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The Physics of FlightThe Physics of Flight
Warm-Up QuestionsWarm-Up Questions
CPS Questions 1-2 CPS Questions 1-2
Chapter 1, Lesson 2
Lesson OverviewLesson Overview
How lift is generatedHow lift is generated How weight affects flightHow weight affects flight How thrust affects an aircraft’s movementHow thrust affects an aircraft’s movement How drag slows an aircraftHow drag slows an aircraft How the four forces of flight interact with each How the four forces of flight interact with each
otherother
Chapter 1, Lesson 2
Quick WriteQuick Write
Octave Chanute’s expertise in designing Octave Chanute’s expertise in designing bridges gave him the know-how to tackle bridges gave him the know-how to tackle some big questions in aviation, such as some big questions in aviation, such as
the structure of biplane wings. the structure of biplane wings.
What skills have you acquired from schoolWhat skills have you acquired from school that you could apply to a hobby?that you could apply to a hobby?
(Note to teacher: Use “Pick a Student” button in CPS)(Note to teacher: Use “Pick a Student” button in CPS)
(Note to teacher: Use “Pick a Student” button in CPS) (Note to teacher: Use “Pick a Student” button in CPS)
Chapter 1, Lesson 2
How Lift is GeneratedHow Lift is Generated Upward force on aircraft Upward force on aircraft
against weightagainst weight Increasing aircraft’s Increasing aircraft’s
forward motionforward motion Increasing airfoil’s angle Increasing airfoil’s angle
of attack – up to stall of attack – up to stall speedspeed
Depends on aircraft’s Depends on aircraft’s shape, size, and velocityshape, size, and velocity
Chapter 1, Lesson 2Chapter 1, Lesson 2 Reproduced from NASA/Glenn Research Center
How to Control LiftHow to Control Lift
Pilots increase angle of Pilots increase angle of attack to create more liftattack to create more lift
Angle of attack and Angle of attack and velocity must be balanced velocity must be balanced to keep flight path levelto keep flight path level
Air condition impacts the Air condition impacts the need for greater or lesser need for greater or lesser velocity to maintain liftvelocity to maintain lift
Chapter 1, Lesson 2Courtesy of NASA/Kim Shiflett
Activity 1: Controlling LiftActivity 1: Controlling Lift
Launch the airplane you created in Launch the airplane you created in Lesson 1 and observe the lift patternsLesson 1 and observe the lift patterns
Document your findings and answer the Document your findings and answer the questions on the worksheet providedquestions on the worksheet provided
Chapter 1, Lesson 2
How Weight Affects FlightHow Weight Affects Flight Acts through single point center of gravityActs through single point center of gravity Weight is a gravitational force on an object due Weight is a gravitational force on an object due
to its massto its mass Mass includes airplane parts, fuel, passengers Mass includes airplane parts, fuel, passengers
and freightand freight The more mass, the more resistance to movingThe more mass, the more resistance to moving
Chapter 1, Lesson 2 Adapted from NASA/Glenn Research Center
Weight’s Major ChallengesWeight’s Major Challenges
Overcoming an Overcoming an aircraft’s weight with liftaircraft’s weight with lift
Pilots constantly adjust Pilots constantly adjust for balance during flightfor balance during flight
Chapter 1, Lesson 2Courtesy of NASA
Learning Check QuestionsLearning Check Questions
CPS Questions 3-4CPS Questions 3-4
Chapter 1, Lesson 2
Activity 2: Activity 2: Center of Gravity LimitCenter of Gravity Limit
Compute aircraft weight and center of Compute aircraft weight and center of gravitygravity
Answer questions about your calculations of Answer questions about your calculations of moment, weight, and center of gravitymoment, weight, and center of gravity
Chapter 1, Lesson 2
How Thrust Affects an Aircraft’s Movement
Thrust is a forward force Thrust is a forward force that moves an aircraft that moves an aircraft through the airthrough the air
It’s opposite force is drag, It’s opposite force is drag, the pull or slowing effect the pull or slowing effect of air on an aircraftof air on an aircraft
Chapter 1, Lesson 2Courtesy of USN/PH1 Richard Rosser
Where Thrust Comes FromWhere Thrust Comes From Engines provide powered aircraft’s thrust Engines provide powered aircraft’s thrust Thrust’s forward motion overcomes drag so Thrust’s forward motion overcomes drag so airfoils produce liftairfoils produce lift
Chapter 1, Lesson 2Reproduced from NASA/Glenn Research Center
Adjusting Thrust
Reduction in engine power while in level Reduction in engine power while in level flight, drops thrust and aircraft slowsflight, drops thrust and aircraft slows
When two forces are equal, pilot will fly at When two forces are equal, pilot will fly at constant airspeedconstant airspeed
Chapter 1, Lesson 2
Adjusting Thrust, cont.
To maintain balance between lift and weight, pilot must coordinate thrust and angle of attack at any speed
Chapter 1, Lesson 2Reproduced from US Department of Transportation/Federal Aviation Administration
How Drag Slows an Aircraft
As aircraft moves through air, its boundary As aircraft moves through air, its boundary layer changes the shape of airflow over the layer changes the shape of airflow over the aircraftaircraft
Chapter 1, Lesson 2Courtesy of Leon van Dommelen, FAMU-FSU College of Engineering
Types of DragTypes of Drag
Parasite drag drains flight of needed energyParasite drag drains flight of needed energy FormForm drag includes items like drag includes items like
antennas and engine coversantennas and engine covers Interference Interference drag occurs when drag occurs when
air currents flowing over air currents flowing over various angles of an aircraft various angles of an aircraft collidecollide
Skin friction dragSkin friction drag can include can include anything on an aircraft’s skin anything on an aircraft’s skin that allows air molecules to that allows air molecules to stick to stick to
Chapter 1, Lesson 2 © Aaron Kohr/ShutterStock, Inc
Types of Drag, cont.Types of Drag, cont.
Wingtip vortices produce Wingtip vortices produce induced draginduced drag
Air flows above the tip Air flows above the tip and comes back in a and comes back in a downwash behind the downwash behind the wing pulling down and wing pulling down and back on aircraftback on aircraft
Chapter 1, Lesson 2 Courtesy of USAF/TSgt Russell E. Cooley IV
Chapter 1, Lesson 2
Learning Check QuestionsLearning Check Questions
CPS Questions 5-6CPS Questions 5-6
Activity 3: Activity 3: : FoilSim III Lab
Conduct experiments on airfoils in a Conduct experiments on airfoils in a virtual wind tunnel using NASA’svirtual wind tunnel using NASA’s
FoilSim IIIFoilSim III
Answer questions pertaining to your Answer questions pertaining to your adjustments to lift and drag variablesadjustments to lift and drag variables
Chapter 1, Lesson 2
How the Four Forces of Flight Interact with Each Other
If forces are balanced, aircraft cruises at If forces are balanced, aircraft cruises at constant velocityconstant velocity
If forces unbalanced, aircraft accelerates in If forces unbalanced, aircraft accelerates in direction of largest forcedirection of largest force
To maintain constant speed, thrust and drag To maintain constant speed, thrust and drag must remain equalmust remain equal
For constant altitude, lift and weight must be For constant altitude, lift and weight must be equalequal
Chapter 1, Lesson 2
Activity 4: Activity 4: Four Forces of Flight
Label the appropriate force of flight on Label the appropriate force of flight on the worksheet illustrationthe worksheet illustration
Write a short statement describing the Write a short statement describing the force’s affect on flightforce’s affect on flight
Chapter 1, Lesson 2
SummarySummary
How lift is generatedHow lift is generated How weight affects flightHow weight affects flight How thrust affects an aircraft’s movementHow thrust affects an aircraft’s movement How drag slows an aircraftHow drag slows an aircraft How the four forces of flight interact with each How the four forces of flight interact with each
other other
Chapter 1, Lesson 2
Chapter 1, Lesson 2
Review QuestionsReview Questions
CPS Questions 7-8CPS Questions 7-8
Next….Next….
Done – the physics of flightDone – the physics of flight
Next – the purpose and Next – the purpose and function of airplane partsfunction of airplane parts
Chapter 1, Lesson 2 Courtesy of USAF/CMSgt Gary Emery
