The Rationale of Slum Upgrading: what do we need to know ... The Rationale of Slum Upgrading: what do we need to know when desiging projects and programmes. ... • Eradication

14/8/2006 claudio acioly ihs 1

Claudio Acioly Jr. Claudio Acioly Jr. Institute for Housing and Urban Development StudiesInstitute for Housing and Urban Development Studies –– IHSIHS

TheThe NetherlandsNetherlands

[email protected]@ihs.nlnl

wwwwww.ihs..ihs.nlnl

The RationaleThe Rationale ofof Slum UpgradingSlum Upgrading::

whatwhat do do we need to we need to know know when when desiging projects and programmesdesiging projects and programmes


1.1.

Global & Local Global & Local Efforts to Efforts to Tackle the Problem Tackle the Problem


Target 11:

By 2020, to have achieved a significant improvement in the lives of at least 100 million slum dwellers,which builds upon the Cities Alliance’s Cities Without Slums Initiative.

Millennium Development Agenda

GOAL 7: ENSURE ENVIRONMENTAL SUSTAINABILITY


Target 11Target 11 REVISITED (2005)REVISITED (2005): :

By 2020, By 2020, improving substantially the lives of improving substantially the lives of at least 100 million slum dwellers, while at least 100 million slum dwellers, while

providing alternatives to new slums providing alternatives to new slums formation.formation.

Millennium Development Agenda

WHAT DOES IT MEAN IN PRACTICE?

IS IT RELEVANT FOR YOUR COUNTRY?


Requirements to Meet Goals•• Political will and Continuous Government CommitmentPolitical will and Continuous Government Commitment

•• Financial ResourcesFinancial Resources

•• Civil Society Civil Society Mobilisation Mobilisation and Participationand Participation

•• Policy ReformsPolicy Reforms

•• Institution BuildingInstitution Building

•• Capacity Building and Human Resources DevelopmentCapacity Building and Human Resources Development

•• Attitude ChangeAttitude Change

•• Knowledge and Action ResearchKnowledge and Action Research

•• Creativity and InnovationCreativity and Innovation


The World Bank is supporting Slum Projects world wide… with nearly $5 Billion US Dollars.

Region # projects value ($Millions)

Africa 18 580

East Asia/pacific 8 1,830

Latin America 6 1,400

South Asia 9 520

Middle east/n. Africa 4 430

Europe/central Asia 0 0

Total 45 $4,770

Source: World Bank, Urban Upgrading data base, March 2001


WHAT IS IT? HOW DO WE UNDERSTAND IT?WHAT IS IT? HOW DO WE UNDERSTAND IT?

Informal Settlements

?•• process of land occupation process of land occupation

•• different mechanismsdifferent mechanisms of consolidation of consolidation

•• standards and normsstandards and norms

•• laws governing urban space and laws governing urban space and urbanburbanb activitiesactivities..


•• process of land process of land occupation occupation

•• different mechanismsdifferent mechanismsof consolidationof consolidation

•• standards and normsstandards and norms

•• laws governing urban laws governing urban space and urban space and urban activitiesactivities..

Invasion, commercially subdivided, encroachment

Informal, spontaneous, unplanned,

Precarious, sub-standard, poor quality,

Illegal, unclear land rights, insecurity of property rights


What is a slum?What is a slum?

Slums are neglected parts of cities where housing and living conditions are appallingly lacking. Slums range from high density, squalid central city tenements to spontaneous squatter settlements without legal recognition or rights, sprawling at the edge of cities. Some are more than fifty years old, some are land invasions just underway. Slums may be called by various names, Favelas, Kampungs, Tugurios, yet share the same miserable living conditions.

SOURCE: www.web.mit.edu/urbanupgrading

http://www.web.mit.edu/urbanupgrading


22..The Rationale of The Rationale of UpgradingUpgrading


SETTLEMENT UPGRADING

WHY?

HOW? HOW MUCH?

WHAT? WHO?

Policy goals & objectives. Costs and benefits

Institutional setting, Organization, Responsibilities, Project & Program Management

Economics & Finance, Cost Recovery, Replicability and Sustainability

Priorities & Program Components: CP, Infrastructure, Roads & Accesses, Housing, Employment, Tenure, Services, etc.

Strategies, Methods, Tools and Techniques


UPGRADINGUPGRADINGprocess of intervention in the physical, social, economic and juridical structure of an existing human settlement

(0) An empowered local government with a clear policy in place

(1) An institutional and organizational basis

(2) The participation of residents

(3) Partnership between public, private and community stakeholders

(4) Availability of financial resources

(5) Implementation and management capacities

(6) Coordination, planning and management mechanisms


What is Slum Upgrading?What is Slum Upgrading?from Cities without Slums Action Planfrom Cities without Slums Action PlanSlum Upgrading consists of physical, social, Slum Upgrading consists of physical, social, economic, organizational and environmental economic, organizational and environmental improvements undertaken cooperatively and improvements undertaken cooperatively and locally among citizens, community groups, locally among citizens, community groups, businesses and local authorities. Actions businesses and local authorities. Actions typically include: typically include:

••Installing or improving basic Installing or improving basic infrastructure;infrastructure;

••water reticulation, water reticulation,

••sanitation/waste collection, sanitation/waste collection,

••rehabilitation of circulation, rehabilitation of circulation,

••storm drainage and flood prevention,storm drainage and flood prevention,

••electricity, electricity,

••security lighting, security lighting,

••and public telephonesand public telephones

Source: www.citiesalliance.org


Upgrading Upgrading -- or slum improvement as it is or slum improvement as it is also called also called -- in low income urban in low income urban communities is many things, but at its communities is many things, but at its simplest it has come to mean a package of simplest it has come to mean a package of basic services: clean water supply and basic services: clean water supply and adequate sewage disposal to improve the adequate sewage disposal to improve the wellwell--being of the community. But being of the community. But fundamental is legalizing and fundamental is legalizing and ‘‘regularizingregularizing’’ the properties in situations the properties in situations of insecure or unclear tenure.of insecure or unclear tenure.

SOURCE: www.web.mit.edu/urbanupgrading

What is upgrading?What is upgrading?


Policy Formulation Objectives Setting

Selection Criteria Resettlement x Upgrading

Cadastre Beneficiaries SurveysCommunity

Involvement

Setting Program Management Resources allocation

Project Design Public Tendering

Project Planning Preparation

Project Implementation 1

2

3

456

7

8

People’s needs and demands

THE INFORMAL SETTLEMENT UPGRADING CYCLETHE INFORMAL SETTLEMENT UPGRADING CYCLE


33..What do we know What do we know from 30 years of from 30 years of Upgrading?Upgrading?


•• On policies?On policies?

•• On Impacts?On Impacts?

•• On results?On results?

•• On limitations?On limitations?


INFORMAL URBANIZATION

1. OCCUPATION

2. CONSTRUCTION

3. INFRASTRUCTURE

4. PLANNING

Cities growing based on informal logic:


By the end of 1990s, 60% of the settlement areas in İstanbul are squatter districts.


Shifts in Policy Doctrines Shifts in Policy Doctrines

Integration+Social Inclusion+Upgrading

The 90’sThe 90’s

Recognition+Improvements+Upgrading


Demolition+Eviction


Different Policies and Approaches.


•Land Acquisition

•Land banking

•Conventional housing projects

•Land Acquisition

•Land banking

•Conventional housing projects

Policy DoctrinesPolicy DoctrinesResponses to Informal SettlementsResponses to Informal Settlements

• Combined Approaches• Infrastructure

improvement and services + physical & layout restructuring + legalization of land tenure.

• Integration into programs

• Combined Approaches• Infrastructure

improvement and services + physical & layout restructuring + legalization of land tenure.

• Integration into programs

• City wide Policies• Local Governments

- urban management and governance – at the forefront

• urban productivity measures


•Land tenure regularization

•Sites and services

•Finance

•Integrated projects

•Land tenure regularization

•Sites and services

•Finance

•Integrated projects

• Integration to the housing policies

• No large scale programs


•• RR+ EERR+ EE• Repression• Resettlement• Eradication• Eviction


From From ProjectsProjects

to to ProgrammesProgrammes


1987: Evaluation of the Upgrading Experiences1987: Evaluation of the Upgrading Experiences11 CASES11 CASES: : MetroManilaMetroManila, Jakarta (KIP), Calcutta, Madras, Karachi, , Jakarta (KIP), Calcutta, Madras, Karachi, IsmailiaIsmailia, Lusaka, Managua, La Paz, , Lusaka, Managua, La Paz, GuaiaquilGuaiaquil, ,

KingstonKingston

KEY RESULTS:

•Induced substantial improvements in the quality and quantity of housing

•Led to increased property values

•Gentrification as exception rather than the rule

KEY RESULTS:

•Induced substantial improvements in the quality and quantity of housing

•Led to increased property values

•Gentrification as exception rather than the rule

QUESTIONS REMAINING ABOUT PUBLIC INTERVENTION:

cost effectiveness . 1land tenure . 2

rental housing (house and room renters) . 3program financing . 4

cost recovery options . 5

QUESTIONS REMAINING ABOUT PUBLIC INTERVENTION:

cost effectiveness . 1land tenure . 2

rental housing (house and room renters) . 3program financing . 4

cost recovery options . 5

Skinner,Taylor & Wegelin, 1987.

The Need to Modify Programmes and Projects


Programme & Project IMPACTSProgramme & Project IMPACTSPublic Investments through Upgrading

Infrastructure, roads, services, community development, building materials credit, etc.

Public Investments through Upgrading

Infrastructure, roads, services, community development, building materials credit, etc.

Generation of private investmentsGeneration of private investments

Housing ImprovementsHousing Improvements

Quality & Quantity of Housing StockQuality & Quantity of Housing Stock

Formal and informal housing markets

Formal and informal housing markets

Institutional and policy reformsInstitutional and policy reforms


xQuality & Quantity of Housing Stock

Fostering Housing Development and Housing Production at low costs

Long-term Capitalized Costs more expensive than Conventional Housing Programs

ABSENCE

Formal Housing Finance

MechanismsIndividual & private investments

IMPACTS FROM UPGRADING? 44

Housing Improvements

1 2

PUBLIC INVESTMENTS


44..Some findingsSome findings. . .. . .


FINDINGS FROM INTERNATIONAL RESEARCHFINDINGS FROM INTERNATIONAL RESEARCHTRENDS IN SEVERAL COUNTRIES TRENDS IN SEVERAL COUNTRIES 19921992--19951995

INNOVATIONSadaptation of existing instruments rather than

creation of new ones

1. More attention to land regularisation and legalization of tenure

2. Searching for sustainability and formulas to finance programs and projects

3. Mechanisms of “home savings” and schemes of community financing

4. Promoting mechanisms to boost real estate market development

5. Gradual but continuous process of supplying basic infrastructure

6. Integration to housing markets, housing production and land supply

7. Strategic Partnerships and articulation among various stakeholders

UMP Working Paper Series, no. 6, 1996.

Regularization and Integration policies becoming integral

parts of city development

strategies


SOME REGIONAL SPECIFICITY'S IN UPGRADING SOME REGIONAL SPECIFICITY'S IN UPGRADING AND REGULARIZATION OF INFORMAL AND REGULARIZATION OF INFORMAL

SETTLEMENTS SETTLEMENTS

Asia & Latin AmericaAsia & Latin America

• integration to the real estate market

• importance of private operators

• dynamics of community associations

• middle class purchasing plots & housing in clandestine settlements

• incremental land development

Segregation

Africa

• Urbanization and Urban management living side by side with traditional/customary or tribal laws and colonial laws

• Gradual Market Development• Mixture of Government and

Local & Customary laws • Incipient Process of institution

building


CASE STUDIES (1992 CASE STUDIES (1992 -- 95)95)UMP Working Paper Series, no. 6, 1996

SITUATION SITUATION DETERIORATESDETERIORATES

Economic Crisis

Rural Migration

Absence of the State

Crisis of authority of the State

Mostly inSUBSAHARANAFRICA

SITUATION STABILIZESSITUATION STABILIZES

Accumulation of Capital

Concrete measures towards upgrading & improvement

Tolerance towards the informal market

SENEGAL, INDIA,SRILANKA, PHILIPPINES, BRAZIL (some cities)

SITUATION IMPROVESSITUATION IMPROVES

Political Stability

High rates of economic growth

Setup of programs with intense foreign aid and external assistance

Trends to large scale programs

TUNISIA, THAILAND,MALASIA, INDONESIA, (KIP/IUIDP), MEXICO, CHILE, BRAZIL (some cities like Rio)


UPGRADING OF INFORMAL SETTLEMENTS UPGRADING OF INFORMAL SETTLEMENTS

Innovations & pilot experiences around usual models

• Structure the market and ease mobility

• Withdrawal of the State from direct intervention

• Encourage partnerships with private sector

• Integrated Projects: spatial restructuring with land regularization & supply/improvement of services + infrastructure.

Limitations of the models utilized during the last decades

1. several objectives

2. goals not well defined

3. fragmented interventions

4. project implemented under only one agency

To guarantee the emerge and development of MARKET procedures

MODEL OF INTERVENTIONMODEL OF INTERVENTION


5.5.OBJECTIVES OF OBJECTIVES OF

UPGRADINGUPGRADINGWHO’S OBJECTIVESWHO’S OBJECTIVES??

HOW HOW IS IT DEFINEDIS IT DEFINED??

WHOWHO DEFINES DEFINES ITIT? ?


20 - 80 % of urban growth

&

15 - 70 % of the total population

INFORMAL URBANIZATION in cities of the Development Countries

To create the basic conditions for their integration to the Housing and Real Estate Market

POLICIES OF INTERVENTION

From the 1980’s onwards

Improvement and/or provision of basic infrastructure

Spatial-physical Restructuring

Legalization of Tenure & Land regularization physical social juridical


GOALS and OBJECTIVES GOALS and OBJECTIVES THE REGULARIZATION & UPGRADING OF THE REGULARIZATION & UPGRADING OF

INFORMAL SETTLEMENTS INFORMAL SETTLEMENTS

1.1. To reduce the shortage of housing and urban services To reduce the shortage of housing and urban services

2.2. To Establish Social Control MechanismsTo Establish Social Control Mechanisms

3.3. To Ease Social TensionsTo Ease Social Tensions

4.4. To integrate the informal housing stock into the To integrate the informal housing stock into the mechanisms of the real estate market and increase local mechanisms of the real estate market and increase local government revenuesgovernment revenues

5.5. To intensify the presence of the State and safeguard the To intensify the presence of the State and safeguard the status quo and the dominant political setting status quo and the dominant political setting


1.1. Mitigation of environmental hazardsMitigation of environmental hazards2.2. Incentives for community management and maintenanceIncentives for community management and maintenance3.3. Constructing or rehabilitating community facilities such as Constructing or rehabilitating community facilities such as

nurseries, health posts, community open spacenurseries, health posts, community open space4.4. Regularizing security of tenure Regularizing security of tenure 5.5. Home improvementHome improvement6.6. Relocation & compensation for residents dislocated by the Relocation & compensation for residents dislocated by the

improvementsimprovements7.7. Access to health care and education as well as social support Access to health care and education as well as social support

programs to address issues of security, violence, substance programs to address issues of security, violence, substance abuse, etc.abuse, etc.

8.8. Enhancement of incomeEnhancement of income--earning opportunities through training earning opportunities through training and microand micro--creditcredit

9.9. Building social capital and the institutional framework to Building social capital and the institutional framework to sustain improvements.sustain improvements.

Various ObjectivesVarious Objectives


The First Decision:The First Decision:

• What Policy objective?

• Whose objective?

• How to define it?

• Who defines it?


6.The legal discourse produces a

new generation of projects

ButBut, , yesyes wewe havehave alwaysalways spokenspoken aboutaboutthethe legalisationlegalisation ofof tenuretenure !!!! !!!!


VariousVarious Generations ofGenerations of Upgrading Projects Upgrading Projects

FirstFirst GenerationGeneration• Emphasis on

infrastructure improvement

• Pioneering

• Project Unit

• Sector vision

SecondSecond GenerationGeneration•Enphasis on physical plan

•Physical/social survey

•Community discourse

•Project Coordination Group

•Vision of Housing Policy

ThirdThird GenerationGeneration•Enphasis on Integrated Plan

•Vision of integration and social inclusion

•Institutional & Frameworks

•Legal Discourse

•Vision of Programme

Organisational

ProjectProject ProgramProgramInfrastructure Infrastructure ImprovementImprovement

UrbanisationUrbanisationUPGRADINGUPGRADING

RegularisationRegularisationINTEGRATION INTEGRATION

Health Health ImprovementImprovement

LegalisationLegalisation LegalisationLegalisation


Legal Legal ParadigmParadigm advocatedadvocated by by thethe UN UN Habitat ConferenceHabitat Conference -- HabitatHabitat I I

(Vancouver, 1976)(Vancouver, 1976)

““SecuritySecurity ofof tenuretenure in in favourfavour ofof thetheoccupantsoccupants ofof plotsplots willwill stimulatestimulate privateprivateinvestmentsinvestments in in housinghousing improvementimprovement andandwillwill free free thethe STATE toSTATE to concentrateconcentrate itselfitselfonon thethe investmentsinvestments in in infrastructureinfrastructure andandservicesservices”.”.


7.But what kind of informality are

we talking about?

FavelasFavelas or loteamentosor loteamentos clandestinos (Brasil); clandestinos (Brasil); JJ settlementsJJ settlementsor Unauthorised Coloniesor Unauthorised Colonies (India); Tugurios (India); Tugurios oror Barreadas Barreadas ((PeruPeru), ), katchi abadis katchi abadis ((PakistanPakistan), ), KampungsKampungs (Indonesia), (Indonesia),

GecekondusGecekondus ((TurkeyTurkey), Piratas (Colombia), Villas miserias ), Piratas (Colombia), Villas miserias (Argentina), (Argentina), bidonvillesbidonvilles ((AfricaAfrica francofonafrancofona), ), YecherekaYechereka betbet

((EthiopiaEthiopia), ), BastisBastis ((BangladeshBangladesh) informal ) informal SettlementsSettlements, , SlumsSlums, , SquattersSquatters, Vecindades, , Vecindades, MocambosMocambos, Conventillos..., Conventillos...

Jhuggi-Jhomprio


Irregular SettlementsIrregular Settlements1.1. illegal subdivision of privately owned landillegal subdivision of privately owned land

2.2. Process of land occupation “permitted” or stimulated Process of land occupation “permitted” or stimulated by the land developer or land ownerby the land developer or land owner

3.3. Land subdivision undertaken by owners or land holdersLand subdivision undertaken by owners or land holders

4.4. Irregular land titling purely based on transaction or Irregular land titling purely based on transaction or sale/purchase document between owner/vendor and sale/purchase document between owner/vendor and purchaserpurchaser

5.5. A notary registry of transaction A notary registry of transaction -- informal land titlinginformal land titling

6.6. Poor infrastructure servicesPoor infrastructure services

7.7. Not necessarily according to the existing norms and Not necessarily according to the existing norms and regulationsregulations

8.8. Gradual processGradual process


Illegal subdivision in Campo Grande•Bairro Aurora - 448 plots - 2240 inhabitants


Loteamento Irregular en Guaratiba llamado Jardin Maravilha - 11,754 parcelas (1720 son ocupadas ) - 5527 habitantes




SquattersSquattersInformal Informal Settlements Settlements

1.1. Process ofProcess of landland invasioninvasion ((mostlymostly onon publicpublic landland))

2.2. ProcessProcess of land occupation tolerated of land occupation tolerated by by GovernmentGovernment

3.3. Spontaneous process of building and land occupationSpontaneous process of building and land occupation

4.4. Densification is Densification is a a function of government tolerancefunction of government tolerance

5.5. NormallyNormally, 1st , 1st generation generation has no has no document of document of individual individual landland holdingholding

6.6. Often Often out out of building and urban norms of building and urban norms & & regulationsregulations

7.7. Gradual Gradual process of urbanisation and consolidationprocess of urbanisation and consolidation






8.What type of intervention are we

talking about?

UrbanizationUrbanization, , ImprovementImprovement, , RegularisationRegularisation, , Settlement Settlement Planning, Planning, Urban IntegrationUrban Integration, , Urban Urban

RenewalRenewal, , Urban RevitalisationUrban Revitalisation, , Settlement Settlement UpgradingUpgrading, , Land RegularisationLand Regularisation, ,

LegalisationLegalisation......


SLUM UPGRADINGSLUM UPGRADINGSettlement UPGRADINGSettlement UPGRADING

Urbanization and Urbanization and Regularisation Regularisation of Informal Settlementsof Informal Settlements

Process of intervention in the physical, Process of intervention in the physical, social, economic and juridical structures social, economic and juridical structures

of an existing human settlementof an existing human settlement

IMPROVE THE QUALITY OF LIFE OF ITS INHABITANTS


Spontaneous Occupations

Organised or Densification

Land Subdivisions

Guided and/or by Sell & BuyXX

Totally Distinct Solutions, Approaches and Totally Distinct Solutions, Approaches and Intervention Mechanisms Intervention Mechanisms


Public DomainPublic Domain

Private DomainPrivate Domain

Infrastructure Networks

Urbanization and Urbanization and Regularisation Regularisation of Informal of Informal Settlements Settlements

Phase IPhase I

Phase IIPhase II

Urbanistic Urbanistic & Building & Building RegularisationRegularisation1.1. Law Enforcement Law Enforcement

2.2. Adjusting to current laws, norms and usesAdjusting to current laws, norms and uses

3.3. Limits of Individual Actions Limits of Individual Actions

4.4. Regularization of the constructionRegularization of the construction

5.5. Control Mechanisms on UrbanismControl Mechanisms on Urbanism

Rights, guarantees and obligations to Rights, guarantees and obligations to individuals/families through the title and/or a legal individuals/families through the title and/or a legal document that recognizes land possession and/or document that recognizes land possession and/or

propertyproperty


SETTLEMENT UPGRADING SETTLEMENT UPGRADING SLUM UPGRADINGSLUM UPGRADING

Process of intervention in the physical, Process of intervention in the physical, social, economic and juridical structure social, economic and juridical structure of an existing human settlement in order of an existing human settlement in order to launch a development process geared to launch a development process geared to fundamentally improve the quality of to fundamentally improve the quality of

life and living conditions of its life and living conditions of its inhabitantsinhabitants

Claudio Acioly, 1997.


UPGRADINGUPGRADINGSine-qua-non Conditions for Success:

(0) An empowered local government with a clear policy in place

(1) An institutional and organizational basis

(2) The participation of residents

(3) Partnership between public, private and community stakeholders

(4) Availability of financial resources

(5) Implementation and management capacities

(6) Coordination, planning and management mechanisms


Dimensions & Factors to ConsiderDimensions & Factors to Consider

Juridical Legal

Economic &

Financial

Physical &

TerritorialNatural Environment

Social &Human

Informal SettlementInformal

Settlement

Public Policies

Action PLAN

Planning and Management Methods & Instruments

Execution and Monitoring Techniques

Public Institutions

Civil Society Stakeholders

Interest Groups Decision

Making Processes

Residents


Fundamental Fundamental Elements to Consider when Elements to Consider when Designing a Slum Improvement Designing a Slum Improvement ProgrammeProgramme

Access to Potable Water

Security ofLand Tenure

SustainableHousing

Adequate Living Space

Accessibility andPublic Space

Access to Employment

Access to Basic Sanitation

Participation in Decision Making


Phases & Steps in the Conventional Process to Regularise Land Tenure in Informally Developed Human Settlements

Social Mobilisation of Residents

Improvement in Infrastructure

Political Decision

Upgrading & Urban

Restructuring

Land Expropriation if privately owned

Topographic Plotting of Plan

Procedures to legalize plots in favour of residents

1

2

34

5

6

7

Urban/Settlement Plan


9.

Some conclusions. . .


Some Basic Conclusions on Upgrading:Some Basic Conclusions on Upgrading:

1. Must involve stakeholders from ground zero;

2. The plan is a process and therefore dynamic;

3. Investments in infrastructure requires a settlement plan defining private & public domain

4. The occupation of land prior to the existence of a plan requiresa process of co-management but this conflicts with the technocratic tradition;

5. Fixed rules of planning & management put residents aside and take away their level of commitment to the post-upgrading

6. Reversing the conventional order – first legalisation then urban regularisation – may eliminate the risk of eviction but it can also make it difficult for infrastructure provision


Basic Conclusions on Basic Conclusions on RegularisationRegularisation

1. Governments cannot do it by itself;

2. The NGO’s have a fundamental role to play as technical advisors;

3. There is a need to simplify;

4. We must break with the traditions in various levels;

5. We must empower intermediary levels of governments and local actors

6. We just strengthen the capacity of the various actors and stakeholders on the regularisation processes and new procedures


Weaknesses at Program LevelWeaknessesWeaknesses at at ProgramProgram LevelLevel1.WeakOrganisationalbasis

1.1.WeakWeakOrganisationalOrganisationalbasisbasis

2.Lack of a visionon urbanmanagement

2.2.LackLack ofof a a visionvisiononon urbanurbanmanagementmanagement

6.Weak participatoryprocesses –technocratic tradition

6.6.WeakWeak participatoryparticipatoryprocessesprocesses ––technocratic technocratic traditiontradition

3.Lack ofinstitutionalisation ofprocesses & procedures– institutionalinformality

3.3.LackLack ofofinstitutionalisationinstitutionalisation ofofprocessesprocesses & & proceduresprocedures–– institutionalinstitutionalinformalityinformality

4.Full integration israrely accomplished partly because of complexity of the legal proceedings & procedures related to regularising land tenure rights

4.4.Full Full integration isintegration israrelyrarely accomplished accomplished partly because of partly because of complexity of the complexity of the legal legal proceedings proceedings & & procedures related to procedures related to regularising land tenure regularising land tenure rightsrights

5.Lack of vision & experience withinstitutional management

5.5.LackLack ofof visionvision & & experienceexperience withwithinstitutional institutional managementmanagement

Documents

The Rationale of Slum Upgrading: what do we need to know ... The Rationale of Slum Upgrading: what do we need to know when desiging projects and programmes. ... • Eradication