Stanley PerlmanKathryn V. Holmes

The Nidoviruses :Toward Control of SARS and othe rNidovirus Diseases

I . VIRAL RNA SYNTHESI S

1 .1 .

THE CORONAVIRUS REPLICASE : INSIGHTSINTO A SOPHISTICATED ENZYME MACHINERY 3John Ziebuhr

1 .2 .

BIOCHEMICAL ASPECTS OF CORONAVIRU SREPLICATION 1 3Luis Enjuanes, Fernando Almazän, Isabel Sola ,Sonia Züniga, Enrique Alvarez, Juan Reguera, an dCarmen Capisco l

1 .3 . A PREVIOUSLY UNRECOGNIZED UNR STEM-LOOP STRUCTUR EIN THE CORONAVIRUS 5' UNTRANSLATED REGION PLAY SA FUNCTIONAL ROLE IN REPLICATION 2 5Pinghua Liu, Jason J . MilIership, Lichun Li ,David P . Giedroc, and Julian L . Leibowitz

1 .4 .

REGULATION OF CORONAVIRUS TRANSCRIPTION : VIRA LAND CELLULAR PROTEINS INTERACTIN GWITH TRANSCRIPTION-REGULATING SEQUENCES 3 1Sonia Züniga, Isabel Sola, Jose L . Moreno, Sara Alonso, an dLuis Enjuane s

1 .5 .

DEUBIQUITINATING ACTIVITY OF THE SARS-CoV PAPAIN-LIKEPROTEASE 3 7Naina Barretto, Dalia Jukneliene, Kiira Ratia ,Zhongbin Chen, Andrew D . Mesecar, and Susan C . Baker

1 .6 .

NUCLEOCAPSID PROTEIN EXPRESSION FACILITATE SCORONAVIRUS REPLICATION 43Barbara Schelle, Nadja Karl, Burkhard Ludewig,Stuart G . Siddell, and Volker Thiel

1 .7 . NON STRUCTURAL PROTEINS 8 AND 9 OF HUMAN CORONAVIRU S229E 49Rajesh Ponnusamy, Jeroen R . Mesters, John Ziebuhr ,Ralf Moll, and Rolf Hilgenfeld

1 .8 .

EFFECTS OF MUTAGENESIS OF MURINE HEPATITIS VIRUS NSP 1AND NSP14 ON REPLICATION IN CULTURE 5 5Lance D . Eckerle, Sarah M . Brockway, Steven M. Sperry, Xiaotao Lu, andMark R . Denison

1 .9 .

MUTATIONAL ANALYSIS OF MHV-A59 REPLICAS EPROTEIN-NSP 10 6 1Eric F . Donaldson, Amy C . Sims, Damon J . Deming ,and Ralph S . Bari c

1 .10 . THE NSP2 PROTEINS OF MOUSE HEPATITIS VIRUS AND SARSCORONAVIRUS ARE DISPENSABLE FOR VIRALREPLICATION 6 7Rachel L . Graham, Amy C. Sims, Ralph S . Baric, andMark R. Denison

1 .11 . MOLECULAR DISSECTION OF PORCINE REPRODUCTIVEAND RESPIRATORY VIRUS PUTATIVE NONSTRUCTURA LPROTEIN 2 7 3Kay S . Faaberg, Jun Han, and Yue Wan g

1 .12 . DIFFERENTIAL ROLE OF N-TERMINAL POLYPROTEINPROCESSING IN CORONAVIRUS GENOME REPLICATION AN DMINIGENOME AMPLIFICATION 7 9Carmen Galan, Luis Enjuanes, and Fernando Almazän

1 .13 . IDENTIFICATION AND CHARACTERIZATION OF SEVERE ACUT ERESPIRATORY SYNDROME CORONAVIRUS SUBGENOMIC RNAs 8 5Snawar Hussain, Ji'an Pan, Jing Xu, Yalin Yang, Yu Chen,Yu Peng, Ying Wu, Zhaoyang Li, Ying Zhu, Po Tien, an dDeyin Guo

1 .14 . IDENTIFICATION AND CHARACTERIZATION OF A UNIQU ERIBOSOMAL FRAMESHIFTING SIGNAL IN SARS-Co VORF3A 8 9Xiao X. Wang, Ying Liao, Sek M. Wong, and Ding X. Liu

1 .15 . ADP-RIBOSE-1"-PHOSPHATASE ACTIVITIES OF THE HUMANCORONAVIRUS 229E AND SARS CORONAVIRUS X DOMAINS 93Akos Putics, Jutta Slaby, Witold Filipowicz ,Alexander E . Gorbalenya, and John Ziebuhr

1 .16 . NONSTRUCTURAL PROTEINS OF HUMAN CORONAVIRU SNL63 9 7Yvonne Piotrowski, Lia van der Hoek, Krzysztof Pyrc ,Ben Berkhout, Ralf Moll, and Rolf Hilgenfel d

1 .17 . MHV-A59 ORFIA REPLICASE PROTEIN NSP7-NSP10 PROCESSINGIN REPLICATION 10 1Damon J . Deming, Rachel L . Graham, Mark R. Denison ,and Ralph S . Bari c

1 .18 . STEM-LOOP 1 IN THE 5' UTR OF THE SARS CORONAVIRU SCAN SUBSTITUTE FOR ITS COUNTERPART IN MOUSE HEPATITI SVIRUS 10 5Hyojeung Kang, Min Feng, Meagan E . Schroeder,David P . Giedroc, and Julian L . Leibowitz

1 .19. TRANSCRIPTIONAL REGULATION OF RNA3 OF INFECTIOU SBRONCHITIS VIRUS 10 9Soonjeon Youn, Ellen W . Collisson, andCarolyn E . Machamer

II . PROTEIN SYNTHESIS, STRUCTURE, AND PROCESSIN G

2 .1 .

STRUCTURE, EXPRESSION, AND INTRACELLULA RLOCALIZATION OF THE SARS-CoV ACCESSORY PROTEIN S7a AND 7b 11 5Andrew Pekosz, Scott R . Schaecher, Michael S . Diamond, Daved H . Fremont ,Amy C . Sims, and Ralph S . Bari c

2 .2 .

SUMOYLATION OF THE NUCLEOCAPSID PROTEIN OF SEVER EACUTE RESPIRATORY SYNDROME CORONAVIRU SBY INTERACTION WITH UBC9 12 1Qisheng Li, Han Xiao, James P . Tam, and Ding X. Liu

2 .3 .

IMPORTANCE OF MHV-CoV A59 NUCLEOCAPSID PROTEI NCOON-TERMINAL NEGATIVE CHARGES 12 7Valerie Bednar, Sandhya Verma, Andrew Blount, and Brenda G . Hogue

2 .4 .

EXPRESSION AND STRUCTURAL ANALYSIS OF INFECTIOU SBRONCHITIS VIRUS NUCLEOPROTEIN 13 3Kelly-Anne Spencer and Julian A . Hiscox

2 .5 .

MOUSE HEPATITIS VIRUS INFECTION ACTIVATES THE IREI/XBP 1PATHWAY OF THE UNFOLDED PROTEIN RESPONSE 13 9John Bechill, Zhongbin Chen, Joseph W . Brewer, an dSusan C . Baker

2 .6 .

THE NUCLEAR LOCALIZATION SIGNAL OF THE PRRS VIRU SNUCLEOCAPSID PROTEIN MODULATES VIRAL REPLICATION IN VITROAND ANTIBODY RESPONSE IN VIVO 14 5Changhee Lee, Douglas C . Hodgins, Jay G . Calvert,Siao-Kun Wan Welch, Rika Jolie, and Dongwan Yo o

2 .7 .

SARS CORONAVIRUS ACCESSORY ORFs ENCODE LUXUR YFUNCTIONS 14 9Matthew B . Frieman, Boyd Yount, Amy C . Sims ,Damon J . Deming, Thomas E. Morrison, Jennifer Sparks, Mark Denison ,Mark Heise, and Ralph S . Baric

2 .8 . PRODUCTION AND CHARACTERIZATION OF MONOCLONA LANTIBODIES AGAINST THE NUCLEOCAPSID PROTEI NOF SARS-COV 15 3Ying Fang, Andrew Pekosz, Lia Haynes, Eric A . Nelson ,and Raymond R . R. Rowlan d

2 .9 .

MOUSE HEPATITIS CORONAVIRUS NUCLEOCAPSI DPHOSPHORYLATION 15 7Tiana C . White and Brenda G . Hogue

III. VIRAL ASSEMBLY AND RELEASE

3 .1 . GENETIC AND MOLECULAR BIOLOGICAL ANALYSI SOF PROTEIN-PROTEIN INTERACTIONS IN CORONAVIRU SASSEMBLY 16 3. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .Paul S . Masters, Lili Kuo, Rong Ye, Kelley R . Hurst,Cheri A . Koetzner, and Bilan Hsue

3 .2 . NEW INSIGHTS ON THE STRUCTURE AND MORPHOGENESI SOF BERNE VIRUS 17 5

Ana Garzön, Ana M . Maestre, Jaime Pignatelli ,M. Teresa Rejas, and Dolores Rodrigue z

3 .3 . ULTRASTRUCTURE OF SARS-CoV, FIPV, AND MHV REVEALE D

BY ELECTRON CRYOMICROSCOPY 18 1

Benjamin W. Neuman, Brian D. Adair, Craig Yoshioka,Joel D. Quispe, Ronald A. Milligan, Mark Yeager, and Michael J. Buchmeie r

3 .4 . ROLE OF MOUSE HEPATITIS CORONAVIRUS ENVELOPE PROTEI N

TRANSMEMBRANE DOMAIN 18 7

Ye Ye and Brenda G. Hogue

3 .5 . THE TRANSMEMBRANE DOMAIN OF THE INFECTIOU S

BRONCHITIS VIRUS E PROTEIN IS REQUIRED FOR EFFICIEN T

VIRUS RELEASE 19 3

Carolyn E . Machamer and Soonjeon Youn

3 .6 .

VIROPORIN ACTIVITY OF SARS-CoV E PROTEIN 19 9Ying Liao, James P . Tam, and Ding X . Liu

3 .7 .

EFFICIENT TRANSDUCTION OF DENDRITIC CELL SUSING CORONAVIRUS-BASED VECTORS 203Klara K. Eriksson, Divine Makia, Reinhard Maier ,Luisa Cervantes, Burkhard Ludewig, and Volker Thie l

IV . VIRAL ENTRY

4 .1 .

INSIGHTS FROM THE ASSOCIATION OF SARS-CoV S-PROTEI NWITH ITS RECEPTOR, ACE2 20 9Wenhui Li, Hyeryun Choe, and Michael Farza n

4 .2 . ATTACHMENT FACTOR AND RECEPTOR ENGAGEMENT OF SAR SCORONAVIRUS AND HUMAN CORONAVIRUS NL63 21 9Heike Hofmann, Andrea Marzi, Thomas Gramberg ,Martina Geier, Krzysztof Pyrc, Lia van der Hoek ,Ben Berkhout, and Stefan Pohlman n

4 .3 .

INTERACTIONS BETWEEN SARS CORONAVIRU SAND ITS RECEPTOR 22 9Fang Li, Wenhui Li, Michael Farzan, an dStephen C. Harrison

4 .4 .

PROTEOLYSIS OF SARS-ASSOCIATED CORONAVIRUS SPIK EGLYCOPROTEIN 23 5Graham Simmons, Andrew J . Rennekamp and Paul Bate s

4 .5 . FLUORESCENCE DEQUENCHING ASSAYS OF CORONAVIRU SFUSION 24 1Victor C. Chu, Lisa J . McElroy, Beverley E . Bauman ,and Gary R . Whittaker

4 .6.

PORCINE ARTERIVIRUS ENTRY IN MACROPHAGES :HEPARAN SULFATE - MEDIATED ATTACHMENT ,SIALOADHESIN-MEDIATED INTERNALIZATION ,AND A CELL-SPECIFIC FACTOR MEDIATING VIRUS DISASSEMBL YAND GENOME RELEASE 24 7Peter L . Delputte and H . J . Nauwynck

4 .7 .

ENHANCEMENT OF SARS-CoV INFECTIO NBY PROTEASES 25 3Shutoku Matsuyama, Makoto Ujike, Koji Ishii ,Shuetsu Fukushi, Shigeru Morikawa, Masato Tashiro ,and Fumihiro Taguchi

4 .8 .

INCREASED VIRAL TITERS AND SUBTLE CHANGES IN PLAQU EMORPHOLOGY UPON PASSAGE OF SARS-CoV IN CELLS FRO MDIFFERENT SPECIES 25 9Laura Gillim-Ross, Lindsay K. Heller, Emily R . Olivieri ,and David E . Wentworth

4 .9 .

HUMAN CORONAVIRUS 229E CAN USE CD209L (L-SIGN )TO ENTER CELLS 26 5Scott A. Jeffers, Erin M. Hemmila, and Kathryn V . Holmes

4 .10 . INTRACELLULAR TRANSPORT OF THE S PROTEIN SOF CORONAVIRUSES 27 1Christel Schwegmann-We(iels, Xiaofeng Ren, andGeorg Herrler

4 .11 . ANALYSIS OF SARS-CoV RECEPTOR ACTIVITY OF ACE 2ORTHOLOGS 27 7Emily R. Olivieri, Lindsey K . Heller, Laura Gillim-Ross ,and David E . Wentworth

4 .12 . INTERACTION BETWEEN THE SPIKE PROTEIN OF HUMANCORONAVIRUS NL63 AND ITS CELLULAR RECEPTO RACE2 28 1Stefan Pöhlmann, Thomas Gramberg, Anja Wegele ,Krzysztof Pyrc, Lia van der Hoek, Ben Berkhout,and Heike Hofmann

4.13 . HUMAN ANGIOTENSIN - CONVERTING ENZYME 2 (ACE2 )IS A RECEPTOR FOR HUMAN RESPIRATOR YCORONAVIRUS NL63 28 5M. K . Smith, Sonia Tusell, Emily A. Travanty, Be nBerkhout, Lia van der Hoek, and Kathryn V . Holmes

4 .14 . MOLECULAR INTERACTIONS OF GROUP 1 CORONAVIRUSE SWITH FELINE APN 28 9Sonia M . Tusell and Kathryn V . Holmes

4 .15 . PSEUDOTYPED VESICULAR STOMATITIS VIRUS FOR FUNCTIONA LANALYSIS OF SARS CORONAVIRUS SPIKE PROTEIN 29 3Shuetsu Fukushi, Tetsuya Mizutani ,Masayuki Saijo, Shutoku Matsuyama, Fumihiro Taguchi ,Ichiro Kurane, and Shigeru Morikawa

4.16 . SUBCELLULAR LOCALIZATION OF SARS-CoV STRUCTURALPROTEINS 29 7

Lisa A. Lopez, Ariel Jones, William D . Arndt, and Brenda G . Hogue

4 .17 . SPIKE GENE DETERMINANTS OF MOUSE HEPATITIS VIRUS HOSTRANGE EXPANSION 30 1Willie C. McRoy and Ralph S . Bari c

4 .18 . VIRION-LIPOSOME INTERACTIONS IDENTIF YA CHOLESTEROL-INDEPENDENT CORONAVIRUS ENTR YSTAGE 30 5Joseph A. Boscarino, Jeffrey M . Goletz, andThomas M . Gallaghe r

4 .19 . AVIAN INFECTIOUS BRONCHITIS VIRUS ENTERS CELLS VI ATHE ENDOCYTIC PATHWAY 30 9Victor C . Chu, Lisa J . Mcelroy, A Damon Ferguson, Beverley E . Bauman,and Gary R. Whittaker

4 .20 . THREE-DIMENSIONAL RECONSTRUCTION OF THE NUCLEOLU SUSING META-CONFOCAL MICROSCOPY IN CELLS EXPRESSIN GTHE CORONAVIRUS NUCLEOPROTEIN 31 3Jae-Hwan You, Mark L . Reed, Brian K. Dove ,and Julian A . Hisco x

4 .21 . DISSECTION OF THE FUSION MACHIN EOF SARS-CORONAVIRUS 31 9Megan W. Howard, Brian Tripet, Michael G . Jobling, Randall K . Holmes ,Kathryn V. Holmes, and Robert S . Hodge s

4 .22 . CHARACTERIZATION OF PERSISTENT SARS-CoV INFECTIO NIN VERO E6 CELLS 32 3Tetsuya Mizutani, Shuetsu Fukushi, Masayuki Saijo ,Ichiro Kurane, and Shigeru Morikaw a

4 .23 . RECEPTOR-INDEPENDENT SPREAD OF A NEUROTROPIC MURIN ECORONAVIRUS MHV-JHMV IN MIXED NEURAL CULTURE 327Keiko Nakagaki, Kazuhide Nakagaki, and Fumihiro Taguch i

4 .24 . RECEPTOR-INDEPENDENT INFECTION OF MOUSE HEPATITI SVIRUS: ANALYSIS BY SPINOCULATION 33 1Rie Watanabe, Kazumitsu Suzuki, and Fumihiro Taguch i

4 .25 . SARS-CoV, BUT NOT HCoV-NL63, UTILIZES CATHEPSIN STO INFECT CELLS : VIRAL ENTRY 33 5I-Chueh Huang, Berend Jan Bosch, Wenhui Li, Michael Farzan, Peter M .Rottier, and Hyeryun Choe

V. PATHOGENESIS OF NON-HUMAN CORONAVIRUSE S

5 .1 .

CORONAVIRUS IMMUNITY: FROM T CELLS TO B CELLS 34 1Cornelia C . Bergmann, Chandran Ramakrishna ,J . M. Gonzales, S .I . Tschen, and Stephan A . Stohlman

5 .2 . RAT CORONAVIRUS INFECTION OF PRIMARY RAT ALVEOLA REPITHELIAL CELLS 35 1Tanya A . Miura, Jieru Wang, Robert J . Mason, andKathryn V . Holmes

5 .3 .

INFECTIOUS BRONCHITIS CORONAVIRUS INDUCES CELL-CYCL EPERTURBATIONS 35 7Brian K. Dove, Katrina Bicknell, Gavin Brooks, Sally Harrison, andJulian A. Hiscox

5 .4 .

GENES 3 AND 5 OF INFECTIOUS BRONCHITIS VIRU SARE ACCESSORY PROTEIN GENES 363Paul Britton, Rosa Casais, Teri Hodgson, Marc Davis ,and Dave Cavanagh

5 .5 . NKG2D SIGNALING AND HOST DEFENSE AFTER MOUSE HEPATITI SVIRUS INFECTION OF THE CENTRAL NERVOUS SYSTEM 369Kevin B . Walsh, Melissa B . Lodoen, Lewis L. Lanier ,and Thomas E . Lane

5 .6.

MURINE HEPATITIS VIRUS STRAIN 1 AS A MODEL FOR SEVEREACUTE RESPIRATORY DISTRESS SYNDROME (SARS) 37 3

Nadine DeAlbuquerque, Ehtesham Haig, Max Xuezhong, Itay Shalev, M. JamesPhillips, Marlena Habal, Julian Leibowitz, Ian McGilvray, Jagdish Butany ,

Eleanor Fish, and Gary Levy

5 .7 .

PERSISTENT CORONAVIRUS INFECTION OF PROGENITO R

OLIGODENDROCYTES 379

Yin Liu and Xuming Zhan g

5 .8 . CD8+ T-CELL PRIMING DURING A CENTRAL NERVOUS SYSTE M

INFECTION WITH MOUSE HEPATITIS VIRUS 38 5

Katherine C . MacNamara and Susan R . Weiss

5 .9 . ANTIBODY-MEDIATED VIRUS CLEARANCE FROM NEURONS

OF RATS INFECTED WITH HEMAGGLUTINATING

ENCEPHALOMYELITIS VIRUS 39 1

Norio Hirano, Hideharu Taira, Shigehiro Sato, Tsutomu Hashikawa, an d

Koujiro Tohyama

5 .10 . DEVELOPING BIOINFORMATIC RESOURCE SFOR CORONAVIRUSES 39 5Susan C . Baker, Dalia Jukneliene, Anjan Purkayastha ,Eric E . Snyder, Oswald R . Crasta, Michael J . Czar ,Joao C . Setubal, and Bruno W . Sobral

5 .11 . AUTOANTIBODIES EXACERBATE THE SEVERITYOF MHV-INDUCED ENCEPHALITIS 39 9Renaud Burrer, Matthias G . von Herrath, Tom Wolfe, Julia D. Rempel ,Antonio Iglesias, and Michael J . Buchmeier

5 .12 . ANALYSIS OF THE N PROTEIN IN FELINE CORONAVIRU SSTRAINS IN ITALY 40 3Mara Battilani, Ambra Foschi, Alessandra Scagliarini, Sara Ciulli ,Santino Prosperi, and Luigi Morgant i

5 .13 . DIFFERENTIAL INDUCTION OF PROINFLAMMATORY CYTOKINE SIN PRIMARY MOUSE ASTROCYTES AND MICROGLI ABY CORONAVIRUS INFECTION 40 7Dongdong Yu and Xuming Zhan g

5 .14 . PREFERENTIAL INFECTION OF MATURE DENDRITIC CELL SBY THE JHM STRAIN OF MOUSE HEPATITIS VIRUS 41 1Haixia Zhou and Stanley Perlma n

5 .15 . ROLE OF THE REPLICASE GENE OF MURINE CORONAVIRUS JH MSTRAIN IN HEPATITIS 41 5Sonia Navas-Martin, Maarten Brom, and Susan R . Weis s

5 .16 . IDENTIFICATION OF THE RECEPTOR FOR FGL2 AND IMPLICATION SFOR SUSCEPTIBILITY TO MOUSE HEPATITIS VIRUS(MHV-3)-INDUCED FULMINANT HEPATITIS 42 1Hao Liu, Li Zhang, Myron Cybulsky, Reg Gorczynski, Jennifer Crookshank ,Justin Manuel, David Grant, and Gary Levy

VI. PATHOGENESIS OF ARTERIVIRUSES AND TOROVIRUSE S

6 .1 .

EQUINE VIRAL ARTERITIS 42 9N. James MacLachian and Udeni B . Balasuriya

6 .2 .

USE OF A PRRSV INFECTIOUS CLONE TO EVALUATEIN VITRO QUASISPECIES EVOLUTION 43 5Susan K. Schommer and Steven B . Kleiboeker

6 .3 . GAMMA-INTERFERON INVOLVEMENT IN THE PATHOGENESI SOF LACTATE DEHYDROGENASE-ELEVATING VIRU SINFECTION 43 9Andrei Musaji, Dominique Markine-Goriaynoff, Stephanie Franquin ,Gaetan Thirion, Thao Le Thi Phuong, and Jean-Paul Coutelie r

6 .4 .

REPLICATION AND EXPRESSION ANALYSIS OF PRRSVDEFECTIVE RNA 44 5Jun Han, Kelly M . Burkhart, Eric M . Vaughn, Michael B . Roof, andKay S . Faaberg

6 .5 .

EFFICACY OF AN INACTIVATED PRRSV VACCINE : INDUCTIO NOF VIRUS-NEUTRALIZING ANTIBODIES AND PARTIA LVIROLOGICAL PROTECTION UPON CHALLENGE 449Gerald Misinzo, Peter L . Delputte, Peter Meerts, Christa Drexler,and Hans J . Nauwync k

VII. PATHOGENESIS OF HUMAN CORONAVIRUSE S

7 .1 . SARS AND OTHER CORONAVIRUSES IN HUMAN SAND ANIMALS 45 7Leo L. M. Poon

7 .2 .

ANIMAL MODELS FOR SARS 46 3Anjeanette Roberts and Kanta Subbara o

7 .3 . HCoV-OC43-INDUCED APOPTOSIS OF MURINE NEURONALCELLS 473Helene Jacomy and Pierre J . Talbot

7 .4. INFECTION OF HUMAN AIRWAY EPITHELIA BY SAR SCORONAVIRUS IS ASSOCIATED WITH ACE2 EXPRESSIONAND LOCALIZATION 47 9Hong Peng Jia, Dwight C . Look, Melissa Hickey, Lei Shi, Lecia Pewe ,Jason Netland, Michael Farzan, Christine Wohlford-Lenane ,Stanley Perlman, and Paul B. McCray, Jr.

7 .5 . HUMAN CORONAVIRUS NL63 INFECTION IS ASSOCIATE DWITH CROUP 48 5

Lia van der Hoek, Klaus Sure, Gabriele Ihorst, Alexander Stang,Krzysztof Pyrc, Maarten F . Jebbink, Gudula Petersen, Johannes Forster,Ben Berkhout, and Klaus Überl a

7 .6 .

A SARS-CoV-SPECIFIC PROTEIN ENHANCES VIRULENCEOF AN ATTENUATED STRAIN OF MOUSE HEPATITIS VIRUS 493

Lecia Pewe, Haixia Zhou, Jason Netland, Chandra Tangadu ,Heidi Olivares, Lei Shi, Dwight Look, Thomas Gallagher ,and Stanley Perlman

7 .7 .

GENETIC EVOLUTION OF HUMAN CORONAVIRUS OC43IN NEURAL CELL CULTURE 49 9Julien R . St-Jean, Marc Desforges, and Pierre J . Talbot

7 .8 .

SYNERGISTIC INHIBITION OF SARS-CORONAVIRUS REPLICATIO NBY TYPE I AND TYPE II IFN 50 3Eric C . Mossel, Bruno Sainz, Jr ., Robert F . Garry, and C .J . Peters

7 .9 .

MUSTELA VISON ACE2 FUNCTIONS AS A RECEPTO RFOR SARS-CORONAVIRUS 50 7Lindsay K. Heller, Laura Gillim-Ross, Emily R. Olivieri ,and David E . Wentworth

7 .10 . HCoV-229E INFECTS AND ACTIVATES MONOCYTES

51 1Marc Desforges, Tina Miletti, Mylene Gagnon, and Pierre J . Talbot

7 .11 . PATHOLOGICAL AND VIROLOGICAL ANALYSES OF SEVEREACUTE RESPIRATORY SYNDROME-ASSOCIATED CORONAVIRU SINFECTIONS IN EXPERIMENTAL ANIMALS 51 5Noriyo Nagata, Naoko Iwata, Hideki Hasegawa, Yasuko Asahi-Ozaki ,Yuko Sato, Ayako Harashima, Shigeru Morikawa, Masayuki Saijo ,Shigeyuki Itamura, Takehiko Saito, Takato Odagiri, Masato Tashiro ,Yasushi Ami, and Tetsutaro Sata

7 .12 . IDENTIFICATION OF FERRET ACE2 AND ITS RECEPTOR FUNCTIO NFOR SARS-CORONAVIRUS 51 9Aya Zamoto, Fumihiro Taguchi, Shuetsu Fukushi ,Shigeru Morikawa, and Yasuko K. Yamada

7 .13 . HUMAN CORONAVIRUS-NL63 INFECTION IS NOT ASSOCIATE DWITH ACUTE KAWASAKI DISEASE 52 3S .C . Baker, C . Shimizu, H . Shike, F . Garcia, L . van der Hoek,T .W . Kuijper, S .L. Reed, A.H. Rowley, S .T. Shulman ,H .K .B . Talbot, J .V . Williams, and J .C . Burn s

7 .14 . TOWARD THE DEVELOPMENT OF AN INFECTIOUS cDNA CLON EOF A HUMAN ENTERIC CORONAVIRUS 52 7Hongqing Zhu, Yin Liu, Yingyun Cai, Dongdong Yu ,Yinghui Pu, Laura Harmon, and Xuming Zhan g

7 .15 . HCoV-OC43-INDUCED ENCEPHALITIS IS IN PAR TIMMUNE-MEDIATED 53 1Noah Butler, Lecia Pewe, Kathryn Trandem, and Stanley Perlman

7 .16 . SARS CoV REPLICATION AND PATHOGENESIS IN HUMAN AIRWA YAIRWAY EPITHELIAL CULTURES 53 5Amy C . Sims, Boyd Yount, Susan E . Burkett, Ralph S . Baric, andRaymond J. Pickles

7 .17 . IMMUNOGENICITY OF SARS-CoV : THE RECEPTOR-BINDIN GDOMAIN OF S PROTEIN IS A MAJOR TARGET OF NEUTRALIZIN GANTIBODIES 53 9Yuxian He

7 .18 . GLIA EXPRESSION OF MHC DURING CNS INFECTIO NBY NEUROTROPIC CORONAVIRUS 54 3Karen E. Malone, Chandran Ramakrishna, J .-M. Gonzalez, Stephan A .Stohlman, and Cornelia C . Bergmann

7 .19 . RESURRECTION OF AN "EXTINCT" SARS-CoV ISOLATE GDO 3FROM LATE 2003 54 7Timothy Sheahan, Damon Deming, Eric Donaldson, Raymond Pickles ,and Ralph Bari c

VIII . VACCINES, ANTIVIRAL DRUGS, AND DIAGNOSTICS

8 .1 .

SARS CORONAVIRUS VACCINE DEVELOPMENT 55 3Ralph S . Baric, Timothy Sheahan, Damon Deming ,Eric Donaldson, Boyd Yount, Amy C . Sims,Rhonda S . Roberts, Matthew Frieman, and Barry Rock x

8 .2 . DEVELOPMENT OF VACCINES AND PASSIVE IMMUNOTHERAP YAGAINST SARS CORONAVIRUS USING MOUSE AND SCID-PBL/huMOUSE MODELS 56 1Masaji Okada, Yuji Takemoto, Yoshinobu Okuno, Satomi Hashimoto ,Yukari Fukunaga, Takao Tanaka, Yoko Kita, Sechiko Kuwayama,Yumiko Muraki, Noriko Kanamaru, Hiroko Takai ,Chika Okada, Yayoi Sakaguchi, Izumi Furukawa, Kyoko Yamada ,Miwa Izumiya, Shigeto Yoshida, Makoto Matsumoto,Tetsuo Kase, J .S .M. Peiris, Daphne E . deMello ,Pei-Jer Chen, Naoki Yamamoto, Yoshiyuki Yoshinaka ,Tatsuji Nomura, Isao Ishida, Shigeru Morikawa,Masato Tashiro, and Mitsunori Sakatani

8 .3 .

INHIBITION AND ESCAPE OF SARS-CoV TREATED WITHANTISENSE MORPHOLINO OLIGOMERS 567Benjamin W. Neuman, David A . Stein, Andrew D . Kroeker, Hong M . RichardK. Bestwick, Patrick L . Iversen, and Michael J . Buchmeier

8 .4 .

VALIDATION OF CORONAVIRUS E PROTEINS ION CHANNEL SAS TARGETS FOR ANTIVIRAL DRUGS 57 3Lauren Wilson, Peter Gage, and Gary Ewar t

8 .5 .

IDENTIFICATION OF ESSENTIAL GENES AS A STRATEGY T OSELECT A SARS CANDIDATE VACCINE USING A SARS-Co VINFECTIOUS cDNA 57 9Fernando Almazän, Marta L . De Diego, Carmen Galan, Enrique Alvarez, an dLuis Enjuane s

8 .6 .

STRUCTURE AND DYNAMICS OF SARS CORONAVIRUS MAI NPROTEINASE (M PR °) 58 5Rolf Hilgenfeld, Kanchan Anand, Jeroen R . Mesters, Zihe Rao ,Xu Shen, Hualiang Jiang, Jinzhi Tan, and Koen H .G. Verschuere n

8 .7 .

HIGHLY ATTENUATED VACCINIA VIRUS DIs AS A POTENTIA LSARS VACCINE 59 3Koji Ishii, Hideki Hasegawa, Noriyo Nagata, Tetsuya Mizutani ,Shigeru Morikawa, Masato Tashiro, Tetsuro Suzuki, Fumihiro Taguchi ,Toshitada Takemori, Tatsuo Miyamura, an dYasuko Tsunetsugu-Yokota

8 .8 .

RENILLA LUCIFERASE AS A REPORTER TO ASSESS SARS-Co VmRNA TRANSCRIPTION REGULATION AND EFFICAC YOF ANTI-SARS-CoV AGENTS 59 7Rhonda S . Roberts, Boyd L . Yount, Amy C . Sims, Susan Baker, andRalph S . Baric

8 .9 .

VIRUCIDAL EFFECT OF A NEWLY DEVELOPED NICKEL ALLO YON MOUSE CORONAVIRUS 60 1Norio Hirano and Takenori Nakayama

8 .10 . CONSTRUCTION OF A FULL-LENGTH cDNA INFECTIOUS CLON EOF A EUROPEAN-LIKE TYPE I PRRSV ISOLATED IN THE U .S 605Ying Fang, Kay S . Faaberg, Raymond R .R. Rowland,J . Christopher-Hennings, Asit K . Pattnaik, Fernando Osorio, and Eric A . Nelson

8 .11 . IDENTIFICATION AND EVALUATION OF CORONAVIRU SREPLICASE INHIBITORS USING A REPLICON CELL LINE 60 9Elke Scandella, Klara K. Eriksson, Tobias Hertzig, Christian Drosten ,Lili Chen, Chunshan Gui, Xiaomin Luo, Jianhua Shen ,Xu Shen, Stuart G . Siddell, Burkhard Ludewig, Hualiang Jiang ,Stephan Günther, and Volker Thie l

INDEX 615