be elected.

October 11, 1962: Pope John XXIII opens the October 11, 1962: Pope John XXIII opens the Second Ecumenical Vatican Council. The 21st Second Ecumenical Vatican Council. The 21st ecumenical council of the Catholic church ecumenical council of the Catholic church emphasized the universal call toemphasized the universal call to

9Modern Church History

Towards Vatican IITowards Vatican II Throughout the Throughout the 1950s1950s, Roman Catholic , Roman Catholic

theological and biblical studies had begun to theological and biblical studies had begun to sway away from the sway away from the neo-scholasticismneo-scholasticism and and biblical literalism. biblical literalism.

This shift could be seen in theologians such as This shift could be seen in theologians such as Karl Karl RahnerRahner, and , and John Courtney MurrayJohn Courtney Murray who who looked to integrate modern human experience looked to integrate modern human experience with Christian dogma, as well as others such with Christian dogma, as well as others such as as Yves Yves CongarCongar and Joseph Ratzinger (now and Joseph Ratzinger (now Pope Benedict XVIPope Benedict XVI) looked to what they saw as ) looked to what they saw as a more accurate understanding of scripture a more accurate understanding of scripture and the early Church Fathers as a source of and the early Church Fathers as a source of renewal ("renewal ("resourcementresourcement").").

10Modern Church History

Pope John XXIIIPope John XXIII Pope John XXIIIPope John XXIII, when asked why , when asked why

the Council was needed, reportedly the Council was needed, reportedly opening a window and saying, "I opening a window and saying, "I want to throw open the windows of want to throw open the windows of the Church so that we can see out the Church so that we can see out and the people can see in." He and the people can see in." He invited other Christian Churches to invited other Christian Churches to send observers to the Council. in send observers to the Council. in nature.nature.

11Modern Church History

Vatican II: The Main Points

The ChurchThe Church LiturgyLiturgy Scripture and divine Scripture and divine

revelationrevelation The bishopsThe bishops

12Modern Church History

John Paul II John Paul II

19701970: : Revision of the Roman MissalRevision of the Roman Missal, following on gradual , following on gradual introduction of vernacular languages in celebration of introduction of vernacular languages in celebration of MassMass. .

October 16, October 16, 19781978: : Pope John Paul IIPope John Paul II becomes the first non- becomes the first non-Italian pope in 450 years; influential in overthrowing Italian pope in 450 years; influential in overthrowing communismcommunism in Europe. in Europe.

December 31, December 31, 19911991: The Soviet Union is officially : The Soviet Union is officially dissolved. Persecuted Church re-emerges out of hiding. dissolved. Persecuted Church re-emerges out of hiding.

19921992: A : A Catechism of the Catholic ChurchCatechism of the Catholic Church is first printed in is first printed in French. French.

19941994: : OrdinatioOrdinatio SacerdotalisSacerdotalis, an Apostolic Letter , an Apostolic Letter upholding a prohibition against upholding a prohibition against ordination of womenordination of women to the to the priesthood, is promulgated by Pope priesthood, is promulgated by Pope John Paul IIJohn Paul II. .

13Modern Church History

21st century Catholic 21st century Catholic ChurchChurch

Criticism for its traditional teaching on such Criticism for its traditional teaching on such issues as issues as birth controlbirth control, , abortionabortion, and women , and women in the priesthood.in the priesthood.

Scandals of Scandals of child abusechild abuse.. 2005: The death of 2005: The death of PopePope John Paul IIJohn Paul II.. September 11, September 11, 20012001: Muslim suicide : Muslim suicide

bombers of al-Qaeda crash two hijacked bombers of al-Qaeda crash two hijacked Boeing 767s on the World Trade Center. Boeing 767s on the World Trade Center. Catalyst of invasion of Afghanistan and Iraq. Catalyst of invasion of Afghanistan and Iraq. Simmering tensions between Christians and Simmering tensions between Christians and Muslims surface worldwide. Muslims surface worldwide.

April 19April 19, , 20052005: German-born Cardinal Joseph : German-born Cardinal Joseph Ratzinger is elected by the Ratzinger is elected by the College of CardinalsCollege of Cardinals as as Pope Benedict XVIPope Benedict XVI, , thus becoming the first Pope elected during thus becoming the first Pope elected during the 21st century and the the 21st century and the 3rd millennium3rd millennium. .