The notion of COMPLETION in Ancient Greek and usage-context …€¦ · usage-context conceptual integration. Correlating senses and themes of discourse. Georgios Ioannou Universidad

The notion of COMPLETION in Ancient Greek and usage-context conceptual integration.

Correlating senses and themes of discourse.

Georgios Ioannou

Universidad de [email protected]

■ The behavioural-profile approach to semantic research takes this idea to its ultimate theoretical consequences, defining a sense in terms of usage-based featural configurations (Gries 2003, Glynn 2009, 2010, Gries 2010 etc.).

■ Prototype theory-based research in linguistics applies the idea of representative exemplars onto conceptual structuring.

■ This implies that the autonomy of lexical senses is not but an illusion

■ Senses must be defined on the basis of a non-discrete probabilistic categorisation, with a prototypical core and an extensible periphery

■ These configurations refer both to the variable featural disguise comprising the matrix of a sense but also the latter´s featural environment that modulates the boundaries of its prototypicality

► PROTOTYPICALITY RELATIVE FREQUENCY

> >(Gries 2006)

?

More recently (Glynn 2014a,b), this idea of prototypicality has been qualified:

► commonness of use, as amplitude of contexts in which a demarked pattern is met.

► featural demarcation of some pattern conceptually recognisable

A configuration is typical of a specific context

PROTOTYPICALITY:

Q1: How are the two types distinguishable methodologically?

More recently (Glynn 2014a,b), this idea of prototypicality has been qualified:

► commonness of use, as amplitude of contexts in which a demarked pattern is met.

► featural demarcation of some pattern conceptually recognisable

A configuration is typical of a specific context

PROTOTYPICALITY:

Q1: How are the two types distinguishable methodologically?

► scarcity of data so that the latter fail to be representative of clear-cut contexts.

Problems with contextual factors as relevant to the frequency-based prototypicality of various senses in diachronic research:

► extra-linguistic features such as text type may not manifest either a sufficient degree of certainty or any variation at all.

► text-type variation usually would change by periods. Theoretically, this variation cannot be treated in terms equal to those holding of synchronic semantic analysis.

This presentation intends to:

► explore a little further the qualitative division of prototypicality between:

■ conceptual■ frequency-based

► explore further the possibility of a connection between the two, thus

► do so adopting the framework of conceptual integration

■ reducing contextual factors into internal ones

For good reasons, within CL, polysemy has been kept apart from ad hoc and non-entrenched conceptual integration phenomena (Glynn 2014)

Use of the model for analysing diachronic semantics must be motivated theoretically and empirically

■ BRIDGING CONTEXT between polysemically related meanings A and B:

A contextually enriched and inferentially identified A, before it gets independently identified and lexicalised as B.

(Evans and Wilkins, 2000)

■ no historical shift of meaning can take place without an intervening stage of polysemy

(Sweetser 1990)

S1eS1S2S1

context of use

S1eS1S2S1

C 2C 1

S1eS1S2S1

S1

C 2

■ S1 perspectivises the ontology of C2

C 1

■ The use of S1 is ad hoc for C2

■ the usage of a given sense into a new context of use is a perspectivisation of a situational ontology in terms of that sense, a matter of conceptual onomasiology (c.f. Geeraerts 2018)

■ This leads to the possibility of re-formulating polysemy in terms of conceptual integration, i.e. blending (Fauconier & Turner 2002)

GENERIC SPACE

INPUT A INPUT B

BLEND

► Questions arising regrading compatibilisation of the models:

■ What are the input spaces?

■ What is the generic space between the two inputs?

■ How can the conceptual/frequency-based distinction/be represented?

■ What is the blended space and its emergent structure?

► WORKING HYPOTHESIS

■ Emergent structure is a contextually bound and enriched featural configuration

■ Generic space between two senses is their schematic featural commonness, conceptually perceived, not necessarily entrenched

conceptual prototype

frequency-based prototype

C1

F1

C…C3C2

F2 F3 Fn

F

frequency-based

conceptually salient

Cn

This is a corpus-based diachronic semantic analysis of the verb plerooin Ancient Greek, originally meaning FILL, which follows itsevolution from 6th c. BCE to 2nd c. CE.

It implements the so-called behavioural-profile approach, as a way ofdealing methodologically with the fuzziness of lexical senses´demarcation, the very reason underlying polysemy and languagechange, in first place.

It uses exploratory statistical techniques such as MultipleCorrespondence Analysis

DATA SOURCES & CODING:

Manual annotation of all 3,200 instances of the verb pleróo from 6th c.BCE to 2nd c. CE, extracted from THESAURUS LINGAE GRAECAEcorpus, (University of California).

Coded for: AGENT

PATIENT

FILLER

CONJUGATION

TENSE

VOICE

CONSTRUCTIONAL PATTERN

■ It takes the confidence ellipses of the centroids of the senses as supplementary variables located on the map, observing the relations of inclusion/exclusion, (partial) overlapping among them (see Levshina 2015, Glynn 2014).

► Visualisation

► 6th/5th c. BCE

MCA with confidence ellipses for the centroids of MEANING 6th /5th c. BCE.



DIM. 1

VARIABLEINSTANCE

+ ▬

CONSTR 0.89 SG 0.88 SO 0.98

PATIENT 0.72|

PERSON 0.77

BODY_ORGAN 0.74

BODY_PART 0.64

BODY 0.60

VEHICLE 0.68

VOICE 0.60 P 0.74 A 0.43

AGENT 0.59 Ø 0.57 PERSON 0.68

FILLER 0.58

PERCEPT 0.90

ABSTR_OBJ 0.53

GAS 0.51Ø 0.98

Contribution of variables in dim.1 for 6th /5th c. BCE.

DIM. 1

VARIABLEINSTANCE

+ ▬

CONSTR 0.89 SG 0.88 SO 0.98

PATIENT 0.72|

PERSON 0.77

BODY_ORGAN 0.74

BODY_PART 0.64

BODY 0.60

VEHICLE 0.68

VOICE 0.60 P 0.74 A 0.43


FILLER 0.58

PERCEPT 0.90

ABSTR_OBJ 0.53

GAS 0.51Ø 0.98

HUMAN BODY AS CONTAINER

SHIP AS AN OBJECT WITH INFERRED FILLER

Contribution of variables in dim.1 for 6th /5th c. BCE.

Confidence ellipses for the centroids of CONSTR, for CONSTR-PATIENT association .

C1

F1

C…C3C2

F2 F3 Fn

F

frequency-based


Cn

FILL

EQUIP A SHIP

► 4th c. BCE

DIM.1

VARIABLEINSTANCE

+ ▬

CONSTR 0.82 SO 0.61SG

SFg

1.1

1.0

PATIENT 0.66

VEHICLE 0.79

B_ORGAN

PERSON

NAT_LOCATION

0.64

0.54

0.53

VOICE 0.60 M 0.94 P 1.10

FILLER 0.56 Ø FEELING 0.9

SUBSTANCE 0.57

Contribution of variables in dim.1 for 4th c. BCE.

DIM.1

VARIABLEINSTANCE

+ ▬

CONSTR 0.82 SO 0.61SG

SFg

1.1

1.0

PATIENT 0.66

VEHICLE 0.79

B_ORGAN

PERSON

NAT_LOCATION

0.64

0.54

0.53

VOICE 0.60 M 0.94 P 1.10

FILLER 0.56 Ø FEELING 0.9

SUBSTANCE 0.57


AUSPICED SHIP FILLING WITH INFERRED FILLER

HUMAN BODY AS CONTAINER

Confidence ellipses for the centroids of MEANING in 4th c. BCE. MCA for MEANING in 4th c. BCE.

DIM.2

VARIABLEINSTANCE

+ ▬

PATIENT 0.71LIQUID

TIME

3.20

2.50

B_PART

CONTAINER

LOCATION

1.27

0.91

0.77

CONSTR 0.57 S 0.82 SOG 0.60

VOICE 0.49R 2.50

A

P

1.10

0.65

FILLER 0.42 Ø 0.49 C_OBJECT

MASS

PERSON

0.93

0.60

0.59


C1

F1

C…C3C2

F2 F3 Fn

F

frequency-based


Cn

COMPLETE

SENSE

CENTURIES (p=0.005)

6/5BCE 4BCE 3BCE 2BCE 1BCE 1CE 2CE

FILL 0.63 0.23 -0.26 -0.42 1.06 -0.89 0.20

COMPLETE -1.52 -0.56 0.63 1.02 -2.54 2.1 -0.59

residuals for FILL and COMPLETE across centuries

AGENT FILLER

PEOPLE

JUDGES

BLOOD

FOOD

etc.PATIENT

COMPLETABLE OBJECT

► 3rd c. BCE

DIM.1

VARIABLEINSTANCE

+ ▬

CONSTR 0.85

SFg

SG1.19

1.08SO 0.86

VOICE 0.73 P 0.65R

A

0.65

0.63

PATIENT 0.64

NAT_LOCATION

PERSON

BODY_ORGAN

0.64

0.67

0.61

ARTIFACT

DUE

FEELING

VEHICLE

BODY_PART

SPEECH

1.12

1.08

0.98

0.90

0.76

0.69

AGENT 0.62 Ø 0.84 ANIMAL 0.62

FILLER 0.52

PROPERTY

LIQUID

GAS

0.78

0.46

0.43

Ø 0.77

TENSE 0.44PRES_PERFECT

PAST_PERFECT

0.53

0.74

PRETERITE

PAST

1.37

0.67Co

ntr

ibu

tio

n o

f va

ria

ble

s in

dim

.1 f

or

3rd

c. B

CE.

Confidence ellipses for 3rd c. BCE.

Confidence ellipses for 3rd c. BCE.

CONSTR: SVOICE: RFILLER: Ø AGENT: Ø

P: TIME

COMPLETE

FULFILL

SATISFY

P: FEELING

P: DUE

DIM.2.

VARIABLEINSTANCE

+ ▬

PATIENT 0.72 GROUP 0.83

TIME

ACTION

Ø

SPEECH

1.30

0.80

0.61

0.55

CONSTR 0.72 SOFg 0.47 S 1.27

VOICE 0.67 A 0.51 R 1.12

Contribution of variables in dim.2 for 3rd c. BCE.

►2nd BCE

Confidence ellipses for 2nd c. BCE.

V: M

CONSTR: SO

► 1st c. BCE

DIM.1

VARIABLEINSTANCE

+ ▬

CONSTR 0.92

SFg

SG

S

0.86

0.79

0.47

SO

SOG

0.91

0.44


VOICE 0.71 P 0.52 A 0.74

PATIENT 0.60 MENTAL_FACULTY

PERSON

NAT_LOCATION

0.70

0.59

0.54

VEHICLE

CONTAINER

0.90

0.43

Contribution of variables in dim.1 for 1st c. BCE.

RETURN TO OLD CONSTRUCTIONS AND THEMES DUE TO ATTICISM?

► 1st c. CE

Confidence ellipses for MEANING for 1 c. CE.

Contribution of variables in dim.1 for 1st c. CE.

DIM.1

VARIABLEINSTANCE

+ ▬

AGENT 0.85 SUBSTANCE 0.83 Ø 1.18

VOICE 0.82 A 0.87 R 0.59

CONSTR 0.77 SO

SOG

0.75

0.59

S

SG

0.71

0.47

PATIENT 0.54 DESEASE

DUE

1.39

1.06

SPEECH

PERSON

0.66

0.57

TENSE 0.41 PRESENT

FUTURE

0.92

0.60

PR_PERFECT 0.33

SELF-MOTION TO A TELIC STATE

DIM.2

VARIABLEINSTANCE

+ ▬

PATIENT 0.87

MENTAL_FACULTY

LOCATION

ANIMAL

PERSON

NAT_LOCATION

BODY_ORGAN

1.83

0.84

0.69

0.55

0.55

0.54

SPEECH

DISEASE

TIME

0.84

0.69

0.62

CONSTR 0.85

SOFg

SG

SFg

0.88

0.71

0.48

S

SO

0.85

0.73

FILLER 0.81PERCEPT

GROUP

0.78

0.51Ø 1.23

VOICE 0.51M

P

0.75

0.42R 0.92

Contribution of variables in dim.2 for 1st c. CE

DIM.2

VARIABLEINSTANCE

+ ▬

PATIENT 0.87

MENTAL_FACULTY

LOCATION

ANIMAL

PERSON

NAT_LOCATION

BODY_ORGAN

1.83

0.84

0.69

0.55

0.55

0.54

SPEECH

DISEASE

TIME

0.84

0.69

0.62

CONSTR 0.85

SOFg

SG

SFg

0.88

0.71

0.48

S

SO

0.85

0.73

FILLER 0.81PERCEPT

GROUP

0.78

0.51Ø 1.23

VOICE 0.51M

P

0.75

0.42R 0.92

Contribution of variables in dim.2 for 1st c. CE

NO VARIATIONAL PATTERN

SUBJECTS UNDERGOING INTERNAL CHANGE

TOWARDS THEIR TELIC STATE

TIME FINISHES

DISEASE HEALS

SPEECH IS FULLFILED

BLEND

C1-SENSE ENRICHED

by C2

INPUT B

C2

Onomasiologically looking for a termINPUT A

ENTRENCHED FRAME

GENERIC SPACE

CONCEPTUALPROTOTYPE

THANK YOU!

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The notion of COMPLETION in Ancient Greek and usage-context …€¦ · usage-context conceptual integration. Correlating senses and themes of discourse. Georgios Ioannou Universidad