The Pacification of Burma (Chap XXI: The Chins)

8/9/2019 The Pacification of Burma (Chap XXI: The Chins)

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MEOQ[GJ UUI

[EG MEIL]

@GLGSOB HOWLMC'] GUQGKI[IFL

[EG}gxgl{ggl{e meoq{gs {fbk {eg }{fsy fh {eg ]opboqop

guqgki{ifl" peime mfxgsgk {eg {idg hsfd {eg }qsil`

?555 {f {eg }gmflk dfl{e fh ?559, [eg pg}{gsl hsfl{igs

fh {eg qsfxilmg po} {eg }mglg fh gwobby il{gsg}{il` olk

dwme dfsg kihhimwb{ fqgso{ifl} kwsil` {eg }odg qgsifk,

Pegl Wqqgs Cwsdo po} ollgugk i{ i} kfwc{hwb peg{egs {eg

kihhimwb{ig}" {eo{ diè{ osi}g hsfd {eg pibk {sicg} peime

pfwbk cgmfdg fws lgiècfws}" sgmgixgk dwme mfl}ikgso{ifl,

[eg Cwsdg}g @fxgsldgl{ {efwè{ xgsy bi{{bg fh soik}

olk ki}{wscolmg} fl {egis hsfl{igs}, O Csi{i}e Okdili}{so$

{ifl mfwbk lf{ }efp {eg }odg ilkihhgsglmg,

Obfl` {eg pg}{ fh {eg Wqqgs Cwsdo ki}{sim{} fh {eg

Wqqgs olk {eg Bfpgs Meilkpil" fh Qojfjjw" olk fh

Dilcw" big} o pibk sgìfl fh eibb}" ileoci{gk cy }gdi$

}oxo`g {sicg} jlfpl {f w} o} Meil}, [ei} dfwl{oilfw}

sgìfl hfsd} o pgk`g xgsy bfl` il mfdqosi}fl {f i{}

pik{e, [eg csfok glk ilosmeg} pi{e {eg }fw{e fh Doliqws"

{eg Loò Momeos" olk go}{ ]ybg{ eibb}" olk {eg qfil{ sg}{}

fl Moqg Lg`soi}, I{ i} hfsdgk fh eiè" lossfp sik`g}

olk

kggq xobbgy}"

obb

swllil`

hsfd lfs{e {f }fw{e" olk

{eg qgfqbg osg }qbi{ wq il{f lwdgsfw} {sicg} olk mbol}

}qgojil` doly kihhgsgl{ kiobgm{}, [eg flby }y}{gd fh

`fxgsldgl{ po} {eo{ fh egokdgl fh xibbo`g}" fs o{ {eg

df}{ fh o }dobb `sfwq fh xibbo`g}" olk mfl}gwgl{by lg`f$

{io{ifl} pi{e {eg Meil} o} o qgfqbg pgsg idqf}}icbg,

[egqsilmiqob {sicg}" pi{e peime {eg qsg}gl{ losso{ixg i}

mflmgslgk osg" fl {eg lfs{e" {eg ]iyil}" ilmbwkil` {eg

]o`yiboil}" olk {eg ]fj{g {sicg" ilmbwkil` {eg Jolefp} :

i

ppp,meilbolkilhf,cbf`}qf{,mfd



355 [EG QOMIHIMO[IFL FH CWSDO

il {eg mgl{sg fh {eg mfwl{sy {eg [o}efl} olk Eojo}

%limjlodgk cy {eg Cwsdg}g Cowl`}eg}) : olk" }fw{eposk

fh {egd" o lwdcgs fh {sicg}" Meil$cfj} odfl` f{egs}"

pef osg bg}} hfsdikocbg o} cfskgs lgiècfws},

Cg{pggl {eg eibb} olk {eg Meilkpil" olk hfsdil` ol

glmbf}wsg il {eg Wqqgs Meilkpil ki}{sim{" po} {eg bi{{bg

]eol ]{o{g fh Jobg#, Bijg {eg ]{o{g} fl {eg ]eol qbo{gow"

i{ po} `fxgslgk cy o ]opcpo pef eok o dgo}wsg fh

ilkgqglkglmg, Fpil` {f i{} qf}i{ifl" qsom{imobby" fl {eg

Meilkpil" Jobg po} dwme dfsg il }wcngm{ifl {f {eg @fxgsl$

dgl{ fh Cwsdo {eol {eg dfsg ki}{ol{ ]eol meigh}eiq}, I{

po}" dfsgfxgs" guqf}gk {f soik} hsfd {eg eibb$dgl" olk hfs

o bfl` {idg qo}{ eok }whhgsgk dwme hsfd {eg ]iyil `sfwq"

pef pgsg {eg df}{ hsgwgl{ olk coscosfw} soikgs}" cwslil`

xibbo`g}" }bowè{gsil` {eg qgo}ol{}" olk mossyil` fhh dolyo} }boxg} il{f {eg dfwl{oil},

O{ {eg {idg fh {eg ollguo{ifl {eg ]opcpo fh Jobg

po} ol fbk

dol" cy lodg Dowl` Jg{" ilmoqocbgfh

okdili}{gsil` ei} mfwl{sy, Fl {eg ?}{ fh Nolwosy" ?550"

{eg Meigh Mfddi}}iflgs" hilkil` {eo{ eg mfwbk lgi{egs

jggq fskgs pi{eil ei} {gssi{fsy lfs qsf{gm{ i{ oòil}{

glgdig} hsfd pi{efw{" mow}gk eid {f cg sgdfxgk pi{e

}fdg fh ei} fhhimiob} {f Dolkoboy" olk oqqfil{gk ei} lgqegp{f swbg il ei} }{gok, Il Lfxgdcgs" ?550" Dowl` Jg{

g}moqgk hsfd Dolkoboy pi{e ei} hfbbfpgs} olk {ffj sghw`g

pi{e {eg [o}efl Meil}" pef il hfsdgs ygos} pgsg fl

hsiglkby {gsd} pi{e {eg Jobg ]{o{g,

Il Dosme" ?550" {eg Kgqw{y Mfddi}}iflgs fh {eg Wqqgs

Meilkpil %Moq{oil Joijg}) dg{ sgqsg}gl{o{ixg} fh {eg

[o}efl {sicg} o{ Ilkil olk guqboilgk {f {egd {eo{ soikil`

dw}{ cg }{fqqgk, Ei} poslil`} }ggd {f eoxg ilhbwglmgk

{egd:hfs o pefbg ygos hgp xibbo`g} pgsg o{{omjgk, ]gxgsob

mismwd}{olmg}" efpgxgs" eok {glkgk {f wl}g{{bg {eg dilk}fh {eg}g pibk {sicg},

[eg gu$]opcpo fh Jobg eok o ki}{wscil` ilhbwglmg

olk glkgoxfwsgk lf kfwc{ {f qgs}wokg {egd {f egbq eid {f

sgòil ei} qf}i{ifl, Il {eg fqgl }go}fl fh ?550$5 o qsfngm{

hfs fqglil` wq {eg Meil mfwl{sy hsfd {eg Cglòb cfwlkosy

il {eg pg}{ {f {eg hsfl{igs fh Cwsdo qsfqgs fl {eg go}{ po}

}{os{gk il Ilkio"qsgdo{wsgby

}f hos o} pg pgsg mflmgslgk,

I{ po} qsfqf}gk {eo{ sfok} }efwbk cg dokg {esfwè {eg







[EG MEIL] 359

eibb}" mfddwlimo{ifl} g}{ocbi}egk" olk {eg eibb qgfqbg }wc$

nwò{gk, [eg qeso}g #hsfd {eg ]obpggl {f {eg }go# po}

ilxgl{gk olk eok }fdg ghhgm{,

Il {eg pil{gs fh?550 Moq{oil Joijg} pi{e olf{egs

fhhimgs pgl{ wq {eg Dyi{{eo Jixgs olk ossol`gk o dgg{il`

pi{e {eg [o}efl meigh}, ]flqgj" {eg qsilmiqob dol fh

{eg {sicg" modg kfpl hsfd {eg dfwl{oil} olk dg{ Moq{oil

Goijg} fl {eg =sk fh Nolwosy" ?555, Eg po} mfws{gfw}"

gxgl hsiglkby il ei} dollgs" cw{ `woskgk il ei} }qggme,

Ei} hgos} pgsg gumi{gk cy {eg mbf}g wg}{iflil` %mflmgslil`

{eg sfw{g} {esfwè ei} mfwl{sy go}{posk) {f peime eg

po} }wcngm{gk" }f dwme }f {eo{ eg pfwbk eoskby ommgq{ {eg

qsg}gl{} fhhgsgk {f eid cy Moq{oil Joijg}, [eg dgg{il`"

efpgxgs" glkgk il fw{posk hsiglkbilg}} fl cf{e }ikg}, Lf

om{ifl po} {ojgl cy {eg @fxgsldgl{ {fposk} gl{gsil` fs

oqqsfomeil` {eg [o}efl mfwl{sy" olk lf{eil` ilkimo{gk

{eo{ {eg Meil} eok cggl }gsifw}by obosdgk,

F{egs gxgl{} hfbbfpgk peime okkgk {f {egis wlgo}ilg}},

Moq{oil Joijg} eok xi}i{gk Ilkil il Dosme" ?550" olk eokhfwlk {pf qgs}fl} il {eg swbil` ]opcpo' } }gsximg pef}g

il{si`wg} pgsg mow}il` {sfwcbg il {eg Jobg ]{o{g, Flg

po} Dowl` [fj ]ol" {eg f{egs Dowl` [eo Kwl" }{ybgk#Meil`ge"# fs

#Dili}{gs hfs {eg Meil},# [eg}g {pf dgl

pgsg sgdfxgk cy Moq{oil Joijg} hsfd Jobg olk mflhilgk

o{ Obfl, Oh{gs }fdg dfl{e} {egy pgsg sgbgo}gk fl }gmwsi{y,

[egydokg w}g fh {egis hsggkfd {f

g}moqg{f {eg Meil

Eibb}" pegsg {egy nfilgk {eg fbk ]opcpo pef eok qsg$

mgkgk {egd" olk egbqgk eid {f gumi{g {eg {sicg},

I{ eoqqglgk o{ {eg }odg {idg {eo{ qos{ fh {eg Qojfjjw

ki}{sim{ fl {eg Bfpgs Meilkpil po} xgsy dwme ki}$

{wscgk, [eg `wgsibbo bgokgs" jlfpl o} {eg ]epg`yfcyw

Qsilmg" eok cggl ocbg {f mfbbgm{ o mfl}ikgsocbg hfbbfpil`

olk {f soi}g o }dobb sgxfb{ %}gg Meoq{gs XIII," qq, 5;" 57),

Guqgbbgk hsfd {eg bfp mfwl{sy" eg ob}f }fwè{ }ohg{y pi{e

{eg [o}efl}, [eg ossixob fh o Cwsdol Qsilmg" peg{egs

`glwilg fs qsg{glkgs" kik lf{ do{{gs" o dol pi{e o mgs{oil

odfwl{ fh qsg}{i`g" o `ffk kgob fh glgs`y" olk o ci{{gs

eo{sgk fh {eg hfsgi`lgs}" òxg {eg [o}efl} egos{" olk {egy

kg{gsdilgk {f {ojg om{ifl, Fl {eg ;{e olk 7{e fh Doyo cfky fh ]flqgj'} [o}efl}" lwdcgsil` }fdg ewlksgk}"

kg}mglkgk fl Ilkil" dokg {eg ]opcpo qsi}flgs" olk {ffj31




eid {f Meilòil` %o xibbo`g lgos {eg hff{ fh {eg eibb}"

pegsg eg eok il{gsxigp} pi{e ]flqgj olk {eg ]epg`yfcywQsilmg, Eg qsfdi}gk {f nfil {egd il {egis sg}i}{olmg {f

{eg Csi{i}e" olk fl {eo{ mflki{ifl po} obbfpgk {f sg{wsl

{f Ilkil, [eg ]opcpo" efpgxgs" jgq{ hoi{e pi{e w},

@g{{il` }fdg dgl {f`g{egs" eg }gl{ {egd {f o{{omj {eg

]epg`yfcyw Qsilmg il Meilòil`" olk kg}qo{megk ws`gl{

dg}}gl`gs} {f {eg Kgqw{y Mfddi}}iflgs %Ds, Jf}}) o}jil`

hfs o}}i}{olmg,

[ei} }wkkgl soik cy {eg Meil} fl {eg Job8 ]{o{g" olk

{egis sgokilg}} {f o}}i}{ o qsg{glkgs bijg {eg ]epg`yfcywQsilmg" eok lf{ cggl hfsg}ggl" olk {ffj {eg ow{efsi{ig} cy

}wsqsi}g, [eg dg}}o`g} sgmgixgk o{ egokwos{gs} pgsg

obosdil`, Gbgxgl ewlksgk [o}efl Meil} pgsg sgqfs{gk

{f eoxg }wssfwlkgk Ilkil olk mossigk fhh {eg ]opcpo,

]gxgsob {efw}olk} pgsg }oik {f cg fl {eg posqo{e :hixg

ewlksgk eok fmmwqigk Ilkil" {esgg ewlksgk pgsg dosmeil`

fl [owl`kpil" {esgg ewlksgk fl Jobgpo obb {eg}g fh {eg

[o}efl {sicg, Fh {eg ]iyil}" hixg ewlksgk pgsg dojil` hfs

Jobgdyf" }iu ewlksgk {esgo{glil` {eg Jocop Xobbgy" olk

}f fl, [eg lwdcgs} pgsg fcxifw}by dwme guo``gso{gk,

Lgxgs{egbg}}" o} {eg dgl fl {eg }qf{ {efwè{ {eg }i{wo{ifl

}gsifw}" dgo}wsg} fh qsgmow{ifl eok {f cg {ojgl, O hfsmg

wlkgs Donfs @$bgi`" mfl}i}{il` fh ?11 sihbg}" Meg}eisg

Jgìdgl{" 371 Dokso} Ilhol{sy %?7{e) olk {pf `wl}" pgsg

}gl{ wq {eg Meilkpil Gixgs il }{godgs} {f Jobgdyf, O{

{eg }odg {idg ?71 Dfwl{gk Ilhol{sy %?11 Csi{i}e" 71

Lo{ixg)" ommfdqoligk cy Moq{oil Gysg" {eg Kgqw{y Mfd$

di}}iflgs fh {eg ki}{sim{" pgsg kg}qo{megk hsfd Qojfjjw"

xik Qowj olk @olòp" {f {ojg {eg soikgs} il {eg sgos,

O qos{y fh dibi{osy qfbimg hsfd {eg Jocop Xobbgy Co{{obifl"

pi{e {pf `wl}" pgsg dfxgk kfpl {f Jobgpo,

[eg}g ki}qf}i{ifl}}whhimgk {f sg}{fsg fskgs hfs {eg {idg,

Donfs @bgi`'} hfsmg ki}gdcosjgk o{ Ilkil fl {eg 3;{e

fh Doy : Moq{oil Gysg pi{e {eg Dfwl{gk Ilhol{sy po} o{

Meilòil`" o hgp dibg} hsfd Ilkil" fl {eg 38{e" {eg

sihbg} olk `wl} hsfd {eg Jocop Xobbgy ossixgk o{ Jobgdyf

ocfw{ {eg }odg ko{g, [eg qos{y" ommfdqoligk cy Moq{oil

Gysg" dosmegk wq {esfwè {eg Yop mfwl{sy pi{efw{

dgg{il` pi{e oly fqqf}i{ifl, [egy mfxgsgk ?73 dibg} il

giè{ koy} olk efqgk {f }wsqsi}g {eg ]epg`yfcyw" pef"



[EG MEIL] 39?

pi{e o diugk hfbbfpil` fh Cwsdol} olk Meil}" eok

mfl{ilwgk {f efbk Meilòil`: cw{ o} }ffl o} {eg obosd

po} ìxgl cy ei} }mfw{} eg hisgk {eg xibbo`g olk g}moqgk

il{f {eg eibb}, [egglgdy

pgsg glmfwl{gsgkflby

fl flg

fmmo}ifl, Fl {eg ?0{e fh Doy o qfbimg fhhimgs dojil` o

liè{ dosme pi{e 81 sihbg} fh {eg dibi{osy qfbimg %Ilkiol})

po} o{{omjgk cy o cfky fh dgl wlkgs Cf ]oò" o lf{gk

komfi{ bgokgs, [eg dgl bo{gby glsfbbgk pgsg wl}{goky olk

hgbb comj" olk {eg qos{y sg{isgk" bf}il` {pf dgl pfwlkgk,

[eg fhhimgs sgqfs{gk {eo{ eg eok hfwlk {eg xibbo`g} fl ei}

dosme kg}gs{gk olk {eo{ {eg il}ws`gl{} pgsg mfbbgm{il`

dgl olk osd}, ]gxgsob Cwsdol xibbo`g} eok cggl cwsl{:

dgl" pfdgl" olk meibksgl eok cggl jibbgk" olk dolymossigk fhh il{f {eg eibb}, [eg dgo}wsg} {ojgl doy }ggd

il {eg sgmi{ob fw{ fh qsfqfs{ifl {f {eg kol`gs, Cw{ i{

po} cy lf dgol} o hob}g obosd,

[eg soil} eok lfp }g{ il" olk {eg Job( olk Yop mfwl{sy

il {eo{ }go}fl kfg} lf{ {gdq{ {eg eibb$dgl {f soik, [egy

sg{wslgk {f {egis dfwl{oil}, [eg ki}{wscolmg} mgo}gk

obdf}{ o} }wkkglby o} {egy eok cg`wl, [eg {sffq} sg{wslgk

{f {egis wos{gs}" o `wosk fh dibi{osy qfbimg cgil` bgh{ o{

Ilkil {f qsf{gm{ {eg ]opcpo,

Ob{efwè fskgs eok cggl sg}{fsgk hfs {eg qsg}gl{" i{

po} gxikgl{ {f {eg Meigh Mfddi}}iflgs {eo{ {eg Meil}

eok yigbkgk {f {eg mbido{g so{egs {eol {f hgos, [egy eok

g}moqgk qwli}edgl{:

olk o}{egy

eok cwsl{xibbo`g}

olk sg{wslgk efdg pi{e doly moq{ixg} {eg modqoi`l il

{egis gyg} dw}{ eoxg }ggdgk }wmmg}}hwb,

I{ po} lgmg}}osy {f qsf{gm{ {eg Yop Xobbgy peime

po} fws {gssi{fsy" olk {eg Jobg mfwl{sy" {eg ]opcpo fh

peime po} fws kgqglkgl{ olk {ff pgoj {f egbq eid}gbh,

O qsfqf}ob po} dokg cy {eg bfmob fhhimgs {f }idqbihy do{{gs}

cy {ojil` {eg Jobg ]{o{g wlkgs kisgm{ okdili}{so{ifl,

I{ po} os`wgk {eo{ o} pg pgsg fcbi`gk {f kghglk Jobg"

pg diè{ o} pgbb okdili}{gs {eg mfwl{sy olk sgmgixg {eg

sgxglwg}, Bffjil`" efpgxgs" {f i{} ghhgm{ fl {eg dilk}

fh {eg qgfqbg" {ei} oqqgosgk {f cg o di}{ojgl qfbimy, Gxgsy

]opcpo il {eg ]eol ]{o{g} diè{ eoxg cggl kg`sokgk

fl }idibos `sfwlk}, [eg Jobg dol" }f hos o} po} jlfpl"

eok lf{ cggl ki}bfyob, Il {eg gosby qos{ fh ?550 eg

eok om{gk pgbb" olk il {eg qsg}gl{ ohhois eg eok lf{ om{gk




cokby, Ih eg eok lf{ cggl pgbb ilhfsdgk sgòskil` {eg

dfxgdgl{} fh {eg Meil}" eg po} lf pfs}g {eol {eg Csi{i}e

fhhimgs} il {eg ki}{sim{, Eg po} }wkkglby }wssfwlkgk

olk }gi~gk, Il qsfmwsil` ei} bicgs{y cy mfl}gl{il` {f

nfil {eg il}ws`gl{} eg {ffj {eg cg}{ mfws}g" fs peo{

eg {efwè{ {eg cg}{ mfws}g" hfs eid}gbh, Eg bf}{ lf {idg il

}glkil` ilhfsdo{ifl {f {eg lgosg}{ fhhimgs" olk eg o{{omjgk

{eg sgcgb ò{egsil` pi{e ei} fpl dgl, [f sgdfxg eid

wlkgs }wme mismwd}{olmg} pfwbk eoxg cggl wlhois" olk

diè{ eoxg obosdgk f{egs} pef}g hgos} i{ po} lf{ `ffk

qfbimy {f osfw}g,

I{ po} kgmikgk" {egsghfsg" cy {eg Meigh Mfddi}}iflgs lf{

{f oc}fsc Jobg" cw{ {f bgoxg o dibi{osy fs qfbimg `wosk o{

fs lgos Ilkil" pi{e }wqqfs{} o{ Jobgpo, Ol wb{ido{wd

po} }gl{ {f {eg [o}efl}" fskgsil` {egd {f kgbixgs wq {eg

]epg`yfcyw Qsilmg olk f{egs bgokil` sgcgb}" o} pgbb o}

{eg bgokgs} fh {eg Meil} pef moq{wsgk {eg ]opcpo fh Job8

olk soikgk ei}xibbo`g},

Fl {eg 3?}{ fhNwby" ?555"

{eg Meigh

Mfddi}}iflgs %il o dilw{g }wcdi{{gk {f {eg @fxgsldgl{

fh Ilkio) sgmfwl{gk {eg gxgl{} peime eoxg cggl losso{gk"

olk òxg ei} fqilifl {eo{ {egsg mfwbk cg lf qgomg wl{ib

{eg Meil {sicg} eok cggl }wckwgk, Eg o}jgk qgsdi}}ifl

{f {ojg {eg do{{gs il eolk o} }ffl o} {eg ksy pgo{egs

}g{ il" olk {f }wcnwò{g {eg Meil} flmg hfs obb,

[eg his}{ }{gq il {eg qbol fh modqoi`l po} {f fmmwqy

il hfsmg olk qgsdolgl{by {eg kihhimwb{ mfwl{sy byil` cgbfp

{eg Meil Eibb}" olk {f csil` i{ wlkgs ghhimigl{ okdili}{so{ixg

mfl{sfb,

Hfs {ei} qwsqf}g {eg Meigh Mfddi}}iflgs il Nwlg" ?550"

o}jgk {eg @fxgsldgl{ fh Ilkio {f soi}g o hsfl{igs co{{obifl

il Ilkio hfs {eg Yop Xobbgy, I{ po} o}}wdgk" il hsodil`

{eg qbol fh modqoi`l" {eo{ {ei} co{{obifl pfwbk eoxg cggl

sgoky cghfsg {eg soil} glkgk" olk {eo{ i{ pfwbk eoxg cggl qf}$

}icbg {f efbk {ei} ki}{sim{ hisdby, [f eoxg o{{omjgk {eg Meil}

olk {f eoxg pi{eksopl {eg {sffq} pfwbk eoxg cggl {f

bgoxg {eg xibbo`g} il {eg qboil} guqf}gk {f {eg xgl`golmg

fh {eg eibb$dgl,

[eg lgu{ }{gq po} {f dosme ol guqgki{ifl il{f {eg

Meil Eibb}, [eg hfsmg po} {f cg kixikgk il{f {esgg qos{},

[eg]iyil

olk]o`yiboil

{sicg po} {f cg ilxokgk hsfd {eg

Jobg Xobbgy cy o hfsmg fh {eg Jocop Xobbgy dibi{osy qfbimg"



EOJO MEIL],

O MEIL #^w# KSILJ,





[EG MEIL] 39=

csfwè{ kfpl hfs {eg kw{y, [eg [o}efl mfwl{sy po} {f

cg gl{gsgk }idwb{olgfw}by cy o mfbwdl fh sg`wbos {sffq}

pi{e {pf `wl}" eoxil` i{} co}g o{ ]ieowl` fl {eg Dyi{{eo

Gixgs" {f peime qbomg {eg dgl" {egis co`ò`g" olk }wqqbig}"

mfwbk cg csfwè{ cy po{gs, O{ {eg }odg {idg o hfsmg

mfbbgm{gk o{ @olòp po} {f {esgo{gl {eg Yfjpo Eojo

olk [eo{{o Meil}" {f qsgxgl{ {egd hsfd egbqil` {eg

[o}efl},

[eg }wcnwò{ifl fh {eg [o}efl} po} nwk`gk {f cg {eg

df}{ hfsdikocbg {o}j, [eg fcngm{ po} {f sgome olk" ih

lgmg}}osy" {f kg}{sfy {egis meigh xibbo`g il Cwsdg}g Ypodo,[egsg pgsg lf sfok}" flby kihhimwb{ eibb$qo{e}, Eibb$mffbig}

olk dwbg} pgsg lgmg}}osy hfs {sol}qfs{, [egsg pgsg lf

}wqqbig} il {eg mfwl{sy, [eg pfsj" {egsghfsg" pfwbk eoxg

{f cg {ojgl il eolk bgi}wsgby" {eg sfok mbgosgk olk dokg

qsom{imocbg hfs dwbg}" }wqqby$}{o{ifl} g}{ocbi}egk" olk

lf{eil` bgh{ {f meolmg, O }bfp" kg{gsdilgk okxolmg" i{

po}egbk"

pfwbk eoxg o`sgo{gs

dfsob ghhgm{ {eolol

o{{gdq{ cy hfsmgk dosmeg} {f }wsqsi}g {eg glgdy, Ih i{

pgsg qf}}icbg o }idwb{olgfw} o{{omj }efwbk cg dokg hsfd

{eg Osojol fs Mei{{o`fl` Eibb} fl {eg pg}{ {f {ojg {eg

[o}efl} il {eg sgos,

Il sgqby {f {eg wb{ido{wd }gl{ {f {egd %}gg ocfxg)"

{eg [o}efl} sgbgo}gk {eg moq{ixg} {ojgl il {eg soik} fl

{eg ?5{e olk ?9{e fh Doy" cw{ kgmbilgk {f ìxg wq {eg

]epg`yfcw Qsilmg olk f{egs Cwsdol sgcgb}, [egy qw{

hfsposk mfwl{gs$mboid} fl {egis fpl qos{" olk {esgo{glgk

hws{egs soik} ih {egis kgdolk} pgsg lf{ mfdqbigk pi{e,

Il Ow`w}{ ol fskgs po} }gl{ {f {eg meigh fh {eg ]iyil

olk ]o`yiboil {sicg} {f }wssglkgs {eg moq{ixg} {ojgl cy

{egd hsfd }gxgsob xibbo`g} il {eg qsgmgkil` Oqsib olk

Nwby" olk {egy pgsg poslgk {eo{ ih {egy kik lf{ mfdqby

pi{e {ei} kgdolk qwli}edgl{ pfwbk hfbbfp,

Gosby il ]gq{gdcgs soikil` cgòl oòil, Peibg {eg

@fxgsldgl{ fh Ilkio pgsg mfl}ikgsil` {eg Meigh Mfddi}$

}iflgs'} qsfqf}ob} {eg Meil} om{gk, [egy qw{ {egis {esgo{}

il{f gugmw{ifl, O xibbo`g lgos ]ieowl` po} soikgk cy {eg

[o}efl} fl {eg ?0{e fh ]gq{gdcgs" olk ol obbiolmg po}

hfsdgk cy o bos`g lwdcgs fh }wckixi}ifl} fh {eg Eojo

{sicg, Fl {eg ?5{e fh

]gq{gdcgso

xibbo`gil {eg

@olòpmismbg fh {eg Qojfjjw ki}{sim{ po} o{{omjgk" i{ po} sgqfs{gk"



39; [EG QOMIHIMO[IFL FH CWSDO

cy [o}efl}, I{ po} mbgos {f {eg bfmob fhhimgs} {eo{ {eg

ol{imiqo{ifl fh }gsifw} {sfwcbg pfwbk cg sgobi~gk, [eg

@fxgsldgl{fh Ilkio

pgsg qsg}}gk" {egsghfsg"{f

obbfp{eg

iddgkio{g glbi}{dgl{ fh {eg dibi{osy qfbimg bgxy hfs {eg

qsf{gm{ifl fh {eg Meil hsfl{igs" peime eok cggl o}jgk hfs

gosby il Nwlg, Il Fm{fcgs {eg sgqby fh {eg @fxgslfs$@glgsob

il Mfwlmib {f {eg Meigh Mfddi}}iflgs'} dilw{g fh Nwby 3?}{

po} sgmgixgk, I{ po} o sghw}ob {f }olm{ifl {eg qsfqf}gk

guqgki{ifl},

Ocfw{ {ei} {idg {eg bfmob fhhimgs} sgqfs{gk {eo{ ]flqgj"

{eg [o}efl bgokgs" po} ilmbilgk {f ìxg wq {eg Cwsdol

sghw`gg}" cw{ {eo{ eg pfwbk lf{ }wssglkgs {eg fbk ]opcpo fh

Jobg, I{ po} nw}{ qf}}icbg {eo{ {esfwè {eg bo{{gs' } il$

hbwglmg ]flqgj'} ilmbilo{ifl diè{ cg {sol}bo{gk il{f

om{ifl, [eg fbk ]opcpo" {egsghfsg" po} ilhfsdgk {eo{ eg

pfwbk cg qoskflgk hfs ei} qos{ il {eg ki}{wscolmg} ih eg

csfwè{ ocfw{ {eg }wssglkgs fh {eg Cwsdol sgcgb} cy {eg

[o}efl}, O{ {eg }odg {idg" o} o qsgmow{ifl oòil}{ {eg

o{{omj} peime pgsg ol{imiqo{gk" Jobgpo olk ]ieowl` pgsg

òssi}flgk" olk glkgoxfws} dokg {f qsgxgl{ {eg Meil} hsfd

`g{{il` {egis w}wob }wqqbig} fh }ob{ olk f{egs lgmg}}osig}

hsfd {eg qboil},

[eg mfwl{sy byil` cg{pggl {eg Meil dfwl{oil} olk {eg

Meilkpil olk Issopokky Jixgs} i}" }qgojil` `glgsobby" peo{

pfwbk cgmobbgk il Ilkio

#{gsoi#:mfxgsgk pi{e

bos`g}{sg{meg} fh hfsg}{ olk il{gs}gm{gk cy lwdgsfw} po{gs$

mfws}g} olk }{sgod}" pi{e o egoxy soilhobb olk il{gl}g ego{,

I{ i} xgsy wlegob{ey olk o kihhimwb{ mfwl{sy hfs {sffq} {f

pfsj il, [eg doil sixgs il {ei} {somj i} {eg Dyi{{eo"

peime si}g} hsfd {eg }fw{egsl qos{ fh {eg Meil dfwl{oil} :

i{ swl} obdf}{ kwg lfs{e hfs o ewlksgk dibg} fs dfsg" olk

{egl {wslil` }wkkglby {f {eg go}{ hfs hih{ggl fs {pgl{y dibg}

nfil} {eg Meilkpil o{ Jobgpo, Kwsil` i{} mfws}g lfs{eposk

i{ sgmgixg} cy doly ohhbwgl{} {eg ksoilo`g fh {eg go}{gsl

}bfqg} fh {eg Meilkpil, [esgg sol`g} fh {eimjby pffkgk

eibb}" mobbgk {eg Qflkowl` Gol`g}" swl qosobbgb {f {eg Dyi{{eo

fl {eg go}{" pi{e il{gsxglil` xobbgy} peime osg hgs{ibg olk

mwb{ixo{gk, Go}{ fh {eg {eisk sol`g fh eibb} big} {eg Qo`yi

{fpl}eiq fh {eg Bfpgs Meilkpil ki}{sim{, Il {eg pg}{ fh

{ei} {fpl}eiq" cfskgsil` fl {eg eibb} ocfxg dgl{iflgk"

i} {eg mfwl{sy jlfpl o} ]ei{ypo`yowl`#{eg xobbgy

fh {eg



[EG MEIL] 397

giè{ xibbo`g}

#fh peime {eg df}{ idqfs{ol{ i} [ei{jyi$

koil`, Pg}{ fh {ei} xibbo`g big ]oò olk Jyop, [eg

mfwl{sy byil` cg{pggl {eg Dyi{{eo Sixgs olk {eg sol`g fh

eibb} fl {eg go}{ i} jlfpl o} {eg Yop mfwl{sy" il {eg}fw{egsl qos{ fh peime i} {eg Yop Jixgs" peime si}g} il {eg

}odg eibb} o} {eg Dyi{{eo" cw{" {wslil` il o }fw{e$go}{gsby

kisgm{ifl" dojg} i{} poy {f {eg Issopokky cgbfp Qojfjjw"

{eg sixgs$qfs{ fh {eg ki}{sim{ il peime {eg Yop mfwl{sy big},

@olòp i} {eg meigh xibbo`g il {eg Yop mfwl{sy" olk i}

dfsg {eol ?11 dibg} hsfd Qojfjjw, [eg sfok {f i{ qo}}g}

{esfwè Qowj o{ ocfw{ {eg {pgl{ig{e dibg" olk {eg Yop

Sixgs" peime eo} {f cg msf}}gk" i} wlhfskocbg pegl il hbffk,

Il ?555 {eg mfwl{sy ocfw{ [ei{jyikoil` eok lf{ cggl

{efsfwèby sgkwmgk" meighby fl ommfwl{ fh i{} wlegob{cilg}}

olk {eg }mosmi{y fh mixib fhhimgs}, Ds, Mos{gs olk Mfbflgb

]ydfl} pfsjgk {ei} {som{ il ?550$5" olk csfwè{ i{ {f

fskgs oh{gs {eg ki}{wscolmg} soi}gk cy {eg ]epg`yfcyw

Qsilmg" il peime Donfs Jgllgky olk Moq{oil Cgxibbg"

O}}i}{ol{ Mfddi}}iflgs" dg{ {egis kgo{e}, Doly fh {eg

komfi{ bgokgs} pgsg moq{wsgk fs jibbgk o{ {eo{ {idg" cw{ {eg

mfwl{sy po} lf{ {efsfwèby mfl{sfbbgk,

[egsg po} }f dwme {f kf il {eg gosby ygos} fh {eg

ollguo{ifl olk }f hgp {f kf i{" {eo{ fw{byil` {som{} bijg

{eg Yop mfwl{sy pgsg lg`bgm{gk hfs o {idg, [ei} {som{ eok"

i{ i} cgbigxgk" gxgl il {eg Jil`'} {idg" cggl bgh{ xgsy dwme

{f i{}gbh, Il ?550 {eg Kgqw{y Mfddi}}iflgs fh Qojfjjw%Moq{oil Gysg) xi}i{gk i{, [eg qgfqbg sgmgixgk eid pgbb,

Ol ossol`gdgl{ {eg cg}{ qf}}icbg o{ {eg {idg po} dokg

pi{e {eg bfmob fhhimiob}" pef wlkgs{ffj {f qoy {eg sgxglwg

olk {f cg sg}qfl}icbg hfs {eg fskgs olk qsf{gm{ifl fh {eg

{gssi{fsy, Ei{egs{f {eg qgfqbg eok kghglkgk {egd}gbxg}

oòil}{ {eg Meil} : olk" {f glmfwso`g {egd" hixg fs }iu

ewlksgk dw}jg{} pgsg ki}{sicw{gk {f xibbo`gs} pef il {eg

fqilifl fh {eg Cwsdol fhhimiob} pfwbk dojg `ffk w}g fh

{egd, Il }fdg mo}g} o }wc}iky po} ìxgl {f qoy hfs {eg

doil{glolmg fh o swkg dibi{io fs issg`wbos qfbimg, [ei}

ossol`gdgl{ eok pfsjgk pgbb wl{ib {eg {idg fh {eg gxgl{}

lfp {f cg {fbk" olk i{ eok {eg sgmfddglko{ifl fh gmflfdy

il dflgy olk dgl pegl gmflfdy po} dfsg {eol w}wobby

idqgso{ixg,

[eg sghw}ob fh {eg @fxgsldgl{ fh Ilkio {f obbfp ol guqg$




ki{ifl il{f {eg Meil mfwl{sy il lf poy oc}fbxgk {eg Meigh

Mfddi}}iflgs hsfd {eg kw{y fh qsf{gm{il` {eg qgfqbg

oòil}{

{eg}g }oxo`g}" hfs peime qwsqf}g eg eok }whhimigl{

dgol} o{ ei} ki}qf}ob, Eg {egsghfsg {ffj mfwl}gb pi{e {eg

Donfs$@glgsob mfddolkil` il Wqqgs Cwsdo %]is @gfs`g

Pei{g) o} {f {eg dgo}wsg} lgmg}}osy, I{ po} sg}fbxgk {f

dfxg o cfky fh {sffq} wq hsfd Qojfjjw {esfwè @olòp

obfl` {eg pefbg bilg fh {eg hsfl{igs }wcngm{ {f soik}"

olk {f g}{ocbi}e o meoil fh qf}{}" [ibil" @olòp" Jol"

]ieowl`" Jodcobg" olk Ilkil, @glgsob Howlmg" pef mfd$

dolkgk {eg dibi{osy ki}{sim{ il peime {eg ki}{wscgk {som{}

pgsg }i{wo{gk" po} ìxgl {eg mfl{sfb fh {eg fqgso{ifl},

Donfs Soijg}" pef po} o{ {eg {idg il meos`g fh {eg Bfpgs

Meilkpil" olk eok eok dfsg il{gsmfws}g pi{e {eg Meil}

{eol oly f{egs fh {eg mixib fhhimgs}" po} o}}fmio{gk pi{e

@glgsob Howlmg olk gl{sw}{gk pi{e {eg qfbi{imob kw{ig}, Ohfsmg ocfw{ 711 }{sfl` po} fskgsgk {f dfxg wq obfl` {eg

hsfl{igs pi{e @glgsob Howlmg" peibg {esgg mfdqolig} fh

@wsjeo} pgsg {f cg }gl{ cy sixgs {f Jobgpo, Lf qsgqo$

so{ifl} pgsg dokg hfs o{{omjil` {eg Meil }{sflèfbk} il {eg

eibb}" o} {eg @fxgsldgl{ il Ilkio eok hfscikkgl i{, Soikil`

qos{ig} pgsg {f cg hfbbfpgk wq olk qwli}egk peglgxgs

olk }f hos o} i{ diè{ cg qf}}icbg,

[eg Meil} cgòl {f om{ cghfsg {eg}g ossol`gdgl{} eok

cggl mfdqbg{gk, Sgqfs{} fh soikil` modg {wdcbil` il ho}{,

Fl {eg ?;{e fh Fm{fcgs Efdobil po} o{{omjgk cy hfbbfpgs}

fh {eg ]epg`yfcyw" o}}i}{gk cy Meil} hsfd {eg [o}efl

mfwl{sy, Fl {eg ?0{e Mei{qowj" il {eg Jocop Xobbgy" po}

soikgk cy ]iyil}" pef jibbgk }gxgl olk mossigk fhh hfs{y$hixg

xibbo`gs}, Fl {eg 31{e fh Fm{fcgs Jodcobg po} }wssfwlkgk"

{pf xibbo`gs} pgsg dwskgsgk olk }iu jikloqqgk, Fl {eg

33lk fh Fm{fcgs {eg ]iyil} o{{omjgk Jol{eo" lfs{e fh Jol"

olk dokg fhh pi{e {eis{y${pf xibbo`gs}, Fl {eg 39{e fh

Fm{fcgs o bos`g cfky fh {eg eibb$dgl modg kfpl fl Jobgdyf"

{eg qsilmiqob xibbo`g il Jobg, [egy cwsl{ qos{ fh i{" jibbgk

{esgg fh {egxibbo`gs}" pfwlkgk hfws" olk mossigk hfs{y il{f

}boxgsy, Fl {eg }odg koy Jeodqo{" il {eg Jocop Xobbgy"

po} soikgk cy o qos{y fh Jolefp}" }gxgl dgl pgsg jibbgk

olk {pgl{y$}gxgl {ojgl opoy,

[eg}g fmmwssglmg} òxg {eg Meigh Mfddi}}iflgs o {gu{hfs oòil qsgomeil` {eg lggk fh qwli}eil` {eg}g wlswby



[EG MEIL] 390

dfwl{oilggs} : olk" dgolpeibg" }wme dgo}wsg} o} pgsg

qf}}icbg olk pi{eil ei} qfpgs} pgsg {ojgl, Fl {eg 9{e

fh Lfxgdcgs {eg @fxgsldgl{ fh Ilkio il{ido{gk {eo{ {egy

pgsg ilmbilgk {f sgmfl}ikgs {eg qsfqf}ob fh {eg CwsdolOkdili}{so{ifl, Fl {eg I8{e {egis fskgs} modg" ìxil`

{eg Meigh Mfddi}}iflgs o hsgg eolk {f kf peo{ eg mfwbk

pi{e {eg {sffq} o{ ei} ki}qf}ob" olk pi{e {eg {sol}qfs{ {f cg

eok pi{eil {eg qsfxilmg,

@glgsob Howlmg eok bgh{ Qojfjjw fl {eg ?;{e fh

Lfxgdcgs, Moq{oil Gysg" {eg Kgqw{y Mfddi}}iflgs fh

Qojfjjw"pgl{ pi{e eid, Ei} fskgs} pgsg {f

ìxgobb

{eg egbq qf}}icbg {f {eg @glgsob" g}qgmiobby il qsfmwsil`

{sol}qfs{, Eg po} {f sg{oil meos`g fh {eg Qojfjjw

ki}{sim{" olk po} lf{ {f `f cgyflk i{} bidi{}, [eg

hfsmg ommfdqolyil` @glgsob Howlmg mfl}i}{gk fh =78 dgl

fh {eg ?1{e Dokso} Ilhol{sy" ;9 Dfwl{gk Ilhol{sy fh {eg

?1{e Cglòb Ilhol{sy" olk 71 bolmg} fh {eg ?}{ Dokso}

Bolmgs}, O} {egy pgl{ hfsposk qf}{} pgsg g}{ocbi}egk

o{ Meowl`w" 0N dibg} lfs{e fh Qowj" o{ [ibil" o{ @olòp"olk o{ Jol fl {eg Dyi{{eo" 31 dibg} lfs{e fh @olòp" olk

o{ ]ieowl`" cg{pggl Jol olk Ilkil,

[eg òssi}fl} o{ @olòp olk o{ Jol pgsg }{sfl`"

?01 sihbg} o{ gome qbomg" obb fh {eg ?1{e Sgìdgl{ Dokso}

Ilhol{sy, O{ ]ieowl` {eg }{sgl`{e po} 371 sihbg},

Ei{egs{f" o} eo} cggl guqboilgk cghfsg" {eg {o}j mflhikgk

{f @glgsob Howlmg po} {f qsf{gm{ {eg hsfl{igs" {f }{fq

soik}" olk" ih qf}}icbg" {f qws}wg olk ommfwl{ hfs {eg

soikil` qos{ig},

[eg }olm{ifl ìxgl cy {eg @fxgsldgl{ fh Ilkio fl {eg

?8{e fh Lfxgdcgs mfdqbg{gby ob{gsgk {eg meosom{gs fh {eg

dfxgdgl{, I{ cgmodg qsidosiby o qwli{ixg guqgki{ifl

oòil}{ {eg Meil}, [eg ?}{ Cglòb Dfwl{oil Co{{gsy"

00}{sfl`"

pi{e 8`wl}"

75 Dokso}}oqqgs}"

olk {esgg

mfdqolig} fh {eg ;;{e @wsjeo}" pgsg }gl{ wq cy }{godgs

{f Jobgpo: olk cy {eg {idg {eg @glgsob ossixgk o{ Jodcobg"

peime eg dokg ei} egokwos{gs} olk {eg co}g fh ei}

guqgki{ifl" eg eok o hfsmg fh {pgbxg ewlksgk dgl %871

cgil` @wsjeo}) wlkgs ei} fskgs}" cg}ikg} cg{pggl 311 olk

=11 dibi{osy qfbimg %Ilkiol})" pef egbk Ilkil olk Jobgpo"

olk pgsg qbomgk o{ ei} ki}qf}ob,

O} o mfl}gwglmg fh {eg meol`g fh qfbimy" {sol}qfs{




cgmodg ol ws`gl{ wg}{ifl il hom{ {eg doil wg}{ifl,

[eg dibi{osy ow{efsi{ig} o}jgk hfs {pf {efw}olk mffbig}"

dgl {eo{ mfwbk mossy bfok} il {eg eibb}, [egKgqw{y

Mfddi}}iflgs" Moq{oil Gysg" cgbigxgk {eo{ eg mfwbk `g{

{eg dgl" olk o{ {eg il}{olmg fh {eg @glgsob mfddolkil`"{eg Meigh Mfddi}}iflgs mfl}gl{gk {f obbfp Moq{oil Gysg

{f `f pi{e {ei} bos`g cfky fh mffbig} ih eg mfwbk glbi}{

{egd" olk ol fhhimgs po} fskgsgk wq {f Qojfjjw {f {ojg

meos`g fh {eg ki}{sim{ olk {f }g{ Moq{oil Gysg hsgg hfs

{ei} qwsqf}g, [ei} hom{ i} dgl{iflgk" o} i{ guqboil} il

o dgo}wsg efp {eg Kgqw{y Mfddi}}iflgs'} o{{gl{ifl po}

}fdgpeo{ ki}{som{gk hsfd ei} iddgkio{g kw{y {eg okdili}$

{so{ifl fh {eg ki}{sim{ hfs peime eg po} sg}qfl}icbg,

Moq{oil Gysg ommfdqoligk @glgsob Howlmg o} hos o}

Jol" lgos {eg lfs{egsl cfwlkosy fh {eg Qojfjjw ki}{sim{,

Eg {egl bgh{ eid" dgolil` {f sg{wsl {f @olòp hfs {eg

qwsqf}g fh mfbbgm{il` mffbig}, Eg eok ilhfsdo{ifl fh

}gxgsob ò{egsil`} fh komfi{}" wlkgs jlfpl bgokgs}" il {egeibb} lfs{e$go}{ fh @olòp" olk o{ Df~f" lfs{e fh Jol"

olk }fdg {idg po} }qgl{ il bffjil` oh{gs {egd, Eg

egosk fh o cfky fh komfi{} il qf}i{ifl il {eg cgk fh o

}{sgod" cg{pggl {pf {eimjby pffkgk colj} il o }{sfl`by

}{fmjokgk modq, [eg komfi{} pgsg {ojgl cy }wsqsi}g"

olk {egis modq po} sw}egk olk kg}{sfygk, Qws}wi{ po}

idqf}}icbg" fpil` {f {eg lo{wsg fh {eg mfwl{sy" olk {egsg

po} lf{eil` {f cg kflg gumgq{ {f sg{wsl {f Jol, [eg

glgdy eoso}}gk {eg sg{isil` qos{y obb {eg poy" olk fws

dgl eok mfl{ilwobby {f {wsl olk ksixg {egd fhh,

Lgu{ koy sgqfs{} modg il {eo{ {eg xibbo`gs} pgsg nfilil`

{eg komfi{}" olk {eo{ o cfky fh }fdg ewlksgk} pgsg mfbbgm{gk

o{ Meowl`~fl, Oh{gs ossolìl` pi{e {eg fhhimgs mfddolk$

il` o{ Jol {eo{ o qos{y }efwbk cg }gl{ {f o{{omj {ei}

ò{egsil`" Moq{oil Gysg sg{wslgk {f @olòp {f mfbbgm{

{eg mffbig} pol{gk cy @glgsob Howlmg, Eg sgomegk

@olòp fl {eg bb{e" olk cw}igk eid}gbh pi{e {ei} kw{y,

Fl {eg ?8{e fh Kgmgdcgs" egosil` {eo{ {esgg fh {eg komfi{

bgokgs} pgsg il mfl}ikgsocbg }{sgl`{e o{ Jwl~g" lfs{e$go}{

fh @olòp" o hfsmg fh ?17 sihbg}" ?1{e Dokso} Ilhol{sy"

o{{omjgk olk ki}qgs}gk {egd" cw{ pi{efw{ ilhbim{il` }gsifw}

bf}}, Hsfd {eo{ ko{g {egòssi}fl

fh

@olòp doycg

}oik {f eoxg kflg lf{eil`, [egy }o{ }{ibb olk obbfpgk {eg

si}il` {f ò{egs }{sgl`{e,



[EG MEIL] 399

]ggil` {eg komfi{ colk} om{ixg olk ò{egsil` }{sgl`{e"

peibg {eg Csi{i}e fhhimgs} olk {eg òssi}fl pgsg oqqosgl{by

egbqbg}}" {eg xibbo`gs}" {f pefd `wl} eok cggl ìxgl" {eg

wo}i$dibi{io dgl odfl`}{ {eg hfsgdf}{" nfilgk {eg

il}ws`gl{}, I{ po} olf{egs fcngm{$bg}}fl il {eg hfbby fh

osdil` {eg Cwsdg}g qgo}ol{sy" olk {eg }{ibb `sgo{gs hfbby

fh obbfpil` ol O}io{im hfg {f {eilj yfw osg ohsoik {f o{{omj

eid, [eg {fpl fh @olòp po} kghglkgk cy o }{fmjokg

fh {goj, [eg dibi{osy qf}{ eok cggl }f qbomgk o} {f sg}{

fl {ei} }{fmjokg" olk pfwbk eoxg cgmfdg wl{glocbg ih

{eg glgdy eok }wmmggkgk il fmmwqyil` {eg {fpl, [eg

òssi}fl fh ?01 dgl eok {egsghfsg {f kghglk {eg {fpl

}{fmjokg" lgosby o dibg il gu{gl{, I{ po} lf{ mfl}ikgsgk

}{sfl` glfwè {f efbk {eg {fpl olk o{ {eg }odg

{idg {f dfxg oòil}{ {eg ef}{ibg colk}" pef eok lfp

ò{egsgk il mfl}ikgsocbg lwdcgs}" olk pgsg fmmwqyil` o

xibbo`g mobbgk ]efl}eg fl {eg }fw{e" olk {esgg xibbo`g} fl

{eg lfs{e$pg}{,

Fl{eg 3;{e fh Kgmgdcgs o

mflxfypi{e

}wqqbig} bgh{ @olòp hfs Jol" peime po} {eg lgu{ qf}{ {f

{eg lfs{e, I{ po} hisgk wqfl }ffl oh{gs bgoxil` @olòp"olk bf}{ {pf dgl jibbgk olk {pf pfwlkgk, Hsfd Jol {ei}

qos{y pgl{ fl {f ]ieowl`" hsfd peime qbomg i{ sg{wslgk,

I{ po} oòil o{{omjgk fl {eg dosme comj" cg{pggl ]ieowl`

olk Jol" olk bf}{ egoxiby, Dgolpeibg {eg glgdy" pef eok

cggl }{sgl`{eglgk hsfd {eg qgo}ol{sy osfwlk" o{{omjgk

@olòp fl {eg =1{e fh Kgmgdcgs" olk oòil fl {eg =?}{,

[egy pgsg sgmjflgk {f lwdcgs 711 dgl" cw{ {egis o{{omj}

ilhbim{gk lf bf}} fl {eg òssi}fl,

]fdg }fs{ fh mfwlmib fh pos" il peime cf{e mixib olk

dibi{osy fhhimgs} nfilgk" lfp {ffj qbomg" olk i{ po} egbk

{eo{ ih o kg{gsdilgk o{{omj pgsg dokg fl @olòp fs Jol

i{ dw}{ }wmmggk, [eg òssi}fl fh Jol" {egsghfsg" po}

fskgsgk il{f @olòp" olk {egy fcgygk {eg fskgs" {f }oy

{eg bgo}{" pi{efw{ sgbwm{olmg, [egy dg{ pi{e lf fqqf}i{ifl

fl {eg poy" cw{ {egy csfwè{ pi{e {egd sgqfs{} fh {eg bf}}

}whhgsgk cy {eg kg{omedgl{ peime pgl{ {f ]ieowl`" peime

egbqgk hws{egs {f kgqsg}} {eg ki}qisi{gk òssi}fl,

Il @olòp i{}gbh" ob{efwè i{ po} o}}owb{gk koiby wl{ib

{eg 8{e fh Nolwosy" pegl o sgbigxil` hfsmg ossixgk" {egsg

pgsg lf mo}wob{ig}, [egglgdy

po}mfl{gdq{icbg"

olk

gxgl ei} lwdcgs} pgsg" i{ i} cgbigxgk" guo``gso{gk, [eg



=11 [EG QOMIHIMO[IFL FH CWSDO

kol`gs po} msgo{gk cy {eg ilom{ifl fh {eg kghglmg so{egs

{eol cy {eg lwdcgs fs {eg gl{gsqsi}g fh {eg o}}oibol{},

[eg Meigh Mfddi}}iflgs po} il Sol`ffl kwsil` {eg

gosby koy} fh Kgmgdcgs, [eg his}{ lgp} fh {eg {sfwcbg

modg {f eid il o {gbg`sod hsfd Donfs Goijg}" pef po}

fl }qgmiob kw{y fl {eg Meil hsfl{igs:

i{ po} ko{gk {eg

?;{e fh Kgmgdcgs" hsfd @owl`w fl {eg Dyi{{eo" olk po}

sgmgixgk il Sol`ffl fl {eg ?0{e, I{ sgqfs{gk {eg o{{omj

dokg fl {eg komfi{ modq cy Moq{oil Gysg fl {eg 9{e fh

Kgmgdcgs" olk sgmfddglkgk {eo{

{sffq}

}efwbk cg }gl{

oòil}{ {ei} òl`, Il sgqby" Donfs Soijg} po} sgdilkgk

{eo{ obb {eg {sffq} olk dibi{osy qfbimg fl {eg hsfl{igs pgsg

wlkgs {eg @glgsob'} fskgs} olk pgsg mbf}g {f {eg }mglg fh

om{ifl" peibg i{ pfwbk {ojg o hfs{liè{ fs dfsg {f }glk

{sffq} wq hsfd Qojfjjw, Fl {eg 31{e fh Kgmgdcgs o

}gmflk {gbg`sod modg hsfd Donfs Soijg}" sgqfs{il` {eg

ohhois o{ Meowl`~fl fl {eg ?={e fh Kgmgdcgs, Eg

guqboilgk {eo{ @glgsob Howlmg eok fskgsgk {eg fhhimgs

mfddolkil` o{ @olòp {f kgob ghhgm{ixgby pi{e {eg}g

ò{egsil`}: {eo{ {pf o{{gdq{}" cf{e wl}wmmg}}hwb" eok

cggl dokg {f ki}qgs}g {eg colk lgos Meowl`~fl :{eo{

o {eisk o{{omj po} ocfw{ {f cg dokg" cw{ {eg hfsmg

fskgsgk {f dojg i{ mfwbk flby cg }qosgk hfs o hgp koy}"

o} {eg @glgsob pol{gk obb ei} dgl hfs hsfl{igs qo{sfb}

olk hfs {eg guqgki{ifl il{f {eg eibb}, Eg {egsghfsg qsg}}gkhfs sgilhfsmgdgl{} o} lgmg}}osy hfs {eg kg}{swm{ifl fh {eg}g

Fskgs} pgsg {egl ìxgl hfs o }dobb mfbwdl fh dibi$

{osy qfbimg olk {sffq} {f ilosme wq o{ flmg hsfd

Qojfjjw, [eg Kgqw{y Mfddi}}iflgs fh {eg Bfpgs

Meilkpil po} {fbk {f }glk obb {eg qfbimg eg mfwbk }qosg

omsf}} hsfd Obfl {f {eg ki}{wscgk osgo, [eg }{o{g fh

{eil`} po} mfddwlimo{gk cy {gbg`sod {f ]is @gfs`g Pei{g"

pef po} fl {eg Meilkpil fl ei} poy {f Jobgpo" olk {eg

kg}qo{me fh sgilhfsmgdgl{} hsfd Qojfjjw po} }w``g}{gk,

Fl Mesi}{do} Koy {eg his}{ sgqfs{} hsfd Moq{oil Gysg

eid}gbh modg il, Eg kg}msicgk {eg il}ws`gl{} o} ilmsgo}il`

il lwdcgs} soqikby" olk cg``gk hfs dfsg {sffq}, [ei} po}

{eg his}{ il{ido{ifl sgmgixgk cy {eg Meigh Mfddi}}iflgs

{eo{ {eg bfmob fhhimgs} pgsg wlocbg {f mfqg pi{e {eg si}il`

olk {eo{ i{ po} fh o }gsifw} meosom{gs, [eg Mfddi}}iflgs



[EG MEIL] =1?

po} {egsgwqfl fskgsgk {f Qojfjjw {f eo}{gl {eg kg}qo{me

fh {eg }dobb mfbwdl qsgxifw}by dgl{iflgk:olk bg}{ {egsg

}efwbk cg kihhimwb{y il hilkil` ]is @gfs`g Pei{g" {eg

fhhimgs

mfddolkilò{

Dyilòl po} o}jgk {f `g{ o hfsmg

sgoky hfs iddgkio{g kg}qo{me, Fl {eg 38{e o dg}}o`g

modg hsfd ]is @gfs`g Pei{g" ko{gk hsfd Dilìl fl {eg

Meilkpil" {eo{ eg eok fskgsgk {eg kg}qo{me fh o hfsmg

311 }{sfl` hsfd Qojfjjw xio Qowj" olk Donfs Jil`}{fl

pi{e 371 sihbg}" {sffq} olk dibi{osy qfbimg" hsfd O?8l" {f

eo}{gl {f @olòp, O{ {eg }odg {idg Mfbflgb Dom`sg`fs"

pi{e ?71 sihbg} fh {eg ;;{e @wsjeo}" pef pgsg pi{e

@glgsob Howlmg" po} fskgsgk kfpl hsfd ]ieowl` {f

@olòp, Dgolpeibg {eg Meigh Mfddi}}iflgs eok }gl{

wq ?37 sihbg} fh {eg Qojfjjw dibi{osy qfbimg" wlkgs Bigw$

{glol{ Qeibbiq}" cy hfsmgk dosmeg} cy {eg Jyop Xobbgy

sfw{g, Donfs Jil`}{fl olk Bigw{glol{ Qeibbiq} nfilgk

eolk} o{ Jyop fl {eg 3lk fh Nolwosy, Fl {eg 8{e {egy

o{{omjgk {eg il}ws`gl{} il ]efl}eg" }fw{e fh @olòp" olk

ksfxg {egd fw{ pi{e mfl}ikgsocbg bf}}, O{ {eg }odgdfdgl{ Mfbflgb Dom`sg`fs pi{e ei} @wsjeo} hgbb wqfl{eg colk} pef pgsg fmmwqyil` o xibbo`g lfs{e fh @olòp"olk eolkbgk {egd sfwèby, Lf }{olk po} dokg cy {eg}g

qgfqbg" pef eok jgq{ lgosby =71 Dokso} Ilhol{sy }ew{ wqil @olòp,[eg kw{y fh sg}{fsil` fskgs il {eg Yop mfwl{sy po}

gl{sw}{gk {f Mfbflgb

P,Q,

]ydfl}" pefeok

ki}qboygk`sgo{ ocibi{y il kgobil` pi{e komfi{ òl`} il ]oòil`, Eg

po} o}}i}{gk cy Ds, K, Gf}}" o} mixib fhhimgs il meos`g fh

{eg ki}{sim{, [eg mfwl{sy po} mbgosgk fh komfi{}" qos{iobby

ki}osdgk" olk sgkwmgk {f fskgs, [eg solj olk hibg fh {eg

il}ws`gl{} pgsg obbfpgk {f sg{wsl {f {egis efdg}" {eg `wib{y

xibbo`g} cgil` qwli}egk mfbbgm{ixgby cy hilg}, [eg Yop

mfwl{sy eo} cggl qgomghwb gxgs }ilmg,

[eg @olòp gqi}fkg po}" il {eg bol`wo`g fh {eg Cfgs

Pos" #o sg`sg{{ocbg ilmikgl{,# [eg òssi}fl o{ {eg fw{}g{

doy eoxg cggl wlocbg {f homg {eg il}ws`gl{} il {eg higbk"

cw{" oh{gs {eg Jol kg{omedgl{ eok cggl mobbgk il" i{

lwdcgsgk =;1 sihbg} o }whhimigl{ lwdcgs fh ki}miqbilgk

{sffq} {f kgob pi{e o dwme bos`gs lwdcgs fh komfi{}" o

dgsg soccbg" osdgk" pegl {egy pgsg osdgk o{ obb" pi{e fbk

dw~~bg$bfokil` sihbg}" fs }{ibb dfsg olmigl{ dw}jg{}, [eg




ilmikgl{ po} lf{" efpgxgs" cossgl fh `ffk sg}wb{}, I{ }whhimgk

{f mflxilmg gxgl {eg df}{ kgxf{gk okdisgs fh#{eg fbk

mfo}{ osdy# {eo{ o qfs{ifl fh {eg Dokso} {sffq} po} wlhi{

hfs om{ixg }gsximg o hom{ peime eok dfsg {eol flmg cggl

csfwè{ {f lf{img cy {eg Meigh Mfddi}}iflgs, [eg ki}$

colkil` fh {eg sgìdgl{ sg}qfl}icbg hfs {eg hoibwsg po} {eg

cgìllil` fh o bos`g dgo}wsg fh osdy sghfsd {eo{ eok

cggl {ff bfl` kgboygk, Eglmg {eg}g gxgl{}" {sixiob il {egd$

}gbxg}" doy cg pfs{e sgmfskil`,

[eg losso{ixg doy lfp sg{wsl {f {eg mgl{sob cw}ilg}}"

lodgby" {eg guqgki{ifl oòil}{ {eg Meil},

@glgsob Howlmg ossixgk o{ Jodco{g olk o}}wdgk mfd$

dolk fh {eg fqgso{ifl} fl {eg =sk fh Kgmgdcgs, Fl {eg

0{e {eg hiè{il` cgòl, O pfsjil`$qos{y }gl{ {f g}{ocbi}e

o qf}{ cg{pggl Jodcobg olk {eg hff{ fh {eg eibb} po} hisgk

fl" olk Bigw{glol{ Qobdgs" J,G," pef mfddolkgk {eg

Dokso} ]oqqgs}" po} jibbgk, Fl {eg ?1{e fh Kgmgdcgs o

}{sfl` cfkyfh Meil} fh {eg [o}efl {sicg

}wkkglbyi}}wgk

hsfd {eg eibb}" olk o{{omjgk {eg modq fh {eg ;3lk @wsjeo}

o{ ]ieowl`" olk o }idwb{olgfw} o{{omj po} dokg fl {eg

xibbo`g, [egy qoik kgosby hfs {egis owkomi{y, [eg @wsjeo}

ksfxg {egd fhh" hfbbfpgk {egd wq" olk ilhbim{gk egoxy bf}}

fl {egd, Fl {eg }odg ko{g Ilkil" {eg moqi{ob fh {eg Job(

]opcpo" po} hisgk il{f" olk {eg dibi{osy qfbimg qf}{ fh

Jol`yi" {pgl{y dibg} lfs{e fh Jobgdyf" po} o{{omjgk,

I{ eok cggl il{glkgk {f bidi{ {eg fqgso{ifl} fh {eg

}go}fl ?555$9 {f {eg ]iyil olk ]o`yiboil` {sicg}, Il

kgobil` pi{e }oxo`g qgfqbg i{ i} lf{ qf}}icbg {f boy kfpl

o bilg cgyflk peime yfw pibb lf{ }{gq, Il xigp" {egsghfsg"

fh {eg qsfcocbg lgmg}}i{y fh {ojil` om{ifl oòil}{ {eg

[o}efl}" 311 sihbg} fh {eg Lfshfbj Jgìdgl{" 71 Dokso}

}oqqgs}" olk {eg sgdoilil` mfdqolig} fh {eg ;3lk @wsjeo}

hsfd {egis wos{gs} o{ Cgsloskdyf" pgsg fskgsgk {f {eg hsfl{,

]is @gfs`g Pei{g eid}gbh ossixgk o{ Jobgpo fl {eg 39{e fh

Kgmgdcgs" cw{ bgh{ {f @glgsob Howlmg {eg iddgkio{g mfd$

dolk fh {eg hfsmg il {eg higbk, Do{{gs} pgsg hws{egs

mfdqbimo{gk cy {eg oqqgosolmg fh olf{egs }gm{ifl fh {eg

Meil}, Il Fm{fcgs" o xibbo`g il {eg Jwcf Xobbgy eok

}whhgsgk hsfd o soik cy Jolefp}, O bos`g cfky fh {ei}

{sicg modg kfpl il Kgmgdcgs olk o{{omjgk Jol`yi" lfs{e

fh Jobgdyf, I{ po} egbk cy dibi{osy qfbimg" pef sgqwb}gk





JOMEIL EIBB]" CEODF" JO[EO,

fNDoil`JPol

Odcgs Dilg}



[EG MEIL] =1=

{egd, Hws{egs ilxg}{iò{ifl} dokg i{ mbgos {eo{ {eg}g

Jolefp} pgsg }f mbf}gby sgbo{gk cy qf}i{ifl olk {ig} fh

jilksgk {f {eg ]iyil} olk ]o`yiboil`} o} {f dojg {egd

ilki}{il`wi}eocbg, O qsfqf}ob" {egsghfsg" {f ilmbwkg {egd il

{eg fqgso{ifl} oòil}{ {eg bo{{gs po} }olm{iflgk, I{ po}

qsfqf}gk ob}f {f }glk o{ {eg }odg {idg o mfbwdl {f Dilbg$

kowl`" fl {eg cfskgs} fh {eg [o}efl mfwl{sy" cw{ {ei} po}

lf{ hfwlk mflxgligl{ olk po} ksfqqgk,

Ol wb{ido{wd po} lfp }gl{ {f {eg ]iyil} olk ]o`yi$

boil`}" kgdolkil` {eg sg}{fso{ifl fh obb {egis moq{ixg}" {eg

}wssglkgs fh o mgs{oil lwdcgs fhhisg$osd}"

olk {egqoydgl{

fh

o hilg, Il kghowb{ fh {eg ommgq{olmg fh {eg}g {gsd}" @glgsob

Howlmg po} {fbk {f kg}{sfy {eg xibbo`g} fh {eg {sicg} olk cy

o si`fsfw} cbfmjokg {f qsgxgl{ hffk }wqqbig} hsfd sgomeil`

{eg eibb}, Kwsil` Kgmgdcgs olk Nolwosy qsgqoso{ifl} hfs

{eg okxolmg fmmwqigk {eg o{{gl{ifl fh {eg @glgsob olk ei}

}{ohh, [sol}qfs{ mffbig} pgsg fc{oilgk hsfd Doliqws, Osfok po} cg`wl" olk }{gq cy }{gq {eg co}g fh fqgso{ifl}

okxolmgk {fposk} {eg `fob fh {eg guqgki{ifl" {eg doil

xibbo`g fh {eg ]iyil}" mobbgk Jf}g{ cy {egd,

Fl {eg 3=sk fh Nolwosy" ?559" ]is @gfs`g Pei{g olk

@glgsob Howlmg dokg o sgmflloi}}olmg {f {eg }wddi{ fh

{eg Bg{eo Sol`g" {f ol ob{i{wkg fh 5"311 hgg{ ocfxg }go$

bgxgb, [eg hfsmg {egl okxolmgk }{gokiby wq {eg eibb} il {eg

homg fh o mfl{ilwgk cw{ wl}wmmg}}hwb fqqf}i{ifl :{eg

}oqqgs}" o}}i}{gk cy mffbig}" dojil` o sfok o} {eg dglmbidcgk wq" olk mfl}{swm{il` sfwè }{fmjokg} il peime {eg

dgl }bgq{ olk so{ifl} pgsg }{fsgk, [eg okxolmg po}

fc}{swm{gk cy hfsdikocbg }{fmjokg}" `glgsobby egbk cy {eg

glgdy" cw{ lf{ hisdby kghglkgk, Koy olk liè{ {eg Meil}

odcw}egk fws dgl" {ojil` okxol{o`g fh gxgsy }wi{ocbg

qf}i{ifl, [eg hfbbfpil` {gbg`sod hsfd ]is @gfs`g Pei{g

{f {eg MeighMfddi}}iflgs"

ko{gk {eg 35{e fhNolwosy"

?559" kg}msicg} flg fh {eg }jisdi}eg} >

#Glgdy yg}{gskoy

o{{omjgk fws pfsjil`$qos{y fl sfok ocfxg {ei}" olk egbk

fws mfxgsil`$qos{y" ;1 Csi{i}e olk ?11 @wsjeo}" hsfd 9 {ibb

3" pegl I ossixgk olk fskgsgk {egis qf}i{ifl} {f cg meos`gk,

Pg mossigk obb" ksixil` {egd gl{isgby opoy" `g{{il` fhh

fws}gbxg} pflkgshwbby megoqby flby flg Lfshfbj kol`gs$

fw}by pfwlkgk, Glgdy il mfl}ikgsocbg lwdcgs}" w}il`

doly sihbg} olk qbgl{y fh oddwli{ifl, [egy hisgk o{ bgo}{



=1; [EG QOMIHIMO[IFL FH CWSDO

?"111 sfwlk}" }{olkil` sg}fbw{gby wl{ib om{wobby meos`gk"

gxgl {syil` {f fw{hbolj w}, [egis bf}} qsfcocby ocfw{

giè{fs

{gl"cw{

{egy pgsgmossigk

kfpl{eg

Jewk}o{

flmg, Df}{ kihhimwb{ glgdy {f }gg fs ei{ I gxgs hfwè{,#

Fl {eg ;{e fh Hgcswosy {eg xibbo`g fh Jf}g{ po} sgomegk"

olk oh{gs o }biè{ sg}i}{olmg" fmmwqigk, I{ po} hisgk cy {eg

]iyil} cghfsg {egy sg{sgo{gk" olk po} sgkwmgk {f o}eg} cghfsg

fws dgl sgomegk i{, [eg glgdy eoso}}gk {eg modq gxgsy

liè{" hisil` il{f i{ hsfd {eg eiègs `sfwlk" olk o{ }gxgsob

xibbo`g} {egy ilghhgm{wobby fqqf}gk w}, [egy fqglgk mfd$

dwlimo{ifl} o{ flg {idg pi{e {eg qfbi{imob fhhimgs" cw{ o}

{egy mfl{ilwgk odcw}eil` olk hisil` fl {eg {sffq} olk

sghw}gk {f }wssglkgs {eg Cwsdol moq{ixg}" i{ po} gxikgl{

{eo{ {egy pgsg hffbil` w}, ]{gq cy }{gq" {egsghfsg" {eg

okxolmg po} dokg `ffk" wl{ib {eg ]iyil {gssi{fsy eok cggl

fxgsswl" olk cy {eg 7{e fh Dosme obb {egis xibbo`g} pgsg

il fws eolk}, [eg }i{g fh {eg xibbo`g fh [fjboil` po}

mef}gl o} {eg egokwos{gs} fh {eg Meil guqgki{iflosy hfsmg"

olk i{} lodg po} meol`gk {f#Hfs{ Pei{g"# olk o qf}{

po} cwib{ {egsg pi{e do{gsiob} {ojgl hsfd {eg xibbo`g,

[eg meo}{i}gdgl{ ilhbim{gk fl {eg ]iyil} eok }fdg bi{{bg

ghhgm{ fl {eg Jolefp}" pef eok dokg }idibosby il}ilmgsg

fxgs{wsg}, Fl {eg 3;{e fh Hgcswosy o kgqw{o{ifl fh {egd

modg {f Hfs{ Pei{g" csilìl` qsg}gl{} olk o}jil` {eo{ {egis

xibbo`g} diè{cg

}qosgk,Pi{e {eg Meigh Mfddi}}iflgs'}

oqqsfxob" {gsd} pgsg fhhgsgk {f {egd" lodgby > {f }wssglkgs

obb {eg moq{ixg} il {egis eolk}" olk o qfs{ifl fh {egis

hisg$osd}:{f qoy o hilg fh ?"111 swqgg}" olk {f glò`g {f

qoy o biè{ ollwob {sicw{g o} o {fjgl fh }wcdi}}ifl, [gl

koy} pgsg ìxgl {egd {f mfl}ikgs olk ommgq{ {eg}g {gsd},

Fl {eg 8{e fh Dosme {egy sg{wslgk" csilìl` }iu fh {eg

moq{ixg} olk qsg}gl{}" cw{ hoibgk {f mfdqby pi{e {eg f{egs

mflki{ifl}, [egis qsg}gl{}" {egsghfsg" pgsg sghw}gk" olk fl

{eg 5{e fh Dosme @glgsob Howlmg dfxgk oòil}{ {egd,

[eg hfsmg po} om{ixgby glò`gk oòil}{ {egd wl{ib {eg 31{e

fh Dosme" pegl i{ sg{wslgk {f Hfs{ Pei{g, [eg fqgso{ifl}

pgsg pgbb qbollgk olk gugmw{gk" olk idqf}gk `sgo{ bocfws

fl {eg {sffq}" o} {eg dfwl{oil {somj} pgsg df}{ qsgmiqi{fw}

olk kihhimwb{, Df}{ fh {eg xibbo`g} pgsg kg}{sfygk" il doly

mo}g} cy {eg Meil} {egd}gbxg}" olk bos`g }{fsg} fh `soil

olk f{egs hffk$}wqqbig} pgsg {ojgl, Oqsib po} fmmwqigk







[EG MEIL] =17

il lg`f{io{ifl} pi{e {eg [o}efl}" olk {eg {sffq}

sg}{gk,

O} i{ po} o}mgs{oilgk {eo{ {eg ]iyil} eok cwib{ o lgp

@wsjeo xibbo`g o{ [os{ol" peime eok cggl {ojgl il {eg

gosbigs fqgso{ifl}" o hfsmg mfl}i}{il` fh 87 sihbg} fh {eg

3lk Co{{obifl Lfshfbj Sgìdgl{ olk 81 sihbg} fh {eg ;3lk

@wsjeo Biè{ Ilhol{sy po} }gl{ {f ksixg {eg Meil} fw{,

[eg xibbo`g po} }{sfl`by }{fmjokgk olk fc}{ilo{gby kghglkgk,

Flg fh {eg {pf }{fmjokg} po} {ojgl, [eg bf}} fl fws }ikg

po} flg fhhimgs %]gmflk$Bigw{glol{ Dimegb) olk {pf dgl

fh {eg Lfshfbj Sgìdgl{ jibbgk" flg @wsjeo jibbgk" olk

{pf fhhimgs} olk }iu dgl pfwlkgk, Il {ei} om{ifl Moq{oil

Bg _wg}lg" fh {eg Osdy Dgkimob Mfsq}" }efpgk mfl}qimwfw}

mfwso`g il o{{glkil` {f Bigw{glol{ Dimegb" olk po} oposkgk

{eg Xim{fsio Msf}}, [eg {sffq} sg{isgk {f Hfs{ Pei{g

pi{efw{ mfdqbg{il` {egis pfsj, O hgp koy} bo{gs {egy

sg{wslgk olk kg}{sfygk {eg xibbo`g olk }{fmjokg} wl$

fqqf}gk,

[eg soil}" peime cgìl gosby il {ei} sgìfl" eok lfp }g{

il" olk om{ixg fqgso{ifl} mgo}gk, Il {ei} cw}ilg}}" hsfd

his}{ {f bo}{" ilmbwkil` {eg glò`gdgl{} fh @olòp olk

Jol" fws bf}} odfwl{gk {f 38 jibbgk olk 7; pfwlkgk:

{eg glgdy'} bf}} mol flby cg mflngm{wsgk i{ po} qsfc$

ocby biè{, [eg doil fcngm{ lfp po} {f }gmwsg {eg

qgomghwb }wcdi}}ifl fh {eg [o}efl}, [fposk} {eg glk fh

Dosme {egy }efpgk ol ilmbilo{ifl {f qosbgy" olk }gl{ bg{{gs}

qwsqfs{il` {f mfdg hsfd }iu fh {egis meigh}, I{ po} kgmikgk

{f ìxg {egd o} dwme {idg o} qf}}icbg {f mfl}ikgs {eg {gsd}

fhhgsgk {f {egd" olk il {eg dgolpeibg lf dfxgdgl{ po}

{f cg dokg oòil}{ {egis xibbo`g} fs mgs{oil }g{{bgdgl{} fh

{eg Jolefp} peime pgsg pi{eil" fs mbf}g {f" {eg cfskgs}

fh {eg [o}efl {sicg, Flg fh {eg Jobg fhhimiob}" Dowl`Lpo" po} }gbgm{gk {f {ojg o bg{{gs {f {eg meigh}" ìxil`

{egd {pgl{y$flg koy} {f kgmikg fl {egis mfws}g fh

om{ifl,

Dowl` Lpo }wmmggkgk il sgomeil` Hobod" {eg Ypodo" fs

df{egs$xibbo`g" fh {eg [o}efl}, Fl {eg ?5{e fh Oqsib eg

sg{wslgk {f Hfs{ Pei{g" csilìl` bg{{gs} hsfd {eg meigh}

olk hsfd {eg gu$]opcpo fh Jobg, O dilfs meigh ommfd$

qoligk eid" olk fl o }wc}gwgl{ koy olf{egs [o}efl meigh

modgil

pi{e dg}}o`g} {f Donfs Soijg}, [ei} cgìllil`3?




fh qgs}flob il{gsmfws}g po} glmfwsoìl`" olk fl fws qos{

mflmg}}ifl} pgsg dokg il sg}qgm{ fh {eg }wssglkgs fh {eg

Cwsdg}g sghw`gg}" peibg {eg sgbgo}g fh {eg moq{ixg} po}

il}i}{gk fl, Bo{gs fl }fdg fxgs{wsg} pgsg dokg fl {eg

qos{ fh {eg ]iyil} olk o hgp moq{ixg} kgbixgsgk {f fws

fhhimgs}, Fl {eg 3lk fh Doy dgl hsfd {eg Jolefp {sicg

modg il: {egy csfwè{ {eg hilg fh S}, ?"111" peime eok cggl

idqf}gk fl {egd" olk {eg {sicw{g" olk {glkgsgk {eg }wc$

di}}ifl fh {egis {sicg" cw{ lf moq{ixg}, [egy mbwl` {f

{egis moq{ixg} o} {f bihg, Bo{gs fl" efpgxgs" {egy sgbgo}gk

}fdg olk csfwè{ {egd {f Hfs{ Pei{g, I{ po} cgbigxgk

o{ {eg{idg

{eo{{egy eok ìxgl wq

obb:

i{

po} ki}mfxgsgkbo{gs {eo{ {egy eok egbk comj o mfl}ikgsocbg lwdcgs, [eg

]iyil} }wssglkgsgk }gxgl moq{ixg} :cw{ {egy dokg lf hws{egs

}{gq} {fposk} }wcdi}}ifl, O{ {eg glk fh {eg fqgl }go}fl

fh ?555$9 {eg }i{wo{ifl po} {ei} > ]gxgsg qwli}edgl{

eok cggl ilhbim{gk fl {eg fhhglkil` {sicg}" olk ??; fh

{eg Cwsdol} mossigk fhh cy soikil` qos{ig} eok cggl

sgmfxgsgk, [eg ]iyil} olk ]o`yiboil`}" lf{pi{e}{olkil`

{eg kg}{swm{ifl fh {egis xibbo`g}" eok lf{ ìxgl il: {eg

Jolefp} eok dokg o }efp fh }wcdi}}ifl" olk eok qos{by

mfdqbigk pi{e fws {gsd}:

{eg [o}efl} eok gumeol`gk

dg}}o`g}" cw{ eok ìxgl lf qsffh fh qgli{glmg,

I{ po} lgmg}}osy {f }efp {eg Meil} {eo{ {eg osd fh {eg

Csi{i}e @fxgsldgl{ po} bfl` glfwè {f sgome {egd gxgl

il {egis dfwl{oil hfs{sg}}g}" olk {eo{ fws }fbkigs} mfwbk

sgdoil il {egis mfwl{sy, I{ po} kgmikgk" {egsghfsg" {f

jggq {eg {sffq} o{ Hfs{ Pei{g kwsil` {eg soil} olk {f

qsgxgl{ {eg Meil}" pef eok lf{ }wcdi{{gk" hsfd sgcwibkil`

{egis xibbo`g} fs mwb{ixo{il` {egis higbk}, O si`fsfw} cbfmjokg

fh {eg sfw{g} hsfd {egis eibb} {f {eg qboil} po} fskgsgk" il

{eg efqg {eo{ i{ pfwbk egbq {f fxgsmfdg {egis fc}{ilomy,

Lf{eil` dfsg mfwbk cg kflg wl{ib {eg }go}fl hfs {ojil` {eg

higbk oòil modg sfwlk,@glgsob Howlmg'} mfbwdl eok kflg obb {eo{ dgl mfwbk kf

il o xgsy kihhimwb{ olk wljlfpl mfwl{sy oòil}{ o xgsy

kihhimwb{ glgdy" qsflfwlmgk cy o dol pef eok }ggl }fdg

hiè{il` {f cg#{eg df}{ kihhimwb{ glgdy {f }gg fs ei{ I gxgs

hfwè{,# [eg guqgki{ifl po} bo{g il }{os{il`, [eg sgo}fl

eo} cggl guqboilgk, [eo{ {eg lgu{ }go}fl'} fqgso{ifl}

pgsg dfsg }wmmg}}hwb pi{e bg}} }gxgsi{y i} lf sgqsfome {f



[EG MEIL] =10

{eg @glgsob mfddolkil` {eg his}{ guqgki{ifl fs {f {eg

qfbi{imob fhhimgs, [egis pfsj eok dokg fws qfpgs hgb{" olk

eok ìxgl w} }fdg jlfpbgk`g fh {eg qgfqbg, Ih o òssi}fl

eok lf{ cggl g}{ocbi}egk o{ Hfs{ Pei{g il ?555$9" i{

pfwbk eoxg cggl }mosmgby qf}}icbg {f eoxg om{gk oòil}{ {eg

[o}efl} fl {eg qbol peime gl}wsgk }wmmg}} il ?559$91,



MEOQ[GJ UUI

[EG MEIL$BW]EOI MODQOI@L

olk ei} dgl eok pfsjgk eosk

olk pgbb, Cy Doy" ?555" {eg okxolmg eok cggl dokg

`ffk o} hos o} [fjboil`" mobbgk Hfs{ Pei{g, Cw{ ob{efwè

{eo{ qbomg po} flby o }efs{ ki}{olmg %{eis{y dibg}) hsfd

Hobod" {eg doil }g{{bgdgl{ fh {eg [o}efl}" pg eok lf{

cggl ocbg {f sgome i{, [ei} {sicg po} jlfpl {f cg {eg

df}{ lwdgsfw} olk {eg df}{ ilhbwgl{iob fh {eg Meil} il

{eg}g qos{}" olk {egis }wcnwò{ifl po} g}}gl{iob,[eg meosom{gs fh {eg mfwl{sy peime po} {eg }mglg fh

fqgso{ifl} eo} cggl kg}msicgk il {eg qsgmgkil` meoq{gs,

Hfs o }wmmg}}hwb ghhfs{ {f mflwgs i{ dwme olk {idgby

qsgqoso{ifl po} lgmg}}osy, ]gxgsob mismwd}{olmg} eok

dokg {ei} idqf}}icbg, I{ pibb cg sgdgdcgsgk" il {eg his}{

qbomg" {eg @fxgsldgl{ fh Ilkio eok xigpgk {eg gl{gsqsi}g

o}jolmg, [eg egok fh ol Ilkiol qsfxilmg bffj} doilby

{f ei} fpl ohhois}:olk lf{ eoxil` o hsgg eolk" olk cgil`

pi{efw{ kisgm{ sg}qfl}icibi{y hfs {eg hilolmil` fh o dibi{osy

guqgki{ifl" eg qsg}}g} eosk hfs peo{ eg pol{}, [f {eg

]wqsgdg @fxgsldgl{" hos hsfd {eg }mglg fh soik} olk

ki}fskgs" olk bg}} kisgm{by mflmgslgk pi{e {eg mow}g} olk

mfl}gwglmg} fh {egd" {eg hilolmiob o}qgm{ bffd} bos`g}{,

[eg @fxgsldgl{ fh Ilkio pgsg cgìllil` {f {ojg obosd

o{ {eg egoxy cwskgl pi{e peime {eg ollguo{ifl fh {eg

lgp qsfxilmg po} bfokil` {egd, [egy pgsg oposg fh

{eg xgsy pikg gu{gl{ fh {gssi{fsy wlkgs {eg lfdilob }poy

fh {eg kg{esflgk Jil`" olk fh {eg ki}{ol{ cfwlkosig}" ibb$

kghilgk olk }ggdil`by glkbg}}" dosmeil` lf{ flby pi{e

Meilo olk ]iod" cw{ pi{e }oxo`g qgfqbg} fh pefd eoskby

{eg lodg} pgsg jlfpl, [egy hgosgk" lo{wsobby glfwè"

{eo{ {eg bfmob ow{efsi{ig} diè{obbfp {egis ~gob {f

qw}e



[EG MEIL$BW]EOI MODQOI@L =19

{egd fl {ff eo}{iby ih lf{ {ff hos, Bi{{bg po} jlfpl

ocfw{ {eg sgbo{ifl} fh {eg Jil`'} @fxgsldgl{ {f {eg pikg

sgìfl byil` cg{pggl {eg Issopokky Xobbgy olk {eg Dgjfl`,[eg lfs{egsl olk lfs{e$go}{gsl cfwlkosig} pgsg xgsy ilki}$

{ilm{by kghilgk" olk lf {efwè{ eok cggl ìxgl {f {eg `sgo{

pgk`g fh dfwl{oilfw} mfwl{sy cg{pggl Cwsdo qsfqgs olk

Cglòb,

[eg glk fh ?555 hfwlk w} glò`gk il obb {eg}g fw{byil`

sgìfl}, Om{ixg fqgso{ifl} pgsg `fil` fl il {eg ]eol

]{o{g}" il {eg kihhimwb{ eibb} go}{ fh Ceodf" olk il {eg

sw``gk mfwl{sy ocfw{ {eg Swcy Dilg}, Il {eg hos lfs{e

{egsg pgsg ki}{wscolmg} obb osfwlk Dfòwl`" peime po}ilokgwo{gby òssi}flgk olk kihhimwb{ {f `g{ o{, Okkgk {f

{ei}" {egsg pgsg }{ibb ki}{sim{} fh Wqqgs Cwsdo peime pgsg

eoso}}gk cy òl`} fh `wgsibbo}, [egsg po} dfsg {eol

glfwè pfsj hfs gxgsy }fbkigs olk gxgsy mixibiol il {eg

mfwl{sy olk hfs gxgsy qglly {eo{ {eg [sgo}wsy mfwbk ohhfsk,

Hom{}" efpgxgs" eok qsfxgk }{sfl`" olk {eg Meil} {egd$

}gbxg} hfsmgk w} {f om{, Cw{ @glgsob Howlmg'} hfsmg }{os{gk

{ff bo{g" olk {egsghfsg pi{efw{ okgwo{g qsgqoso{ifl hfs o

ci` modqoi`l, Okkgk {f {ei} modg {eg wlhfs{wlo{g @olòp

ohhois" peime il{gsswq{gk ei} }wqqbig} olk mobbgk fhh }fdg fh

ei} cg}{ {sffq},

Il {eg }wddgs fh ?559 {eg qf}i{ifl o{ Hfs{ Pei{g po}

eoskby glmfwsoìl`, [eg qbomg eok qsfxgk xgsy wlegob{ey"

olk {eg òssi}fl eok hgp dgl hi{ hfs }gsximg, Lf{ flby eok

pg hoibgk {f {fwme {eg [o}efl}" pef eok cggl meighby

sg}qfl}icbg hfs {eg {sfwcbg} fh {eg qo}{ ygos" cw{ pg pgsg

hos hsfd eoxil` mfdg {f {gsd} pi{e {eg ]iyil} olk

Jolefp}" fl peime {sicg} fws eolk eok cggl egoxy, [eg

qfbi{imob fhhimgs" ilkggk" }{ibb cgbigxgk {eo{ ewl`gs pfwbk

csil` {egd il, [eg Jolefp} eok dokg o qos{iob olk

eobh$egos{gk }wcdi}}ifl" sg{oilil`" efpgxgs" df}{ fh {egis

Cwsdol moq{ixg}, [eg f{egs} pfwbk eoxg lf {swmj pi{e

w}" olk {sgo{gk fws kgdolk}" o} pgbb o} fws okxolmg}"

pi{e fc}{ilo{g }ibglmg, [egis mfwso`g po} eiègs" olk

{eg qsg}}wsg fl {egd bg}} {eol eok cggl {efwè{, [eg

Cowl`}eg}" dfsgfxgs" {f {eg }fw{e fh {eg [o}efl}" ilmbwk$

il` {eg Yfjpo Eojo olk [eg{{o mbol}" eok cggl mfl$

{ilwfw}by fl {eg posqo{e" olk eok eok lf mfddwlimo{ifl

pi{e fws fhhimgs} }ilmg {eg pil{gs fh ?550,



=?1 [EG QOMIHIMO[IFL FH CWSDO

[egsg pgsg flby {pf mfws}g} fqgl gi{egs {f dojg o

pgbb$qsgqosgk }y}{gdo{im okxolmg il{f {eg Meil Eibb} olk

csil` {eg}g qgfqbg wlkgs Csi{i}e swbg" lf{ lgmg}}osiby

okdili}{so{ifl il {eg hwbb dgolil` :fs {f sg{isg ob{f`g{egs

olk bgoxg ol glmboxg fh }oxo`gsy cg{pggl Cwsdo olk Cglòb"

{sw}{il` hfs {eg qsf{gm{ifl fh {eg Cwsdol xibbo`g} {f hsfl{igs

qf}{} olk }qo}dfkim guqgki{ifl}, [eg bfl` ei}{fsy fh {eg

kgobil`} fh {eg Cglòb @fxgsldgl{ pi{e {eg Bw}eoi} olk

Loò}" xgsy }idibos qgfqbg" eok qsfxgk {eg hw{ibi{y fh {eg

bo{{gs mfws}g, [eg ilmbilo{ifl il Cwsdo po} obb hfs {eg

hfsdgs" olk {ei} dg{ pi{e {eg {efsfwè oqqsfxob fh {eg

]wqsgdg@fxgsldgl{, [eg pfsj po} {f cg wlkgs{ojgl

il o pefbg$egos{gk dollgs {eo{ pfwbk gl}wsg }wmmg}},

Kwsil` {eg ilom{ixg }go}fl fh ?559" {eg }megdg fh fqgso{ifl}

po} mosghwbby pfsjgk fw{, [eg qbol fh modqoi`l oqqsfxgk

cy {eg ]wqsgdg @fxgsldgl{ po} xgsy dwme fl {eg bilg}

}jg{megk il {eg Meigh Mfddi}}iflgs'} dilw{g fh {eg 3?}{ fh

Nwby" ?555, [eg mgl{sob fcngm{ po} {eg [o}efl {sicg,

Fl {egis lfs{e pg obsgoky eok il Hfs{ Pei{g o hff{il`

il {eg eibb} pi{e mfddwlimo{ifl} }gmwsgk {f Jobgpo" fl

{eg Meilkpil, I{ po} kgmikgk {f dojg {eg o{{omj hsfd

{eg Cwsdo }ikg il {pf }{sfl` mfbwdl}, [eg Lfs{egsl

Mfbwdl po} {f ò{egs o{ Hfs{ Pei{g" olk po} {f kgob il

{eg his}{ il}{olmg pi{e {eg }{ibb sghsom{fsy {sicg} il i{}

iddgkio{g lgiècfwseffk, [eg ]fw{egsl Mfbwdl po} {f

dw}{gs o{ Qojfjjw olk" dojil` i{} co}g o{ Jol il {eg

Dyi{{eo Xobbgy" {f dfxg wq kgbicgso{gby il{f {eg eibb} {f

Yfjpo olk Eojo" }wcnwò{il` {eg xibbo`g} o} {eg hfsmg

okxolmgk olk }gmwsil` {eg sgbgo}g fh {eg moq{ixg}, [egl"

bgoxil` o òssi}fl il Eojo" i{ po} {f dfxg lfs{eposk

olk" il mfdcilo{ifl pi{e {eg Hfs{ Pei{g Mfbwdl" {f dojg

o }idwb{olgfw} o{{omj fl Hobod" {eg [o}efl moqi{ob" hsfd

cf{e }ikg}, Dgolpeibg" o {eisk hfsmg po} {f gl{gs {eg eibb}

hsfdCglòb {gssi{fsy

olkfqgl

mfddwlimo{ifl}fs"

ih

lgmg}}osy" nfil eolk} pi{e {eg Cwsdo mfbwdl}, Hfs

{eg fqgso{ifl} fh {ei} bo}{ hfsmg {eg Cwsdo Okdili}{so{ifl

eok lf sg}qfl}icibi{y,

[f qsf{gm{ {eg xibbo`g} il {eg qboil} hsfd soik} olk {f

jggq fqgl mfddwlimo{ifl} peibg {eg guqgki{ifl} pgsg il

qsf`sg}}" i{ po} kgmikgk {f g}{ocbi}e {gl qf}{} obfl` {eg

dfsg lfs{egsl qfs{ifl fh {eg Meil$Cwsdol hsfl{igs, [eg



[EG MEIL$BW]EOI MODQOI@L =??

hfsmg {f cg gdqbfygk hsfd Cwsdo po} {f cg lgosby hfws

{efw}olk hiè{il` dgl" cg}ikg} }fdg dibi{osy qfbimg, [eg

lwdcgs fh {sol}qfs{ olidob} olk fh mffbig} lgmg}}osy hfs

}wme o cfky pfwbk cg xgsy `sgo{, Mos{} pgsg w}gbg}} oh{gs

{eg his}{ hgp dosmeg} hsfd {eg Issopokky, ]fdg hfkkgshfs qflig} olk cwbbfmj} diè{ cg qsfmwsocbg" cw{ i{ po}

mgs{oil {eo{ flmg il {eg eibb} obdf}{ gxgsy fwlmg fh hffk

hfs dol olk cgo}{ pfwbk eoxg {f cg }gl{ wq hsfd {eg

Issopokky Xobbgy,

[eg }wmmg}} fh {eg modqoi`l" {egsghfsg" po} o wg}{ifl fh

{sol}qfs{ olk }wqqby, Jol" peime po} {f cg {eg co}g fh

{eg ]fw{egsl Mfbwdl" po} {f cg hgk hsfd Qojfjjw fl {eg

Issopokky" ki}{ol{ ?87 dibg} {esfwè kihhimwb{ olk }qos}gby

ileoci{gk mfwl{sy, Pfsj eok cggl cg`wl il ?555 fl

{eg sfok:cw{ bocfws po} }mosmg olk {eg mos{${somj po} lf{

fqgl hfs dfsg {eol eobh {eg ki}{olmg, Qsfxi}ifl} hfs Hfs{

#Pei{g olk i{} mfddwlimo{ifl}" o} pgbb o} hfs {eg hsfl{igs

qf}{}" mfwbk cg }gl{ wq cy }{godgs {f Jobgpo fl {eg Meilk$

pil, [eg kihhimwb{y po} {f dfxg {egd {eglmg {f Jobgdyf

pi{eil sgome fh {eg {sffq}, Ih {eg Dyi{{eo pgsg loxiòcbg"

i{ pfwbk cg ilxobwocbg:

obb {eg hsfl{igs qf}{} hsfd Jobgdyf

{f Jol pgsg fl {eo{ sixgs" cw{ i{} po{gs} pgsg wljlfpl,

Dwbg} olk mffbig} il bos`g lwdcgs}" dgl hsfd O}}od olk

hsfd {eg Lfs{egsl Qwlnoc ocbg {f mossy bfok} fl eibb

qo{e}" pgsg qsfdi}gk cy Ilkio, Ossol`gdgl{} hfs mfb$

bgm{il` }fdg giè{ fs lilg ewlksgk mos{} o{ Qojfjjw pgsg

qw{ il {soil :

olk mfl{som{} hfs {eg eisg fh mfwl{sycfo{}" fh peime Qojfjjw i} {eg `sgo{ cwibkil` mgl{sg"

pgsg ìxgl,

Il Ow`w}{ I pgl{ wq {eg Meilkpil {f Jobgpo {f dgg{

Donfs Coijg}" pef eok cggl }{o{iflgk o{ Hfs{ Pei{g }ilmg

{eg mbf}g fh {eg om{ixg fqgso{ifl}" olk eok cggl cw}y

omwisil` ilhfsdo{ifl fh {eg qgfqbg olk mfwl{sy olk

glkgoxfwsil` {f ilkwmg {eg Meil} {f mfdg {f {gsd}, I

csfwè{ pi{e dg {pf loxob fhhimgs} Moq{oil Pib}fl" J,L,"

{egl Qfs{ Fhhimgs o{ Gol`ffl" olk Mfddolkgs Efbbolk" fh

{eg Sfyob Ilkiol Dosilg ]gsximg, [eg}g fhhimgs} pgsg

kgqw{gk {f o}mgs{oil efp hos {eg Dyi{{eo mfwbk cg loxiò{gk :

olk" o} {egis ilwisig} òxg sgo}fl hfs efqil` {eo{ {eg sixgs

diè{ cg loxiòcbg" {eg {o}j fh guqbfsil` i{ po} gl{sw}{gk

{f Mfddolkgs Efbbolk, [eg sg}wb{} fh ei} pfsj pgsg




glmfwsoìl`" olk eg po} kisgm{gk {f fsòli~g o {sol}qfs{

}gsximg fh cfo{},

Cw{ {f sg{wsl {f Jobgpo, [eg Meigh Mfddi}}iflgs" oh{gs

ki}mw}}il` do{{gs} mbf}gby pi{e Donfs Soijg}" sg}fbxgk {f

ilhfsd {eg [o}efl} {eo{ {eg Csi{i}e

Sgqsg}gl{o{ixg"

pi{e ol

osdgk hfsmg" pfwbk qsfmggk {f Hobod" {egis egok xibbo`g"

olk {egsg sgmgixg {eg }wcdi}}ifl fh {eg {sicg" olk ih lgmg}$

}osy glhfsmg i{, O qsfmbodo{ifl {f {eo{ ghhgm{ po} }gl{

{f {eg meigh} il {eg hfbbfpil` {gsd} >

# O Csi{i}e osdy pibb dosme {f {eg [o}efl Ypodo,

[eg Csi{i}e @fxgsldgl{ pi}eg} {f qsg}gsxg yfws {sicg"

olk kfg} lf{ kg}isg {f qwli}e yfw o} i{ eo} qwli}egk

{eg Jolefp} olk ]iyil} pef eoxg sg}i}{gk {eg Csi{i}e

hfsmg},

# [eg Csi{i}e @fxgsldgl{ kg}isg} hsfd yfw flby {pf

{eil`} > His}{" {eo{ {eg moq{ixg} {ojgl hsfd Cwsdol xib$

bo`g} }eobb cg sgbgo}gk, ]gmflkby" {eo{ yfw }eobb il {eg

hw{wsg cgeoxg qgomghwbby" olk mgo}g {f o{{omj {eg }wcngm{}

fh {eg @fxgsldgl{,#

[egsghfsg {eg Meigh Mfddi}}iflgs egsgcy kgmbosg} olk

qsfdi}g} {eo{ yfw pibb cg gumw}gk hsfd qwli}edgl{ hfs {eg

qo}{ ih yfw mfdqby pi{e {eg hfbbfpil` {gsd} >

#%i) [eo{ yfw }eobb o}}i}{ {eg Csi{i}e {sffq} il {egis

dosme {esfwè yfws mfwl{sy {f yfws Yposlo" olk

{eo{ yfw pibb lgi{egs o{{omj lfs fqqf}g {egd :

#

%ii)

[eo{yfw

}eobb {f {eg w{df}{ fh

yfws qfpgs mfdqgb{eg ]iyil olk Jolefp {sicg} {f }wssglkgs {egis

moq{ixg},#

%iii)[eo{ {eg meigh} }eobb dgg{ {eg fhhimgs il mfddolk

fh {eg Csi{i}e hfsmg} o{ {eg Ypodo" olk kgbixgs

wq {f eid obb {eg moq{ixg} il {eg qf}}g}}ifl fh

yfws {sicg olk qoy o hilg fh ?1"111 swqgg},#

%ix) [eo{ yfw }eobb sglkgs ollwobby o {sicw{g fh {pf

gbgqeol{ {w}j} olk {gl }ibj qigmg} {f {eg Csi{i}e

@fxgsldgl{,

#Ih yfw mfdqby pi{e {eg}g {gsd} yfws bixg} olk qsfqgs{y

pibb cg }qosgk" olk {eg hfsdgs fskgs} sgwisil` yfw {f

kgbixgs wq {eg ]epg`yfcyw olk f{egs sgcgb} pibb lf{ cg

glhfsmgk,



[EG MEIL$BW]EOI MODQOI@L =?=

# Fl {eg f{egs eolk" ih yfw pibb lf{ mfdqby pi{e {eg}g

mflki{ifl} {eg Meigh Mfddi}}iflgs pibb kisgm{ {eg {sffq}

{f qwli}e yfw }gxgsgby,#

Wq {f {ei} {idg {eg }wssglkgs fh {eg Cwsdol fw{bop}

eok cggl dokg o mflki{ifl fh qgomg pi{e {eg [o}efl}, I{

po} lfp }oik cy {ef}g pef jlgp {egd cg}{ {eo{ {eg

}wssglkgs fh {eg sghw`gg} po} sgqw`lol{ {f Meil eflfws:

olk il {eg efqg fh dojil` i{ go}igs hfs {egd {f yigbk" {eg

Meigh Mfddi}}iflgs mfl}gl{gk {f poixg {ei} kgdolk, Qgs$

di}}ifl po} ob}f ìxgl {f Donfs Goijg} {f sgkwmg {eg hilg"

ih i{ pfwbk dojg lg`f{io{ifl} dfsg efqghwb, Cw{ fl {eg

f{egs qfil{}" g}qgmiobby {eg mflki{ifl {eo{ {eg {sffq} }efwbkdosme {f Hobod" {egis moqi{ob" olk {egsg sgmgixg {eg hfsdob

olk qwcbim }wcdi}}ifl fh {eg meigh} {f {eg Csi{i}e @fxgsl$

dgl{" lf mflmg}}ifl peo{gxgs po} {f cg dokg, Lg`f{io$

{ifl} fl {ei} co}i} mfl{ilwgk cg{pggl {eg qfbi{imob fhhimgs

olk {eg [o}efl} pi{efw{ sg}wb{,

Il {eg cgìllil` fh Kgmgdcgs {eg meigh} o`sggk {f dgg{

DonfsGoijg} o{

]ieowl`,[eg {gsd} fh {eg

qsfmbodo{iflpgsg guqboilgk {f {egd" olk {egy pgsg dokg {f wlkgs}{olk

{eo{ {egy pgsg hilob olk pfwbk cg glhfsmgk, [eg meigh}

pgsg idqsom{imocbg, [egy ohhisdgk {eo{ ih fws dgl ok$

xolmgk {egy mfwbk lf{ mfl{sfb {egis {sicg}dgl, [eg gu$

]opcpo fh Jobg po} qsg}gl{ o{ {ei} dgg{il`" eoxil` mfdg

kfpl pi{e {eg Meil}, Eg pi}gby {ffj {eg fqqfs{wli{y fh

}wssglkgsil` {f Donfs Coijg}" olk po} }gl{ {f Qojfjjw"

pegsg eg bixgk oh{gsposk} il sgmgiq{ fh o qgl}ifl hsfd {eg

@fxgsldgl{, Ei} }wssglkgs guqbfkgk o {egfsy peime eok

cggl }{os{gk" {eo{ {eg [o}efl} pgsg efbkil` fw{ il fskgs

{f qsfmwsg ei} sgil}{o{gdgl{ il Jobg,

O qsfmbodo{ifl il }idibos {gsd} po} }gl{ {f {eg Eojo

olk Yfjpo Meil},

Dgolpeibg {eg pfsj fh mfbbgm{il` {sol}qfs{ olk hfsposk$

il` }{fsg} po} qw}egk fl : {eg cfo{ }gsximg fl {eg Dyi{{eopo} fsòli~gk" olk po} pfsjgk cy Mfddolkgs Efbbolk

pi{e `sgo{ glgs`y olk }wmmg}},

Csiòkigs$@glgsob Howlmg eok bgh{ Cwsdo, Eg po}

}wmmggkgk il mfddolk fh {eg csiòkg cy Mfbflgb P, Q,

]ydfl} %pgbb jlfpl o} @glgsob ]is P, Qgll ]ydfl})"

pef dg{ ei} kgo{e il {eg his}{ om{ifl fh {eg Cfgs Pos,

Mfbflgb

]ydfl}eok dokg ei}

sgqw{o{ifl obsgokyo} ol



=?; [EG QOMIHIMO[IFL FH CWSDO

om{ixg olk ocbg }fbkigs, Eg po} dwme dfsg, Eg po}

qgmwbiosby hi{{gk cy {gdqgs" {om{" olk okdili}{so{ixg ocibi{y

{f mflkwm{ o kihhimwb{ cw}ilg}} bijg {eo{ lfp il eolk, [eg

mfddolk fh {eg Meil$Bw}eoi guqgki{ifl po} ìxgl {f eid

cy {eg Meigh Mfddi}}iflgs'} sgwg}{, [eg wg}{ifl osf}gpeg{egs eg }efwbk eoxg ob}f {eg mfl{sfb fh {eg lg`f{io{ifl}

olk ossol`gdgl{} pi{e {eg Meil},

Hfs }fdg {idg {eg hggbil` il Ilkio eok cggl" o} i{ }{ibb

i}" oòil}{ {eg kixi}ifl fh ow{efsi{y il guqgki{ifl} fh {ei}

jilk, Lf kfwc{" o} o swbg" {eg dol pef efbk} {eg dibi{osy

mfddolk }efwbk eoxg mfl{sfb fh {eg lg`f{io{ifl} ob}f,

O{ {eg }odg {idg {eg mismwd}{olmg} fh gome mo}g olk {eg

wobihimo{ifl} fh {eg dol dw}{ cg {ojgl il{f ommfwl{,

Il Cwsdo ei{egs{f i{ eok cggl hfwlk dfsg mflxgligl{"

ih lf{ lgmg}}osy" {f kixikg {eg kw{ig} olk {f ìxg peo{

i} mobbgk {eg qfbi{imob cw}ilg}} {f o mixib fhhimgs omwoil{gk

pi{e {eg bol`wo`g olk mw}{fd} fh {eg qgfqbg {f cg kgob{

pi{e, Il {eg qsg}gl{ il}{olmg i{ eoqqglgk {eo{ Donfs

Soijg} eok hsfd {eg cgìllil` kgob{" wlkgs {eg Meigh

Mfddi}}iflgs'} fskgs}" pi{e {eg Meil {sicg}, Eg eok

eok dfsg fqqfs{wli{ig} {eol oly flg fh omwisil` o jlfp$

bgk`g fh {egis meosom{gs olk qfbi{im}, I{ po} }fdgpeo{

kihhimwb{ {f o}j eid lfp {f pfsj il }wcfskilo{ifl {f {eg

dibi{osy mfddolkgs pef eok eok lf qos{ il {eg cw}ilg}},

[eg Meigh Mfddi}}iflgs po} sgoky {f csw}e o}ikg {ei}

qgs}flob kihhimwb{y olk {f obbfp Donfs Soijg} {f sg}i`l

ei} qf}{ ih eg qsghgssgk {f `f, Eg pfwbk pibbil`by eoxgqbomgk {eg meigh ow{efsi{y wlsg}gsxgkby il @glgsob ]ydfl}'}

eolk}, [eg wg}{ifl po} mosghwbby mfl}ikgsgk olk ki}$

mw}}gk, Hilobby" cy @glgsob ]ydfl}'} kg}isg i{ po} ossol`gk

{f bgoxg {f {eg mixib fhhimgs {eg lg`f{io{ifl} pi{e {eg Meil}

olk {eg ossol`gdgl{} {f cg dokg pi{e {egd pegl {egy

}wcdi{{gk, I{ eoqqglgk" efpgxgs" {eo{ cghfsg {eg okxolmg

il{f {eg eibb} eok pgbb cg`wl" Donfs Soijg} po} mfdqgbbgk

cy ibblg}} {f `f opoy, @glgsob ]ydfl} po} {egl qw{ il

wlkixikgk mfl{sfb fh {eg pefbg cw}ilg}}" wlkgs {eg Meigh

Mfddi}}iflgs'} fskgs}, [pf mixib fhhimgs} pgsg }gbgm{gk

{f }gsxg o} ei} o}}i}{ol{}" oc}fbw{gby il }wcfskilo{ifl {f

eid, Ds, K, Sf}} po} qf}{gk {f {eg ]fw{egsl Mfbwdl

olk Ds, C, ], Mosgy {f {eg Lfs{egsl, [ei} ossol`gdgl{

pfsjgk okdisocby,



[EG MEIL$BW]EOI MODQOI@L =?7

[eg soil} fh ?559 pgsg wlhfs{wlo{gby bo{g, [eg ]fw{egsl

Mfbwdl" ?"589.

}{sfl`" po} mflmgl{so{gk o{ Qojfjjw,

Hsfd Qojfjjw {f Jol" peime po} {f cg {eg co}g hfs {eg

fqgso{ifl}" po} flg ewlksgk olk }iu{y$hixg dibg}, ]egb{gs}

eok cggl gsgm{gk o{ {eg eob{il`$qbomg}" olk }wme qsfxi}ifl}

o} mfwbk cg qsfmwsgk pgsg ò{egsgk olk }{fsgk cy {eg mixib

ki}{sim{ fhhimgs}, [eg {sffq} cgòl {f dfxg fl {eg 3=sk

fh Lfxgdcgs" olk {eg dosme po} }wmmg}}hwbby mossigk fw{

il hih{ggl koy}" cy kg{omedgl{} fh flg ewlksgk hiè{il` dgl

pi{e hfbbfpgs} dosmeil` il }wmmg}}ifl koiby, [eg his}{

kg{omedgl{ bgh{ Qojfjjw fl {eg 3=sk fh Lfxgdcgs" olk

{eg bgokil` mfbwdl} pgsg flby nw}{ ocbg {f `g{ {esfwè

{eg hobbil` sixgs} olk {eg ksyil` mfwl{sy, [eg `sfwlk

po} egoxy olk {eg ego{ `sgo{, Lgxgs{egbg}}" {sffq} olk

hfbbfpgs} ossixgk o{ Jol il `ffk mflki{ifl" pi{e flby o

lfdilob }imj bi}{,

Cy {eg dikkbg fh Lfxgdcgs {eg Lfs{egsl Mfbwdl" ?"833 h

}{sfl`" po} sgoky o{ Hfs{ Pei{g olk po} poi{il` hfs {eg

eibb$mffbig} pef pgsg {f hfsd {eg {sol}qfs{" cghfsgi{

}efwbkdfxg fw{,

[eg òssi}fl} hfs {eg {gl qf}{} peime pgsg {f qsf{gm{

{eg hsfl{igs pgsg }gl{ wq {eg Meilkpil {f Jobgpo" olk

eok {f dosme kfpl {eg Dyi{{eo Xobbgy, Bo{g soil} eok

hbffkgk {eg Jobg Xobbgy" olk o} bo{g o} {eg glk fh Lfxgdcgs

{eg mfwl{sy po} idqo}}ocbg {f oly{eil` cw{ ol gbgqeol{,

Fl {eg 3;{e fh Fm{fcgs i{ {ffj hih{ggl efws} {f `g{ flg

ewlksgk olk }gxgl{y hsg}e dwbg}" pi{e gbgqeol{} {f mossy

{egis }okkbg} olk `gos" {esfwè {eg cf`} olk }podq} fl

. ?}{ Co{{obifl Jil`'} Fpl" ]mf{{i}e Cfskgsgs} ,,, 711 sihbg

Lf, 0 Dfwl{oil Co{{gsy ,,, ,,, ,,, ,,, 5;

Lf, 8 Mfdqoly _wggl'} Fpl" ]oqqgs} olk Dilgs} ?7?

3lk Co{{obifl ;{e @wsjeo} ;?1

3lk Dokso} Ilhol{sy 8=1

Cwsdo Mfdqoly _wggl'} Fpl" ]oqqgs} olk Dilgs} 9;

[f{ob ?"589 sihbg}

h ?}{ Co{{obifl Meg}eisg Ggìdgl{ =11 sihbg}

;3lk @wsjeo Biè{ Ilhol{sy ;00

Lf, 7 Mfdqoly _wggl'} Fpl" ]oqqgs} olk Dilgs} 97""

?1{e Cglòb Ilhol{sy ;81

35{e Cglòb Ilhol{sy 391

[f{ob ,,, ?"833 sihbg}




{eg bo}{ hixg olk o eobh dibg} fh {eg sfok il{f Jobgdyf" peime

po} {eg ki}{sicw{il` co}g hfs }wqqbig} hfs Hfs{ Pei{g olk

hfs {eg qf}{} il {eg Jobg Xobbgy, Cy {eg glk fh Kgmgdcgs

{eg}g {gl qf}{} pgsg cwib{" fmmwqigk" olk so{iflgk o {g}{i$

dfly {f {eg wobi{ig} fh {eg fhhimgs} olk dgl pef fxgsmodg}wme kihhimwb{ig},

Cy {eg glk fh Nolwosy" ?591" hixg ewlksgk olk hih{y$flg

{fl} fh }{fsg} eok cggl }gl{ cy sfok {f Jol" olk }iu

ewlksgk olk {eis{y$giè{ {fl} bolkgk o{ Jobgdyf cy

po{gs, [eg sixgs {sol}qfs{ }gsximg lf{ flby kik {ei}" cw{

ob}f qsfxikgk" o} o cy$pfsj" mossio`g hfs doly dgl nfilil`

{egis

mfsq}olk hfs }imj }gl{ kfpl {f {eg sgos, Hsfd {eg

cgìllil` fh Hgcswosy" pegl '{eg mfwl{sy eok cgmfdg ksy"

obb }wqqbig} hfs {eg ]fw{egsl Mfbwdl pgsg csfwè{ il mos{}

hsfd Qojfjjw {f Jol olk fl {f Eojo fl eisgk qomj$

cwbbfmj} olk @fxgsldgl{ {sol}qfs{ olidob}, [f okk {f

{eg kihhimwb{ig}" xiswbgl{ mo{{bg ki}go}g csfjg fw{ il {eg

Dyi{{eo olk Jobg Xobbgy}" olk mow}gk glfsdfw} bf}},

Flg${eisk fh {eg qomj$cwbbfmj} eok kigk, [eg }imjlg}}

po} lf{ mflhilgk {f {eg {sol}qfs{ olidob}, I{ po} }oik

{eo{ {eg xibbo`gs} il {eg Jobg ]{o{g bf}{ 91 qgs mgl{" fh {egis

cwhhobfg},

[eg his}{ {sffq} fh {eg ]fw{egsl Mfbwdl sgomegk Jol

fl {eg 0{e fh Kgmgdcgs, Fl {eg 9{e {eg }oqqgs}" pi{e o

mfxgsil` g}mfs{" mfddglmgk pfsj fl {eg sfok {f Eojo"

peime po} }iu{y$hfws dibg} ki}{ol{, Gxgsy flg {efwè{

{eo{ fws dgl pfwbk cg il Eojo il {gl fs {pgbxg koy}"

olk obb mobmwbo{ifl} pgsg co}gk fl {ei} g}{ido{g, I{ po}

}iu{y$}iu koy} cghfsg {eg bgokil` hibg} gl{gsgk Eojo" olk

{eg dwbg$sfok kik lf{ sgome {eo{ qbomg wl{ib {eg }gxgl{y$

}gxgl{e koy, [ei}" ob{efwè {eg pefbg }{sgl`{e fh {eg

hfsmg po} kgxf{gk {f sfok pfsj > gxgsy dol pef mfwbk

ki` po} }g{ {f i{, [eg mfwl{sy fqqf}gk {f {eg glìlggs}

o {wdcbgk lg{pfsj fh}{ggq

eibb} olkkggq

soxilg}, [eg

mbido{g qsfxgk kgokby, ]fbkigs} olk mffbig} pgsg ibb pi{e

hgxgs, Fw{ fh }gxgl Gfyob Glìlggs fhhimgs}" o{ {eg glk

fh Kgmgdcgs }iu pgsg byil` ibb, Il mfdqosi}fl pi{e {eg

kihhimwb{ig} mow}gk cy {eg lo{wsg fh {eg mfwl{sy olk {eg

mbido{g" {eg higsmg}{ fqqf}i{ifl fh {eg Meil} po} il}i`lihimol{,

#[ei} ki}oqqfil{il` kgboy"# psf{g @glgsob ]ydfl}"# po} lf{ pi{efw{ i{} mfdqgl}o{il` okxol{o`g} il kgobil`




pi{e {eg Meil}, [egy guqgm{gk w} {f dojg o wimj okxolmg"

kf }fdg kodo`g" olk sg{isg, [eg }{goky" qgs}i}{gl{ okxolmg"

{f`g{egs pi{e {eg qoil} {eo{ pgsg {ojgl {f `g{ il{f {fwme

pi{e {egd olk {f guqboil fws fcngm{} olk il{gl{ifl}"

qosoby}gk {egis }qisi{} olk ghhfs{} hfs sg}i}{olmg" olk {ew}

{sicg oh{gs {sicg }wcdi{{gk olk yigbkgk {f fws {gsd},#

[ei} i}" lf kfwc{" {eg {swg poy fh kgobil` pi{e }oxo`g},

[egy osg bijg meibksgl, [egy osg {gssihigk ih {egy }gg o

qgs}fl oqqsfomeil` {egd }{gokiby" pi{e dgo}wsgk }{gq} olk

fw{}{sg{megk osd}, Cw{ i{ i} dwme dfsg kihhimwb{ olk

sgwisg} dfsg sg}fwsmg} il dflgy olk dgl olk {sol}qfs{

{f okxolmg il{f o kihhimwb{ mfwl{sy" dojil` gome }{gq `ffkolk qgsdolgl{" {eol {f sw}e il" cwsl" }boy" olk sg{isg, [eg

bo{{gs dg{efk fh poshosg {eg }oxo`g wlkgs}{olk}, Ei}

glgdig} oqqgos }wkkglby" }g{ hisg {f ei} xibbo`g" jibb {ef}g

{egy mfdg omsf}}" olk osg opoy oòil, Eg hbgg} il{f {eg

nwl`bg o{ {eg his}{ obosd" olk mfdg} comj bi{{bg {eg pfs}g

o} }ffl o} {eg f{egs }ikg sg{isg}, [eo{ {eg cg{{gs dg{efk

po} lf{ hfbbfpgk il ?550$5" olk {eo{ {eg dfsg coscosfw}

}y}{gd po} okfq{gk" po} lf{ xfbwl{osy, Mismwd}{olmg}

hfsmgk i{ wqfl {eg ow{efsi{ig} il Cwsdo" o} {eg flby dgol}

o{ {egis ki}qf}ob hfs qsf{gm{il` {eg qgomghwb qfqwbo{ifl il

{eg qboil}, Cg}ikg}" i{ i} flby hois {f }oy {eo{ {eg {sicg}

kgob{ pi{e {eg hfsdgs ygos" {eg ]iyil} olk Jolefp}" pgsg

cy hos {eg df}{ posbijg olk cbffk{eis}{y fh {eg Meil},

[eg }gxgsg meo}{i}gdgl{ ilhbim{gk fl {egd" olk {eg doil$

{glolmg fh {eg òssi}fl il Hfs{ Pei{g kwsil` {eg ygos"

eok csfwè{ efdg {f obb {eg hfbby fh {syil` mflmbw}ifl} pi{e

ki}miqbilgk olk pgbb$osdgk {sffq},

Fl {eg ?0{e fh Kgmgdcgs {eg okxolmg$`wosk fh {eg

]fw{egsl Mfbwdl fmmwqigk [owl`{gj fl {eg sfok {f Eojo,

Hsfd {eo{ ko{g {f {eg 35{e fh Kgmgdcgs {eg Meil} hsfd {idg

{f {idg dokg hggcbg o{{gdq{} {f sg}i}{" eoso}}il` {eg {sffq}

cy hisil` il{f modq, Fl {eg 35{e" lgos [owl`{gj" {egyeok o mfl}ikgsocbg lwdcgs fh dgl il om{ifl

: ommfskil` {f

{egis fpl ommfwl{ hixg ewlksgk dgl" fh pefd {esgg

ewlksgk eok hisg$osd}, Cw{ {egy mfwbk kf lf{eil`, Hsfd

{eo{ koy {egy òxg wq {eg hiè{ olk dokg lf hws{egs

fqqf}i{ifl,

Fl {eg 5{e fh Nolwosy {pf Yfjpo Meil} modg il{f

modq,[eg

fcngm{}

fh fws

mfdilòlk {eg mflki{ifl} fh




qgomg pgsg guqboilgk {f {eg}g {pf dgl" olk {egy pgsg }gl{

comj {f sgqgo{ {egd {f {egis meigh}, Cw{ {egsgil boy {eg

kihhimwb{y, Pef pgsg {eg sgob meigh} 6 [egsg pgsg lwdcgs}

fh meigh}" gome pi{e ei} fpl hfbbfpil`" gome ci{{gsby ngobfw}

fh ei} hgbbfp}, [flg`f{io{g

wlkgs }wme mflki{ifl}sgwisgk

{eg {om{ olk qo{iglmg peime @glgsob ]ydfl} hfs{wlo{gby

qf}}g}}gk, [eg df}{ il{gbbi`gl{ olk ilhbwgl{iob fh {eg

sixob} eok {f cg ki}mfxgsgk" olk ei} qf}i{ifl }{sgl`{eglgk

cy kgobil` {esfwè eid,

Eglmghfs{e ohhois} qsf`sg}}gk pgbb" olk {egsg po} lf

mfdcilgk fqqf}i{ifl {f {eg okxolmg, Flg wlhfs{wlo{g

ilmikgl{" efpgxgs" fmmwssgk, ]fdg Meil} byil` il odcw}e

}ef{ Bigw{glol{ Hf}{gs" fh {eg Jil`'} Fpl ]mf{{i}e

Cfskgsgs}, [eg {sicg} eok cggl hwbby poslgk {eo{ om{}

fh {sgomegsy pfwbk dgg{ pi{e qwli}edgl{, [eg lgosg}{

xibbo`g po} kg}{sfygk, [ei}" eoqqiby" po} {eg }fbg fmmo}ifl

fl peime {eg ]fw{egsl Mfbwdl po} mfdqgbbgk {f w}g

xifbglmg,

O hgp koy} oh{gsposk} Yfjpo po} fmmwqigk" olk {ei}

}gm{ifl fh {eg Cowl`}eg} yigbkgk, [eg {gsd} idqf}gk fl{egd pgsg {eg }wssglkgs fh {eg moq{ixg}" {eg qoydgl{ fh

o hilg olk fh ol ollwob {sicw{g" olk ol glò`gdgl{ {f jggq

{eg qgomg il hw{wsg, [eg dwbg$qo{e" dgolpeibg" po} cgil`

qw}egk hfsposk fl {f Eojo" {eg egokwos{gs} fh ol

idqfs{ol{ }gm{ifl, [eg }odg {om{im} }ffl bgk {f {egis

}wcdi}}ifl, [eg }wcnwò{ifl fh {eg pefbg Cowl`}eg mbol

po} lfp mfdqbg{g"hfs {eg dilfs }gm{ifl} hfbbfpgk {eg

bgok fh {eg qsgdigs mfddwli{ig}, [eg egokwos{gs} fh

{eg guqgki{ifl pgsg hiugk eglmghfsposk o{ Eojo" olk

lg`f{io{ifl}hfs {eg }wssglkgs fh {eg moq{ixg} pgsg cg`wl,

[ei} po} lf{ ol go}y fs }qggky cw}ilg}}, Lfdilob sfbb}

fh {eg qgs}fl} egbk il kwsolmg cy {eg Meil} eok cggl

qsgqosgk" olk i{ po} jlfpl cy peime {sicg olk cy peime

xibbo`g {eg moq{ixg} eok cggl {ojgl, Cw{ }fdg fh {eg

soik} eok cggl mfddi{{gk dfl{e} cghfsg, ]boxg} pgsg

mwssgl{ mfil il {eg eibb}" olk qo}}gk hsfd eolk {f eolk

o} go}iby o} o colj$lf{g il dfsg mixibi~gk sgìfl}, [egis

xobwg po} hiugk pi{e sghgsglmg {f {eg mw}{fdosy sol}fd

qoik cy {egis Cwsdg}g sgbo{ixg}" olk }ggd} {f eoxg oxgso`gk

{gl fs {pgbxg qfwlk} }{gsbil`, Il cos{gs" ommfskil` {f Ds,

Mosgy" o }boxg pfwbk gumeol`g hfs {esgg fs hfws egok fh




mo{{bg" o `ffk `wl" o kf~gl qi`}" fs o pihg, Efpgxgs

pibbil` {eg {sicg fs {eg xibbo`g" fs gxgl {eg fsiìlob moq{fs"

diè{ cg {f jggq hoi{e" i{ po} fh{gl kihhimwb{ {f {somg {eg

}boxg olk fc{oil ei} sgbgo}g hsfd {eg qsg}gl{ efbkgs" pef

eok cfwè{ eid pi{e o qsimg olk kik lf{ }gg pey eg }efwbk

cg o{ o bf}}, O xigp lf{ wlsgo}flocbg hsfd o Meil qfil{

fh xigp" cw{ wi{g ilokdi}}icbg hsfd fws }ikg,

Peibg {eg}g lg`f{io{ifl} pgsg qsfmggkil` o{ Eojo" olk

{eg dwbg$sfok po} cgil` mfdqbg{gk {f {eo{ qbomg" sgmflloi}$

}olmg qos{ig} pgsg }gl{ fw{ {f {eg pg}{" {eg mfwl{sy po}

guqbfsgk" {eg }wcdi}}ifl fh o pg}{gsl {sicg" {eg Jboljbol`}"

po} }gmwsgk" olk mfddwlimo{ifl pi{e {eg Mei{{o`fl`Mfbwdl" wlkgs Csiòkigs$@glgsob [sg`gos". po} fqglgk,

[eg okxolmg qos{ig} fh @glgsob ]ydfl} olk @glgsob

[sg`gos'} hfsmg} dg{ fl {eg 38{e fh Hgcswosy" o{ [of xibbo`g"

hih{y${pf dibg} pg}{ fh Eojo, [ei} dgg{il` po} lf{ocbg

hfs {eg sgmfxgsy fh {eg egok} fh Bigw{glol{ Nfel ]{gpos{" fh

{eg Bgil}{gs Jgìdgl{" olk {eg }fbkigs} %{pf Csi{i}e olk

flg Ilkiol) pef eok cggl jibbgk cy Ef}po{o ]eglkff} fl {eg

=sk fh Hgcswosy" ?555" pegl }wsxgyil` il {eg Mei{{o`fl`

Eibb {som{}, [egis }jwbb} eok kgmfso{gk {eg xibbo`g fh }fdg

Meil meigh o{ Eojo gxgs }ilmg, O} {f efp {egy modg {f

Eojo lf{eil` i} jlfpl, [eg meigh doy eoxg {ojgl {egd

eid}gbh" fs eg doy eoxg qwsmeo}gk {eg {sfqeig} hsfd {eg sgob

egsfg}, Lf ilwisy po} dokg" olk lf sg{obio{ifl po} ilhbim{gk

fl {eg ommfdqbimg} il {eg dwskgs fh fws hgbbfp$mfwl{sydgl,

[eg ]fw{egsl Mfbwdl cgil` {ew} glò`gk" {eg Lfs{egsl

Mfbwdl" wlkgs Mfbflgb ]jglg" pi{e Ds, Cgs{sod Mosgy o}

mixib fhhimgs" eok lf{ cggl ikbg, Ds, Mosgy eok {f kf pi{e

o xgsy kihhimwb{ qf}i{ifl, [eg {sicg} pi{e pefd eg po}

iddgkio{gby mflmgslgk pgsg o} kghiol{ il Kgmgdcgs" ?559"

o} {egy eok cggl o ygos cghfsg:olk eg eok lf dgkiwd

fh mfddwlimo{ifl pi{e {egd, @sokwobby" cy qo{iglmg olk

}jibhwb eolkbil`" {eg ]o`yiboil Meil} bixil` il {eg lgosg}{

xibbo`g} pgsg ilkwmgk {f csil` }wqqbig} fh g``} olk hfpb}

{f dosjg{, [sokil` bgk {f mbf}gs il{gsmfws}g, Ds, Mosgy

g}{ocbi}egk eid}gbh o{ Yopbw fl {eg sfok hsfd Hfs{ Pei{g

{f Hobod" {eg meigh [o}efl xibbo`g" olk xgsy }ffl [o}efl}

o} pgbb o} ]o`yiboil} modg {f Yopbw koiby {f }gbb {egis

. Lfp Donfs$@glgsob ]is Xilmgl{ Pibbiod [sg`gos" J,M,C," Ilkiol

Osdy"sg{isgk,




qsfkwmg" olk {eg }i{wo{ifl cgmodg bg}} }{soilgk" peibg {eg

{sffq} qsfmwsgk cg{{gs hffk, Oh{gs o bi{{bg Dol`bfl" {eg

meigh fh {eg ]o`yiboil}" modg {f }gg Ds, Mosgy" olk dokg ei}

}wcdi}}ifl {f {eg Csi{i}e @fxgsldgl{, [ei} po} o df}{

pgbmfdg gxgl{,

Dol`bflcgmodg o dgkiwd il obb

lg`f{io${ifl} pi{e {eg ]iyil}" olk sgdoilgk bfyob olk {sw}{pfs{ey il

}wc}gwgl{ {sfwcbg},

Lf qsf`sg}}" efpgxgs" po} dokg pi{e {eg ]iyil}" pef

qsfdi}gk {f }wssglkgs ih {eg [o}efl} dokg qgomg, [eg

cg}{ dfl{e} hfs om{ixg fqgso{ifl} pgsg qo}}il`, Cw{ i{

po} {efwè{ ilguqgkigl{ {f okfq{ sfwè dg{efk} oòil}{

{egd wl{ib o }g{{bgdgl{ eok cggl dokg pi{e {eg [o}efl},.

Oh{gs }fdg lg`f{io{ifl} pi{e {eg meigh fh Dpgcil`yi %ol

idqfs{ol{ xibbo`g)" pef qsfdi}gk {f }wssglkgs olk ilxi{gk o

xi}i{" Ds, Mosgy" pi{e Mfbflgb ]jglg olk o }dobb hfsmg"

`wikgk cy ]o`yiboil dgl" dosmegk {f Dpgcil`yi, [esgg

dibg} hsfd {eg xibbo`g {egy pgsg hisgk fl cy Meil} hsfd obb

}ikg}, O }eosq }jisdi}e hfbbfpgk, [eg Meil}" ksixgl comj

{f {egis xibbo`g" }g{ i{ fl hisg olk {ffj {f {eg eibb}ikg}, Pg

bf}{ {pf dgl }gxgsgby pfwlkgk fpil` {f {ei} {sgomegsfw}

o{{omj,

[eg {idg eok lfp mfdg pegl {eg dwme$kgboygk okxolmg

fh {eg ]fw{egsl Mfbwdl dokg {eg mfdcilgk dfxgdgl{} fh

{eg Lfs{egsl olk ]fw{egsl Mfbwdl} wqfl {eg [o}efl

Ypodo qf}}icbg, [eg sgkwm{ifl fh {ei} {sicg po} {eg doil

fcngm{ fh {eg modqoi`l" {f peime obb {eg f{egs fqgso{ifl}

pgsgbgokil`,

I{ po}idqfs{ol{

{f oxfik o ef}{ibg mfbbi}ifl

pi{e i{, I{ pfwbk eoxg cggl go}y glfwè {f eoso}} olk

qwli}e {eg {sicg xibbo`g cy xibbo`g" cw{ o{ {eg mf}{ fh bihg"

kg}{swm{ifl fh qsfqgs{y" olk di}gsy, @glgsob ]ydfl}'}

il}{swm{ifl} pgsg {f ommgq{ lf }wssglkgs olk {f mflmbwkg

lf lg`f{io{ifl} gumgq{ o{ Hobod" {eg [o}efl egok xibbo`g :

olk ei} qwsqf}g po} {f dojg sg}i}{olmg efqgbg}} cy qbomil`

{eg hfsmg} hsfd Eojo olk Hfs{ Pei{g }idwb{olgfw}by fl

{eg lfs{e olk }fw{e fh {eg Ypodo, Ommfskil`by" fl {eg

5{e fh Dosme o hfsmg =71 }{sfl`" pi{e flg `wl" wlkgs

Mfbflgb ]jglg" bgh{ Hfs{ Pei{g, Fl {eg 9{e @glgsob

]ydfl}" pi{e 391 sihbg} olk {pf dfwl{oil$`wl}" dosmegk

hsfd Eojo, [eg ]fw{egsl Mfbwdl eok }whhgsgk }f dwme

. I{ po} wlkgs}{ffk o{ {ei} {idg {eo{ {eg ]iyil} pgsg wi{g }wcfskilo{g

{f {eg [o}efl}" pef}g mfl{sfb" efpgxgs" qsfxgk {f cg bidi{gk,



[EG MEIL$BW]EOI MODQOI@L =3?

hsfd }imjlg}} {eo{ i{} }{sgl`{e il hiè{il`$dgl olk {sol}$

qfs{ mffbig} eok cggl }gsifw}by sgkwmgk, Pi{efw{ {eg oik

fh {eg Lfs{egsl Mfbwdl" i{ mfwbk lf{ eoxg ìxgl glfwè

dgl {f òssi}fl Eojo olk o{ {eg }odg {idg {f kgob pi{e

{eg [o}efl}, I{ po} o do{{gs fh dfdgl{" {egsghfsg" {eo{

{eg {pf mfbwdl} }efwbk fqgso{g il mflmgs{, O }wmmg}}hwb

olk soqik sgmflloi}}olmg {f pi{eil giè{ dibg} fh {eg

Ypodo po} ohhgm{gk" olk {eg {pf hfsmg} ossixgk fl {eg

fqqf}i{g colj} fh {eg Doliqws" fs Loljo{eg Sixgs" pi{eil

ol efws fh gome f{egs fl {eg bb{e fh Dosme,

[eg [o}efl} eok lf{ il{glkgk {f yigbk pi{efw{ o hiè{,#

Illwdgsocbg }{fmjokg}" csgo}{pfsj}" olk fc}{swm{ifl}"

gu{glkil` fxgs }fdg lilg dibg} fh mfwl{sy" cw{ meighby

il{glkgk oòil}{ ol glgdy okxolmil` hsfd {eg lfs{e" eok

cggl hsg}eby gsgm{gk o{ gxgsy mfddolkil` qfil{, Bos`g

lwdcgs} fh osdgk dgl po{megk cf{e mfbwdl} o} {egy

okxolmgk" cw{ {egsg po} lf mfbbi}ifl, I{ i} kihhimwb{ {f

g}{ido{g {egis lwdcgs}:cw{ fl {eg }fw{e fh Doliqws Sixgs

lgos {eg Ypodo {egsg pgsg lf{ bg}} {eol 7"111 dgl" fh

pefd {pf${eisk} pgsg osdgk pi{e `wl}" {eg sg}{ pi{e

}qgos},#.

Ki}sgòskil` {eg qsf{g}{} fh }fdg fh {eg meigh} pef modg

fw{ {f dgg{ eid" @glgsob ]yslfl} dosmegk ei} dgl {f o

}qf{ pi{eil flg {efw}olk yosk} fh {eg Ypodo" olk hiugk ei}

modq {egsg, [eg meigh} pgsg o}}gdcbgk olk o}jgk ih {egy

o`sggk {f fws {gsd}, Pi{e {eg ilmfl}gwglmg fh }oxo`g}"

oh{gs obbfpil` w} {f okxolmg wlfqqf}gk" {egy sgngm{gk fws

mflki{ifl}" sghw}il` hisdby {f qoy {sicw{g olk kgdwssil`

gxgl {f {eg hilg, @glgsob ]ydfl} poslgk {egd fh {eg si}j

{egy pgsg ilmwssil` olk ki}di}}gk {egd,

[eg }mglg fl {ei} fmmo}ifl po} ksodo{im" olk i} {ew}

kg}msicgk cy Ds, Cgs{sod Mosgy" pef po} qsg}gl{ >

#[eg pefbg xobbgy" il peime hfsdgsby boy {eg fsiìlob

xibbo`g fh Hobod" po} hwbb fh osdgk Meil}" lwdcgsil` lf{bg}} {eol ="111 dgl" ò{egsgk hsfd obb }ikg}: {eg ef}{

}ggdgk {f }g{{bg i{}gbh il `sfwq} fh hsfd ?1 {f ?11 dgl,

[egy pgsg wig{ il kgdgolfws" cw{ egbk {egis egok} eiè

olk }ggdgk wi{g qsgqosgk hfs peo{gxgs diè{ cg {eg sg}wb{

fh {eg lg`f{io{ifl}, [eg msfpk po} o df{bgy flg" {eg

.Csiòkigs$@glgsob ]ydfl}'} Kg}qo{me" ko{gk {eg ?}{ fh Doy" ?591"

hsfd Eojo,

33




[o}efl meigh} ksg}}gk il {eg òwky {os{ol fh {eg {sicg" pgbb

osdgk pi{e csiè{ `wl}" xgsdibifl olk cbomj qos{i$mfbfwsgk

koe }moccosk}" olk cgow{ihwbby ilboik qfpkgs$efsl}, [eg

Peglfe} pgsg mfl}qimwfw} cy {egis mei`lfl}" peime

mfl{so}{gk pi{e {eg bfh{y egok$ksg}} fh {egis lgiècfws}"

{eg Yoefp}" pef pgsg qsg}gl{ mossyil` {eg }{sol`g }eglkw,

mefqqgs$}eoqgk koe} il co}jg{pfsj }moccosk}, ]mo{{gsgk

osfwlk il cwlmeg} pgsg {eg }mfpbil` ]iyil}" {eg eobh$csggk}

hsfd [opyol olk Dil{gkowl`" {eg }gdi$ilkgqglkgl{

mbiwg fh Jpwl`bi" olk {eg {sol}$Loljo{eg {sicg}dgl fh

]fj{g olk.

Qfi'

fsiìl, [eg mfl`sgò{ifl po} osdgk

pi{e o xosig{y fh pgoqfl}: }qgos} olk hbil{$bfmj `wl}

qsgkfdilo{gk" cw{ cfp} olk wixgs} fh coscgk ossfp} pgsg

mossigk cy lf{ o hgp, Gome dol cfsg ei} hffk$}wqqby hfs o

hgp koy} fl ei} comj,#.

[eg lgu{ {pf koy} pgsg }qgl{ il pgosi}fdg lg`f{io{ifl}

peime diè{ eoxg ksixgl o bg}} qo{igl{ dol {f {eg w}g fh

hfsmg, Ei} hfscgosolmg po} sgposkgk" olk {eg meigh} òxg

poy, [eg {sicw{g hfs ?559 po} kgbixgsgk" olk hixg {efw}olkswqgg}" {eg odfwl{ {f peime eg eok {efwè{ siè{ {f sgkwmg

{eg hilg" po} qoik,

[eg [o}efl} okdi{{gk {eo{ wl{ib o hgp koy} cghfsg {eg

hfsmg} sgomegk Hobod {egy eok il{glkgk {f hiè{, [egis

qf}i{ifl o} egok fh {eg Meil {sicg} olk {eg hgos fh bf}il`

qsg}{i`g idqgbbgk {egd {f sg}i}{, Pegl {egy hfwlk {egis

glgdig} mfdil` hsfd {pf }ikg}" {egy cgòl {f bf}g egos{,

Obb {egis fw{byil` xibbo`g}" pef jlgp {egy dw}{ }whhgs his}{

olk df}{" qsoygk {egd {f dojg qgomg,

I{ i} gxikgl{ {eo{ {eg sfwè eolkbil` fh {eg ]iyil} cy

@glgsob Howlmg eok ìxgl o }obw{osy bg}}fl {f {eg}g qgfqbg,

[eg gxgl{ qsfxgk ob}f {eg pi}kfd fh dosmeil` {f {eg egok$

wos{gs} fh {eg {sicg" olk {egsg mfdqgbbil` {eg qwcbim

}wcdi}}ifl fh {egis bgokgs},

[eg fcngm{ fh {eg mfdcilgk dosme eoxil` cggl o{{oilgk"

{eg mfbwdl} }gqoso{gk" {eg ]fw{egsl sg{wslil` {f Eojo

olk {eg Lfs{egsl {f Hfs{ Pei{g, Kwsil` {eg sgdoilil`

dfl{e} fh fqgl pgo{egs @glgsob ]ydfl} po} fmmwqigk il

ò{egsil` il {eg moq{ixg}" idqsfxil` ei} sgbo{ifl} pi{e {eg

Meil}" olk il guqbfsil` {eg mfwl{sy, Il Oqsib" ommfdqoligk

cy {eg Eojo meigh" eg xi}i{gk doly xibbo`g} {f {eg ]fw{e

. #

[eg Meil Eibb}"#xfb,

i," q,59,

@fxgsldgl{ Qsg}}" Gol`ffl"?598,



[EG MEIL$BW]EOI MODQOI@L =3=

olk po} gxgsypegsg pgbb sgmgixgk, Fl {eg ?7{e fh Oqsib

@glgsob [sg`gos dg{ eid o{ Eojo" lfp biljgk wq pi{e

Hfs{ [sg`gos cy o dwbg${somj" peime po} csfwè{ il{f

Eojo" o ki}{olmg fh giè{y$flg dibg}" fl {eg ?={e fh Oqsib,

[eg Mei{{o`fl` Mfbwdl eok dg{ pi{e lf fqqf}i{ifl,

[egis pfsj po} doilby sfok$dojil`" sgmfllfi{sil`" olk

}wsxgyil` pfsj fh {eg his}{ idqfs{olmg il }gmwsil` qgs$

dolgl{ qgomg, [eg Bw}eoi mfwl{sy po} o} kihhimwb{ o} oly

fl {eg Cwsdo }ikg,

#[egsg i} {eg kgl}g nwl`bg" peime qsgxgl{} flg }ggil`

o kf~gl yosk} oegok:sfmj} gu{glkil` fxgs bos`g qfs{ifl} fh

{eg eibb}ikg osg mfl}{ol{by dg{ pi{e" olk pegl i{ po} hfwlk

idqf}}icbg {f oxfik {egd dwme {idg po} {ojgl wq il

cbo}{il` fqgso{ifl}, Sol`g wqfl sol`g fh qsgmiqi{fw} eibb}"

swllil` o{ siè{ ol`bg} {f {eg bilg fh okxolmg" eok {f cg

msf}}gk" olk {eg wg}{ifl fh o }whhimigl{ }wqqby fh po{gs o{

{eg kihhgsgl{ modq} eok {f cg mfl}ikgsgk il kg{gsdilil` {eg

{somg fh {eg sfok,#.

[pf bos`gsixgs} eok {f cg

csik`gk,I{ i} lf{ pi{eil {eg }mfqg fh {eg qsg}gl{ losso{ixg {f

kg}msicg {eg pfsj kflg cy {eg Mei{{o`fl` Mfbwdl, I{}

oqqsfome hsfd {eg pg}{ eok cgyflk kfwc{ dokg @glgsob

]ydfl}'} {o}j go}igs" olk }wmmg}} dfsg mgs{oil,

Fl sg{wslil` {f Hfs{ Pei{g" Ds, Mosgy sg}wdgk ei}

iddgkio{g kw{y fh csilìl` {eg ]iyil} pi{eil {eg hfbk,

[egy eok qsfdi}gk {f }wcdi{ ih {eg [o}efl} dokg qgomg,

Eg mobbgk wqfl {egd lfp {f jggq {egis pfsk, Flby flg

meigh modg il" olk" o} eg csfwè{ lf moq{ixg}" Ds, Mosgy

}gl{ eid opoy, ]f hos hsfd }wcdi{{il`" {egy mw{ {eg

{gbg`soqe pisg} koiby olk ollfygk fws qgfqbg, O qfbimy

fh poi{il` olk mflmibio{ifl eok hoibgk, ]gxgsob fh {eg

pfs}{ xibbo`g} pgsg {egsghfsg }il`bgk fw{ olk kg}{sfygk" lf{

pi{efw{ }fdg hiè{il`" il peime }gxgsob }gqfy} pgsg jibbgk,

Wlhfs{wlo{gby" il {pf mo}g}" il peime }fdg {sffq} hsfd

Jobgdyf pgsg glò`gk" {eg cfkig} pgsg obbfpgk {f hobb

il{f {eg glgdig}' eolk}, [eg Meil csoxg} pgsg ocbg {f

sg{wsl pi{e {pf egok}" dfsg guqsg}}ixg fh xim{fsy {eol `wl}

fs }{olkosk}" olk lf kfwc{ qwcbi}egk il {egis ho}eifl nwcibol{

cwbbg{il}, [eg {siwdqe po} }efs{$bixgk, O dfl{e oh{gs$

posk} o kg{omedgl{ fh {eg ;3lk @wsjeo}" dosmeil` kfpl.

Csiòkigs$@glgsob [sg`gos'} Kg}qo{me" Doy 5?"?591,



=3; [EG QOMIHIMO[IFL FH CWSDO

fl {egis poy {f Ilkio" kg}{sfygk {eg xibbo`g} mflmgslgk,

Cghfsg {eg glk fh Oqsib obb {eg ]iyil} eok dokg fw{posk

}wcdi}}ifl olk eok ommgq{gk fws {gsd}" peime pgsg {eo{

oygosby

{sicw{g }efwbk cgqoik

olk {eo{ {egmoq{ixg}

}efwbk

cg }wssglkgsgk, Gome mbol po} {f cg obbfpgk {f sgcwibk i{}

xibbo`g} pegl {eg moq{ixg} egbk cy i{ eok cggl sgbgo}gk" olk

lf{ cghfsg, [eg mw{ {gbg`soqe pisg olk {eg {pf egok} pgsg

csfwè{ il" olk {eg moq{ixg} pgsg cgil` `sokwobby }ws$

sglkgsgk,

[eg sg}wb{} fh {eg modqoi`l pgsg `ffk olk qgsdolgl{,

[eg hfwlko{ifl po} boik hfs ol ghhgm{ixg mfl{sfb fxgs {eg}g

{sfwcbg}fdg eibb$dgl" olk qgomg pi{e }gmwsi{y po} ìxgl {f

{eg Cwsdol} il {eg qboil} olk {f {eg Meil} {egd}gbxg}"

Coikil` olk }boxgsy o} il}{i{w{ifl} pgsg mflkgdlgk" olk

pgsg }ffl {f ki}oqqgos ob{f`g{egs, Cghfsg {eg {sffq} bgh{

{eg higbk flg ewlksgk olk {eis{y$giè{ moq{ixg} pgsg bicgs$

o{gk, [egsg pgsg o hgp soik} dokg oh{gs @glgsob ]ydfl}hili}egk ei} {o}j" cw{ {egy pgsg qsfdq{by qwli}egk, [egsg

pgsg }fdg ki}{wscolmg} odfl` {eg Meil {sicg}, [egypgsg go}iby megmjgk" olk }y}{gdo{im ki}osdodgl{ egsg" o} il

Cwsdo qsfqgs" meol`gk {eg {gdqgs olk eoci{} fh {eg qgfqbg,

[ei} }wmmg}} eok cggl omeigxgk obdf}{ pi{efw{ cbffk}egk"

cw{ o{ o `sgo{ mf}{ {f fws dgl fh }whhgsil` olk bf}} fh bihg

hsfd ki}go}g, [eg }imjlg}} odfl` {sffq} olk hfbbfpgs} po}

oqqobbil`" olk {eg {sol}qfs{ olidob} qgsi}egk cy ewlksgk},

Lilg dgl" fh pefd {pf pgsg fhhimgs}" pgsg jibbgk il om{ifl:

{pf ewlksgk olk }gxgl" fh pefd }gxgl{y${pf pgsg hiè{il`$

dgl" qgsi}egk fh ki}go}g, Olk {pf {efw}olk flg ewlksgk

olk {pgl{y${pf pgsg ilxobikgk" fh pef}g }gxgl ewlksgk olk

lilg pgsg hiè{il`$dgl flg$hih{e fh {eg pefbg hfsmg,

O qgsdolgl{ qf}{ po} cwib{ o{ Eojo" peime po} hfwlk {f

cg o egob{ey qbomg :olk {eg egokwos{gs} fh o mixib fhhimgs"

pi{e mfl{sfb fxgs {eg Cowl`}eg} olk [o}efl}" po} g}{ocbi}egk

{egsg,

Hfs{ Pei{g mfl{ilwgk hfs }fdg {idg {f cg {eg egok$

wos{gs} fh {eg mixib olk dibi{osy }{ohh il {eg lfs{e, Cw{

{eg òssi}fl po} sgkwmgk" olk o} {eg }i{g po} obpoy} }imjby"

{eg hfs{ po} dfxgk comj {f {eg Bg{eo Gol`g" sg{oilil` {eg

lodg peime i{ eok sgmgixgk hsfd ]is @gfs`g Pei{g, Hobod"

{eg meigh xibbo`g fh {eg [o}efl}" i} lfp {eg egokwos{gs} fh

{eg mixib okdili}{so{ifl fh {eg Meil Eibb},








I{ i} pfs{e peibg" qgseoq}" {f ìxg }fdg ommfwl{ fh {eg

Meil} il {eg}g {eg his}{ ygos} fh Csi{i}e swbg,

O{ {eg {idg fh @glgsob ]ydfl}'} guqgki{ifl {eg Meil}

pgsg o }oxo`g somg, [egy eok osd} il ocwlkolmg" hbil{$

bfmj `wl} fh Gl`bi}e dojg" olk }qgos}, [egy pgsg osdgklf{ }f dwme oòil}{ }{sol`gs} o} oòil}{ gome f{egs, Il

hfsdgs {idg}" pegl {egy pgsg ibb$qsfxikgk pi{e hisg$osd}" {eg

Cwsdol} w}gk {f fqqsg}} {egd: cw{ hfs o bfl` {idg {eg

qf}i{ifl eok cggl sgxgs}gk, Il{gs{sicob hgwk}" efpgxgs" olk

hgwk} cg{pggl xibbo`g} olk hodibig} fh {eg }odg {sicg" pgsg

xgsy mfddfl olk dokg i{ wl}ohg {f dfxg pi{efw{ osd},

Lf dol pef fplgk o `wl gxgs bgh{ ei} efw}g pi{efw{ i{,

Peibg {eg higbk} pgsg pfsjgk cy pfdgl olk }boxg}" osdgk

dgl }{ffk `wosk, ]f i{ po} gxgl bg}} {eol o mgl{wsy o`fil qos{} fh Ilkio, Peo{ mow}gk {eg hgwk} po} o do{{gs hfs

}qgmwbo{ifl, Oqqosgl{by ki}qw{g} ocfw{ kgc{} pgsg {eg df}{

hsgwgl{ : mfddgsmg" il hom{" o} odfl` Pg}{gsl qgfqbg}"

bgk {f wossgb}, O} hfs `fxgsldgl{" gxgl {eg df}{ qsidi$

{ixg hfsd fh {sicob fs xibbo`g fsòli~o{ifl oqqgos} {f eoxg

cggl idqgshgm{, [egsg pgsg doly meigh}" olk ih oly flg fh

{egd" o} Noeff{o". hfs il}{olmg" po} qsg$gdilgl{" eg mfwbk

lf{ mfwl{ fl {eg fcgkiglmg fs }wqqfs{ fh {eg f{egs}, [egis

ngobfw}ig} il{gshgsgk pi{e gxgsy{eil`, Fh {egis dollgs} olk

mw}{fd} lf{ dwme po} qw{ fl sgmfsk il {eg gosbigs sgqfs{}"

peime pgsg lgmg}}osiby dfsg mflmgslgk pi{e dibi{osy do{{gs},

[egy dokg hfsoy} fl {eg Cwsdol} hfs egok} olk }boxg},

[egy pgsg dwme ìxgl {f }omsihimg}" olk }fdg{idg} {f

ewdol }omsihimg}, Hfs guodqbg" i{ po} w}wob {f }omsihimg

}boxg} o{ {eg hwlgsob} fh qgs}fl} ommikgl{obby jibbgk, Fh

{egis dossio`g$mw}{fd} lf{eil` i} }oik il {eg gosby

sgqfs{},

[eg mfwl{sy po} lf{ sime, [egsg pgsg lf hfsg}{} {eo{

i{ pfwbk qoy {f pfsj" olk lf dilgsob} eok cggl ki}mfxgsgk,

[eg mwb{ixo{ifl po} fh {eg qsidi{ixg jilk

#

[owl`yo"# fs# Neffd#

{eo{ i} {f }oy" hgbbil` {eg {sgg}" cwslil` {egd

pegl ksy" olk }fpil` eibb$simg olk f{egs msfq} il {eg o}e,

Il {eg hfsg}{} {egy eok qbgl{y fh òdg" olk dwme hi}e

Doe}ggs olk f{egs jilk} il {eg sixgs}:olk {eg nwl`bg}

pgsg sime il hswi{} olk sff{} {eo{ pfwbk }wqqfs{ bihg ih

{eg `soil hoibgk, Dg{ob fh obb jilk} po} xgsy }mosmg, [eg.Ggòskil` Noeff{o" fs Yo Eli{" }gg qq, ==;$==7 ilhso,




eibb} qsfkwmgk lflg" olk {eg Cwsdg}g @fxgsldgl{ eok hfs$

cikkgl {eg guqfs{ fh dg{ob} hsfd {eg qboil}, [eg {sfwcbg

{eg Meil} òxg cy mw{{il` {eg {gbg`soqe pisg po} mow}gk cy

{egis kg}isg {f qsfmwsg dg{ob" so{egs {eol {f mow}g ollfyolmg,

Ds, Mosgy mfdqosgk {eg o{{som{ifl hgb{ cy {eg Meil hfs {eg

wlqsf{gm{gk pisg {f {eo{ hgb{ cy ol Gl`bi}e cfy hfs ol

wlhglmgk oqqbg$fsmeosk, [eg il}wbo{fs }qijg} pgsg cgo{gl

il{f efg} olk {eg pisg dgb{gk {f dojg cwbbg{}" fs col`bg}

hfs {eg kod}gb}, [egis pol{} pgsg cboljg{}" mf{{fl} olk

f{egs mbf{e}" isfl olk }{ggb hfs {ffb}" bgok hfs cwbbg{}" lggkbg}

olk {esgok olk }ob{, Ilgumeol`g {egy

pgsg ocbg {f fhhgs

eflgy" cgg}pou" meibbig}" do{}" olk o bi{{bg bom,

[eg sgqfs{} fh ?559 pgsg dfsg mflmgslgk pi{e {eg

dgo}wsg} mossigk fw{ hfs {egis }wcnwò{ifl {eol pi{e kg}msiq$

{ifl} fh {eg qgfqbg olk {egis dollgs}, Il {eg doil" peo{

i} psi{{gl il {eg Cwsdo @o~g{{ggs qwcbi}egk il ?915 i} {swg

fh {eg Meil} fh {pgl{y ygos} o`f >

#[egy osg o }{wsky" posbijg" ef}qi{ocbg qgfqbg" }bfp fh

}qggme" `soxg fh eoci{" qoyil` `sgo{ sgòsk {f solj olk

{f {eg {ig} fh mbol" cw{ }qfib{ cy {egis il{gdqgsolmg" {egis

xilkim{ixglg}}" {egis {sgomegsy" {egis `sggk" {egis bomj fh

qgs}i}{glmg". olk {egis qgs}flob wlmbgolbilg}},#

[egsg i} o woil{ ewdfws ocfw{ {ei} kg}msiq{ifl peime i}

sghsg}eil` il o @o~g{{ggs, O somg pfwbk eoxg {f cg `ffk

ilkggk ih" pi{e }wme ol ossoy fh ximg}" {egsg po} oly{eil` bgh{

{f }qfib,

[egis xibbo`g} osg kg}msicgk o} cwib{ fl {eg eibb$}bfqg}"

}fdg fh {egd hfs{ihigk: olk {egis efw}g} osg fh{gl }fbik"

gbocfso{g }{swm{wsg}, [egis ksg}} i} {eg sgxgs}g o bfil$mbf{e"

lflg {ff odqbg" olk o cboljg{ hfs {eg dgl:o }efs{ }jis{ olk

nomjg{ hfs {eg pfdgl, Efdg$pfxgl megmj qboik} osg }ggl

il o `ffk doly mf}{wdg}" olk }fdg {sicg} eoxg ki}{ilm{ixg

qboik}"o} il ]mf{bolk, [eg

qgfqbgosg

doilby xg`g{osiol}"cw{ {egy pibb go{ oly{eil`" hsfd o kf` {f ol gbgqeol{, [egy

}dfjg {fcommf il qiqg}" olk {egy dojg o biwfs hsfd

hgsdgl{gk `soil" qsg}wdocby simg" peime i} mobbgk ~w, [egy

}wmj wq {ei}" il {eg df}{ oqqsfxgk ho}eifl" {esfwè o efbbfp

sggk" fw{ fh {eg fsiìlob }{ibb$qf{,Glfsdfw} wol{i{ig} fh ~w

. I{ doy cg wg}{iflgk peg{egs" il xigp fh {eg fc}{ilo{g sg}i}{olmg

}efpl cy }fdg {sicg}" {egy mol cg hoisby meos`gk pi{e bomj fh qgs}i}{glmg,




osg mfl}wdgk o{ Meil gl{gs{oildgl{}" peime w}wobby glk il

ki}`w}{il` fsìg},

[EG MEILCFJ] OLK MEILCFL],

[sicg} mobbgk {eg Meilcfj}" mboidil` {f cg fh {eg }odg

}{fmj o} {eg Eojo} cw{ }qgojil` o kihhgsgl{ bol`wo`g" osg

hfwlk o{ {eg egok$po{gs} fh {eg Dop olk Yop Cixgs},

Hos{egs }fw{e" o{ {eg }fwsmg} fh {eg ]op olk ]obil olk fl

{eg go}{gsl }bfqg} fh {eg Dfl Xobbgy" bixg {eg Yglkw}, Cgbfp

{egd" olk }fw{egsldf}{ fh obb {eg Meil}" osg {eg Meilcfl}"

pef hsfd {eg Dfl fl {eg go}{ gu{glk obfl` {eg cfskgs fh

{eg Didcw ki}{sim{ il{f {eg Ojyoc olk Jyowjqyw ki}{sim{}

fh Bfpgs Cwsdo,

[eg}g {esgg {sicg} pgsg bg}} higsmg {eol {egis jilksgk

{f {eg lfs{e" olk qf}}g}}gk flby {eg osd} fh }oxo`g poshosg

{eg cfp olk ossfp olk }qgos, ]fdg fh {egd" {ef}g fl {eg

cfskgs} fh {eg [ibil {fpl}eiq o{ {eg egokwos{gs} fh {eg

Dop Jixgs" pgsg lf{gk hfs mo{{bg$bih{il`, Cw{ {eg Meilcfj}

fl {eg

Yop olk{eg

Yglkw} fl{eg

]op olk ]obil Jixgs}sixobbgk {eg ]iyil} o} }boxg$soikgs}, O{ {eg mfddglmgdgl{

fh {eg pil{gs fh ?559 {egsg pgsg {pgl{y$flg moq{ixg} il {eg

qf}}g}}ifl fh {eg}g {sicg}, [egy eok dokg {pgbxg soik}

}ilmg Kgmgdcgs" ?555" il peime hixg xibbo`gs} eok cggl jibbgk

olk }iu{ggl mossigk fhh, Doly eok cggl pfwlkgk il sg}i}{$

il` fs g}moqil`" olk bos`g }wd} eok cggl gu{som{gk o}

sol}fd,

I{ po} kgmikgk" il dojil` wq {eg ommfwl{ oòil}{ {eg}g

}oxo`g}" lf{ {f `f comj cgeilk Kgmgdcgs" ?555, Il {eo{

dfl{e o lf{ocbg soik eok cggl mfddi{{gk fl [owl``yf il

{eg Qowj {fpl}eiq" il peime {eis{y${pf qgs}fl} pgsg mossigk

fhh olk egbk {f sol}fd o{ lilg qfwlk} }{gsbil` gome" peime

oqqgos} {f eoxg }g{{bgk kfpl o} {eg }wd cgyflk peime {eg

ocibi{y fs ohhgm{ifl fh {eg Cwsdol pfwbk lf{ `f %}gg q, =?5),

Oh{gs {ei} msidg {sokg pi{e {eg qboil} eok cggl qsfeici{gk

{f {eg Meilcfj}" }f hos o} boy il fws qfpgs,

[eg kihhimwb{y il kgobil` pi{e {egd boy il {egis pol{

fh mfeg}ifl olk {eg oc}glmg fh oly }fs{ fh {sicob cflk,

Pi{e {eg ]eol} {egsg pgsg {eg ]opcpo}:pi{e {eg Meil}

{f {eg lfs{e {egsg pgsg {eg {sicob kixi}ifl}" dfsg fs bg}}

dosjgk" pi{e meigh} pef mfwbk }qgoj" fs o{ oly so{g qsfhg}}

{f

}qgoj"hfs {egis

qgfqbg,Cw{ pi{e {eg

qgfqbgpi{e pefd




pg pgsg lfp {f mfdg il mfl{om{ {egsg po} ol oc}glmg fh

qfbi{imob fsòli~o{ifl cgyflk {eg xibbo`g" peime po} w}wobby

xgsy }dobb, I{ po} lgmg}}osy {f xi}i{ o} doly o} qf}}icbg

fh {eg xibbo`g} mflmgslgk il {eg soik}" {f sgmgixg {eg }wc$di}}ifl fh gome" olk {f idqf}g hilg} hfs di}mflkwm{

:olk

o} ol fcbiò{fsy mflki{ifl {f il}i}{ fl {eg }wssglkgs fh

moq{ixg}" olk {eg sgqoydgl{ fh sol}fd}" lf{ `fil` comj

hos{egs {eol Kgmgdcgs" ?555, ]wc}{ol{iob `wosol{gg} hfs

{eg hw{wsg pgsg ob}f {f cg guom{gk,

I{ eok cggl il{glkgk {f dojg {eg kgobil`} pi{e {eg}g

{esgg {sicg} qos{ fh {eg fqgso{ifl} wlkgs @glgsob ]ydfl}'}

mfl{sfb" olk {f ìxg {f Ds, Cf}}" wlkgs ei} fskgs}" {eg

iddgkio{g mflkwm{ fh {eg lg`f{io{ifl}, Pegl {eg hwbb

qsfqfs{ifl} fh {eg {o}j o}}i`lgk {f @glgsob ]ydfl} pgsg

}ggl" i{ cgmodg qboil {eo{ eg mfwbk lf{ wlkgs{ojg {eg

Meilcfj}:olk il mfl}gwglmg fh Donfs Soijg}'} ibblg}}"

Ds, Sf}} eok {f sgdoil pi{e {eg ]fw{egsl Mfbwdl,

Hfs{wlo{gby {eg Meil Hsfl{igs Bgxy eok lfp cggl soi}gk"

olk eok eok o bi{{bg {idg {f hi{ i{}gbh hfs }gsximg, [egis

qf}{} o{ Jobgdyf" Jol" olk @olòp pgsg pol{gk cy {eg

sg`wbos {sffq} fh {eg ]fw{egsl Mfbwdl, [ei} hsggk {eg

Bgxy fqqfs{wlgby" olk òxg {eg Meigh Mfddi}}iflgs o

}whhimigl{ hfsmg hfs {eg guqgki{ifl il{f {eg Meilcfj mfwl{sy,

Ol okdisocbg fhhimgs po} o{ eolk {f mflkwm{ i{" il

Bigw{glol{ S, D, Soilgy %lfp Mfbflgb Soilgy$Sfcil}fl)"

{eg Mfddolkol{fh

{eg Bgxy, [f eid po} gl{sw}{gk {egmflkwm{ fh {eg cw}ilg}},

Bigw{glol{ Soilgy cgòl" fl {eg ?8{e fh Kgmgdcgs"

?559" cy kgobil` pi{e {pgl{y$flg Meilcfj xibbo`g}"

mfl}i}{il` fh {pf ewlksgk olk giè{y${esgg efw}g}"

}i{wo{gk fl {eg Dop Meowl`" {eg }fw{egsldf}{ ohhbwgl{

fh {eg Dyi{{eo" fl peime [ibil" {eg egokwos{gs} fh {eg

[ibil {fpl}eiq" i} }i{wo{gk, [eg mboid oòil}{ {egd

po} hfs mo{{bg }{fbgl, Cw{ mo{{bg {egh{} olk }boxg} pgsg

dgsg wg}{ifl} fh ommfwl{}, [egy }g{ wq olk qsfxgk o

mfwl{gsmboid hfs {eg qsimg fh }boxg} }fbk {f {eg qboil{ihh}

cghfsg {eg Csi{i}e fmmwqo{ifl, Bigw{glol{ Soilgy {efwè{

i{ cg}{ {f okdi{ {eg mfwl{gsmboid olk bg{ cy`flg} cg

cy`flg}" cw{ {f qsfxikg hfs {eg hw{wsg, Eg ilkwmgk {eg

{pgl{y$flg xibbo`g} {f oqqfil{ o meigh o} {egis }qfjg}dol

olk o`gl{ il kgobil` pi{e w}" olk {f o`sgg {f qoy o }dobb




{sicw{g il jilk bgxiocbg hsfd gome xibbo`g o} ol omjlfp$

bgk`dgl{ fh hgob{y {f {eg Csi{i}e @fxgsldgl{,

]f hos {egsg eok cggl lf fqqf}i{ifl, Bigw{glol{ Goilgy{egl dfxgk ei} egokwos{gs} hsfd [ibil {f Meowl`w fs

Yopkpil" }fdg {pgl{y dibg} }fw{e, [ei} xibbo`g i}

}i{wo{gk fl ol ohhbwgl{ fh {eg Yop Gixgs" olk dokg o `ffk

co}g hfs {eg lgu{ qos{ fh {eg cw}ilg}}, [eg Meil} il {eg

xobbgy fh {eg Yop olk i{} {sicw{osig} pgsg soikgs}, [egy

o{{gdq{gk {f eoso}} {eg hfsmg" olk Moq{oil Pibbmfmj} %lfp

Bigw{glol{$@glgsob ]is Nodg} Pibbmfmj}" J,M,D,@," M,C,"

K,],F,)" {eg Il{gbbi`glmg Fhhimgs" pef po} }wsxgyil` olk

sgmfllfi{sil` hfs o hws{egs dfxg {f {eg }fw{e" po} o{{omjgk,

[ei} mfdqgbbgk o sg}fs{ {f qwli{ixg dgo}wsg}" olk }gxgsob

fhhglkil` xibbo`g} pgsg kg}{sfygk, O kghgl}icbg okxolmgk

qf}{ po} g}{ocbi}egk o{ Meowl`~fl" il {eg egos{ fh {egis

eibb}, [eg}g dg{efk} csfwè{ {eg ef}{ibg Meil} {f sgo}fl,

Hsfd {ei} wl{ib {eg mbf}g fh {eg fqgso{ifl} {eg pfsj

qsf`sg}}gk" cbffkbg}} olk wlfqqf}gk, [eg xibbo`g} }wc$

di{{gk" moq{ixg}pgsg kgbixgsgk

wq" egokdgl pgsgoqqfil{gk" olk hilg} guom{gk hsfd obb xibbo`g} peime eok

soikgk }ilmg Kgmgdcgs" ?555,

Bigw{glol{ Joilgy {egl sg{wslgk {f Meowl`w: olk

dfxil` ei} co}g }{ibb hos{egs }fw{e {f Bowl`}eg" modg

il{f mfl{om{ pi{e {eg Yilkw} olk Meilcfl}, Cy {eg

gugsmi}g fh {om{ olk qo{iglmg eg }wmmggkgk il csilìl`

{eg}g }gm{ifl} {f }wcdi{ {f {eg Csi{i}e @fxgsldgl{ olk

{f sgbgo}g {egis moq{ixg}, O} cghfsg" egokdgl pgsg

oqqfil{gk" {eg qoydgl{ fh {sicw{g po} qsfdi}gk" olk

`wosol{gg} hfs `ffk mflkwm{ ìxgl, [eg pfsj po}

{efsfwèby pgbb kflg, @glgsob ]ydfl}" il ei} kg}qo{me

fl {eg Meil$Bw}eoi Modqoi`l" psf{g>#[eg Meilcfj fqgso{ifl}" {efwè il lf poy wlkgs dy

kisgm{ifl fs mfddolk" cw{ ocby" gxgl csibbiol{by" mflkwm{gk

cy Bigw{glol{ Goilgy" Mfddolkol{ fh {eg Meil BgxyDibi{osy Qfbimg Co{{obifl" eoxg }wosgk pgbb pi{e fws

pfsj olk }g{{bgk ol oknfilil` cgb{ fh mfwl{sy cgyflk fws

moqocibi{y {f {fwme,#

Bigw{glol{ Goilgy po} olf{egs fh {eg yfwl` }fbkigs}

pef oikgk {eg mixib okdili}{so{ifl il kihhimwb{ {idg} olk

}efpgk {egis hi{lg}} hfs ohhois}, [eg mfwl{sy peime }wc$

di{{gk {f eid po} dokg o

}gqoso{g

mixib

meos`g"

jlfpl



==1 [EG QOMIHIMO[IFL FH CWSDO

o}# [eg Qojfjjw Eibb [som{}"# {eg egokwos{gs} fh peime

pgsg hfs }fdg ygos} o{ Yopkpil olk osg lfp o{ Jolqg{bg{

fl Dfwl{ Xim{fsio,

I{ i} lf{imgocbg {eo{ {eg Meilcfj} olk {egis mflhsgsg}eok cggl gumbwkgk hsfd {sokil` olk hsfd obb il{gsmfws}g

pi{e {eg qboil} }ilmg {eg cgìllil` fh ?559, Fl dojil`

{egis }wcdi}}ifl {egy cg``gk {eo{ {eg cbfmjokg diè{ cg

soi}gk, I{ po} gxikgl{by o w}ghwb pgoqfl, Ih i{ eok hoibgk

il {eg mo}g fh {eg [o}efl} olk {eg dfsg lfs{egsl {sicg}"

i{ po} cgmow}g i{ eok lf{ cggl ghhgm{ixg,

Pg eok lfp dokg fws}gbxg} hgb{ cy df}{ fh {eg {sicg},

[egsg sgdoilgk wlxi}i{gk o }{sg{me fh eibb} }gqoso{il`

{eg Dilcw ki}{sim{ fh Wqqgs Cwsdo hsfd Osojol, [eg

Meil} kpgbbil` il {ei} {som{ qsgygk fl {eg qgo}ol{sy il

{eg lgiècfwsil` ki}{sim{}, Kwsil` {eg qsgmgkil` {pf ygos}

}iu{ggl xibbo`g} eok cggl soikgk il Dilcw" {pgl{y$flg

qgs}fl} jibbgk olk {eis{y$lilg mossigk il{f }boxgsy, Fh

{eg}g moq{ixg} }iu{ggl eok cggl sol}fdgk cy {egis hsiglk}

o{ o xgsy egoxy qsimg, Il {eg oknfilil` {fpl}eiq fh {eg

Qojfjjw ki}{sim{ {egsg eok cggl }gxgsob hfsoy}" olk }gxgl$

{ggl qgs}fl} eok cggl moq{wsgk olk mossigk fhh, I{ po}

lf{ qf}}icbg o{ {ei} {idg {f hilk dgl hfs o mfdqsgegl}ixg

guqgki{ifl oòil}{ {eg}g Meil}, Mixib fhhimgs} hsfd {eg

{esgg ki}{sim{} fh Ojyoc" Jyowjqyw" olk Dilcw pgsg

kgqw{gk" pi{e }dobb cfkig} fh qfbimg" {f dgg{ o{ o mgl{sob

qfil{, [egyo}}gdcbgk {eg meigh} olk

xibbo`gegokdgl,

[eg Meil} pgsg qgomghwb olk }wcdi}}ixg" cw{ xgsy hgp

fh {eg moq{ixg} pgsg sg}{fsgk, [eg}g mbol} cgbfl`gk {f

{eg Ojyoc ki}{sim{ `gf`soqeimobby" olk eok lf{ yg{ sgobi~gk

{eo{ {egis go}{gsl cfskgs} eok mfdg wlkgs {eg Csi{i}e

@fxgsldgl{ olk pgsg lf bfl`gs {f ohhfsk o eoqqy ewl{il`$

`sfwlk hfs {eg qws}wi{ fh ewdol òdg, [egy pgsg hfwlk

{f cg cy lf dgol} hfsdikocbg" cokby osdgk" olk bi{{bg

ilmbilgk {f hiè{,

[eg hfbbfpil` ygos %?591$?) }op {eg cgìllil` fh {eg

}y}{gdo{im mfl{sfb fh {eg Meil {sicg}, Hfs okdili}{so{ixg

qwsqf}g} {egy pgsg sfwèby kixikgk il{f {esgg qos{}, [eg

lfs{egsl {sicg} pgsg `fxgslgk hsfd Hfs{ Pei{g" {eg

mgl{sob {sicg} hsfd Eojo" olk {eg }fw{egsl hsfd Yopkpil,

Moq{oil H, D, Jwlkobb mfddolkgk {eg òssi}fl o{ Hfs{

Pei{g" olk ob}f egbk meos`g fh fws sgbo{ifl} pi{e {eg



[EG MEIL$BW]EOI MODQOI@L ==?

Meil} pegl Ds, Mosgy eok {f {ojg bgoxg, Fws jlfpbgk`g

fh {eg}g qgfqbg po} o{ his}{ hos hsfd ommwso{g" olk {eg {egl

sgmf`li~gk kixi}ifl} fh {eg {sicg} mfl{sfbbgk hsfd Hfs{

Pei{g pgsg sfwèby o} hfbbfp} >

.

?, [eg ]iyil} olk ]o`yiboil} pef bixgk il hixg xibbo`g}"

fh peime Jf}g{" ]o`yiboil" olk [fjboil` pgsg {eg meigh,

[eg his}{ Hfs{ Pei{g po} cwib{ fl {eg }i{g fh [fjboil`"

peime po} oh{gsposk} ìxgl comj {f {egd pegl {eg hfs{

po} dfxgk"

3, [eg Jolefp}" ileoci{il` cg{pggl {eis{y olk hfs{y

xibbo`g} lfs{e fh Hfs{ Pei{g" fh peime [wl~ol" fl {eg bgh{

colj fh {eg Doliqws Sixgs" i} {eg moqi{ob,

=, [eg Dfcil`yi}" o} {egy pgsg mobbgk hsfd {eg

Cwsdg}g lodg hfs {egis meigh xibbo`g" Dfbcgd" peime big}

fl o }qws fxgsbffjil` {eg Doliqws Sixgs fl {eg bgh{ colj"

olk po} o xgsy bos`g xibbo`g,

;, [eg Lpi${g} olk f{egs dilfs {sicg} ojil {f {eg

Jwji} fh Doliqws,

I{ i} lfp jlfpl {eo{ {eg siè{ lodg fh {eg Dfcil`yi}i} ]fj${g" o xgsy bos`g {sicg" fh pefd {eg Jolefp} osg

flby o qfpgshwb mbol,

7, [eg L`pi{g olk Bo{g" pef fmmwqy {eg eibb} cg{pggl

Dpgbqi olk Doliqws,

8, [eg Eoi{}i Bfqg" pef bixg fl {eg go}{gsl }bfqg fh {eg

Bg{eo Sol`g cfskgsil` {eg Jocop Xobbgy,

O{ {eg glk fh {eg bo}{ }go}fl'} fqgso{ifl} Ds, Mosgy eok

sgqfs{gk {eg }wcdi}}ifl fh {eg ]iyil} olk {eg ommgq{olmg fh

fws {gsd}, O{ {eg }odg {idg eg eok bi{{bg {sw}{ il {egis

`ffk hoi{e" olk pegl Moq{oil Swlkobb }wmmggkgk eid o{

Hfs{ Pei{g {egis o{{i{wkg po} dfsg fs bg}} ef}{ibg, [egy

mfl{ilwgk {f mw{ {eg {gbg`soqe pisg olk {f ìxg qg{{y ollfy$

olmg {f {eg {sffq}, [eg moq{wsg fh }fdg fh {eg pisg mw{{gs}

òxg }fdg egbq {f kiqbfdomy, [eg ]iyil} }wcdi{{gk il

fskgs {f `g{ {egis csg{esgl sgbgo}gk, [egy }wssglkgsgk

{egis moq{ixg} olk o`sggk {f qoy {sicw{g olk jggq {eg qgomg,

[eg Jolefp} qsfxgk dfsg kihhimwb{, Moq{oil Swlkobb {ffj

. Hfs ommwso{g olk df}{ il{gsg}{il` ilhfsdo{ifl sgòskil` {eg Meil}"

{egis dollgs}" mw}{fd}" olk ei}{fsy" I dw}{ sghgs {eg sgokgs {f {eg

#Meil Eibb}"# cy Cgs{sod ], Mosgy" M,I,G," olk E, L, [wmj %3 xfb},"

Sol`ffl @fxgsldgl{ Qsg}}" ?598,)" peime mol cg }ggl o{ {eg Ilkio

Fhhimg

Bicsosy,




okxol{o`g fh o ki}qw{g ocfw{ {eg }wmmg}}ifl {f {eg bgokgs$

}eiq fh {eg {sicg {f fqgl mfddwlimo{ifl pi{e flg fh {eg

mboidol{},

Cw{ cghfsg oly{eil` modg fh i{ {eg Jolefp} soikgk oCwsdol xibbo`g" jibbil` giè{ qgs}fl} olk mossyil` fhh

{pgbxg, [egy pgsg fskgsgk {f sg}{fsg obb moq{ixg}" {f ìxg

wq {eg egok} {ojgl il {eg soik" {f qoy o hilg fh G}, ;"111" {f

}wcdi{ {f {eg @fxgsldgl{" olk {f cilk {egd}gbxg} {f qoy

ol ollwob {sicw{g fh J}, =11, [eg}g {gsd} pgsg lf{ mfd$

qbigk pi{e, Moq{oil Gwlkobb" {egsghfsg" dosmegk pi{e {esgg

ewlksgk sihbg} olk {pf `wl} oòil}{ {eg xibbo`g fh [wl`~ol`,

[eg Meil} hfwè{" olk bf}{ {pgbxg dgl jibbgk olk {pgl{y$

flg qsi}flgs}" ilmbwkil` }fdg fh {egis meigh dgl, [egy

eok lfp {sigk mflmbw}ifl} olk pgsg }o{i}higk, [eis{y$lilg

moq{ixg} pgsg }wssglkgsgk olk {eg hilg olk {sicw{g qoik il

hwbb, ]fdg fh {eg meigh} pgsg }gl{ {f Gol`ffl" olk }efpl

fxgs }fdg bos`g }{godgs}" dibb}" olk {eg bijg" olk" i{ i} }oik"

pgsg idqsg}}gk cy {eg }iè{, Efpgxgs {eo{ doy cg" {egy

eoxg lf{ ìxgl dwme {sfwcbg }ilmg, ]fdg w}ghwb sfok pfsj

po} kflg kwsil` {ei} ygos cy {eg Dokso} Qiflggs}, O sfok

hsfd Hfs{ Pei{g {f Hobod" {eg [o}efl df{egs$xibbo`g" po}

mfl}{swm{gk, O} {eg fbk }i{g fh Hfs{ Pei{g }{ibb mfl{ilwgk {f

cg xgsy wlegob{ey" {eg òssi}fl olk egokwos{gs} fh {eg

mixib fhhimgs pgsg dfxgk comj {f o qf}{ ei{egs{f jlfpl o}

Lf, 7 ]{fmjokg fl {eg Bg{eo Gol`g,

[eg Meil} {f cg mfl{sfbbgk hsfd Eojo pgsg hfwlk{f

cgkixi}icbg il{f hixg {sicg} >

?, [eg [o}efl}" o bos`g {sicg eoxil` {egis egokwos{gs}

o{ Hobod" eobh$poy cg{pggl Eojo olk Hfs{ Pei{g,

3, [eg Eojo}" byil` }fw{e fh {eg [o}efl mfwl{sy olk

sfwlk ocfw{ Eojo,

=, [eg Jboljbol`}" {f {eg pg}{ fh {eg Eojo {sicg olk

cg{pggl {egd olk Hfs{ [sg`gos" fl {eg Mei{{o`fl` }ikg,

;, [eg Yfjpo}" pef big {f {eg }fw{e olk go}{ fh {eg

Eojo}:olk bo}{by"

7, [eg ilkgqglkgl{ {sicg}" jlfpl `glgsobby cy {eg limj$

lodg fh Cowl`}eg" il {eg eibb} }fw{e fh {eg Yfjpo},

Ds, K, Gf}}". {eg O}}i}{ol{ Mfddi}}iflgs pef eok

ommfdqoligk @glgsob ]ydfl}'} guqgki{ifl" egbk Eojo wl{ib

Dosme" ?59?" pegl eg eok {f bgoxg fl ommfwl{ fh ei} egob{e,

. Ds, Gf}}" oh{gs gumgbbgl{ }gsximg" kigk o{ Col`ffl il ?9?1,



[EG MEIL$BW]EOI MODQOI@L ===

Eg po} }wmmggkgk cy Ds, K, N, M, Domlocc". O}}i}{ol{

Mfddi}}iflgs" o yfwl` }fbkigs fh o pgbb$jlfpl }{fmj,

Hsiglkby sgbo{ifl} pi{e {eg Meil} pgsg doil{oilgk, [eg

sfok hsfd Jol" il {eg Dyi{{eo Xobbgy" {f Eojo" po} jgq{

fqgl cy Meil bocfws" olk {eg sg`wbos qf}{ob }gsximg po}

qgshfsdgk cy Meil}, [eg Dyi{{eo Xobbgy po} lf{ soikgk"

olk `glgsobby {eg Eojo Yfjpo {sicg} pgsg pgbb cgeoxgk,

[sfwcbg" efpgxgs" modg hsfd {eg ilkgqglkgl{ Cowl`}eg}"

pi{e pefd" fpil` {f {egis pol{ fh mfeg}ifl" i{ po} kihhimwb{

{f kgob,

@glgsob ]ydfl} eok bgh{ flg pgoj }qf{ il ei} pfsj,

[egsg po} oqfpgshwb xibbo`g

mobbgk[eg{{o" giè{ dibg}

}fw{e fh Yfjpo, Fh i{ eg psf{g >

??

I{ eo} sg}i}{gk obb fws ghhfs{} {f csil` i{ {f mfdqbg{g

}wcdi}}ifl" ob{efwè }fdg moq{ixg} eoxg cggl ìxgl wq olk

o hilg qoik, , , , I{ i} o cbf{ fl fws pfsj {f eoxg bgh{ {ei}

xibbo`g wl}g{{bgk" cw{ i{ mfddolk} {eg Jol {f Yfjpo sfok"

olk I mfl}ikgsgk i{ cg{{gs {f bgoxg i{ {f }{gp il i{} fc}{ilomy

olk i}fbo{ifl so{egs {eol sg}fs{ {f kso}{im dgo}wsg} peime

pfwbk eoxg eok {eg ghhgm{ fh ksixil` {eg ileoci{ol{} il{f {eg

nwl`bg} olk dojil` {eg sfok wl}ohg, [eg cffl fh mflxfy}

olk {sokgs} olk f{egs} cgil` ocbg {f w}g }ohgby olk hsggby

{eg sfok cg{pggl Jol olk Eojo pi{efw{ g}mfs{} po} {ff

`sgo{ {f si}j {eg bf}} fh i{ hfs {eg }o{i}hom{ifl fh ol gugsmi}g

fh fws qfpgs peime" o{ {eg cg}{ il dy fqilifl" pfwbk eoxg

eok cw{ bi{{bg ghhgm{ il csilìl` ocfw{ {eg kg}isgk sg}wb{,#

O{ {eg }odg {idg eg sgmfskgk ei} fqilifl {eo{ wlbg}} {eg

[eg{{o qgfqbg òxg il" {eg qfbi{imob fhhimgs pfwbk eoxg {f

xi}i{ olk mfdqgb {egd,

I{ po} {eg fbk }{fsy, [eg [eg{{o} {efwè{ hfscgosolmg

po} {eg }i`l fh pgojlg}} olk hgos, Il Lfxgdcgs" ?591"

{egy cgmodg fqglby ef}{ibg, [egy mfddi{{gk o }gsig} fh

fw{so`g}" olk o{ bo}{ csfwè{ do{{gs} {f o egok cy jibbil`

Ds, Pg{egsgbb" o yfwl` qfbimg fhhimgs" olk o{{gdq{il`{eg

bihg fh {eg qfbi{imob fhhimgs" Ds, Domlocc, Il Nolwosy" ?59?"

o hfsmg fh flg ewlksgk olk hfs{y sihbg} }{os{gk hsfd Eojo

{f qwli}e {eg xibbo`g, [egy eok lf `wl}, [eg xibbo`g po}

}{sfl`by }{fmjokgk, Bigw{glol{ Nodg}" G,G," olk {pf

@wsjeo }gqfy} pgsg jibbgk" olk {eg fhhimgs mfddolkil`

. Ds, Domlocc i} lfp Donfs Domlocc" Mfddi}}iflgs fh {eg ]oòil`

%hfsdgsby mobbgk Mgl{sob) Kixi}ifl fh Wqqgs Cwsdo,



==; [EG QOMIHIMO[IFL FH CWSDO

kgmikgk {eo{ eg mfwbk lf{ }{fsd {eg kghglmg} pi{efw{ egoxy

bf}}, [eg Meil} pgsg ilxi{gk {f o qosbgy" olk {egy o`sggk

{f qoy o }dobb hilg hfs {egis di}mflkwm{ olk {f yigbk ol

ollwob {sicw{g il hw{wsg,

]wme ol ossol`gdgl{ po} hfs w} gwixobgl{ {f o kghgo{,

I{ po} kgmikgk {f {ojg wq {eg mfgsmifl fh {eg Cowl`}eg} il

o cw}ilg}}bijg dollgs, [pf }{sfl` mfbwdl}" pi{e `wl}"

pgsg kg}qo{megk" flg hsfd Eojo pi{e Ds, Cf}} o} qfbi{imob

fhhimgs" {eg f{egs hsfd @wlòp pi{e Ds, Domlocc, [egy

dg{ o{ [eg{{o pi{efw{ fqqf}i{ifl" olk sgmfxgsgk {eg hilg

peime {eg [eg{{o xibbo`gs} eok qsfdi}gk {f qoy" olk

{soxgs}gk {eg Cowl`}eg mfwl{sy" sgmgixil` {eg }wcdi}}ifl

fh {eg xibbo`gs},

[eg{{o" efpgxgs" po} lf{ yg{ }wckwgk, [egy eok kghigk

w}" jibbgk fws dgl" olk g}moqgk pi{e o }dobb hilg, Il ?59;

{egy cgòl {f sfc olk dwskgs" olk pegl {egy pgsg mobbgk {f

ommfwl{ {egy cgeoxgk {egd}gbxg} qsfwkby, Fl {eg ?}{ fh

Nolwosy" ?597" o hfsmg wlkgs Donfs Jgosy" K,],F," fh {eg

8{e Cwsdo Jihbg}" pi{e Ds, E, L, [wmj o} qfbi{imob fhhimgs"

fmmwqigk {eg xibbo`g" ossg}{gk {eg meigh}" olk ki}osdgk

{eg xibbo`gs},[eg meigh} pgsg oh{gsposk} kg`sokgk il

fqgl Kwscos,

Cw{ {eg ygos ?59? po} lf{ {f mbf}g pi{efw{ hws{egs

kihhimwb{y, @glgsob ]ydfl}" sgqfs{il` {f {eg Meigh Mfd$

di}}iflgs hsfd Eojo" ko{gk {eg ?}{ fh Doy" ?591" psf{g

%qoso,9) >

# [eg Jboljbol`} osg obdf}{ o }gqoso{g {sicg" cw{ {egy

osg Cowl`}eg} olk bixg fl hoisby `ffk {gsd} pi{e {eg Eojo},

[eg Yfjpo} kf lf{ dosme pi{e {eg Jboljbol`}" lgi{egs osg

{egy hsiglkby pi{e {egd, %?1) [eg Jbol`bol`}" hilkil`

{egd}gbxg} o{ {eg cgìllil` fh {eg ygos cg{pggl {eg Cwsdo

olk Mei{{o`fl` Mfbwdl}" dokg eo}{g {f }wcdi{ {f {eg {sffq}

gl{gsil` {egis mfwl{sy" olk sgokiby o`sggk {f go}y {gsd}

idqf}gk, %??) [eg }g{{bgdgl{ pi{e {eg Jboljbol`} olk

{egis meigh" Yo Eli{ pefd" {f }wi{ {eg mflxgliglmg fh {eg

Mei{{o`fl` fhhimiob}" pg osg lfp o`sggk {f mobb'

Noeff{o '$

po} xgsy siè{by bgh{ {f dg o} {eg sgqsg}gl{o{ixg fh {eg

bfmob @fxgsldgl{ fh Cwsdo, [eg Jboljbol` Ypodo

%meigh xibbo`g) i} flby }iu{ggl dibg} hsfd Eojo" olk Noeff{o

olk f{egs egok meigh} bixg {egsg, , , , I kf lf{ {eilj {ei}

{sicg pibb ìxg w} oly dfsg {sfwcbg, [eg dgg{il` fh {eg



[EG MEIL$BW]EOI MODQOI@L ==7

Go}{gsl olk Pg}{gsl Mfbwdl} il {egis {gssi{fsy" olk {eg

mfl{ilwob qo}}il` fh {sffq} comjposk} olk hfsposk} pi{efw{

mfddi{{ob fh eosd fs gumg}}" eo} eok {eg cg}{ ghhgm{,#

Il Dosme" ?59?" Ds, Domlocc" pi{e Bigw{glol{ Dfmo{{o

olk flg ewlksgk sihbg}" }g{ fw{ {f xi}i{ {eg Jboljbol`} olk{f dgg{ ol fhhimiob hsfd Hfs{ [sg`gos o{ [of, [eg {sicg"

peime eok }wssglkgsgk {f @glgsob ]ydfl}" po} egbk {f cg

hsiglkby, [eg sfok qo}}gk {esfwè {egis eibb}" olk {egsg po}

lf {efwè{ fh il{gshgsil` pi{e {egd, [egy eok" efpgxgs"

cggl soikil` fl {eg Bw}eoi }ikg" olk i{ po} il{glkgk {f posl

{egd {f oc}{oil hsfd {ei}, Fl {eg fw{posk dosme {f [of

{egJboljbol`

meigh} kik lf{oqqgos, [egy

pgsg }oik {f cg

fmmwqigk il qsfqi{io{il` {egis Lo{}" fs `woskiol }qisi{}"

olk {f cg xgsy kswlj, Ds, Domlocc" {egsghfsg" qf}{qflgk

ei} il{gsxigp wl{ib eg modg comj hsfd [of, Fl {eg sg{wsl

dosme o bos`g cfky fh Meil}" }oik {f eoxg cggl }gxgl fs

giè{ ewlksgk" }wkkglby hgbb wqfl {eg }dobb mfbwdl" peime

hfwè{ i{} poy fl {f Jboljbol` pi{e }fdg kihhimwb{y" bf}il`

hixg dgl jibbgk olk {gl pfwlkgk" olk flg Csi{i}e fhhimgs

%Bigw{glol{ Hfscg}) pfwlkgk, Jgilhfsmgdgl{} hsfd Eojo"

wlkgs Mfbflgb Doilposil`" dg{ {eg sg{wslil` mfbwdl o{

Jboljbol` olk }oxgk {egd hsfd hws{egs bf}}, Fhhimgs} olk

dgl eok cgeoxgk okdisocby, O hilg fh `wl} olk dflgypo} idqf}gk fl {eg {sicg" olk qsgqoso{ifl} pgsg dokg hfs

glhfsmil` i{,

Cghfsg {eg qsgqoso{ifl} pgsg mfdqbg{g Noeff{o modg

}wil` hfs qgomg, Eg qsfxgk {eo{ eg eok cggl opoy olk eokeok lf mflmgsl il {eg {sgomegsfw} o{{omj" peime eok cggl

fsòli~gk cy {pf }wcfskilo{g meigh} il ei} oc}glmg, Eg

csfwè{ il `wl} olk f{egs xobwocbg} il qos{ qoydgl{ fh {eg

hilg" olk po} fskgsgk {f qsfkwmg {eg {pf fhhglkgs} olk {f

so~g {egis efw}g} {f {eg `sfwlk, O} {eg mwbqsi{} pgsg lf{

}wssglkgsgk" {eg qfbi{imob fhhimgs" pi{e {esgg ewlksgk sihbg}"

xi}i{gk

Jboljbolìl

Doy,Eg hfwlk {eo{ {eg efw}g} eok

cggl kg}{sfygk" cw{ {eg {pf dgl eok hbgk, ]fdg fh {eg

xibbo`g} qoik {egis }eosg} fh {eg hilg}:cw{ f{egs} egbk fw{"

olk fpil` {f {eg bo{glg}} fh {eg }go}fl olk pol{ fh {sol}$

qfs{" i{ po} idqf}}icbg {f mfgsmg {egd, Noeff{o" il qsffh

fh ei} `ffk hoi{e" òxg wq ei} gbkg}{ }fl o} o ef}{o`g" olk

eg po} bgh{ {f sg$g}{ocbi}e ei} ow{efsi{y, [egsg eo} cggl lf

kihhimwb{y }ilmg il doloìl` {eg}g Cowl`}eg {sicg}" olk il




{eg ygos} ?59;$7 {egy" o} pgbb o} obb {eg }fw{egsl {sicg}"

pgsg ki}osdgk,

[eg mfl{sfb fh {eg swkg }fw{egsldf}{ Meil}" jlfpl o}

Meilcfj}" Meilcfl}" olk Yglkw}" po} gugsmi}gk o{ his}{ cy

o }wckixi}iflob fhhimgs }{o{iflgk o{ Yopkpil, Hsfd

Bigw{glol{ Soilgy'} guqgki{ifl wq {f Nolwosy" ?59?" lf

ki}{wscolmg fmmwssgk, Il {eo{ dfl{e o xgsy kosil` soik

po} dokg fl Yopkpil i{}gbh" olk {eg qbomg bff{gk wlkgs {eg

gyg} fh {eg qfbimg òssi}fl, Hws{egs soik} hfbbfpgk" olk o

}{sfl` hfsmg fh sg`wbos {sffq} eok {f cg }gl{ {f sg}{fsg

fskgs, O dibi{osy qf}{ po} g}{ocbi}egk pi{eil {eg eibb},

Il ?598 {ei} qf}{ ob}f po} o{{omjgk, [eg mfwl{sy po}

{egl qbomgk wlkgs ghhimigl{ okdili}{so{ixg mfl{sfb, Qf}{}

pgsg g}{ocbi}egk il }wi{ocbg qbomg}, O mixib fhhimgs pi{e

}whhimigl{ qfpgs} po} oqqfil{gk {f bixg il {eg eibb} olk

`fxgsl {eg qgfqbg, Ei} egokwos{gs} osg lfp o{ Jolqg{bg{"

fl {eg }bfqg} fh Dfwl{ Xim{fsio" }fdg 8"111 hgg{ ocfxg {eg

}go$bgxgb, Olk o }dobb hfsmg fh @wsjeo dibi{osy qfbimg

wlkgs o Csi{i}e fhhimgs i} doil{oilgk {egsg, Soikil` eo}

mgo}gk" olk {eg qgfqbg eoxg cggl ki}osdgk, Il f{egs

sg}qgm{} {pgl{y ygos} eoxg lf{ meol`gk {egd dwme, Il

{eg Cwsdo @o~g{{ggs %fh ?915" xfb, ii, q, =9=) i{ i}

sgmfskgk >

#[eg ileoci{ol{} fh {eg {som{ osg qsom{imobby obb olidi}{},

[eg Meilcfj dgl pgos o xgsy }mol{y bfil$mbf{e" olk osg

}gbkfd }ggl pi{efw{ {egis cfp} olk ossfp}, [eg pfdgl'}

ksg}} mfl}i}{} fh o }dfmj olk o }efs{ }jis{, [eg hgdobg}

eoxg {egis homg} {o{{ffgk,#

I{ doy cg kfwc{gk peg{egs Pg}{gsl mixibi~o{ifl pibb dojg

{egd eoqqigs, [o{{ffil` i} dfsg bo}{il` olk dfsg mfl$

kwmixg {f kfdg}{im qgomg {eol qoil{ olk qfpkgs, I{ i}

megoqgs il {eg bfl` swl,



MEOQ[GJ UUIII

IL[GSLOB OKDILI][SO[IFL FH CWSDO

FH {eg doly f{egs qos{} peime `f {f dojg wq {eg pfsj$

il` domeilgsy fh o `sgo{ qsfxilmg lf{eil` eo} cggl

}oik" o} {eg fcngm{ fh {ei} ommfwl{ i} {f }efp efp qgomg olk

fskgs pgsg sg}{fsgk" fs so{egs ìxgl" {f Cwsdo, Obfl` olk

}{gq cy }{gq pi{e {ei} sfwè pfsj" efpgxgs" gxgsy qos{

fh ol okxolmgk okdili}{so{ifl cgòl {f {ojg }eoqg, [egsg

po} lflg peime po} lf{" o{ {eg xgsy bgo}{" mobbgk il{f

gui}{glmg,

[eg sgxglwg fh Wqqgs Cwsdo ilmsgo}gk hsfd 333"111

il ?558$0 {f ?"?31"111 il {eg ygos ?559$91, Lf lgp

{oug} pgsg idqf}gk, [eg sgxglwg `sgp cy mosghwb okdili}$

{so{ifl, Hsfd {eg ygos ?555 I eok {eg o}}i}{olmg fh Ds,

Hsygs o} Hilolmiob Mfddi}}iflgs il kgobil` pi{e {ei} csolme

fh {eg pfsj" olk {eg }wcngm{ fh {eg bolk sgxglwg fh {eg

Wqqgs Qsfxilmg po} guodilgk dfsg dilw{gby {eol eok cggl

qf}}icbg cghfsg, Il ?559 o sg`wbo{ifl kgmbosil` {eg bop

sgbo{il` {f siè{} fh bolk olk hfsdwbo{il` o mfdqbg{g }y}{gd

fh sgxglwg bop hfs Wqqgs Cwsdo po} hsodgk il Cwsdo"

olk qo}}gk cy {eg @fxgslfs$@glgsob il Mfwlmib, Il i{

qsfxi}ifl po} dokg hfs {eg `sokwob }wsxgy olk o}}g}}dgl{

fh {eg bolk:olk cghfsg {eg glk fh ?591 {eg moko}{sob }wsxgy

eok csfjgl `sfwlk il {pf ki}{sim{} il peime {eg mwb{ixo{gk

osgo po} bos`g}{,[eg Hfsg}{ Kgqos{dgl{ eok cggl cw}y hsfd {eg his}{"

olk qsf`sg}} eok cggl dokg il o}mgs{oilil` {eg mflki{ifl

olk sg}fwsmg} fh {eg `sgo{ {goj hfsg}{} fh Wqqgs Cwsdo,

[eg @fxgsldgl{ fh Ilkio eok {sgo{gk Cwsdo pi{e

`glgsf}i{y il {eg do{{gs fh dflgy hfs qwcbim pfsj}, [eg

gu{gl{ fh fws wlkgs{ojil`} po} bidi{gk cy {eg kihhimwb{y

fh fc{oilil` o mfdqg{gl{ }{ohh" so{egs {eol cy o kghimiglmy

3= ==0




fh hwlk}, [eg guqglki{wsg fl cossomj} olk f{egs ommfddf$

ko{ifl hfs {sffq} o{ }{o{ifl} pegsg òssi}fl} pgsg {f cg

qgsdolgl{by jgq{ po} lgmg}}osiby bos`g, O{ ki}{sim{ egok$

wos{gs}

il mixib }{o{ifl}"mfws{$efw}g}"

olk%pegsg

lgmg}$

}osy) noib} eok cggl cwib{" olk mfws{$efw}g} eok ob}f cggl

qsfxikgk il doly }wckixi}ifl}, [eg issiò{ifl pfsj} il

Jyowj}g pgsg lf{ lg`bgm{gk" olk {eg Dw Molob }megdg

il {eg ]epgcf ki}{sim{ eok cggl {ojgl il eolk, [eg soib$

poy {f Dolkoboy po} fqglgk il Dosme" ?559" olk {eg

}wsxgy} hfs {eg Dw Xobbgy bilg" peime po} {f {ojg {eg soib}

wq {eg siè{ colj fh {eg sixgs olk {esfwè obb {eg kihhimwb{

mfwl{sy {soxgs}gk cy Donfs Okod}fl'} guqgki{ifl il ?550$5"

eok cggl mfdqbg{gk olk mfl}{swm{ifl eok cg`wl,

@sgo{ o{{gl{ifl eok cggl qoik {f {eg idqsfxgdgl{ fh

mfddwlimo{ifl}" ilmbwkil` }gxgsob kihhimwb{ eibb$sfok}, O

`ffk mos{$sfok eok cggl dokg hsfd {eg sixgs {f {eg swcy

dilg}, Olf{egs hsfd Dolkoboy {f Doydyf po} cgil`

{ojgl fl {f Bo}eif: olk" hsfd Dgij{ibo {f Jobop fl {eg

]eol qbo{gow" }gxgl{y$}iu dibg}" o sfok po} pgbb okxolmgk,[eg bolk$bfmjgk Yop mfwl{sy eok cggl fqglgk wq" olk

o dwbg${somj hsfd Jobgpo fl {eg Meilkpil {f Hfs{ Pei{g

il {eg Meil Eibb} eok cggl hili}egk, Jfok} fxgs {eg Yfdo}"

peime eok }egb{gsgk {eg Do`pg komfi{}" eok cggl mfd$

qbg{gk,

[eg dflgy" qfwsgk il{f {eg mfwl{sy hfs sfok} olk cwibk$

il`}" oqos{ hsfd {eg soibpoy guqglki{wsg" po} lgosby obb

}qgl{ fl lo{ixg bocfws olk fl do{gsiob qsfkwmgk il {eg

mfwl{sy, Il {eg o``sgò{g i{ po} dfsg {eol {eg }wd}

sgmgixgk o} sgxglwg, [eo{ i{" obfl` pi{e {eg soibpoy

guqglki{wsg fl bocfws" egbqgk bos`gby il }g{{bil` {eg mfwl{sy

kisgm{by olk ilkisgm{by" i} mgs{oil, Ih Ilkiol olk Meilg}g

]eol mffbig} pgsg gdqbfygk" i{ po} cgmow}g Cwsdol bocfws

po} lf{ hfs{emfdil`,

Lfs eok }fdg fh {eg sghilgdgl{} fh okdili}{so{ifl cggl

lg`bgm{gk, Il {eg bos`gs {fpl} o }idqbg }y}{gd fh dwli$

miqob `fxgsldgl{ po} il{sfkwmgk" mosg cgil` {ojgl lf{ {f

ewssy o }fdgpeo{ qsidi{ixg qgfqbg ommw}{fdgk {f mfsswq{

dg{efk} olk pi{e bi{{bg }gl}g fh sg}qfl}icibi{y obfl` {eg

}biqqgsy qo{e} fh bfmob }gbh$`fxgsldgl{,

Il {eg dikkbg fh ?591 o Nwkimiob Mfddi}}iflgs po}

oqqfil{gk hfs Wqqgs Cwsdo,I

ommgq{gk{ei} sghilgdgl{



IL[GSLOB OKDILI][SO[IFL FH CWSDO ==9

dfsg sgbwm{ol{by {eol I pfwbk eoxg pgbmfdgk o sgkwm{ifl

fh {eg òssi}fl, Cw{ {eg meosom{gs fh {eg dol oqqfil{gk {f

{eg qf}{ %{eg bo{g Ds, Efk`jil}fl) po} ol o}}wsolmg {eo{

{egsg pfwbk cg lf ki}qboy fh nwkimiob qysf{gmelim}" }wme o}

bopygs} }fdg{idg} ilkwb`g il" olk {eo{ }fdg sgòsk pfwbk

cg qoik {f {eg mflki{ifl} wlkgs peime fws fhhimgs} pgsg

pfsjil`,

[eg qsfxi}ifl fh dgkimob oik hfs {eg qgfqbg po} {ojgl il

eolk glgs`g{imobby" wlkgs {eg `wikolmg fh Ks, ]ilmbois" pef

okdili}{gsgk {eg dgkimob kgqos{dgl{ fh {eg pefbg fh Cwsdo,

I{ po} lf{ qf}}icbg {f qsfxikg }wc}{ol{iob qwcbim ef}qi{ob}"

olk o{ his}{ flby {gdqfsosy cwibkil`} pgsg gsgm{gk, Gumgb$

bgl{ qgsdolgl{ ef}qi{ob} eok cggl cwib{ hfs {eg dibi{osy

qfbimg" olk fl {egis pi{eksopob i{ po} il{glkgk {eo{ {eg}g

cwibkil`} }efwbk cg mflxgs{gk il{f mixib ef}qi{ob},

Xommilo{ifl po} il{sfkwmgk ob}f" olk gxgsy ki}{sim{ po}

hwsli}egk pi{e {eg dgol} fh qsf{gm{ifl oòil}{ }dobbqfu,

[eg qgfqbg modg sgokiby {f cg xommilo{gk" olk lf Cwsdol"

}f hos o} I jlfp" guqsg}}gk ol fcngm{ifl" mfl}migl{ifw} fs

f{egs" {f cgil` qsf{gm{gk hsfd {eg soxo`g} fh o bfo{e}fdg

ki}go}g, Cw{ {egy osg mfdqoso{ixgby o comjposk somg olk

}{ibb eoxg dwme {f bgosl,

Il {eg do{{gs fh gkwmo{ifl" i{ po} lf{ {eg {idg {f kf dwme"

olk I po} ilmbilgk {f pobj xgsy posiby il Wqqgs Cwsdo,

[eg Kisgm{fs fh Qwcbim Il}{swm{ifl po} }gl{ sfwlk {eg

qsfxilmg il ?559 {f guodilg {eg mflki{ifl fh {eg gui}{il`

}meffb} :olk fl ei} sgqfs{ o cgìllil` po} dokg cy oqqfil{$

il` ol il}qgm{fs olk }fdg o}}i}{ol{ il}qgm{fs}" dfsg {f

o}mgs{oil olk mfbbo{g hom{} {eol pi{e o xigp {f om{ixg il{gs$

hgsglmg, Bo{gs fl {eg `sol{$il$oik swbg} il hfsmg il {eg

bfpgs qsfxilmg pgsg il{sfkwmgk, [eg ow{efs fh {eg Cwsdo

@o~g{{ggs %xfb, i," q, ?=3) psi{g} >

#Di}}iflosy }meffb} osg

lfp qbgl{ihwb" olk boy }meffb}" cf{e qwcbim olk qsixo{g"

ocfwlk : cw{ {eg cgk$sfmj fh xgslomwbos gkwmo{ifl il Cwsdoi} }{ibb dflo}{gsy {gomeil`" olk pi{e i{ i} il{ido{gby cfwlk

Documents

The Pacification of Burma (Chap XXI: The Chins)