Slum Upgrading in Agra, India

7/31/2019 Slum Upgrading in Agra, India

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ARCHITECTURE PORTFOLIO ONLY IN INDIA SLUM UPGRADING, NORTH KACHPURA, AGRA ARCHITECTURE OF RAPID CHANGE & SCARCE RESOURCES NICHOLAS SOCRATES2012


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SITE SURVEYS

4. Land survey8. Water survey10. Cultural survey13. Site impressions14. Material survey16. Making the site model18. Nala direction

19. Land use20. Landmark buildings on site: key22. Generic railway worker's housing blocks23. Onsite Hindu temple24. Abandoned & built over old well25. Old / abandoned railway oce26. New water tower27. Old water tower28. New railway oce29. Meeting with the railway control ocer

MASTERPLAN

32. Initial masterplan sketches34. Proposed masterplan44. Phasing

PHASE 2: CENTRAL BUILDING

56. Location57. Existing building58. Phase 2 proposal synopsis59. Sections & elevations64. Climate diagrams: Rain water harvesting65. Climate diagrams: Solar shading66. 1:1 prototype o the bamboo and sari silk shading wall & window element68. Research: Nutrition in India69. Ground oor restaurant / cae proposal70. Research: Education in India71. Slum school proposal

PHASE 3: THE BRIDGE

74. Danger crossing the tracks75. Research: 15,000 deaths per year crossing the railway tracks in India76. Danger crossing the tracks onsite77. Initial concept sketches or the bridge80. Research: Gandi & The Railways81. Quantity survey: reusing the abandoned railway elements or the bridge construction82. Initial structural diagrams or the bridge

83. Bridge construction sequence84. Reconnecting two communities85. Proposed gure ground86. Renders showing the bridge's continuation o the existing access87. Plan showing the bridge's continuation o the existing access88. Bridge renders & sections90. The market side91. Examples o existing bridges within a walkable proximity to the site92. Bridge renders95. Making the bridge model96. Stair access to the bridge97. Bridge plan98. Bridge isometric99. Reused construction elements101. Bridge assembly details106. Bridge renders

PHASE 4: 'UNDER THE BRIDGE' MARKET & CONTAINER WALL

110. Location111. Phase 4 proposal synopsis112. Shipping containers in site proximity113. Research: Health issues & the lack o afordable hospitals in the area114. Case Study: 'Smile on Wheels' Mobile medical clinic, Mumbai115. 3D cutout through the proposed plugin medical clinic container unit116. Research: Health in India UNICEF & 'Smile on Wheels' Mobile medical clinic117. Proposed 'Under the Bridge' market renders & sections120. Research: 'DocinaBox' MicroFranchising model121. Research: Health situation in Agra

PHASE 1: DEWAT48. Location49. Philosophy50. Precedents51. DEWAT Proposa l52. DEWAT and irrigation proposal53. Research: Agriculture in India

CONTENTS


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PHASE 5: UNZONED TRADING ROUTE / ROOF EXTENSION

126. Location127. Phase 5 project synopsis128. Sections & renders132. Research: To zone o not to zone133. Trading route market render134. Research: Why ocial planning does not work in hyper dense areas135. Trading route market render

PHASE 68 a: THE GRID. AFFORDABLE HOUSING / CONTAINER BLOCKS

138. Proposed masterplan139. Masterplan renders: Areas o density, enclaves, streets & squares. Case study: Residence Bufalo, Fernand Poullion140. Shipping containers in site proximity141. Research: Modications shipping containers142. Making the 1:100 Housing block model143. 1:1 prototype or the bamboo and sari silk shading wall and window invention144. Afordable Housing / Container block occupied living units146. Wirerame model and midsite section147. Sections & elevations152. 'Pour Flush Toilet' composting latrine plan153. 'Pour Flush Toilet' composting latrine section154. Afordable Housing / Container block elevations with shading wall and windows installed158. Climate diagrams: Rain water harvesting159. Climate diagrams: Solar shading

161. 3D cutout through water tanks & toilet area162. Isometric housing block & elevations163. Isometric building elements164. Assembly details168. 3D assemblage drawings170. Afordable Housing / Container block occupied living units171. Render: Proposed idea172. Research: India's agriculture & composting process173. Render: Proposed idea

PHASE 67 b: VERTICAL SLUM / CONTAINER TOWER

176. Location177. Phase 67 b project synopsis178. Plans, sections & elevations180. Wirerame models182. A ssembly details184. Detailed plan185. 3D assembly details

PROJECT SUMMARY

188. Proposed masterplan194. Phasing197. Proposal summary

CONTENTS


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4

On location land survey, drawn on our rst day on site. Here we had to map a part o the slumwhich was not present on any map beore centre. This preliminary survey shows signs olooking into nala ow direction, land use and locating areas o neglect. All o which were urtherrealised on later surveys in the ollowing days on site.

ON-SITE LAND SURVEY


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ON-SITE LAND SURVEY 5

The Map shows the ow and direction o thenalas external drains, polluted swamps, areas oneglect and the ow o people the routes theytake and where they cross the railway tracks.


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ON-SITE LAND SURVEY. SECTION: SLUM SETTLEMENT BLOCKS - MARKET 6

On location sections through the route wherethe locals cross the railway tracks, rom theslum dwellings to the market on the other side.


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7LAND SURVEY. SECTION: SLUM SETTLEMENT BLOCKS - MARKET

Sections through the route where the localscross the railway tracks, rom the slum dwellingsto the market on the other side.


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POLLUTED LAKE 8

On location section througha polluted stagnant swamp.

Several nalas ow into thispolluted pond. It is the result oapproxamately 40 homes wastewater. This neglected area has alsoallen into a spiral decline as it nowis also used as a small dumpingground. The pond is likely to existat a very low point o the site, so

thereore the water , due to gravityis not able to ow anywhere;creating a stagnant pond opolluted water. It may be possiblethat this pond has been man madeas a ood relie zone, in times omonsoon. When on site we sawsome children throw a live tortoseinto the polluted pond. For sure thetortose would die rom this. Thispolluted area is an important areato clean and regenerate.


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9POLLUTED POND

On location drawings showing sectionsthrough a nala an external drain, whichwas ooding on a regular basis and wascausing dangerous situation or the locals.

This polluted pond is the result o anoverowed nala. Many nalas rom thesite ow this way and this particular nalaoverows because it is a bottle neck anduncapable o retaining all the dirty water.As well as the dirty water overowing thearea becomes a spiral o decline as muchrubbish is then consequently dumpedhere. Luckily this overow is naturallymade better than I rst thought as thenaurally growing plants lter the dirtywater. This nala in times o ood will notwork as a lter and the dirty water willspread, polluting the surrounding area.


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10CULTURAL SURVEY: PERSONAL EXPERIENCE & INDIA HEALTH RESEARCH

Personal Experience

Several events, over the 10 days wewere on site, took me back to thereality o what it could be like tolive in this area in this way.

On our rst day as we weredeparting the site with 30children ollowing us, asking orphotos and pens and shakingour hands continuously we were

overwhelmed: it was our rstday and unaccustomed to it wethought it was time to leave asthe intensity grew stronger andlouder. The children stoppedollowing us as we moved awayrom the area in which they livedin and we all said goodbye. At thispoint we all decided to sit downon an old bench and rest, slightlydiscombobulated rom our rstdays experience. At this point ostillness we saw a man walkingvery slowly holding on to his wiewho had a single crutch, which wastoo big. She was hobbling along

with her husband and a crutch assupport. The lady sat down at thesame bench as us and she was ingreat pain. We asked her husbandwhat was wrong and it was eitherher hip or her leg, which wasbroken. She was in a lot o pain andmoving made it hurt even more.Someone rom our group asked,Are you going to a hospital? butor sure the answer was no.

The second experience, whichhappened on site was when Iwas on my own. A boy was reallyinsisting me to give him somemoney, I replied by saying thatmoney was not a good idea andthat he should continue to help memeasure the watertower, whichhe did, but was quite persistentasking me or money several timesevery twenty seconds or so, whilstholding the end o the tape. Atera ew minutes o this he got veryannoyed at me, stopped helpingwith the measuring and starteddemanding money quite seriously.

This was quite disturbing, and hewas very loud. I told him no andI continued to measure on myown, which isnt that easy or longdistance measuring. The boy wentaway.One minute later he was back.This time holding his little sistero maybe only 6 months o age.He continued demanding anddemanding, but I was busymeasuring. I nally looked up and

he was actually asking or moneywhilst showing me his little sisterswrist, which had a severe openwound on it. The babys woundwas the size o a packet ten ocigarettes. It looked very bad, notthat recent, and it was not beingtreated in any way.

The third e xperience was the mostsobering o all. Just as our ourthday on site was coming to an endour autorickshaw driver was thereand waiting or us and we wereall heading towards the tuctuccar to go to home to the hotel,

when we all , at the same moment,looked over at once, and there wasa girl o probably one and a halto two years o age standing in alarge puddle o very dirty sewagewater, and then we witnessed herbending down and drinking thewater using her hands to scoopthe it up to her mouth. She wasstanding there alone she wasthirsty and she did not know not todrink it. She must o drank at least

hal a dozen handuls o this brownwater. We did not see this girl againor our remaining 6 days on site. Forsure she got very ill rom this.

There is no rst aid or medicalcentre anywhere close to the site.Because hospitals are costly and araway to travel, especially when notwell, locals who get ill or womenwho are pregnant deal with whatthey have by themselves, thismay result in extended illness,continued disease or unnecessarydeath.


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11NORTH OF KACHPURA SITE INTORDUCTION

Introduction North Group

Our site in India is situated, north o the Taj Mahal, acrossthe river Yamuna, somewhat separated rom mainlandAgra. The site is adjacent to, but set back rom the railwaylines, relatively close to a the Yamuna Bridge railway

station.

The railway tracks are not too busy. One train, eith er ullo passengers or cargo o industrial goods or buildingmaterials comes or goes once every hour or so; more timesthan not just passing by without stopping.

With a busy market on one side o the railway tracks, and acollection o slum settlements on the other; the two sidesare separated. The slums, somewhat isolated rom mainland Agra; exist as EdgeLands and they have a rural /urbanrural eel to them.

As soon as we crossed the railway lines, rom our site, tothe side o the market, we noticed a sudden change in theinrastructure; where everything is paved, the sewers areconcreted and they are working very well; the quality oliving is evidently higher on the market side, where theproximity to the centre o Agra across the nearby Yamunabridge is much more accessible. The market sells mostthings and has a general industrial eel to it ; selling all typeso building materials with various actories and workshopsin the area; here, business is relatively booming.

Our site on the other side is a large open space owned bythe railway company and has 11 generic, low rise housingblocks, 7 o an identical type; handed and mirrored parallelto each other adjacent to the battered road parallel yetset back rom the railway tracks the other 4 blocks areo another type, existing at the back o the site in a similarway. These blocks are over 60 years old, built duringthe English rule in India, beore 1945. They were builtor railway workers and still today are occupied by onlyrailway maintenance lowpay employees, which over theyears, these buildings have become generally rundown,some seriously dilapidated, the majority o which areabandoned, only occupied by approximately 15%.

The blocks are mirrored; they ace each othe r, thereore allliving and lie takes place on the acing sides, but this leavesa dead space at the backs o the blocks, either swamped bydirty water or used as storage or railway material, however

one backtoback zone is actually used very regularly; itbeing the most direct path to get rom the open spacecommon ground thereore the slum settlements to thecontinuing path which crosses the railway tracks; to get tothe other side; a journey made by many twice daily comingand going rom work or school or visiting the nearbymarket.

During our meeting with a superior railway controller inhis, raised 6 metres rstoor railway control centre, overlooking the tracks, situated adjacent to our site said thatthese blocks will be demolished in 3 years times; to bereplaced by a nationwide training centre or institute orthe railway company. Many residents o the area said thesame. These centres or institutes are large in size and areusually uncompromising in urban design strategy andawareness; whether this will actually go ahead or not,especially in India, is uncertain.

The two end blocks, o the seven, are more known to bedemolished, as they are both completely abandonedand dilapidated. More locals know this, but whether ornot all 11 blocks will be knocked down to make room ora training centre, is unclear. Maybe one o our projects oregeneration or transormation, i shown in time and, to theright people in India, will persuade the railway companyto save these housing units, hopeully they will see ourprojects and realise the necessity and the potentials oour site; these housing blocks and the open space, as thecommon ground or the 3 surrounding slum settlements.Hopeully in our proposals we will communicate the needand the importance o our site, not only to remain but, orthe greater good o the local people, to be regeneratedand transormed and will make them put their railwaytraining centre somewhere else.


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THE COMMUNITY O F SLUM RESIDENTS WE GOT TO KNOW 12


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13SITE MONTAGE PHOTOGRAPHS

Photos taken rom the 1st oor external gallery o the new railway control oce:Overlooking the the site; the tracks and the Blocks.

Photos taken in ront o the Blocks looking towards the railway tracks.Note: Railway control oce in the centre o the image.

Photos taken behind the Blocks, looking at them rom the side. Still looking towards the railway.Note: Railway control oce in the centre o the image; looking through two backtoback Blocks,which is the regualr path used to exit or enter the large open space to or rom the tracks.


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14MATERIAL SURVEY: MEASURING THE ELEMENTS


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CONCRETE SLEEPER =The oundations orthe container homes &the banks or the nalaschannel.

WOODEN SLEEPER =Decking or bridge,ramp and decking orexternal galleries.

RAILWAY TRACK =Column or bridge andother constructionson site. Use our tracksback to back in pairs

IBEAMS = Beamsor bridge, externalgalleries and otherconstruction on site.

OHE PYLON 1 = Posts

or the banisters ostairs and the sateybanister o the bridge..

OHE PYLON 2 = Beamsor bridge and otherconstruction onsite and use or thecantilever o the bridge.

CONCRETE SEWERPIPE = Temporaryaccommodation, septictank, possible large

columns and idea orrecycling unit.

MATERIAL SURVEY: MEASURING THE ELEMENTS

On location, there wasan abundance o railwaymaterial lying around notbeing used. Sleepers, railwaytracks, OHEs, Ibeams,etc, etc. I measured thesematerials with the intentionto build with them.The theme o the project isArchitecture o Rapid Change

& Scarce Resources, sothereore whatever materialswhich are readily avaliablemust be utilized in the project.There were thousands omaterials all over the place onthe site, so not only is it wise toutilize them, they are alreadypart o the sites aesthetic.


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MAKING THE MODEL 16

0+1+2+3+4

ContourThickness : 1mm

1 Story buildings

Thickness : 3mm

2 Story buildingsThickness : 3mm

3 Story buildings

Thickness : 3mm


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MAKING THE MODEL 17

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KEY: LANDMARK BUILDINGS 20


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KEY: LANDMARK BUILDINGS 21


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GENERIC RAILWAY HOUSING BLOCKS 22

Our site on the other side is a large open spaceowned by the railway company and has 11generic, low rise housing blocks, 7 o an identicaltype; handed and mirrored parallel to each otheradjacent to the battered road parallel yet set backrom the railway tracks the other 4 blocks are oanother type, existing at the back o the site in asimilar way. These blocks are over 60 years old,built during the English rule in India, beore 1945.They were built or r ailway workers and still todayare occupied by only railway maintenance lowpayemployees, which over the years, these buildingshave become generally rundown, some seriouslydilapidated, the majority o which are abandoned,

only occupied by approximately 15%.

The blocks are mirrored; they ace each other,thereore all living and lie takes place on the acingsides, but this leaves a dead space at the backs othe blocks, either swamped by dirty water or usedas storage or railway material, however one backtoback zone is actually used very regularly; it beingthe most direct path to get rom the open spacecommon ground thereore the slum settlementsto the continuing path which crosses the railwaytracks; to get to the other side; a journey made bymany twice daily coming and going rom work orschool or visiting the nearby market.


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ON-SITE HINDU TEMPE 23

The Hindu Temple based in a central position onthe site is used inrequently, but it remains animportant part o the community and can beopened and used when someone requires it.


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ABANDONED AND BUILT OVER OLD WELL 24

This existing building is abandoned. It was awater well which was later built over with thisbuilding. Now neither the building nor the wellare being used


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OLD / ABANDONE D RAILWAY OFFICE 25

This is an abandoned building. It was the origanalrailway oce control centre. This building issituated in on a concrete island in a nomansland in the middle o the railway tracks.

Since this building the railway control workershave moved twice rom one building to another.As technology develops the control centres getabandoned and they move into a new one.


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NEW WATER TOWER 26

The new w ater tower is owned by the railwaycompany. It supplies water to the railway oceand the the generic blocks owned by therailway company or railway workers. For theblocks water is only supplied rom 7am 10am


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OLD WATER TOWER 27

The new w ater tower is owned by the railwaycompany. It supplies water to the railway oceand the the generic blocks owned by therailway company or railway workers. For theblocks water is only supplied rom 7am 10am

The old water tower like the new is owned bythe railway company. This tower is not in useand abandoned. When I was there on the lasttwo days there were people on top demolishingit part by part and then just throwing eachpart/panel rom the top to the ground. Quitedangerous. Also children sometimes were usingthe rusty base as a climbing rame.


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NEW RAILWAY OFFICE 28

This railway control centre is over looking thetracks, situated adjacent to our site


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During our meeting with a superior railwaycontroller in his rstoor railway controlcentre, over looking the tracks, situatedadjacent to our site said that the genericrailway workers accommodation blocks willbe demolished in 3 years times; to be replacedby a nationwide training centre or instituteor the railway company. Many residentso the area said the same. These centres orinstitutes are large in size and are usuallyuncompromising in urban design strategy andawareness; whether this will actually go aheador not, especially in India, is uncertain.

29VIEWS FROM AND INSIDE THE NEW RAILWAY OFFICE


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32INITIAL MASTERPLAN SKETCHES SHOWING ACCESS, CONNECTION AND FLOW, POTENTIAL BUILDING MASSING, IRRIGATION AND AGRICULTURE


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33INITIAL MASTERPLAN SKETCHES SHOWING ACCESS, CONNECTION AND FLOW, POTENTIAL BUILDING MASSING, IRRIGATION AND AGRICULTURE


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MASTERPLAN 1:5000 37


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FIGURE GROUND OF PROPOSED MASTERPLAN 1:5000 38

N


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39ARCHITECTURE OF RAPID CHANGE AND SCARCE RESOURCESRAILWAY LANDS, NORTH KACHPURA, AGRA.ONLY IN INDIA * SLUM UPGRADED MASTERPLAN.


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41644 LIVING CONTAINERS. WITH A NEW AVERAGE OCCUPANCY OF 3.2 PEOPLE PER UNIT - THIS MASTERPLAN PROVIDES NEW HOUSING OPPORTUNITIES FOR 2,000 PEOPLE.


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43MASTERPLAN: AREAS OF DENISTY CREATING ENCLAVES, STREETS & SQUARES


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44PHASES 1-5

PHASE 1: DEWAT

PHASE 4a:CONTAINER WALL

PHASE 3:BRIDGE

PHASE 2:

CENTRAL BUILDING

PHASE 4b:

UNDER THE BRIDGEMARKET

PHASE 5: UNZONED

TRADING MARKET


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PHASES 6-8 45

PHASE 6b

PHASE 6a

PHASE 7b

PHASE 7a

PHASE 8a

PHASE 8b


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48PHASE 1: DEWAT (DECENTRALISED WATER TREATMENT)


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49PERSONAL EXPERIENCE. HEALTH & WATERBORN DISEASES

Personal Experience

Just as our ourth day on site wascoming to an end our autorickshawdriver was there and waiting or usand we were all heading towardsthe tuctuc car to go to home tothe hotel, when we all, at the samemoment, looked over at once, andthere was a girl o probably one anda hal to two years o age standing in

a large puddle o very dirty sewagewater, and then we witnessed herbending down and drinking thewater using her hands to scoopthe it up to her mouth. She wasstanding there alone she was thirstyand she did not know not to drinkit. She must o drank at least hal adozen handuls o this brown water.We did not see this girl again or ourremaining 6 days on site. For sureshe got very ill rom this.


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50DEWAT (DECENTRALISED WATER TREATMENT) PRESCEDENTS

DEWATS, by CURE & London Metropolitan in Kachpura. 10 minute walk south rom the site.. DEWATS and septic tank process section

BENEFITS OF DECENTRALISED SANITATION MANAGEMENT

Benets o decentralised wastewater management suchas with DEWATS include cost ecient investments as onlylocally available materials and only simplied sewers arerequired, low running costs and energy savings as noelectrical devices are needed, minimal O&M needs and costs,high variety o local water reuse options irrigation, toiletushing, cooling, groundwater recharge, easy and efectivelocal energy recovery biogas or lighting and cooking, localreuse or nutrients natural ertiliser, reduced groundwaterpollution through leaking UGSS, ecient user involvementand participation, high user acceptance, easy and quickapplicability in so ar unconnected areas, applicability asbridgesolution until a centralised system is provided, as well

as applicability on cluster and community level as well as orindividual users.

AREAS FOR DECENTRALISED WASTEWATER TREATMENT

Appropriate areas or decentralised sanitation managementsuch as with DEWATS are settlements in the periphery,new settlements, villages on the outskirts, areas with lowpopulation density, provisional settlements temporarysolution, schools, training centres, hospitals, hostels, and allareas which are not connected or which are not scheduledto be connected to a centralised system. Hence, thecoexistence o conventional centralised treatment systemsor core areas, combined with decentralised systems oromitted locations is the most benecial solution. Centralisedand decentralised management strategies need to go handinhand hybrid solution.


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LARGE DEWAT PROPOSED WITHIN THE MASTERPLAN 51

Consortium or DEWATS Dissemination Society, Bangalore DEWATS picture Pondicherr y.

DEWATS and septic tank process section


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LARGE DEWAT PROPOSED WITHIN THE MASTERPLAN. REUSE OF CONCRETE RAILWAY SLEEPERS FOR CHANNELLING THE NEW IRRIGATION WATER 52

Reused sleepers used tochannel the nala water to stopit overowing and seepinginto and contaminating thesoil. The sleepers are also usedto channel the irrigation waterater it is proccessed by theDEWATT above.


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53INDIAS AGRICULTURE & COMPOSTING PROCESS

Agriculture and allied sectors areconsidered to be the mainstayof the Indian economy. Theyare the important source ofraw material and demandfor many industrial products,particularly fertilizers, pesticides,agricultural implements and avariety of consumer goods. Theycontribute nearly 22 per cent ofGross Domestic Product (GDP)of India. About 65-70 per cent ofthe population is dependent onagriculture for their livelihood.Agriculture and allied industryis further divided into severalsegments, namely:- horticultureand its allied sectors (includingfruits and vegetables, owers,plantation crops, spices, aromaticand medicinal plants); sheriessector; animal husbandry andlivestock; and sericulture. Indiasvaried agro-climatic conditionsare highly favourable for the

growth of large number ofhorticultural crops, which occupyaround 10 per cent of grosscropped area of the countryproducing 160.75 million tonnes.India is the second largestproducer of fruits and vegetablesin the world. It is also secondlargest producer of owers afterChina. It is also leading producer,consumer and exporter for spicesand plantation crops like tea,coee, etc. While, sericulture isan agro-based cottage industry.India is ranked as the secondmajor raw silk producer in theworld.Fisheries sector occupies a veryimportant place in the socio-economic development of thecountry. It is a big source ofemployment opportunities forthe large number of peoplein the country, especially ruralpopulation. It has a huge export

potential. Similarly, India hasvast resource of livestock andpoultry, which play a vital rolein promoting the welfare ofrural masses. The Indian DairyIndustry has acquired substantialgrowth momentum from 9thPlan onwards. Indias milk outputduring the year2006-2007 reached the level of100.9 million tonnes (provisional),which has placed the country ontop in the world in this eld.The Ministry of Agriculture isthe main authority in India forregulation and development ofactivities relating to agriculture,horticulture, shing, animalhusbandry, etc. It is implementingvarious schemes and policies forthe sector through its divisions likeDepartment of Agriculture andCooperation and Department ofAnimal Husbandry, Dairying andFisheries. Further, the Ministry

of Food Processing Industries isactively engaged in promotionof entrepreneurial activities inthe segments of sh processingas well as fruits and vegetablesprocessing. Besides, commodityboards, like tea board, coeeboard, rubber board, medicinalplants board, etc. have been setup to boost the growth of thesectors like tea, coee, rubber,medicinal plants, respectively.Hence, there exists innumerablebusiness opportunities in theagriculture and allied sectors.Investors from all over the worldare making more and moreinvestments into the sectorfor unleashing its existingpotentialities as well as forexploring the untapped areas.

Indias Agriculture


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56PHASE 2: CENTRAL BUILDING


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CENTRAL BUILDING REUSE / EXTENTION 57

This e xisting buildin g is abandoned. It was a waterwell which was later built over w ith this building. Nowneither the building nor the well are being used

I will use the buildings existing structure as a start ora proposal or a central community building.

The Central Building is part o Phase 1.

A community building in the centre o the site, wherethe residents come together meet up, have ood inthe cae, school on top oor then in the evening theschool becomes a centre or activities and workshops.

The cae is run as a cooper ative. Local armers cookthere in return or subsidised land rates; they have theopportunity to sell their produce on a weekly baisis.

When we were surveying on site we never had lunch.

There was nowhere to get cooked ood. Food playsan important part in a community: bring peopletogether. Aslo there is a huge importance or goodnutrition especially or children.


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CENTRAL BUILDING REUSE / EXTENTION. PLAN, SECTIONS & ELEVATIONS 1:200 58


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59CENTRAL BUILDING REUSE / EXTENTION. SECTIONS 1:100. KEY 1:200

6-T

T11

00(5

011lit

res)

SECTION 2

SECTION 2

SECTION 1

SECTION 1

ELEVATION 1

ELEVATION 2

ELEVATION 3


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CENTRAL BUILDING REUSE / EXTENTION. ELEVATION & PLAN 1:100. 60

6-TT1100(5011litres)


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61CENTRAL BUILDING REUSE / EXTENTION. ELEVATIONS 1:50


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CENTRAL BUILDING REUSE / EXTENTION WITH SARI SILK RIBBON SHADDING. ELEVATIONS 1:50 62


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63CENTRAL BUILDING REUSE / EXTENTION WITH SARI SILK RIBBON SHADDING. ELEVATION 1:50


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CENTRAL BUILDING REUSE / EXTENTION CLIMATE DIAGRAMS: RAIN WATER HARVESTING 1:100 64

Rain water harvesting: 168m2 roo area X 800mm annual rainall = 134,400 litres / 20 5% = 6,700 litre tank


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CENTRAL BUILDING REUSE / EXTENTION CLIMATE DIAGRAMS: SARI SILK SOLAR SHADING 1:50 65


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661:1 PROTOTYPE OF BAMBOO & SARI SILK SHADING WALL. SECTIONS 1:100


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67CENTRAL BUILDING: CAFE / RESTURANT DOWNSTAIRS. SLUM SCHOOL / COMMUNITY ROOM UPSTAIRS


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NUTRITION - UNICEF 68


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69CENTRAL BUILDING DOWNSTAIRS: CAFE / RESTURANT


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70INDIAN EDUCATION - UNICHEF


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71CENTRAL BUILDING UPSTAIRS: SLUM SCHOOL BY DAY / COMMUNITY ROOM IN THE EVENING


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PHASE 3: THE BRIDGE 74


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7515,000 INDIANS DIE EVERY YEAR FROM CROSSING THE RAILWAY TRACKS 75

India's 40,000 miles 64,000 kilometreso railway track cut through some o themost densely populated cities, ankedby shanty towns, in the nation o 1.2billion people.

Railway experts say stoppingpedestrians rom crossing the tracksin congested areas would be virtuallyimpossible.


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76DANGER ON THE TRACKS

India's 40,000 miles 64,000 kilometres orailway track cut through some o the mostdensely populated cities, anked by shantytowns, in the nation o 1.2 billion people.

Railway experts say stopping pedestrians romcrossing the tracks in congested areas wouldbe virtually impossible.


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INITIAL SKETCHES OF THE IDEA FOR A PEDESTRIAN BRIDGE TO CROSS THE RAILWAY TRACKS 77


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INITIAL BRIDGE CONCEPT SKETCHES 78


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INITIAL BRIDGE SKETCHES 79


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80GANDI & THE RAILWAYS

Gandi did not like the speed o the railways. He said that materialsshould be sourced locally and that communites should besel sustainable. For him the railways were an imposition oglobalization or modernisation which threatened the ancienttraditions o India.

The intentions o the railway construction, by the British chieengineer, was to unite India. Paradoxically on a local scale, therailways segrigated and isolated communities.

The Indian railways, intially built by t he British, is the largest railnetwork in Asia.


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QUANTITY SURVEY: RE-USING THE ABANDONED RAILWAY ELEMENTS FOR THE CONSTRUCTION OF THE BRIDGE 81

On location, there wasan abundance o railwaymaterial lying around notbeing used. Sleepers, railwaytracks, OHEs, Ibeams,etc, etc. I measured thesematerials with the intentionto build with them.The theme o the project isArchitecture o Rapid Change

& Scarce Resources, sothereore whatever materialswhich are readily avaliablemust be utilized in the project.There were thousands omaterials all over the place onthe site, so not only is it wise toutilize them, they are alreadypart o the sites aesthetic.

868 concrete sleepers are usedthroughout this masterplan asoundations or the containers and alsoor channelling clean and dirty water.

1,384 wooden sleepers used on thebridge or oor planks and railings.

The sleepers are thinned decreasingtheir weight. 1860 hals are used.

248 tracks are used on the bridgegrouped in our or columns.

Totalling 1,984 metres.

62 I Beams o are used on t he bridge.

I Beams at 9.5m x 62

62 OHE columns are used on the brid geas banister posts.

One column is cut in 5 to make theposts.5 x 62 = 310 parts

186 OHE beams are used on the bridgeas beams.


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INITIAL STRUCTURAL DIAGRAMS FOR THE BRIDGE 82


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BRIDGE CONSTRUCTION SEQUENCE 83


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84RECONNECTING COMMUNITIES: THE BRIDGE WILL LINK THE SLUM SETTLEMENTS WITH THE MORE DEVELOPED MARKET SIDE

Ramp leading onto the centre o the site

The community we got to know well over the twoweeks on site

Rail and pedestrianbridge 750m long.

Pedestrian bridge onlycrossing one track.

There is a big diference betwe en the quality o living on the

market side, campared to the side o the slum settlements.


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PROPOSED MASTERPLAN FIGURE GROUND 1:5000 85

N


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INITIAL RENDERS SHOWING THE CONTINUATION OF ACCESS FROM THE MARKET ACROSS THE TRACKS AND TO THE SITE 86


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INITIAL BRIDGE RENDER & SECTIONS 1:1000 & 1:2000 88


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ON-SITE SECTIONS THROUGH THE ROUTE TAKEN BY LOCALS CROSSING THE TRACKS & NEW SECTION THROUGH THE BRIDGE 1:1000 89

THE WRONG SI DE OF THE TR ACKS;Slum settlements segregated / cut of by the railway tracks.

With a busy market on one side o the railway tracks, and a collectiono slum settlements on the other; the two sides are separated. The


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90THE MARKET SIDE

slums, somewhat isolated rom mainland Agra; exist as EdgeLandsand they have a rural /urbanrural eel to them.

MARKET SIDE

As soon as we crossed the railway lines, rom our site, to the side othe market, we noticed a sudden change in the inrastructure; whereeverything is paved, the sewers are concreted and they are workingvery well; the quality o living is evidently higher on the market side,where the proximity to the centre o Agra across the nearby Yamunabridge is much more accessible. The market sells most things andhas a general industrial eel to it; selling all types o building materialswith various actories and workshops in the area; here, business isrelatively booming.

There is a big diference between the quality o l iving on the marketside, campared to the side o the slum settlements. Here, on themarket side, there are many things being sold, there is business andactivity. Also, importantly the nalas are cemented they are still openair sewers, but opposed to the slum settlements, where the wastewater get discharged into the soil, which then spreads and pollutesthe ground., here many things have developed much more rapidly. Itappears that the railway tracks have secluded or divided a community.


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91EXAMPLES OF EXISTING BRIDGES WITHIN A WALKABLE PROXIMITY TO THE SITE

Top let. This pedestrian bridge is 5 minuteswalk rom our site by the actual Yamuna Bridgetrain station/stop. The only thing is is that thisbridge only crosses two out six tracks; it is toget to the other side o the platorm or whenthere is a train already parked in the way likein the photograph. This bridge does not tackle

the satey issue or the other our tracks. Asthese railways get more and more busy in theyears to come crossing the tracks will becomemore and more dicult and dangerous.

Top right. This bridge is or trains andpedestrians. It is a 20 minute walk rom thesite. It crosses the Yamuna river connectingto mainland Agra. The pedestrian walkwayis 2 metres rom the tracks! The bridge is 750metres long and also a long way down. Inplaces the pedestrain banister has come awaycompletey and also the metal sheet oor platesare erroding, in some places there quite largeholes. This pedestrian route is rather busy. withpeople going in both directions, sometimeson bycycle. The walkway is no more than onemetre wide!

Proposed pedestrian, motorrickshaw andmotorbike bridge.

As Indias railways develop even urther andthey are upgraded, more and more o thisrailway material will become avaliable to reuseor the construction o these types o bridgesall over India. Making crossing the railwaytracks sae thereore saving many lives.


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CROSSING THE TRACKS SAFELY. SAVING 15,000 LIVES PER YEAR. AN EXAMPLAR / PROTOTYPE CONSTRUCTION FOR ALL RAILWAY CROSSINGS IN INDIA 92


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93THE JOURNE Y FROM THE SLUM SE TTLEMENTS TO THE MARKET IS MADE BY MANY TW ICE DAILY. NOW PEOPLE C AN CROSS THE TR ACKS IN A SAFE AND COMMUNAL WAY


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94BECAUSE THE BRIDGE IS MADE UP OF THE VERY FABRIC OF THE RAILWAYS IT EXISTS AS CAMOUFLAGE; LIKE IT HAS ALWAYS BEEN THERE


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95MAKING THE BRIDGE MODEL

Due to the heavy work loads, withdeadlines drawing closer and the sheercomplexity o the contruction o thebridge;An executive decision was made tooutsource the physical modelling or theproposed bridge. The best candidate orthis job was Leonardo Socrates aged 14months young.

The model here really emphasisesthe joy and exuberance this symbolicconstruction will bring to the YamunaBridge area.


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96STAIR ACCESS PLAN AND RENDER FROM THE TRACKS (VIEW FROM THE TRAIN)


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97BRIDGE ASSEMBLY DETAILS / PLAN KEY


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98BRIDGE ASSEMBLY DETAILS / ISOMETRIC KEY


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99BRIDGE ASSEMBLY DETAILS / CONSTRUCTION ELEMENTS


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100BRIDGE ASSEMBLY DETAILS / CONSTRUCTION ELEMENTS: OHE


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101BRIDGE ASSEMBLY DETAILS


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BRIDGE ASSEMBLY DETAILS 104


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106THE JOURNEY FROM THE SLUM SET TLEMENTS TO THE MARKET IS M ADE BY MANY TWI CE DAILY. NOW PEOPLE C AN CROSS THE TR ACKS IN A SAFE AND COMMUNAL WAY


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107BECAUSE THE BRIDGE IS MADE UP OF THE VERY FABRIC OF THE RAILWAYS IT EXISTS AS CAMOUFLAGE; LIKE IT HAS ALWAYS BEEN THERE


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PHASE 4: UNDER THE BRIDGE MARKET 110


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111UNDER THE BRIDGE MARKET: CREATING TRADING OPPORTUNITIES. INCLUDING A MEDICAL CENTRE AS A PLUGIN HOSPITAL FOR THE SMILE ON WHEELS TRAVELLING HOSPITAL.

Bridge & Under the Bridge Market elevation 1:500


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CONTAINERS IN SITE PROXIMITY 112

The theme o the studio is Architecture o Rapid Change & ScarceResources, so thereore whatever materials which are readilyavaliable must be utilized in the project. There were hundreds ocontainers in close proximity to the site see map so not only is itwise to utilize them, they are already part o the aesthetic o the site.

The Containers are sourced rom a very close proximity t o the site. See Map. They wil l bedelivered to the site by truck picture above, and any surplus containers will be delivered bytrain as the stop can not be any closer to the site!


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HEALTH ISSUES, PERSONAL EXPERIENCE OF HEALTH & THE LACK OF AFFORDABLE HOSPITALS 113

Personal Experience

Several events, over the 10 days we wereon site, took me back to the reality o whatit could be like to live in this area in this way.

On our rst day as we were departing thesite with 30 children ollowing us, askingor photos and pens and shaking our handscontinuously we were overwhelmed:it was our rst day and unaccustomedto it we thought it was time to leave asthe intensity grew stronger and louder.The children stopped ollowing us as wemoved away rom the area in which theylived in and we all said goodbye. At this

point we all decided to sit down on an oldbench and rest, slightly discombobulatedrom our rst days experience. At this pointo stillness we saw a man walking veryslowly holding on to his wie who had asingle crutch, which was too big. She washobbling along with her husband and acrutch as support. The lady sat down at thesame bench as us and she w as in great pain.We asked her husband what was wrongand it was either her hip or her leg, whichwas broken. She was in a lot o pain andmoving made it hurt even more. Someonerom our group asked, Are you going to ahospital? but or sure the answer was no.

The second experience, which happenedon site was when I was on my own. Aboy was really insisting me to give himsome money, I replied by saying that

money was not a good idea and that heshould continue to help me measure thewatertower, which he did, but was quitepersistent asking me or money severaltimes every twenty seconds or so, whilstholding the end o the tape. Ater a ewminutes o this he got very annoyed at me,stopped helping with the measuring andstarted demanding money quite seriously.This was quite disturbing, and he was veryloud. I told him no and I continued to

measure on my own, which isnt that easyor long distance measuring. The boy wentaway.One minute later he was back. This timeholding his little sister o maybe only 6months o age. He continued demandingand demanding, but I was busy measuring.I nally looked up and he was actuallyasking or money whilst showing me hislittle sisters wrist, which had a severe openwound on it. The babys wound was thesize o a packet ten o cigarettes. It lookedvery bad, not that recent, and it was notbeing treated in any way.

The third experience was the most

sobering o all. Just as our ourth day on sitewas coming to an end our autorickshawdriver was there and waiting or us andwe were all heading towards the tuctuccar to go to home to the hotel, when weall , at the same moment, looked over atonce, and there was a girl o probably oneand a hal to two years o age standing ina large puddle o very dirty sewage water,and then we witnessed her bending downand drinking the water using her handsto scoop the it up to her mouth. She wasstanding there alone she was thirsty andshe did not know not to drink it. She musto drank at least hal a dozen handuls othis brown water. We did not see this girlagain or our remaining 6 days on site. Forsure she got very ill rom this.

There is no rst aid or medical centre

anywhere close to the site. Becausehospitals are costly and ar away to travel,especially when not well, locals who getill or women who are pregnant deal withwhat they have by themselves, this mayresult in extended illness, continueddisease or unnecessary death.


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114MOBILE MEDICAL CLINIC PROJECT: SMILE ON WHEELS


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3D CUTOUT THROUGH A PLUGIN MEDICAL CLINIC CONTAINER UNIT 115


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MOBILE MEDICAL CLINIC PROJECT: SMILE ON WHEELS & UNICEF HEALTH REPORT 116


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PROPOSAL FOR THE MARKET ALSO INCLUDES A MOBILE MEDICAL CLINIC WHICH HAS USE OF A PLUGIN PERMINANT MEDICAL CLINIC AS A CONTAINER UNIT 117


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1:100 SECTION THROUGH THE BRIDGE & THE UNDER THE BRIDGE MARKET 118


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119PROPOSAL FOR THE MARKET ALSO INCLUDES A MOBILE MEDICAL CLINIC WHICH HAS USE OF A PLUGIN PERMINANT MEDICAL CLINIC AS A CONTAINER UNIT (YELLOW)


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120MICRO


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HEALTH SITUATION IN AGRA 121


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HEALTH SITUATION IN AGRA 122


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HEALTH PROBLEMS IN AGRA 123


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126PHASE 5: UNZONED TRADING ROUTE: ROOF CONSTRUCTION/EXTENSION: CREATING TRADING OPPORTUNITIES


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127TRADING ROUTE: R OOF CONSTRUCTI ON/EXTENS ION: CREATING TRADING OPPORTUNITIES & MID-SITE MAS TERPLAN SEC TION 1:500


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128ELEVATION SHOWING GENERIC RAILWAY HOUSING BLOCKS AND THE PROPOSED TRADING ROUTE: ROOF CONSTRUCTION/EXTENSION 1:200


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129RENDERED ELEVATION SHOWING GENERIC RAILWAY HOUSING BLOCKS AND THE PROPOSED TRADING ROUTE: ROOF CONSTRUCTION/EXTENSION


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ELEVATION SHOWING GENERIC RAILWAY HOUSING BLOCKS AND THE PROPOSED TRADING ROUTE: ROOF CONSTRUCTION/EXTENSION 1:100 130


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131RENDERED ELEVATION SHOWING GENERIC RAILWAY HOUSING BLOCKS AND THE PROPOSED TRADING ROUTE: ROOF CONSTRUCTION/EXTENSION


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USER GENERATED ZONING 132


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133TRADING ROUTE: ROOF CONSTRUCTI ON/EXTENS ION: CREATING SHADE & THEREFOR E TRADING OPPORTUNITIES


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134USER GENERATED ZONING


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TRADING ROUTE: RO OF CONSTRUCTIO N/EXTENSI ON: CREATING SHADE & THEREFORE TRADING OPPORT UNITIES 135


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PHASE 6 - 8: AFFORDABLE HOUSING / CONTAINER BLOCK. PROPOSED MASTER PLAN 1:5000 138


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MASTERPLAN: AREAS OF DENISTY CREATING ENCLAVES, STREETS & SQUARES. CASE STUDY: RESIDENCE BUFFALO (PARIS) BY FERNAND POULLION 139


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140

The theme o the studio is Architecture o Rapid Change & Scarce Resources, sothereore whatever materials which are readily avaliable must be utilized in theproject. There were hundreds o containers in close proximity to the site see mapso not only is it wise to utilize them, they are already part o the aesthetic o the site.

The Containers are sourced rom a ver y close proximity to the site. See Map. They will bedelivered to the site by truck picture above, and any surplus containers will be delivered bytrain as the stop can not be any closer to the site!

CONTAINERS IN SITE PROXIMITY


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SHIPPING CONTAINER RESEARCH 141


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142AFFORDABLE HOUSING / CONTAINER BLOCK: MAKING THE 1:100 MODEL


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1431:1 PROTOTYPE FOR THE BAMBOO & SARI SILK SHADING WALL AND SINGLE WINDOW INVENTION


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AFFORDABLE HOUSING / CONTAINER BLOCK. CONTAINER CONSTRUCTION & MODIFICATIONS 144


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145AFFORDABLE HOUSING / CONTAINER BLOCK. 3D CUTOUT THROUGH CONTAINER LIVING UNITS


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AFFORDABLE HOUSING / CONTAINER BLOCK WIREFRAME MODELS (NTS) & MID-SITE MASTERPLAN SECTION 1:500 146


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147AFFORDABLE HOUSING / CONTAINER BLOCK. PLAN & ELEVATIONS 1:100


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AFFORDABLE HOUSING / CONTAINER BLOCK. ELEVATION 1:50 148


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AFFORDABLE HOUSING / CONTAINER BLOCK. PLAN 1:50 150

3 -

T T 5 6 0 (

2 5 4 2

l i t r e s )

3 -

T T 5 6 0

( 2 5

4 2

l i t r e

s )

SECTION5

SECTION1

SECTION2

SECTION4


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151AFFORDABLE HOUSING / CONTAINER BLOCK. SECTIONS 1:100. KEY 1:200

SECTION3

SECTION3

SECTION5

SECTION1

SECTION2

SECTION4

ELEVATION3

ELEVATION1

ELEVATION2


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POUR FLUSH TOILETS (COMPOSTING LATRINE). PLAN 1:50 152

3-TT

560

(254

2lit

res)

3-T

T560(2

542

litre

s)

POUR FLUSH TOILETA Pour Flush Toilet is like a regular Flush Toilet exceptthat instead o the water coming rom the cisternabove, it is poured in by the user. When the water

supply is not continuous, any cistern Flush Toilet canbecome a Pour Flush Toilet. Just like a traditionalFlush Toilet, there is a water seal that prevents odoursand ies rom coming back up the pipe.

ADVANTAGES The water seal efectively prevents odours The excreta o one user are ushed away beore thenext user arrives Suitable or all types o users sitters, squatters,wipers and washers Low capital costs; operating costs depend on theprice o water.

MAINTENANCEIt is easy to construct, operate, and maintain:Operation consists o regular water cleansing o theslab with soap or detergent, i available to removeany excreta and urine, and daily cleansing o the oor,

squatting pan, door handles and other parts o thesuperstructure.

Maintenance consists o monthly inspections to checkor cracks in the oor slab and damage to the ventpipe and y screen, and digging out o part o theeces at the end o the dry season. These eces shouldbe handled with care and buried in a pit coveredwith soil. Ater at least a year, when the contents othe pit have decomposed into harmless humus, thehumus can be can be used as ertilizer. It is relativelyinexpensive to construct, operate, and maintain.


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153POUR FLUSH TOILET S (COMPOSTING LATRINE). ELE VATION 1:50

CALCULATING POO

1 poo = 50 100 grams,Thereore an average 2kg o poo / per

month,So that is 25kg o poo per person peryear.

So or a housing block o 120 people;120 people x 25kg = 3000kg o poo peryear

The estimated density o poo is thesame as water.So thereore the volume o poo = 1litre/ 1kg.

Thereore, 3000kg o poo = 3000 litreso poo.Thereore, the volume is 3m3 per year.

The size o an individual container/pitis;

2m long, 1m wide, 2.5 deep2 x 1 x 2.5 = 5m 3

There are 6 pits, but only 3 are beingused at one time, so thereore; 3 pits x5m3 = 15m3

120 people will use up 3m2 per year sothereore the pits need to be switched/changed every 5 years.

Rain water harvesting section 1:200

Harvested and stored rainwater is utilized or thebathroom taps, which is used or washing andmanually ushing pouring.

180m2 roo area X 800mm annual rainall =143,856 litres / 20 5% = 7,193 litre tank 2 tanks at3,600 litres.


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AFFORDABLE HOUSING / CONTAINER BLOCK. KEY 1:200. ELEVATION 1:00 154

3 -

T T 5 6 0 ( 2

5 4 2 l i

t r e s )

3 -

T T 5 6 0

( 2 5 4 2

l i t r e

s )

SECTION3

SECTION3

SECTION5

SECTION5

SECTION1

SECTION1

SECTION2

SECTION2

SECTION4

SECTION4

ELEVATION3

ELEVATION1

ELEVATION2


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155AFFORDABLE HOUSING / CONTAINER BLOCK. ELEVATIONS 1:00


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AFFORDABLE HOUSING / CONTAINER BLOCK. ELEVATION 1:50 156


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157AFFORDABLE HOUSING / CONTAINER BLOCK. ELEVATIONS 1:50


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AFFORDABLE HOUSING / CONTAINER BLOCK. CLIMATE DIAGRAMS: RAIN WATER HARVESTING 1:50 158

Rain water harvesting section 1:50




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159AFFORDABLE HOUSING / CONTAINER BLOCK. CLIMATE DIAGRAMS: SARI SILK SOL AR SHADING 1:50


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AFFORDABLE HOUSING / CONTAINER BLOCK. CLIMATE DIAGRAMS 1:100 160


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AFFORDABLE HOUSING / CONTAINER BLOCK. 3D CUTOUT THROUGH WATER TANKS & TOILET AREA 161



6

A A

54321 7 8 9 10 11 12


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ISOMETRIC & ELEVATIONS 162

D

C

B

E

F

G

H

E

B

C

D

F

1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8

G

Assem3 A3

SHEET1OF1SCALE:1:200

DWG NO.

TITLE:

REVISIONDO NOTSCALE DRAWING

6

A A

54321 7 8 9 10 11 12


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ISOMETRIC ELEMENTS 163

D

C

B

E

F

G

H

E

B

C

D

F

1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8

G

A3

SHEET1OF1SCALE:1:50

DWG NO.

TITLE:

REVISIONDO NOTSCALE DRAWING

Bannister

Rain Water Harvesting

Stairs

Non Load Bearing Bamboo Structure

ISO VIEWS


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ASSEMBLY DETAILS 1 164


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166ASSEMBLY DETAILS


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167ASSEMBLY DETAILS


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1683D ASSEMBLAGE DRAWINGS


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1693D ASSEMBLAGE DRAWING


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AFFORDABLE HOUSING / CONTAINER BLOCK. 3D CUTOUT THROUGH CONTAINER LIVING UNITS 170


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644 LIVING CONTAINERS. WITH A NEW AVERAGE OCCUPANCY OF 3.2 PEOPLE PER UNIT - THIS MASTERPLAN PROVIDES NEW HOUSING OPPORTUNITIES FOR 2,000 PEOPLE. 171

Agriculture and allied sectors areconsidered to be the mainstayof the Indian economy. Theyare the important source ofraw material and demandfor many industrial products,particularly fertilizers, pesticides,

i l l i l d

growth of large number ofhorticultural crops, which occupyaround 10 per cent of grosscropped area of the countryproducing 160.75 million tonnes.India is the second largestproducer of fruits and vegetablesi h ld I i l d

potential. Similarly, India hasvast resource of livestock andpoultry, which play a vital rolein promoting the welfare ofrural masses. The Indian DairyIndustry has acquired substantialgrowth momentum from 9thPl d I di ilk

of Food Processing Industries isactively engaged in promotionof entrepreneurial activities inthe segments of sh processingas well as fruits and vegetablesprocessing. Besides, commodityboards, like tea board, coeeb d bb b d di i l

Indias Agriculture


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INDIAS AGRICULTURE & COMPOSTING PROCESS 172

agricultural implements and avariety of consumer goods. Theycontribute nearly 22 per cent ofGross Domestic Product (GDP)of India. About 65-70 per cent ofthe population is dependent onagriculture for their livelihood.Agriculture and allied industryis further divided into severalsegments, namely:- horticultureand its allied sectors (includingfruits and vegetables, owers,plantation crops, spices, aromaticand medicinal plants); sheriessector; animal husbandry andlivestock; and sericulture. Indiasvaried agro-climatic conditionsare highly favourable for the

in the world. It is also secondlargest producer of owers afterChina. It is also leading producer,consumer and exporter for spicesand plantation crops like tea,coee, etc. While, sericulture isan agro-based cottage industry.India is ranked as the secondmajor raw silk producer in theworld.Fisheries sector occupies a veryimportant place in the socio-economic development of thecountry. It is a big source ofemployment opportunities forthe large number of peoplein the country, especially ruralpopulation. It has a huge export

Plan onwards. Indias milk outputduring the year2006-2007 reached the level of100.9 million tonnes (provisional),which has placed the country ontop in the world in this eld.The Ministry of Agriculture isthe main authority in India forregulation and development ofactivities relating to agriculture,horticulture, shing, animalhusbandry, etc. It is implementingvarious schemes and policies forthe sector through its divisions likeDepartment of Agriculture andCooperation and Department ofAnimal Husbandry, Dairying andFisheries. Further, the Ministry

board, rubber board, medicinalplants board, etc. have been setup to boost the growth of thesectors like tea, coee, rubber,medicinal plants, respectively.Hence, there exists innumerablebusiness opportunities in theagriculture and allied sectors.Investors from all over the worldare making more and moreinvestments into the sectorfor unleashing its existingpotentialities as well as forexploring the untapped areas.


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173THIS MASTERPL AN PROVIDES NE W HOUSING OPPOR TUNITIES FOR 2,000 PEOPLE. THE MA STERPLAN IN TERGRATES IRRIGATED AGRICULTURE PLOTS FOR SELF SUSTAINABILITY


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176PHASE 67 b: VERTICAL SLUM / CONTAINER TOWERS x4


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177VERTICAL SLUM / CONTAINER TOWERS & AFFORDABLE HOUSING / CONTAINER BLOCK & MID -SITE MASTE RPLAN SEC TION 1:500


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VERTICAL SLUM / CONTAINER TOWER ELEVATION 1:200. KEY 1:100 178

6-TT1100(5011litres)

SECTION 1

SECTION 1

ELEVATION 1

ELEVATION 2


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VERTICAL SLUM / CONTAINER TOWER ELEVATION 1:200 179


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180WIREFRAME MODEL OF THE VERTICAL SLUM / CONTAINER TOWER


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WIREFRAME MODEL OF THE VERTICAL SLUM / CONTAINER TOWER 181


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184VERTICAL SLUM / CONTAINER TOWER PLAN 1:50

6

-TT1100

(5011

litres)


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1853D ASSEMBLY DETAILS


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188PROJECT SUMMARY: PROPOSED MASTERPLAN 1:2000


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189PROPOSED MASTERPLAN 1:5000


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192MASTERPLAN: AREAS OF DENISTY CREATING ENCLAVES, STREETS & SQUARES


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193644 LIVING CONTAINERS. WITH A NEW AVERAGE OCCUPANCY OF 3.2 PEOPLE PER UNIT - THIS MASTERPLAN PROVIDES NEW HOUSING OPPORTUNITIES FOR 2,000 PEOPLE.


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194PHASES 1-5

PHASE 1: DEWAT

PHASE 4a:CONTAINER WALL

PHASE 3:BRIDGE

PHASE 2:CENTRAL BUILDING

PHASE 4b:UNDER THE BRIDGEMARKET

PHASE 5: UNZONEDTRADING MARKET


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PHASES 6-8 195

PHASE 6b

PHASE 6a

PHASE 7b

PHASE 7a

PHASE 8a

PHASE 8b


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Documents

Slum Upgrading in Agra, India