The Periodic TableThe Periodic Table

Chap. 6Chap. 6Chap. 6Chap. 6

I.I. Early Attempts at Early Attempts at Organizing the ElementsOrganizing the Elements

I.I. Early Attempts at Early Attempts at Organizing the ElementsOrganizing the Elements

A.A. Lavoisier’s list: 23 elementsLavoisier’s list: 23 elements

I.I. Early Attempts at Early Attempts at Organizing the ElementsOrganizing the Elements

A.A. Lavoisier’s list: 23 elementsLavoisier’s list: 23 elements

B.B. 1870’s : 70 known elements1870’s : 70 known elements

I.I. Early Attempts at Early Attempts at Organizing the ElementsOrganizing the Elements

A.A. Lavoisier’s list: 23 elementsLavoisier’s list: 23 elements

B.B. 1870’s : 70 known elements1870’s : 70 known elements

C.C. Dobereiner’s triadsDobereiner’s triads

ClCl

Halogen TriadHalogen Triad

BrBr IImass

density

M.P.

B.P.

35.5 u

.00321

-101oC

-34 oC

79.9 u

3.12

-7oC

59oC

127 u

4.93

114oC

185oC

Self Check – Ex. 1Self Check – Ex. 1

CaCa SrSr BaBamass

density

M.P.

B.P.

40 u

1.55

842oC

1500oC

88 u

????

1412oC

137 u

3.62

727oC

1845 oC

Self Check – Ex. 1Self Check – Ex. 1

CaCa SrSr BaBamass

density

M.P.

B.P.

40 u

1.55

842oC

1500oC

88 u

2.62.6

77777700CC

1412oC

137 u

3.62

727oC

1845 oC

I.I. Early Attempts at Early Attempts at Organizing the ElementsOrganizing the Elements

A.A. Lavoisier’s list: 23 elementsLavoisier’s list: 23 elements

B.B. 1870’s : 70 known elements1870’s : 70 known elements

C.C. Dobereiner’s triadsDobereiner’s triads

D.D. Newlands: Law of OctavesNewlands: Law of Octaves

I.I. Early Attempts at Early Attempts at Organizing the ElementsOrganizing the Elements

E.E. Mendeleev’s TableMendeleev’s Table

I.I. Early Attempts at Early Attempts at Organizing the ElementsOrganizing the Elements

E.E. Mendeleev’s TableMendeleev’s Table

1.1. produced simultaneously produced simultaneously with Meyerwith Meyer

I.I. Early Attempts at Early Attempts at Organizing the ElementsOrganizing the Elements

E.E. Mendeleev’s TableMendeleev’s Table

1.1. produced simultaneously produced simultaneously with Meyerwith Meyer

2.2. organized elements by organized elements by increasing massincreasing mass

I.I. Early Attempts at Early Attempts at Organizing the ElementsOrganizing the Elements

E.E. Mendeleev’s TableMendeleev’s Table

3.3. rearranged a few elements rearranged a few elements to match propertiesto match properties

I.I. Early Attempts at Early Attempts at Organizing the ElementsOrganizing the Elements

E.E. Mendeleev’s TableMendeleev’s Table

3.3. rearranged a few elements rearranged a few elements to match propertiesto match properties

4.4. left gaps for undiscovered left gaps for undiscovered elementselements

I.I. Early Attempts at Early Attempts at Organizing the ElementsOrganizing the Elements

E.E. Mendeleev’s TableMendeleev’s Table

3.3. rearranged a few elements rearranged a few elements to match propertiesto match properties

4.4. left gaps for undiscovered left gaps for undiscovered elementselements

5.5. described periodic lawdescribed periodic law

Periodic LawPeriodic Law

When arranged according to increasing atomic number, there is a repeating pattern of an element’s properties

When arranged according to increasing atomic number, there is a repeating pattern of an element’s properties

II.II.The Modern Periodic TableThe Modern Periodic Table

II.II.The Modern Periodic TableThe Modern Periodic TableA.A. PeriodsPeriods

II.II.The Modern Periodic TableThe Modern Periodic TableA.A. PeriodsPeriods

B.B. Groups/FamiliesGroups/Families

II.II.The Modern Periodic TableThe Modern Periodic TableA.A. PeriodsPeriods

B.B. Groups/FamiliesGroups/Families

C.C. Metals/Non-Metals/SemimetalsMetals/Non-Metals/Semimetals

II.II.The Modern Periodic TableThe Modern Periodic TableA.A. PeriodsPeriods

B.B. Groups/FamiliesGroups/Families

C.C. Metals/Non-Metals/SemimetalsMetals/Non-Metals/Semimetals

D.D. Transition Metals/Inner Transition Metals/Inner Transition Metals/ Transition Metals/ Representative ElementsRepresentative Elements

II.II.The Modern Periodic TableThe Modern Periodic TableA.A. PeriodsPeriods

B.B. Groups/FamiliesGroups/Families

C.C. Metals/Non-Metals/SemimetalsMetals/Non-Metals/Semimetals

D.D. Transition Metals/Inner Transition Metals/Inner Transition Metals/ Transition Metals/ Representative ElementsRepresentative Elements

E.E. Physical StatesPhysical States

II.II.The Modern Periodic TableThe Modern Periodic TableA.A. PeriodsPeriods

B.B. Groups/FamiliesGroups/Families

C.C. Metals/Non-Metals/SemimetalsMetals/Non-Metals/Semimetals

D.D. Transition Metals/Inner Transition Metals/Inner Transition Metals/ Transition Metals/ Representative ElementsRepresentative Elements

E.E. Physical StatesPhysical States

F.F. Naturally occurring elementsNaturally occurring elements

III.III. Periodic TrendsPeriodic Trends

III.III. Periodic TrendsPeriodic TrendsA.A. Valence ElectronsValence Electrons

A.A. Valence ElectronsValence Electrons1.1. as you go down a group, the as you go down a group, the

number of valence electrons number of valence electrons ____________________

III.III. Periodic TrendsPeriodic Trends

A.A. Valence ElectronsValence Electrons1.1. as you go down a group, the as you go down a group, the

number of valence electrons number of valence electrons ____________________

2.2. as you go across a period, the as you go across a period, the number of valence electrons number of valence electrons ____________________

III.III. Periodic TrendsPeriodic Trends

B.B. Atomic RadiusAtomic RadiusIII.III. Periodic TrendsPeriodic Trends

Atomic radiusAtomic radius

Distance between the nucleus and the outermost electron.Distance between the nucleus and the outermost electron.

B.B. Atomic RadiusAtomic Radius1.1. as you go down a group, the as you go down a group, the

atomic radius __________atomic radius __________

III.III. Periodic TrendsPeriodic Trends

B.B. Atomic RadiusAtomic Radius1.1. as you go down a group, the as you go down a group, the

atomic radius __________atomic radius __________

2.2. as you go across a period, the as you go across a period, the atomic radius __________atomic radius __________

III.III. Periodic TrendsPeriodic Trends

Atomic Radius

13

20

19

18171615

14

12

11

1098765

4

3

21

0

50

100

150

200

250

0 2 4 6 8 10 12 14 16 18 20

Atomic Number

Ato

mic

Rad

ius

(pm

)

Self Check – Ex. 2Self Check – Ex. 2

Put the following atoms in Put the following atoms in order from smallest to order from smallest to largest radiuslargest radius

P Mg O CaP Mg O Ca

C.C. Ionic RadiusIonic RadiusIII.III. Periodic TrendsPeriodic Trends

IonIon

An atom that has gained or lost an electronAn atom that has gained or lost an electron

C.C. Ionic RadiusIonic Radius1.1. as you remove an electron, as you remove an electron,

the radius __________the radius __________

III.III. Periodic TrendsPeriodic Trends

C.C. Ionic RadiusIonic Radius1.1. as you remove an electron, as you remove an electron,

the radius __________the radius __________

2.2. as you add an electron, the as you add an electron, the radius __________radius __________

III.III. Periodic TrendsPeriodic Trends

C.C. Ionic RadiusIonic Radius1.1. as you remove an electron, as you remove an electron,

the radius __________the radius __________

2.2. as you add an electron, the as you add an electron, the radius __________radius __________

3.3. the isoelectronic atoms that the isoelectronic atoms that are the smallest have the most are the smallest have the most ______________

III.III. Periodic TrendsPeriodic Trends

Isoelectronic atomsIsoelectronic atoms

Atoms that have the same number of electrons.Atoms that have the same number of electrons.

Self Check – Ex. 3Self Check – Ex. 3

Put the following in order Put the following in order of increasing radiusof increasing radius

ClCl-- Ca Ca2+2+ Ar K Ar K++

D.D. 11stst Ionization Energy Ionization EnergyIII.III. Periodic TrendsPeriodic Trends

Ionization EnergyIonization Energy

The energy required to remove an electron.The energy required to remove an electron.

D.D. 11stst Ionization Energy Ionization Energy1.1. as you go down a group the as you go down a group the

ionization energy ________ionization energy ________

III.III. Periodic TrendsPeriodic Trends

D.D. 11stst Ionization Energy Ionization Energy1.1. as you go down a group the as you go down a group the

ionization energy ________ionization energy ________

2.2. as you go across a period the as you go across a period the ionization energy ________ionization energy ________

III.III. Periodic TrendsPeriodic Trends

First Ionization Energy of Elements

1

2

3

45

6

78

9

10

11

12

13

14

15 16

17

18

19

20

0

500

1000

1500

2000

2500

0 2 4 6 8 10 12 14 16 18 20

Atomic Number

Ion

iza

tio

n E

ne

rgy

(k

J/m

ol)

D.D. 11stst Ionization Energy Ionization Energy1.1. as you go down a group the as you go down a group the

ionization energy ________ionization energy ________

2.2. as you go across a period the as you go across a period the ionization energy ________ionization energy ________

3.3. as you remove each as you remove each additional electron the additional electron the ionization energy ________ionization energy ________

III.III. Periodic TrendsPeriodic Trends

Name1st IE

(kJ/mol)2nd IE

(kJ/mol)3rd IE

(kJ/mol)4th IE

(kJ/mol)

Boron 800 2430 3660 25020

Successive Ionization EnergySuccessive Ionization Energy

Self Check – Ex. 4Self Check – Ex. 4

For what ionization will a For what ionization will a large jump in ionization large jump in ionization energy be observed with energy be observed with aluminum?aluminum?

E.E. ElectronegativityElectronegativityIII.III. Periodic TrendsPeriodic Trends

ElectronegativityElectronegativity

The ability of an atom to attract electrons in a chemical bond.

The ability of an atom to attract electrons in a chemical bond.

E.E. ElectronegativityElectronegativity1.1. electronegativity values are electronegativity values are

only reported for elements only reported for elements that bond.that bond.

III.III. Periodic TrendsPeriodic Trends

E.E. ElectronegativityElectronegativity1.1. electronegativity values are electronegativity values are

only reported for elements only reported for elements that bond.that bond.

2.2. as you go down a group the as you go down a group the electronegativity ________.electronegativity ________.

III.III. Periodic TrendsPeriodic Trends

E.E. ElectronegativityElectronegativity1.1. electronegativity values are electronegativity values are

only reported for elements only reported for elements that bond.that bond.

2.2. as you go down a group the as you go down a group the electronegativity ________.electronegativity ________.

3.3. as you go across a period the as you go across a period the electronegativity ________.electronegativity ________.

III.III. Periodic TrendsPeriodic Trends

Self Check – Ex. 5Self Check – Ex. 5

Put these in order of Put these in order of decreasing electronegativity.decreasing electronegativity.

Sr O B Mg FSr O B Mg F

The EndThe End