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Human Physiology and Human Physiology and Air FlightAir Flight
Warm-Up QuestionsWarm-Up Questions
CPS Questions 1-2 CPS Questions 1-2
Chapter 3, Lesson 1
Chapter OverviewChapter Overview
Lesson 1: Human Physiology and Air Flight
Lesson 2: Protective Equipment and Aircrew Training
Chapter 3, Lesson 1
Lesson OverviewLesson Overview
The four zones of the flight environmentThe four zones of the flight environment The physical laws of gases according to The physical laws of gases according to
Boyle's law, Dalton's law, and Henry's lawBoyle's law, Dalton's law, and Henry's law The respiration and circulation processesThe respiration and circulation processes The effects on the human body of The effects on the human body of
reduced pressure at high altitudereduced pressure at high altitude
Chapter 3, Lesson 1
Lesson Overview, cont.Lesson Overview, cont.
The effects on the human body of acceleration and deceleration or increased g-forces
Spatial disorientation and motion sickness
Other stresses of flight operations
Chapter 3, Lesson 1
Quick WriteQuick Write
What devices and steps do you think could What devices and steps do you think could have prevented loss of consciousness? have prevented loss of consciousness?
(Note to teacher: Use “Pick a Student” button in CPS) (Note to teacher: Use “Pick a Student” button in CPS)
Chapter 3, Lesson 1 Courtesy of USAF/MSgt Kevin J. Gruenwald
Four Zones of the Four Zones of the Flight EnvironmentFlight Environment
Troposphere, stratosphere, Troposphere, stratosphere, ionosphere, and exosphereionosphere, and exosphere
Most flight takes place in Most flight takes place in troposphere and stratosphere troposphere and stratosphere
Troposphere—largest Troposphere—largest percentage of atmospheric percentage of atmospheric massmass
Passenger airliners will fly Passenger airliners will fly above the clouds in the above the clouds in the stratosphere to avoid weatherstratosphere to avoid weather
Chapter 3, Lesson 1Chapter 3, Lesson 1 Reproduced from NASA
Activity 1: Activity 1: The Four Zones of FlightThe Four Zones of Flight
Describe some characteristics of each Describe some characteristics of each flight zone in the chart providedflight zone in the chart provided
Chapter 3, Lesson 1
Physical Laws of Gases According to Boyle’s LawBoyle’s Law
Boyle’s law—when the pressure of a confined gas increases, its volume decreases; when pressure decreases, volume increases
When an aircraft climbs, the drop in When an aircraft climbs, the drop in atmospheric pressure causes gases in atmospheric pressure causes gases in the human body to expandthe human body to expand
Chapter 3, Lesson 1
Dalton’s LawDalton’s Law Dalton’s law—the total pressure of a Dalton’s law—the total pressure of a
mixture of gases is equal to the sum of the mixture of gases is equal to the sum of the partial pressure that each gas exerts partial pressure that each gas exerts individually individually
The total pressure that the human body The total pressure that the human body experiences is the sum of the partial experiences is the sum of the partial pressures exerted on it by oxygen, nitrogen, pressures exerted on it by oxygen, nitrogen, and trace gasesand trace gases
Chapter 3, Lesson 1
Henry’s Law Henry’s law—the amount
of gas dissolved in a volume of liquid is proportional to the pressure of the gas
Bottle filled with carbonated drink; when opened releases pressure, bubbles of gas escape
Chapter 3, Lesson 1© iStockphoto/Thinkstock
Activity 2: Animated Gas Lab - Activity 2: Animated Gas Lab - Boyle’s LawBoyle’s Law
View the Animated Gas Lab at the NASA View the Animated Gas Lab at the NASA websitewebsite
Use the lab to work through the questionsUse the lab to work through the questions
Chapter 3, Lesson 1
Learning Check QuestionsLearning Check Questions
CPS Questions 3-4CPS Questions 3-4
Chapter 3, Lesson 1
The Respiration and The Respiration and Circulation ProcessesCirculation Processes
Gases present in the human body that expand and compress depending on pressure affect two physical processes:Respiration—breathingCirculation—process of moving blood
about the body
Chapter 3, Lesson 1
Respiratory SystemRespiratory System Main purpose is to take in
oxygen and get rid of carbon dioxide
Diaphragm helps the lungs draw in and expel air
Lungs and blood vessels distribute oxygen to the body, retrieve carbon dioxide
Chapter 3, Lesson 1 Adapted from National Institutes of Health
Cardiovascular System and HeartCardiovascular System and Heart Cardiovascular system’s main
functions: Use blood to carry oxygen from
lungs to organs or body tissue Uses blood to move carbon
dioxide from the tissues to the lungs
The heart pumps blood throughout the body
Chapter 3, Lesson 1 Adapted from National Institutes of Health
Activity 3: Respiration Activity 3: Respiration and Circulationand Circulation
Identify the part of the body that Identify the part of the body that performs the function and answer the performs the function and answer the questionsquestions
Chapter 3, Lesson 1
Human Body and Reduced Human Body and Reduced Pressure at High AltitudePressure at High Altitude
By about 12,000 feet, the partial pressure By about 12,000 feet, the partial pressure of oxygen is reduced, interferes with the of oxygen is reduced, interferes with the body’s normal activities and functionsbody’s normal activities and functions
By 18,000 feet, the thinner air means By 18,000 feet, the thinner air means lungs can only draw half as much oxygen lungs can only draw half as much oxygen
Chapter 3, Lesson 1
Ill Effects at Reduced Pressure Ill Effects at Reduced Pressure
Hypoxia—a state of too little oxygen Hypoxia—a state of too little oxygen in the body in the body
Hyperventilation—an abnormal Hyperventilation—an abnormal increase in the volume of air increase in the volume of air breathed in and out of the lungsbreathed in and out of the lungs
Trapped gasTrapped gas Ear blockEar block Sinus blockSinus block Altitude-Induced Decompression Altitude-Induced Decompression
SicknessSickness
Chapter 3, Lesson 1 Courtesy of NASA Kennedy Space Center/NASA
Activity 4: How High Altitude Activity 4: How High Altitude Affects the BodyAffects the Body
Match the descriptions with the four Match the descriptions with the four ailments associated with high-altitude ailments associated with high-altitude flight and answer the questionsflight and answer the questions
Chapter 3, Lesson 1
Chapter 3, Lesson 1
Learning Check QuestionsLearning Check Questions
CPS Questions 5-6CPS Questions 5-6
G-ForcesG-Forces Measure of gravity’s Measure of gravity’s
accelerative forceaccelerative force Pilot may experience a Pilot may experience a
combination of linear, radial, combination of linear, radial, and angular acceleration and angular acceleration when working with flight when working with flight controlscontrols
Accelerations induce g-forces Accelerations induce g-forces on the body that scientists on the body that scientists refer to as Gx, Gy, and Gzrefer to as Gx, Gy, and Gz
Chapter 3, Lesson 1Courtesy of USAF/MSgt Kevin J. Gruenwald
The Effects of G-ForceThe Effects of G-Force
Most hazardous is along the Gz axis Most hazardous is along the Gz axis Cardiovascular system has to act quickly Cardiovascular system has to act quickly
to keep blood flowing to the brain to keep blood flowing to the brain Body tries to counteract +Gz with a Body tries to counteract +Gz with a
harder, faster heartbeatharder, faster heartbeat If the acceleration is as rapid as 1 G per If the acceleration is as rapid as 1 G per
second, unconsciousness can hit without second, unconsciousness can hit without any visual warningany visual warning
Chapter 3, Lesson 1
The Effects of G-Force, cont.The Effects of G-Force, cont.
More dangerous is the foot-to-More dangerous is the foot-to-head -Gz; pilot pushes into a head -Gz; pilot pushes into a dive, blood can’t flow back down dive, blood can’t flow back down through the veins into the heartthrough the veins into the heart Pilot may experience red out; Pilot may experience red out;
the next phase is loss of the next phase is loss of consciousness consciousness
Fighter pilots and astronauts Fighter pilots and astronauts wear the g-suit, protects pilots wear the g-suit, protects pilots from the effects of g-forcesfrom the effects of g-forces
Chapter 3, Lesson 1Courtesy of US Air Force
Chapter 3, Lesson 1
Learning Check QuestionsLearning Check Questions
CPS Questions 7-8CPS Questions 7-8
Spatial DisorientationSpatial Disorientation
Spatial disorientation—lack of Spatial disorientation—lack of knowing an aircraft’s position, knowing an aircraft’s position, attitude, and movementattitude, and movement
Visual systemVisual system Vestibular systemVestibular system Somatosensory systemSomatosensory system Flying conditions can sometimes Flying conditions can sometimes
confuse the three systemsconfuse the three systems
Chapter 3, Lesson 1
Reproduced from US Department of Transportation/Federal Aviation Administration
Motion SicknessMotion Sickness
A product of the brain receiving A product of the brain receiving conflicting messages about the body’s conflicting messages about the body’s true position true position
Symptoms include nausea, dizziness, Symptoms include nausea, dizziness, paleness, sweating, and vomitingpaleness, sweating, and vomiting
Chapter 3, Lesson 1
Other Stresses of Flight Other Stresses of Flight OperationsOperations
Smoking tobacco: raises the concentration Smoking tobacco: raises the concentration of carbon monoxide in bloodof carbon monoxide in blood
Alcohol: can affect coordination, limit vision, Alcohol: can affect coordination, limit vision, impact memory, reduce reasoning power, impact memory, reduce reasoning power, slow reflexes, and lower attention spanslow reflexes, and lower attention span
Drugs: side effects such as loss of balance Drugs: side effects such as loss of balance and nauseaand nausea
Chapter 3, Lesson 1
Activity 5: Activity 5: Human PhysiologyHuman Physiology and Air Flight and Air Flight
Create a presentation on one of the topics Create a presentation on one of the topics related to human physiology and air flightrelated to human physiology and air flight
Conduct and investigate research using the Conduct and investigate research using the sources identifiedsources identified
Chapter 3, Lesson 1
Chapter 3, Lesson 1
Learning Check QuestionsLearning Check Questions
CPS Questions 9-10CPS Questions 9-10
SummarySummary
Chapter 3, Lesson 1
The four zones of the flight environmentThe four zones of the flight environment The physical laws of gases according to The physical laws of gases according to
Boyle's law, Dalton's law, and Henry's lawBoyle's law, Dalton's law, and Henry's law The respiration and circulation processesThe respiration and circulation processes The effects on the human body of The effects on the human body of
reduced pressure at high altitudereduced pressure at high altitude
Summary, cont.Summary, cont.
The effects on the human body of acceleration and deceleration or increased g-forces
Spatial disorientation and motion sickness
Other stresses of flight operations
Chapter 3, Lesson 1
Chapter 3, Lesson 1
Review QuestionsReview Questions
CPS Questions 11-12CPS Questions 11-12
Next….Next….
Done – Done – human physiology and air human physiology and air flightflight
Next – protective equipment and Next – protective equipment and aircrew trainingaircrew training
Chapter 3, Lesson 1 Courtesy of U. S. Air Force/Staff Sgt. Brian Ferguson
