THENEWFIRST

AID IN

SECONDEDITION

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© Angus Maciver 1938, 1956, 1986, 2004

First published 1938 by Hodder Gibson, a member of the Hodder Headline Group 338 Euston Road London NW1 3BHAnswers to First Aid in English first published 1938Answers to the New First Aid in English first published 1956Answers to the New First Aid in English Revised first published 1986This second edition first published 2004Impression number 10 9 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1Year 2009 2008 2007 2006 2005 2004

All rights reserved. Apart from any use permitted under UK copyright laws, no part of this publication may be reproduced or transmitted in any form or by any means, electronic or mechanical, including photocopy, recording, or any information storage and retrieval system, without permission in writing from the publisher or under licence from the Copyright Licensing Agency Limited. Further details of such licences (for reprographic reproduction) may be obtained from the Copyright Licensing Agency Limited, of 90 Tottenham Court Road, London WIT 4LR

Typeset in ll/l4 p t Garamond ITC Light by Fakenham Photosetting Limited, Fakenham, Norfolk

Printed in Great Britain by Martins the Printers, Berwick-upon-Tweed

A CIP catalogue record for this title is available from the British Library

ISBN 0 340 88288 3

PrefaceThis book provides the answers to the questions in The New First Aid in English Second Edition (NFA2nd).

From the Students’ answers a Teacher will see the weaknesses of their work and can refer them to the relevant sections in NBA 2nd.

For Students working on Language Studies at home there follows a list of topics which might be studied. It is suggested that one or two examples from each list be tried and checked against the answers given in this book; mistakes will show up particular weaknesses to be dealt with by further study.

Vocabulary NFA2ndWords for Things, Creatures, Activities, Happenings, Ideas Page No.Names 12Masculine/feminine words 5Members of families 9Dwelling places 11Collections 15Occupations 22Places 24Fastenings 127Receptacles and contents 25Places, countries, cities, buildings, rivers, races 128-135The senses 117Sounds and motions 26Shades of meaning 94Small quantities 107

Relationships denoted by WordsClassifications - things and creatures 32Gradation by size, intensity, speed, time, parts of things and creatures 36Analogies and absurdities 40-45Antonyms 50Homonyms 57Synonyms 54Modifying words - adjectives, adverbs, comparatives and superlatives 65-71Relativities expressed by conjunctions and prepositions 85-91

Roles of Words and Parts of WordsRoles of Words in a SentenceParts of Speech 1Relationship Words - conjunctions and prepositions 85-91

Preface

NFA 2nd Page No.

Substitutes - pronouns (varieties of) 80Auxiliaries - tenses of verbs 61

Roles of Parts of WordsPrefixes 119Suffixes (singular/plural, male/female, comparatives/superlatives) 2-6, 120Roots and derivations 117

Roles of Various Forms of a WordPast tense, participles, infinitive of verbs 61Cases, possessive (nouns and pronouns), objective (pronouns) 80, 103Comparative, superlative of adjective and adverb 66, 69Diminutives 106Word-building 72Compound words 74

Sentence StructuresSentences, clauses 85, 92, 98Clause varieties 98Simple and complex sentences 100Phrases and equivalent clauses 99

Common Special Usages of Words and PhrasesDoubles for emphasis 115Phrasal verbs 188Popular phrases 114Colloquial expressions 111-114Proverbs 108Similes 19

Mechanics of CommunicationBasic grammar 1Sentence structure 77, 98, 100Punctuation, apostrophe, etc. 103, 106Abbreviations and contractions 46, 104Spelling 137, 180Pronunciation 175

Number Pages 3 -41. loaves, men-of-war, pianos, sheep, feet, echoes, pence or pennies, lives, deer, oxen.

2. lady, thief, goose, trout, passer-by, mouse, knife, tooth, box.

3- armies; sons-in-law; roof; cargoes; woman; child; cupfuls; fly; swine; halos or haloes;dwarfs/dwarves; potato.

4. police-constables, daughters-in-law, step-children, lookers-on, housewives, firemen.

5. glass, hoof, hero, foot, penny, fish, shelf, city, man, leaf.

a) We heard the echoes in the caves. m) The prisoners say that they areb) The ladies spoke to the children. innocent.c) The boys went for loaves. n) The girls’ hats were on the pegs.d) The men fed the calves. o) The boys robbed the birds’ nests.e) The mice ran into holes. P) Their teeth hurt them badly.f) The knives were lying on the tables. q) The farmers plough their fields.g) The fishermen caught trout. r) The horses are eating raw carrots.h) The dwarfs gave them sticks. s) The children cried because they0 The ships struck the reefs. were tired.0 Our feet troubled us. t) These are the houses in which wek) They were men’s boots. stay.1) The burglars tried to rob our shops.

a) The rabbits ran from the dogs. k) The children ran to the tables.b) The girls wore blue dresses. 1) They were men of means.c) The sailors swam to their ships. m) We kept the birds in cages.d) The women caught the geese. n) They wrote our names.e) The men shot the deer. o) They told us so.f) The oxen ate the potatoes. P) They had sharp knives.8) The ladies preferred the roses. q) They took their pencils.h) The sheep ran in the valleys. r) The old women sat on those seats.0 Their feet were badly cut. s) The men walked slowly to their jot

D The thieves stole the valuable bags. t) The mice scampered from the cats

Gender Pages 7 -91. heiress, nun, mare, niece, goose, waitress, madam, ewe, heroine, spinster.

2. wizard, colt, bull, manservant, husband, drake, bridegroom, duke, uncle.

3. lion: masculine: cousin: common: mistress: feminine: friend: common: pencil: neuter: steward: masculine: sister: feminine: book: neuter: child: common.

4. headmistress, step-mother, daughter-in-law, nanny-goat.

5. a) lioness; b) lord; c) tutor; d) female; e) actress; f) cow; g) grandmother; h) stag; i) widower; j) tabby cat.

6. Josephine; Henrietta; Patricia; Charlotte; Jean, Jane or Joan.

7. a) The bride is my niece.b) My landlady is a widow.c) The witch spoke to the princess.d) The Duchess chatted to the woman.e) The heiress to the estate is a spinster.f) “No, madam,” she replied.8) The waitress served her own sister.h) “She was indeed a heroine,” said the empress.0 The lioness sprang at the filly.j) The mistress gave instructions to the maidservant.k) “Well!” said her grandmother. “How are you, my little lass?”1) The stewardess brought a glass of water to my aunt, who was seasick.m) The hostess was extremely puzzled by the twin sisters.n) The daughter of a queen is termed a princess.o) The mayoress talked to the mother of the little girl.P) The old woman told her shepherdess to search for the ewe.q) Her mother-in-law spoke to the manageress.r) She was the step-daughter of an elderly countess.s) The headmistress rebuked the girl for her conduct.0 She owned a pet goose called Josephine.

Families Page 101. cub, eaglet, gosling, lamb, piglet, kid, calf, foal.

2. buck, hind, deer; dog, bitch; cob, swan; cock, hen, fowl; buck, hare; tomcat, tabby cat or queen; owl; drake, duck.

3- cub; nanny-goat, billy-goat; horse, stallion, mare; cub; piglet; ram, ewe, sheep; gander, goose; eaglet.

4. parr, elver, fry, nestling.

Traditional Homes Page 111. palace, manse, log-cabin, parsonage, monastery, wigwam or tepee, igloo, kraal.

2. nun, king or queen, soldier, prisoner, vicar.

3. byre, kennel, eyrie, hive, sty, earth or lair, burrow or warren, nest or vespiary, nest, lair or den.

4. squirrel, rabbit (tame), sheep, hare, horse.

Group Terms or Collections Pages 17 -181. choir, fleet, pack, forest, swarm, school, gang, team, litter.

2. soldiers, rioters, corn, rags or papers, eggs.

3. a) fleet, b) staff, c) host, d) bunch, e) troop, f) shoal, g) herd, h) board, i) brood,j) library.

4. a) pups or cubs, b) musicians, c) rooks, d) locusts or insects, e) flowers,f) stars or diamonds, g) hay, h) wool, i) sailors, j) soldiers or ants.

5. a) audience; b) congregation; c) crowd, throng; d) mob; e) rabble; f) crowd.

6. a) dozen; b) couple; c) brace; d) pair; e) single.

7. a) flock; b) litter; c) swarm; d) herd; e) brood; f) gaggle.

8. a) group; b) gang; c) flock; d) army; e) shoal; f) congregation; g) hail; h) herd; i) pack;j) board,

a) soloist f) biplane k) trio P) centuryb) monocle 8) duet 1) tricycle q) centenarianc) unicorn h) twins m) quadruped r) centuriond) bicycle 0 duel n) quartet s) centipedese) biped j) tripod o) decade

Similes Page 211. a) a needle or a razor; b) mustard; c) a lion; d) honey; e) ice or charity; f) an eel;

g) a deer or a hare or a hawk; h) a bell or crystal; i) a feather.

2. a) agile; b) flat; c) pleased; d) tender; e) busy; f) steady; g) hard; h) neat; i) timid; j) old.

3. a) leaf; b) ice; c) fish; d) gold; e) wind.

4. a) a pancake, b) a rock, c) a deer, d) a peacock, e) a lark.

5. a) mirror, b) glass, c) crystal, d) monkey, e) leech.

Occupations Page 22Descriptions

Note There cannot be only one correct sentence describing these occupations.The following are merely examples.

The artist sold all his paintings at the exhibition.The race was won easily by the healthy athlete.Men go to the barber when they need their hair cut.The blacksmith made iron gates for the big house.Housewives buy meat from the butcher.Much of our furniture is made by a cabinet-maker.The golfer paid his caddie for carrying the golf-clubs.A caretaker looks after flats, houses and other property.The carpenter repaired the wooden door.The cashier counted the takings in the till and took them to the bank.Chauffeurs are employed to drive people in motor cars.A chemist studies chemicals, and prepares medicines.A cleaner works to clean other people’s houses, offices or schools.The circus clown made everyone laugh with his antics.The coastguard keeps watch for smugglers and ships in distress.A cobbler works with leather and mends shoes.The computer programmer wrote some software.A bus conductor collects passengers’ fares.A confectioner sells sweets.A decorator paints homes and other buildings, both inside and out.The dentist said I did not need any fillings in my teeth.The criminals were caught by the clever detective.The doctor gave his patient some medicine.An engineer works with machinery of all kinds.An explorer hopes to discover new places on his travels.We obtain wheat, barley and similar crops from the farmer.A florist sells plants and flowers.A gamekeeper protects wild animals and birds on an estate from being caught or killed unlawfully.A glazier puts glass in windows.The greengrocer keeps a variety of fruit and vegetables in his shop.Today I bought coffee, tea, butter and jam from the grocer.I am a hairdresser and I shampoo, cut and style people’s hair.The ironmonger sells tools, pots, pans, nails and screws.A iockev rides horses in races.A joiner works with wood, usually making smaller items than those made by a carpenter. A journalist writes for newspapers and magazines.The judge heard the evidence and passed sentence on the criminals in court.

Occupations

A lawyer studies the law and represents others in a court of law.The locksmith makes locks and keys.A magistrate administers the law in local courts.A mason builds and works with stone and brick.The matron of the hospital was in charge of the nurses who worked under her.The mechanic skilfully repaired the broken machinery.Miners dig underground for coal and other minerals.A minister conducts services in a church.A newsagent’s shop is full of newspapers and magazines.A nurse works in a hospital and looks after sick and injured people.An optician tests eyes and makes and sells spectacles.A physician is a doctor who knows what medicine or other treatment will help sick people. The pilot flew the plane from London to New York.We had to send for the plumber when our water pipes burst.A policeman protects life and property and can arrest anyone breaking the law.Some porters are doorkeepers, others carry loads in markets or warehouses, or luggage in railway stations.A postman delivers letters and parcels.A reporter collects news and information for newspapers.A sailor works on a ship as a member of the crew.The statues in the palace were the work of famous sculptors.The secretary ensured the smooth running of the office.The old shepherd never tired of looking after his sheep on the hills.The shopkeeper owned a small general store.The soldier had been in the army for many years and had fought in several battles.A stationer sells paper, pens, ink and other writing materials.A steeplejack works at great heights, mending steeples and tall chimneys.The surgeon had to amputate the patient’s foot as the bones were so badly crushed.The tailor makes clothes, particularly suits for men.A teacher tries to pass on knowledge and skills to children and other students.

Associationsblacksmithcobblergardener or street

trader orchestra conductor

or policeman businessman/woman butcher surgeon stoker glazier soldier

police officer saddlerbutcher or cutler surgeonpostmanAvoman witness artist carpenter farmer chemist or

pharmacist clergymanAvoman

barbersoldierslaterminerjoiner or carpenter butcher, grocer,

greengrocer or confectioner

shepherd stoker plumber mechanic

opticianastronomerconductortinsmithfarmermusiciannursejudge, advocate or

barrister

Occupations

Chief Personsgeneral or field-

marshal bishop or moderator

or superintendent principal chairperson judge

superintendent admiral editor conductor Prime Minister

(Commons), Lord Chancellor (Lords)

superintendent or inspector

postmaster/mistress governor stationmaster/

mistress brigadier

head teacher captain leader or

superintendentcaptainforeman, overseer

Page 231. a) mason, b) porter, c) journalist, d) jockey, e) butcher.

a) bootb) red and green bottles or mortar and pestlec) fishd) barber’s polee) key

f) spectaclesg) three brass ballsh) horsei) clock or watch

3- a) dentistb) sculptorc) explorer

d) architecte) aviator, pilotf) detective

g) opticianh) nursei) cobbler

j) pedlar k) astronomer 1) auctioneer

4. best assorted chocolates, fine ripe tomatoes, sweet juicy oranges,

good fresh herring, splendid cooking apples, young spring onions.

Places Page 24BusinessPlaces where made:

brewery, bakery, studio, mill, foundry, tannery, Mint, paper-mill, shipyard, distillery

Particular shops:baker, tailor, fishmonger, florist, fruiterer/greengrocer, grocer, butcher, dairy, newsagent, poulterer, optician, confectioner, tobacconist, greengrocer, stationer.

Sportcourt, green, ring, pitch/ground, lawn, pitch/field/ground, course, pitch/field, green, pitch/ground, track/stadium, rink, run, court, ring.

Generalhangar, apiary, aviary, ring, garage, incubator, kitchen, jail/prison, surgery, cinema, aquarium, orchard, gasometer, granary, vineyard, museum, court, operating theatre, orphanage, cemetery, restaurant, theatre, school, rookery, barracks, reservoir, zoo, nursery, nursery.

Receptacles Page 25

1. beer/oil/tar clothes milk knifewater wine beer/gunpowder whiskyfruit/groceries bottles water water/petrolwater face powder uniform beerrubbish/garbage tea/coffee books teawater crockery/clothes biscuits hot drinkmilk/wine/beer wine food cooking cashfruit oil water clothestools/sweets letter banknotes water/ice-creamdocuments cider papers waterwine/beer/water tea/spirits food cooking tea/ashestea gas strawberries flowersfruit/soup/ wine money liquids

vegetables food money/valuables moneytea/shot purse/keys schoolbooks clotheswine jam/ointment swordmilk/juice

2. purse jar scabbardreservoir/bowl/tank scuttle vasebottle envelope cask/decanter/goblet

Sounds and Motions Pages 2 8 -291. brays; trumpets; neighs; grunts; howls; chatters; bells; lows; growls; screams.

2. The hound bavs. The frog croaks.The snake hisses. The cat purrs.The cock crows. The turkev gobbles.The lamb bleats. The lion roars.The crow caws. The duck quacks.

3. The frog leaps. The duck waddles.The monkev climbs. The lamb frisks.The wolf lopes. The lark soars.The seagull swoops/glides. The bear lumbers.

4. The obstinate mule. The cunning fox.The fat pig. The gentle lamb.The faithful dog. The sleek cat.The loathsome serpent. The tireless seasull.

5. a) An ape - rather ungainly in appearance and behaviour.b) An ass - stupid in behaviour.

Sounds and Motions

c) A bear - large, lumbering and clumsy.d) A bull - someone who angrily insists on getting his own way.e) A dog - a scoundrel.f) A donkey - someone who can be rather stupid and obstinate.g) An elephant - heavily ponderous and slow thinking.h) A fox - someone who is cunning in his dealing with others.i) A goat - someone who behaves foolishlyj) A horse - someone willing to burden himself with problems and/or tasks of others, k) A hound - a despicable person.1) A lamb - someone meek and placid in nature, m) A lion - a courageous person.n) A pig - a greedy or ill-mannered person, usually rather fat.o) A rabbit - timid, nervous person.p) A sheep - someone who follows the crowd rather than acts as an individual.q) A snail - a slow-moving, slow-thinking person.r) A swine - an unscrupulous person, coarse in behaviour.s) A tortoise - a slow-moving person.t) A viper - someone who is spiteful and treacherous.u) A wolf - someone who is cunning, cruel and selfish.

6. a) bull, b) camel, c) bees/wasps, d) cock, e) dog, f) frog, g) pig, h) monkey, i) horse, j) wolf, k) hen, 1) bee, m) parrot, n) horse, o) hyena/wolf/dog, p) owl.

7. a) Aquiline - a nose hooked like an eagle’s beak.b) Feline - walked silently like a cat.c) Bovine - resembled a cow or an ox.

d) Asinine - behaviour like that of an ass - somewhat stupid.e) Canine - teeth resembling those of a dog.

a) amusement, e) scorn or derision, 0 relief or regret,b) pain, f) rage, 0 snobbishness,c) anger, 8) anger, k) contempt,d) indifferent h) surprised excitement 1) fright/timidity.

acknowledgment, or pain,

9- On a recent visit to a large farm I heard various animal sounds. I hearda cock crowing, pigs grunting, horses neighing, turkeys gobbling, cows lowing, ducks quacking, lambs bleating, and a dog barking.

Sounds made by Objects Page 311. The creak of a hinge. The crack of a whip.

The screeching of brakes. The hissing of steam.The patter or tramp of feet. The rustle of silk.The call of a bugle. The tick of a clock.

Classification

2. The pealing of bells. The booming of a gun. The crinkle of paper. The slam of a door.

The popping of corks. The skirl of the bagpipes. The throb of an engine. The toot of a horn.

3- A boiling kettle whistles. Frying fat sizzles in the pan. Coins jingle in the bag. The heavy bar fell with a crash. Suddenly we heard the thunder of hoofs. We were awakened by the chime of the big church clock. The passengers heard the loud screech of brakes. The rude boy slammed the door behind him. The north wind howled in the chimney. I heard the report of a rifle. The rain patters on the window. Thunder rumbles.

4. a) Toot! Toot! The sound of a horn warned us of danger.b) Bang! The heavy door slammed shut behind the children.c) Boom! The noise of the large cannon resounded across the bay.d) Crash! The tray of crockery fell to the ground and everything on it was broken.e) Plop! The rain fell in steady drops through the broken tile.f) Rat-tat-tat! The knock on the door told the family that the postman had arrived.g) Splash! The silly man fell over the edge of the pool into the water.h) Tick-tock! The grandfather clock marked the passage of time.i) Ting-a-ling! Tohn was so proud of the new bell on his bicycle as he warned everyone

of his approach.

Classification page 32

1. a) animals (mammals) e) insects i) fish m) trees q) cerealsb) clothes f) vehicles j) seasons n) foodstuffs r) relativesc) birds g) flowers k) footwear 0) fruit s) numbersd) occupations h) crockery 1) vegetables p) liquids t) games

Page 332. (1) tomato (9) pearl (17) warehouse (25) cotton (33) carpet

(2) hare (10) Mumbai (18) tomatoes (26) wagon (34) barber(3) violet (11) Mexico (19) maize (27) fork (35) penguin(4) slate (12) biscuit (20) princess (28) radiator (36) kettle(5) lemon (13) heat (21) palm (29) Delhi(6) cement (14) milk (22) Maria (30) crocodile(7) loaf (15) shield (23) cupboard (31) plate(8) whale (16) yacht (24) potato (32) uncle

Page 343. (1) turban (5) ear (9) lion (13) Abuja (17) blouse

(2) bowl (6) iron (10) peach (14) trawler (18) bicycle(3) owl (7) trout (11) zinc (15) toffee (19) barracuda(4) rose (8) sofa (12) fly (16) penguin (20) volleyball

Classification

(21) rose (23) guitar (25) shoemaker (27) bin (29) slippers(22) soup (24) yam (26) thigh (28) spaniel (30) teak

Page 354. a) price f) completed k) margin P) grave

b) ascend g) quietness 1) industrious q) whimperc) welcome h) assist m) obstruct r) cheerfuld) watchful 0 plodded n) vagrant s) absurde) observe j) vanquish o) abandon t) irritate

Gradation Pages 3 6 -3 71. baby, child, boy, youth, man2. one, ten, hundred, thousand, million3. millilitre, decilitre, litre, decalitre, hectolitre4. day, month, year, century, millennium5. second, minute, hour, day, week6. mouse, cat, sheep, cow, elephant7. cup, teapot, kettle, pail, tub8 . hut, cottage, bungalow, mansion, palace9. millimetre, centimetre, metre, kilometre

10. sardine, snapper, cod, shark, whale1 1 . robin, pigeon, hen, turkey, ostrich12 . village, town, city, country, continent13. pea, bean, onion, turnip, cabbage14. spring, stream, river, sea, ocean15. cherry, orange, banana, paw-paw, melon16. flute, violin, trombone, piano, pipe-organ17. purse, wallet, handbag, safe, vault18. midge, ant, fly, wasp, butterfly19. letter, word, sentence, paragraph, chapter

(sound) smiled, chuckled, giggled, laughed, guffawed(feeling) touched, tapped, knocked, punched, battered (speed) walked, strode, trotted, cantered, galloped(sound) whispered, talked, shouted, shrieked, roared(feeling) fingered, patted, caressed, slapped, walloped(speed) shuffled, sauntered, walked, strode, marched(sound) hummed, crooned, lilted, sang, yodelled(time) glimpsed, glanced, looked, stared, gazed

Association Pages 3 8 -3 9

1. heel, sole 15. rays, heat 29. peelings, chips2. arm, leg 16. neck, cork 30. crown, brim3- mattress, blanket 17. barrel, trigger 31. brakes, wheels4. soap, sponge 18. prongs, handle 32. cords, pane5. ceiling, floor 19. gills, fins 33. upper, tongue6. trunk, bough 20. bulb, battery 34. bowl, stem7. hands, face 21. knob, hinges 35. fork, foliage8. stem, petals 22. pedals, pump 36. core, rind9- wings, beak 23. slip, bolster 37. teacher, book

10. sting, honey 24. bridge, bow 38. gable, eaves11. blade, handle 25. wings, tail 39. receiver, booth12. spout, lid 26. bridle, mane 40. staves, hoops13. glass, curtains 27. smoke, flame14. engine, tyres 28. keys, pedals

ear deafness, listening head ache, noddingmouth tasting, chewing arms folded, wavingnose sniffed, odour hands writing, claspeye lashes, blinked legs crossed, runningface smile, grin feet dancing, paddling

Analogies pages 40-411. mouse 15. hundred 30. month 45. cut2. pork 16. bullet 31. ate 46. wall3. platform 17. dog 32. can 47. clumsy4. man 18. hoof 33. hot water 48. depth5. April 19. son 34. pig 49. water, gas6. up 20. picture 35. hot 50. steeple, spire7. South 21. ice 36. water 51. tree8. nephew 22. swan 37. glass 52. shell9- army 23- shoal 38. thirsty 53. poacher

10. bray 24. bee 39. author 54. run11. finger 25. fish 40. petal 55. eye12. feathers 26. modern 41. tongue13. pleasure, 27. double 42. neck

happiness, joy 28. herd 43. fly14. leg 29. this 44. lake

It Makes You Think Pages 4 2 -4 31. a) saw and fishing rod c) razor and cigarettes

b) grapes and knitting bag d) diary and chocolates.

2. Number 12.

3. Jim Baker.

4. (1) Robinson Crusoe went to sea when he was nineteen years of age. (2) On his first voyage, the ship encountered a terrible storm and foundered on a rock. (3) The lad was cast ashore on a lonely island near the scene of the tragedy (4) Luckily he managed to obtain from the wreck many things which proved useful to him during his stay on the island. (5) After many exciting adventures she returned to England none the worse for his experience.

5. Three socks.

6. 5.30.

7. 8.

Absurdities Pages 4 4 -4 5Oral or written answers can be given in this section.

1. If you gave away three pencils you could not then have more than you started with.2. Salt would not sweeten the tea.3. The baby would have grown to a man’s height and the man must then certainly be

taller than the child.4. The train could not move at all on square wheels, never mind swiftly and silently.5. The event has already taken place so cannot be anticipated by anyone hoping to

attend.6. The witness must have been near the horse for it to make contact when it kicked.7. The blanket would remain the same length, even if in two pieces.8. The beggar could not have spoken if he were dumb.9. If everyone stood still there would be no one needing to get past.

10. If it began yesterday three days have not yet elapsed.11. Elephants are not birds; could not nest in rhubarb trees as there are no such trees; a

cow does not whistle.12. It should be “month of July”, “city of Liverpool”. Rain does not snow, but if there was

rain, the streets should not be dry.13. Words cannot freeze and be heated.14. Once you jump you cannot go back.15. If the son does not receive the letter he will not know he is to write back for the postal

order.16. Water needs a container.

Abbreviations

17. The relative safety of train and car depends on the ratio of injured to uninjured over all journeys by each means.

18. Shadows cannot cause wear.19- A widow’s husband is dead and so could not marry anyone.20. “Old” John Smith would not be thirty.

He could not watch the setting sun from an easterly facing cottage.A horseman could not ride “down to the cottage” which was on a hill.There would be no trees on a barren hill.James could not have left home twenty years ago if John Smith was really thirty years old.James could not have embraced his father with both arms. He had only one.

Abbreviations Page 491. a) Bachelor of Science; British Broadcasting Corporation; International Direct Dialling;

Member of Parliament; Post Office; Before Christ; Master of Arts; His/Her Royal Highness; leg before wicket; His/Her Majesty’s Ship.

b) ante meridiem - before noon; instant - this month; ultimo - last month; Esquire; Mister; post meridiem - after noon; street.

2. a) Mon. Tues. Wed. Fri. Sat. Jan. Feb. Aug. Sept. Oct. Nov. Dec.

b) 02 lb cwt pt gal sec min hr in ft yd m

c) mm cm m km ml cl 1 mg g kg m

3. a) Robert Brown, Esquire, 74 Abbey Road, Glasgow, United Kingdom.

b) Doctor Thomas Smith, Member of Parliament, a brother of the famous Harley Street surgeon who recently toured the United States of America, was married on the fourth instant in Saint Margaret’s Chapel, Westminster.

4. a) Wm Miller of HMS Newcastle was awarded the VC for gallantry in action.

b) Mr G Woods, a well-known local JP, was appointed MD of Messrs Cook & Co., Ltd.

5. a) We boarded a train as the omnibus was full.b) The spectacles were discovered in the perambulator.c) I saw his photograph in a weekly magazine.d) He telephoned for news of the missing aeroplane.e) The examination was held in the gymnasium.

Antonyms page* 50-51home praise contract there pedestrianpresence free success villain valleyrefuse deny bold unheroic stationarychild expand unfair/dark reveal dividedead incorrect foul play low widedescendant hero true solid foreignermodern bless unfamiliar abroad farquestion dry unknown dishonest alwaysdepart light/fair simple/plain cold oldawake night near proud daydisperse/ shallow thin knowledgeable silence

dismantlefront victory strong minute allforward attack barren superior southgood admit many guilty everywherefertile arrive last separate fewugly height ebb senior seldomstraight live friend/ally adult newworse easy wise sea transparentsmall clean native first shutsweet assemble/gather lost early inwhite multiply confined fat futurecurse up captivity captivity wartimid sober enemy/foe heavy/dark motoristtop wet back dead/die temporary/

transitorystern bright smile short ornate/fancydull giant empty found unpleasantnarrow late past soft singularsell west obese hate rudefree difficult mean high richfreedom flow dwarf sane wealthexpensive/dear uneducated come minimum powerlessslim full bad sad condemndirty friend/ally innocent maximum absentstupid exit soft majority publicsmooth morning love spendthrift povertyhot never light happy humblego nowhere depth ancient sellreveal entrance heaven evening answer

Antonyms

noisy deep cramped wild defeatslow long miser permanent waxaccept hide fresh here peaceadvance open mobile those waneadvance plural gradual these strongconceal smart bow bold povertypoor fast crooked enormous eastwrong/left large weak bottom drypolite/courteous slovenly clever opaque blackhappiness rough failure untruth tamedanger drunk winter beautiful unwiseoften hard inferior separate betterunselfish hollow bitter occupied rightbuy sweet give clear oldjunior north short mountain/hill age

By adding Prefixdisadvantage indirect illegible disorder unsafedisapprove inessential dislike impatient insaneinaudible unfair unlock imperfect unscrewunaware infamous disloyal displeasure unselfishmisbehave misfire immodest non-poisonous nonsenseuncomfortable unhappy immoral impolite untidyuncommon inhuman immortal impossible intransitivedisconnect unjust unnecessary improper mistrustdiscontent unkind ignoble impure untwistinconvenient unknown abnormal irregular invisibleincorrect illegal disobey irreverent unwise

Changing the Prefixdescend discourage import interior internal decrease outside

Changing the Suffixcareless cheerless joyless merciless pitiless useless

Pages 52-531. failure, invisible, condemn, opaque, foul play, depart, everywhere, fertile, modern,

foolish.

2. inaudible, misbehave, unknown, illegible, immodest, ignoble, disobedient, irregular, nonsense, unpleasant.

3. a) south, b) exit, c) smooth, d) motorist, e) innocent, f) impossible, g) seldom, h) friend, i) sweet, j) junior.

Antonyms

4. a) a stupid boy, b) a calm day, c) a quiet boy, d) a dull colour, e) a smooth sea, f) a tame horse, g) a dim light, h) a peaceful meeting, i) a cultivated flower.

5. a) an unarmed man, b) I am glad, c) to be out of step, d) a genuine gift, e) a light load,f) to sing out of tune, g) a sharp answer, h) a weak army, i) she was fair.

6. a) ugly, b) dull, c) descent, d) permanent, e) sold, f) industrious, g) dearth/scarcity, h) unintelligent, i) smooth, j) barren.

7. a) answer, b) re-captured, c) full, d) rude, e) forgotten.

8 . a) In the evening the sun sets in the west.b) The coward was blamed/condemned for his foul plav.c) The plain box was small and light.d) Losses on inferior articles made him poor.e) The weak army retreated after its failure.

Synonyms Pages 5 5 -5 61. understand; vacant, unoccupied; enough; neighbourhood; tried; foes; dangerous; buy;

see, understand, notice; new, up-to-date.

2. a) shining; b) suitable/handy; c) vanish; d) trick; e) bravery; f) strange/odd; g) high;h) join; i) edge; j) anger.

3. The pretty girl admired the handsome prince.The proud king laughed at the vain little girl,A stout woman should not eat fat meat.Weak tea will not refresh the feeble old lady.On a sultry day don’t drink hot liquids.The old man was fond of antique furniture.Her loving hands had prepared a tender chicken.The day was dull and we felt quite sad.

4. I will learn to drive.He tried to teach him to swim.He tried to invent a new rocket.It was difficult to discover the whereabouts of the missing child.It was not possible to get all the books on one shelf.It is probable that they will succeed as they have tried so hard.She had to accept the offer for the house.They were all admitted to the hall, except one family.

5. a) The bucket fell into the well. c) I was surprised to find the house empty,b) “Don’t hide your real feelings.” d) He changes his plans yearly.

Homonyms and Homophones Pages 5 8 -6 01. He shot the bear.

The ground was completely bare.She picked the flower in the garden. Flour is used to make bread.We were too late for the dance.The two dogs ran away.

2. She bought some steak.The bicycle was for sale.We must hire a car.The whole army marched into town. The boy broke a pane of glass.

The children ate the cakes.We arrived at eight o ’clock.They will write letters to their friends.He hurt his right hand, and could not do his work.

We walked to the golf course.Their books are on the desks.The girl had to wait till four o’clock.The wounded soldier uttered a loud groan. The joiner bored a small hole in the wood.

3. There was a pause in the conversation. The cat cleaned her paws.They tried to steal the money.Steel is used to make cars and ships.

He heard her call.The herd of buffalo was chased by the

cowboys.

Queen Victoria’s reign was one of the longest in history.

It started to rain in the afternoon.

Their pencils were new and unsharpened.

There was a dog in the wood.

4. It is not allowed to speak aloud in class.The maid admitted that she had made a mistake.He will give no peace until he receives a piece of cake. “Did you get the scent I sent you?”I saw him stare at the man on the stair.“Waste not, want not”, said the woman with the thin waist.

5. A hoard of coins was found under the floor.The business man made a large profit on the deal.He was told not to meddle with the toys.I saw the lambs gambol in the field.His name was printed in large grtt letters.

a) ewe d) key 8) ball j) profit m) peaceyew quay bawl prophet piece

b) beach e) plain h) coarse k) stair n) foolbeech plane course stare full

c) led f) pain 0 bow 1) hour o) therelead pane bough our their

Verbs Page 611. Rain fell yesterday.2. Day is dawning.3. It is sunny today.4. We have been robbed.5. I do not smoke.6. I could hardly see.

7. Uncle may be coming today.8. We should have been patient.9. You should not have been told.

10. They are not looking well.11. The sheep were worried by dogs.12. I was worried till you came.

Page 631. arose, broke, cut, fell, kept, said, shook, drank, bit, chose

2. borne, driven, flown, given, hurt, ridden, sold, spoken, come, swum.

3. eat, beat, freeze, hide, blow, speak, awake, sell, lose.

4. a) throwing, giving, springing, firing, beginning, b) to burn, to speak, to stand, to sweep, to drive.

5. Past Tensewas did forgot grew wrote

6. Present TenseI rise I forget I cut I sing I blow

Past Participlebeendoneforgottengrownwritten

Past TenseI rose I forgot I cut I sang I blew

Past Tensesangtorehidwentbegan

Past participlesungtornhiddengonebegun

7. a) He raised his hand to greet his friend.b) Yesterday the boy rose at five o’clock.c) I saw him rise from his seat.

Past ParticipleI have risen I have forgotten I have cut I have sung I have blown

d) She tried to raise the lid.e) The sun had risen in the sky.

8. She had gone for a walk. He saw his uncle yesterday. The old man had fallen asleep in his chair. He was awakened by the noise. The boy was dreaming about pirates.

Page 641. We drank our tea before we sang the carol.2. After he had run about five kilometres, he sank to the ground.3. Some cloth is woven from wool which has grown on sheep.4. He had given me the parcel before he was taken a prisoner.5. The timid creature was driven into a narrow valley where it was slain by the cruel tiger.6. The vessel sank before they had swum a great distance.7. The tree had fallen across the road and many of its branches were broken.

Adjectives

8 . By the time the sun had risen the aeroplane had flown across the sea.9. No sooner had he spoken than a deer sprang into our path.

10. He began to look for the toy which he had given to his brother.11. The man had thrown away the purse which was stolen from the lady.12. The jacket had been well worn and the cloth had shrunk.13. After we had eaten our supper we went to the pond which was frozen over.14. The picture was drawn by a famous and wealthy artist who had risen from poverty.15. They had just gone when we were seen by our friends.16. A nest had fallen to the ground, where it had been blown by the wind.17. The bell rang just after I had written the letter.

Adjectives Page 651. The tail gentleman wore a blue overcoat.2. Little Tim was a delicate boy with pale cheeks.3. The weather was wet and foggy.4. The ugly old witch spoke in a hoarse cracked voice.5. The lost ball was found near the wooden gate.

Page 67Positive Comparative Superlativemany more mosthot hotter hottestbad worse worstfamous more famous most famouslittle less least

faster, better, more gracious, taller, more beautiful.

thinnest, most, most comfortable, most handsome.

Positive Comparative Superlativelong longer longestfar farther farthestgood better bestgenerous more generous most generouslate later latestcautious more cautious most cautious

nearest ........... ............... superlative larger ...................... comparativebetter .............. ............... comparative most wonderful superlativefa r .................... ............... positive b a d .......................... positivemore certain ............... comparative shorter ................... comparativesurest .............. ............... superlative biggest.................... superlative

21

Adjectives

6. a) James was the bigger of the twins.b) A kinder lady you could not meet.c) The better team won the football match.d) Fred was the fastest of all the runners.e) Who is the taller, Jack or Betty?f) He proved to be the most ignorant person.8) Of the two, I like George better.h) A worse boy I have never known.0 The sailor lifted the thinner end of the rope.j) The patient made the most wonderful recovery.

Adverbs Page 681. Dinner will soon be ready. 5. I once saw an eagle kill a rabbit.2. There lay the object of our search. 6. Where did you find that knife?3. The man walked slowly across the field. 7. He can certainly boast about his adventures.4. The apples were quite good. 8 . The story ended happily.

Page 711. He charged furiously. He slept soundly. He spent sparingly. He smiled broadly. He

decided immediately. He crept silently. He fell heavily. He waited patiently.

2. The girl sings sweetly. The lion roars loudly. The artist paints beautifully. The child sleeps soundly. The cat walks stealthily. The clerk wrote carefully. The river flows gently. The stars shine brightly. The horse gallops proudly. The man frowns angrily.

Note: In many cases in this section more than one answer may be permissible.

Positive Comparative Superlativesoon sooner soonestbriefly more briefly most brieflywell better bestearly earlier earliestclearly more clearly most clearly

long - longer; badly - worse; carefully - more carefully; lai

fast - fastest; quickly - most quickly; sick - sickest; easily -

Positive Comparative Superlativelong longer longesthappily more happily most happilylate later latestwillingly more willingly most willinglyill worse worst

Forming Nouns:Note: In many cases in this section more than one answer may be permissible.

Word Building Page 72

ability civilisation fame magician sadnessabsence cleanliness favour manliness satisfactionabundance collection food marriage sceneryaccuracy commencement fierceness or

ferocitymerriment scholar

acquaintance comparison flight missionary scienceaction conclusion fragrance mockery securityadmiration confidence freedom morality sightadoption confusion friendship mountaineer selectionadvertisement contentment grandeur movement serenityallowance creation greatness musician servantamusement creditor growth occupation shadowanger cruelty happiness opposition sicknessanxiety curiosity hatred persuasion simplicityappearance darkness heroism pleasure speechapplause deceit height proclamation stealthapplication decency holiness profession streamerapproval decision imagination prosperity strikerarrival depth imitation pride strengthascent defence information proof successassistance departure injury provision superiorityattendance description interference punctuality taleattraction destruction introduction punishment thoughtbaggage development invention pursuit thriftbeauty discovery invitation readiness typebeggar division judgment reality vanitybeginning deed justice rebellion varietybehaviour encouragement knowledge receipt visitorbelief enjoyment laughter recognition warriorbitterness entrance laziness relief warmthboyhood equality learning or

learnerremembrance weakness

bravery excess likeness renewal wearinessbreath exhaustion listener repetition weightbrightness expectation life repentance widthcashier explanation length resentment wisdomchildhood faithfulness loss revelation worthinesschoice falsehood loyalty revival youth

Word Building

Page 73Forming Adjectives:

able critical hot noticeable strongaccidental cruel high oaken studiousadmirable customary heroic obedient successfuladventurous dangerous hopeful or occasional sunny

affectionate deceitful orhopeless

imaginary or opposite sympathetic

angelicdeceptive

decisiveimaginative

industrious ornamental talkativeangry descriptive informative parental terrifyinganxious destructive introductory patient thirstyathletic disastrous iron-clad peaceful thoughtfulattractive distant Italian perilous tidalautumnal dutiful joyful personal tiresome or

beautiful energetic lawful picturesquetiring

troublesomebiblical enjoyable learned pitiful or pitiless truthfulboyish excessive long pleasant typicalbrazen expressive lifelike or living poetic unitedbreathless faithful loving or lovable poisonous valuable or

British famous luxurious proudvalueless

vaincareful or fashionable manly prosperous various

carelesscautious fatherly marvellous quarrelsome victoriouscentral faulty meddlesome ragged vocalchangeable favourite melodious reasonable volcaniccharitable fiery merciful or scientific Welsh

childish fifthmerciless

metallic sensible warlikechoral foolish mineral shadowy waterychoice forceful mischievous showery wavycircular forgetful mocking silken wearisomecollective fortunate mountainous silvery westerncolonial French mournful sisterly wintrycomfortable friendly moveable skilful wiseconclusive gigantic musical sorrowful wittycontinental girlish mysterious southern woodencourageous golden national spiral woollencowardly graceful natural spirited worthycrafty grievous neglectful starry wretchedcreditable harmful noisy stopping yearlycriminal hateful northern stormy youthful

Word Building

Page 74 Forming Verbs:to enable to encourage to freeze to lengthen to shelveto act to create to fill to magnetise to shortento banish to criticise to glaze to moisten to simplifyto bathe to accustom to glorify to nationalise to softento beautify to darken to gild to obey to solveto bleed to do to graze to imperil to singto brighten to describe to grieve to please to sparkleto broaden to dictate to grow to prove to speakto encamp to educate to horrify to provide to strengthento encircle to falsify to imitate to purify to succeedto circulate to fatten to enjoy to relieve to terrifyto civilise to fertilise to justify to reside to thinkto cleanse to refine to kneel to resolve to tightento clothe to feed to know to enrich to entombto colonise to enforce to enlarge to roll, enrol to tryto compose to befriend to live to sharpen to widen

Forming Adverbs:ably happily joyfully sweetly trulycritically heavily purely terribly wearilyfaithfully horribly simply thoughtfully widely

Compound WordsSample answers in alphabetical order of first words.

blackboard dustman hatstand milkmaid tableclothbootlace eggcup heartache millpond teashopcart-load firefly housewife outcry timepiecechurchyard football jampot safeguard tombstonecoalshed gentleman lamp-post schoolmaster toothpickdaylight grandson lifetime spendthrift waterfalldoormat gunfire maidservant strongroom witchcraft

Pages 7 5 -7 6Note: In many cases in this section more than one answer may be possible.

1. a) pleasure, b) proof, c) knowledge, d) pride, e) choice, f) encouragement, g) strength,h) reality, i) justice, j) gift.

2. selection; growth; baggage; action, actor; receipt, receiver; invitation; succession; repentance; division.

3- astonishment; cowardice; criticism; trickery, trickster; assistance, assistant; freedom; information, informer; loyalty, loyalist; invention, inventor; sickness.

Word Building

4. British; hot; expensive; angry; faithful, faithless; high; fashionable; boyish; vain; sensible, senseless.

5. a) decisive, b) biblical, c) talkative, d) circular, e) attractive, f) mysterious, g) vocal,h) national, i) wintry, j) perilous.

6. a) to kneel, b) to strengthen, c) to describe, d) to gild, e) to accustom, f) to tighteng) to grieve, h) to enlarge; i) to glorify; j) to feed.

7. to obey, to sweeten, to educate, to fatten, to live, to compose, to civilise, to entomb, to bathe, to purify.

8. angrily, tunefully, excitedly, freely, anxiously, frantically, worriedly, seriously, foolishly, silently.

9. blackboardhatbox/stand/racklamplight/shadetoothache/brush

10. Adjectivelongstrongbroadgladablewide

milkmaidbuttercup/teacup

grandfather/mother/childgoalpost

tablecloth/backcloth football/snowballbookcase/binder footstool

Nounlengthstrengthbreadthgladnessabilitywidth

Verbto lengthen to strengthen to broaden to gladden to enable to widen

11.a)b)a)b)a)b)a)b)a)b)a)b)a)b)a)b)

He threw the brick through the window. The brick wall fell down.He met the tribal chief in the village.The chief assistant helped the customer.The diamond was very valuable.The diamond necklace was stolen from its case.The flowers in the garden were beautiful.The garden seat was broken.In the foundry they melted the iron.The car smashed into the iron post.The light in the room went out.There was a light wind in the garden.The people at the concert heard beautiful music.The music stand fell down.There was a hole in the sole of his shoe.The sole owner of the company lost his money in the slump.

Word Building

a) The square was surrounded by beautiful trees.b) The television set was placed in a square box.a) It has been a very hot summer.b) We are spending our summer holidays at home.a) The hyena lost her young in the bush.b) The young man was easily able to run in the marathon.

12. a) She used her brush to sweep the stairs, b) She asked if she could brush the stairs.a) He had a new cycle for Christmas.b) He set off to cycle to school.a) There’s no smoke without fire.b) Don’t fire without taking careful aim.a) The heat was intense in the centre of the fire.b) She began to heat the soup on the stove.a) There was no hope for the missing fisherman.b) “I hope he is safe” said the girl.a) The notice said “Beware of the dog”.b) “I did not notice the sign”, replied the man.a) The sail was torn by the wind.b) He set out to sail round the island.a) He bought a blade for the saw.b) They saw the man fall to his death.a) The spring broke on the car’s axle.b) In the gymnasium the boys had to spring through hoops.a) The window-cleaner put his foot on the first step of the ladder.b) The woman began to step into the road without looking out for the traffic.a) They each took a turn on the apparatus.b) The motorist had to turn very quickly to avoid an accident.a) The sandcastle was destroyed by the wave.b) We all went to London to wave at the Queen and her procession.

13. a) It was a large round table........................................................................................ Adjectiveb) The tourist played a round of golf. .............................................................................Nounc) The speaker turned round ..........................................................................................Adverbd) The boy ran quickly round the field................................................................Prepositione) The horses must round this corner. .............................................................................Verb

Concord Pages 7 8 -7 91. Each of the boys is going on holiday so each of them has gone to bed eady.2. Everybody was pleased as each of them was treated alike.3. Neither he nor she wants to go.4. Weren’t we sorry when we heard you were going?5. One of the men is married and so he gets preference.6. All but William have behaved well so all but William get away early.7. James, as well as John, rises at eight, so James, like John, is early for work.8. Neither of the singers was present.

9- Every little girl desires a nice doll.10. The miller and his wife are a happy couple.11. Why does every one of us do stupid things at times?12. Neither of them has failed as both of them are right in five sums.13. The girl, with several others, was going to school.14. Both Agnes and Albert are here tonight.15. Either Fred or Jean has made a mistake, so either he or she is wrong.16. Not one of the boys has a knife although not one of the boys is young.17. John, like James, is smaller than Peter.18. Are Frank and Margaret happy, as both he and she were complaining?19- All of you but Andrew are good, so all of you but Andrew get a reward.20. Each of the ladies is delighted as each of the ladies receives a prize.21. Anybody is allowed to enter.22. Every one of us knows the answers because every one of us was copying.23. Nobody is unhappy at the camp because nobody is allowed to feel lonely.24. Arthur, as well as Donald, is clever, so Arthur, as well as Donald, has succeeded.25. The gentlemen and the ladies were wearing evening dress.26. Either one or the other is wealthy as either one or the other has plenty of money.27. All of us but David were on holiday so all of us but David are feeling relaxed.28. Weren’t they pleased when they heard we were coming?29. Cecil, as well as Annie, likes spelling and Cecil, as well as Annie, hates arithmetic.30. Either Flora or Richard has measles, so either she or he is in bed.31. Why does every one of them do that, when every one of them knows the

arrangements?

Pronouns Page 841. He and I went for a walk.2. It was he whom we saw in the shop.3. No one believes it was she: everyone thinks it was I.4. Between him and me we ate the whole cake.5. She and I can go, but you and he cannot.6. Jack is not as clever as he or I.7. It seems to be they whom the police suspect.

Conjunctions

8. She and you sang very well together.9. John is much brighter than he or I.

10. This discovery must remain a secret between you and me.11. It’s not for us to run after them.12. It was he who knew the right answer.13. Who are they?14. We lads were at the cinema at the same time as they.15. Between you and me, I know all about Sue and her.16. He is almost as big as I, but smaller than she.17. Her sisters are smaller than we, but she is taller than I.18. You must choose between them and us.19. You and I could do it, but not you and he.20. It appears to be she about whom you should worry.21. She and I are twelve years of age.22. Her cousin is younger than she or I.23. Was it I whom you saw there?24. I spoke to him and her about whom to tell.25. We are certain it was not he who was to blame.26. It is not she that I am angry with, but he.27. Him I can excuse but not them.28. Was it he or she who found the purse?29. Whom do you think we met?30. Anyone who’s poor shouldn’t buy one of these.31. That’s not your pencil. It’s mine.32. Everyone that wants a ticket must bring his money.33. Neither he nor she knows what he or she is doing.34. Let’s go, you and me, and see who’s there.35. Whom were you speaking to?

Conjunctions Pages 8 8 -8 9Time

1. Wait there tiU I have finished.2. He left before darkness fell.3. We have remained here since you left.4. After they arrived, they sat down.5. I can call whenever it is convenient to you.

29

Conjunctions

Place1. He went whence he could not return.2. The faithful dog followed his master wherever he went.3. There were many trees where I sat down.4. They followed whither he led them.

Cause or Reason1. As we left early, we did not see him.2. I was afraid to speak lest he should tell.3- You ask him, since you are friends.4. My uncle was angry because he was deceived.

Concession1. The boy is strong and healthy though he is not tall.2. While I trust him, I dislike his companions.3. We will go even if it rains.4. Whether you like it or not, he will invite you.5. My cold is much worse although I have tried to cure it.

Condition1. Except that he is sometimes nervous, he manages quite well.2. She will go if you ask her.3. You cannot obtain admission unless you pay.

Manner or Degree1. You are quite right as far as I can see.2. The dog lifted his paw as though he understood me.3. She is older than I am.4. They did not play so well as their opponents.5. The man looked as if he was a foreigner.6. I cannot work as he can.

Purpose1. The man put on the light so that he could read.2. In order that they might be in time, they left early.3. The boy ran quickly lest he should be left behind.4. You should go that you may be cured.

Consequence1. The dog ran so fast that he caught the hare.2. He ran quickly so that he was in time for tea.

Prepositions Pages 90 -9 1Note: Where possible give more than one answer in this section.

1. a) The boy must apologise to the lady.b) That man is an authority on flowers.c) The mother was proud of her son’s success.d) He placed the bat against/on/behind the wall.e) My cousin put the book in the drawer.f) It is an exception to the rule.g) His opinion differs from mine.h) The main ran down/along/up/through the path.0 She takes great pride in her appearance.j) The ball went through/towards the window.

2. a) The pencil lay on/under/beside/near/underneath/below/behind the desk.b) The man rowed across/on/over/up/down the riverc) The lady sat beside/near/behind/beyond/by/with the chairman.

3. a) I stood on the bridge of the ship.b) Above me. I saw a cloudv skv.c) The dog leaped over the wall after a ball.d) We chased him through a field of hav.e) With that ticket you can obtain admission to the show.f) Mv brother received a letter from him.g) The farmer stored his hay in a large barn.h) Beside the boxes lav several boulders.0 The careless bov ran behind the car.j) During the vear manv people were injured in street accidents.

Correction of Sentences Pages 9 2 -9 31. She was the older of the two sisters.2. Whom did you see at the party?3. Neither John nor James was present.4. She is not as old as I.5. The better team won the football match.6. The books that we read were interesting.7. As it was a fine day I went to the seashore.8. For whom can it be? OR Whom can it be for?9. He was angry with me for leaving.

10. I am, yours truly.11. I cannot run any further.12. John has broken his leg.13. “Hurrah!” shouted the man.

Correction of Sentences

14. The letter was sent to Mr (John) Brown OR Miss/Mrs/Ms Jane Brown.15. The parcel was returned to the sender.16. I left home at a quarter to seven.17. The girl said that she had done it herself. OR The girl said that she did it herself.18. He returned home as quickly as he could.19- I have forgotten to post the letter.20. “Where are my boots?”21. .She Juirt her leg.22. She had a bad accident.23. There are four books on the table.24. He went to get up OR He got up.25. The lady bought a comb with plastic teeth for the baby.26. Between you and me, he is quite wrong.27. They sang the same song twice.28. This jacket is worn out.29- It’s no use my working.30. I intended to write.31. I was so tired I could hardly have spoken.32. The fishermen saw a shoal of herring in the sea.33. He ran immediately to the injured man. OR He ran to the injured man immediately.34. Between you and me we saw many people.35. I saw a dog, which had a long tail, with his master.36. We found the ring made of gold, belonging to the lady.

OR We found the gold ring belonging to the lady.37. A piano with carved legs was sold to a lady.38. We saw the rascal who stole our ball.39. There are five books on the table.40. A man and his dog were at the corner.41. She and her husband are going.42. His hair badly needs cutting.43. Neither of them is tall.44. Someone has left his or her books behind.45. He and his sister went to the cinema.46. My friend and I went to buy coats for ourselves.47. It was he whom you saw.48. They have done it again.49. She could not come any quicker.50. We have never seen any of them.51. He couldn’t remember anything.52. He did his work correctly.53. Is he the taller of the two?

_ 54. Each of the boys had his books. I ___55. It was I that broke the window.t-32J

The Right Word in the Right Place

56. Who is the cleverer, John or Mary?57. A kinder man never lived.58. I was so breathless I could hardly speak.59. The animal did not take any notice.60. Neither of them has been lucky.61. He and I went to the cinema together.62. He took the bigger portion.63. It was a remarkably fine picture.64. He is worse than I.65. I saw him go to the theatre.66. One of the horses was tired.67. Of the two, I like James better.68. Give me those oranges.69. He doesn’t speak very clearly.70. We are quite sure he did it.71. She sent it to you and me.72. The man taught him to swim.73. That answer is different from mine.74. Neither one nor the other is right.75. I do not think she will stay.76. The lady sings quite nicely.77. He did not accept the gift.78. To whom does this belong?79. The child rose from the floor.80. The two brothers divided the apple between them.

The Right Word in the Right Place Pages 9 4 -9 71. a) His watch stopped at six o’clock.

b) I remember how the story ended.c) I have completed my lessons. (Could use “finished”.)d) They have finished the alterations. (Could use “completed”.)e) The meeting concluded with the National Anthem.f) Having enough money, they closed the fund.

2. learning ....... to acquire knowledge by studying or being taught.teaching ..........passing on knowledge or skills to others.looking ..........using one’s eyes to see.staring ..........looking with a fixed gaze.mumbling..........pronouncing words indistinctly.bawling ..........shouting in a very loud voice.striding ..........walking with long steps.galloping ......... running with all four feet off the ground simultaneously between steps.

The Right Word in the Right Place

taking ..........getting into one’s possession.snatching ..........seizing something suddenly.tapping ..........hitting something gently.battering ..........hitting something heavily and continuouslythrowing ..........flinging something through the air.hurling ..........flinging something violently through the air.writing ..........forming letters or words with pen, pencil, chalk, etc.scribbling ..........writing badly formed letters or words - usually doing so quickly and

carelessly.

3. a beautiful garden a pretty bonneta delicious cake a pleasant/good walka fine house an agreeable mana good/pleasant day a convenient trainan enjoyable concert an interesting book.

4. He sang tunefully. He chuckled gleefully.He frowned angrily. He smiled broadly.He bowed humbly. He listened attentively.He mumbled indistinctly. He whispered softly.

5. He said that he would come. He shouted with joy.He explained why he was late. “Look!” he exclaimed.He pleaded for mercy. He muttered under his breath.He whispered quietly to his neighbour. “That is so,” he answered.

6. He charged furiously. He ate greedily.He bled profusely. He slept soundly.He pulled vigorously. He strove manfully.He caressed fondly. He crept stealthily.

7. a) He rose at eight o’clock. d) He caught a bad cold yesterday.b) He received a penny from his mother. e) He arrived at the station in time.c) He ate (had, took) his breakfast early. f) He was married last year.

8. a) A man who digs for coal is a miner. e) He was so ill that he went to bed.b) I switched on the electric light. f) The postman delivered the letters.c) The Christmas holiday is in December. g) He avoided accidents because hed) They sang a Christmas carol. drove very carefully.

9. a) That is the boy who broke the window.b) That is the stone which broke the window.c) That is the man whose window was broken.d) That is the boy whom I saw breaking the window.e) That is the boy who told me that he broke the window.

The Right Word in the Right Place

10. a) table, b) stable, c) fable, d) portable, e) valuable, f) cable, g) unable, h) arable,i) vegetable, j) breakable.

11 . a) depart, b) return, c) descend, d) advance, e) enter, f) crawl, g) leave, h) run,i) amble, j) ascend.

12. a) Did you notice any friends there? f)b) Never have I seen such a display. g)c) We have not received any of the books.d) No thank you, I never smoke. h)e) We are not going there any more.

13. a) The soldier was one hundred and eighty centimetres tall.b) My exercise book is fifteen centimetres wide.c) The height of the factory chimney was seventy metres.d) The distance from London to Glasgow is about six hundred and forty-three

kilometres.e) The string on the parcel was two millimetres thick.f) The distance from Southampton to New York is about four thousand eight hundred

and twenty-seven kilometres.g) The room was four metres high.h) My ruler is thirty centimetres long.

14. yacht ..........uses sails and wind power.steamer ......... uses steam-engine power.pen ......... a writing tool which uses ink.pencil ......... a writing tool which uses lead.pin ......... itself holds together two or more pieces of material or paper.needle ......... is used for joining material with thread, held in its eye.clock ......... large timepiece placed on a table, wall or tower.watch ......... small timepiece worn on the wrist or carried in the pocket.cigar ......... roll of tobacco rounded at one or both ends.cheroot ......... thin roll of tobacco not rounded at either end.

ceiling ......... the inside of the roof of a room.roof ......... the whole top covering of a building.

car ......... is road transport.aeroplane ......... is air transport.shoes ......... footwear, not covering the ankles.boots ......... footwear covering the ankles.ham ......... pig’s flesh from the thigh.bacon ......... pig’s flesh from back or sides.saltfish ......... fish, usually cod, preserved in salt.cod ......... general name for a kind of fish.

None of the boys knew the answer. No. he is not well enough to eat any cakes.Have you any marbles? No, I have not.

The Right Word in the Right Place

picture ......... a painting or drawing of something or somebody.sketch ......... a rough or quick drawing.

river ......... is a natural waterway.canal ......... is a man-made waterway.chair ......... a seat for one person.sofa ......... a seat for two or more persons.shadow ......... a dark area cast by an object obstructing light.reflection ......... an image sent back from a mirror or other polished surface.

hay ......... grass dried for fodder.straw ......... cut stalks of grain.map ......... scale drawing representing an area of land viewed from above, with

main features shown, plan ......... a scale drawing of a man-made object viewed from above.

15. a) The nature lover rambled through the woods.b) The lame man limped across the floor.c) The happy couple strolled down the lane.d) The daring knight strode into the hall.e) The tourist sauntered through the art gallery.f) The soldiers marched to the station.g) Captain Smith paced up and down the deck.h) The cunning thief sneaked into the room.i) The baby toddled across the floor.j) Proud Mr Brown strutted on to the platform, k) The weary farmer plodded homewards.1) A gouty old man hobbled down the stairs, m) The hikers tramped many a long mile, n) The angry man stamped into his office.0) The burglar prowled through the house, p) The sick patient shuffled over to the table.

16. a) Plunge it into cold water.b) Ask someone - preferably a policeman.c) Sit down, rub the ankle, and as soon as possible wrap it round tightly with a

bandage.d) Sit down, and tilt your head slightly forward.e) Open the windows - and find an adult to turn off the gas and phone the Gas

Company.f) Roll her on the ground in a coat or rug.g) Take it to the nearest police station.h) Run cold water on it, dry it gently and bandage it.1) Telephone the Fire Brigade - and the police if necessary, j) Remove the sting, and treat it with ointment.

Addition of Clauses page 9«Kind of clause

1. I saw the ladv . .. who lives next door. adjectival2. The little bov said . . . that he was lost. noun3. The girl ran quicklv . .. because she was late. adverbial (reason)4. Thev opened the door . .. when thev reached home. principal5. I noticed . . . that the audience quietened down ... when he rose

to speak. noun6. We stood on the verv sp ot. . . where he died. adjectival7. Do not go into the water . . . if vou cannot swim. principal8. The dog barked loudlv . . . when he saw the postman. adverbial (time)9. The ladv . .. who was run over . . . was mv sister. adjectival

10. “Will vou let me know ... when I should arrive?” noun11. The dog . . . plunged into the water and ... saved the child. principal12. We saw the train . .. as it entered the tunnel. adverbial (time)13. I hope . .. thev will understand. noun14. He stood up ... while thev listened. principal15. The bov hurt himself badlv . . . when he fell down. adverbial (time)16. The man . . . who broke into the house . .. was caught bv the police, adjectival17. I saw . . . what was going on. noun18. She bousht an umbrella . . . because it was raining. adverbial (reason)19. She trembled . . . as she spoke. principal20. The messenger arrived . . . when it stopped raining. adverbial (time)21. I watched the man ... who was cutting his hedge. adjectival22. I do not know ... how long it takes. noun23. As the girl approached the house . .. she started to shout. principal24. We saw ... no one was at home . . . when we returned. noun25. Call the doctor . . . if you are ill. principal26. “Come to mv house . . . when vou have completed the work.” adverbial (time)27. I know the child . . . who ran awav from school. adjectival28. When I cam here . . . the place was just farmland. principal29. I bought a stamp . . . which cost twopence. principal30. Mv father scolded me ... because I had lost the ball. adverbial (reason)31. The crowd rushed forward . . . when thev saw the queen. adverbial (time)32. The solders, who had followed the enemv ... were trapped in

the wood. adjectival33. The unhappv scholar said . . . he was tired of his work. noun34. I will probablv forget all about i t . . . if vou do not send word. principal35. The bov lifted the box . . . which was blocking the wav. adjectival36. The man waved franticallv . . . so that the rescuers would see. adverbial (reason)

Replacement Page 99Phrases into Clauses

1. He failed . . . because he was careless.2. When his task was completed . . . the boy went out to play.3. He told me . . . that he was coming.4. A man . . . who has an important position . . . has many responsibilities.5. She lived in a cottage . . . which was near the sea.6. When I entered . . . I saw several pictures.7. The police recovered the property ... which had been stolen.8. I was pleased to hear . .. that he had succeeded.9- We do not know .. . where he is hiding.

10. The roads . . . which led to the fair . . . were crowded.

Clauses into Phrases1. I am convinced ... of his sincerity.2. The child was in bed . . . before sunset.3. His action showed . . . his bravery.4. I am certain . . . of your help.5. On approaching . . . I heard a great noise.6. He met me . . . on my arrival.7. The man admitted . . . his mistake OR being wrong.8 . The girl was absent... because of illness.9. You cannot succeed . .. without working hard.

10. The witness described . . . the scene of the accident.

One word replacement1. He wished to see him immediately.2. The concert was postponed for a month.3. The sentry deserted his post.4. The concert is held annually.5. The army advanced towards the town.

Sentences Pages 100-101

Simple to Complex1. I have a dog of which I am very fond.2. That is the man who stole my purse.3. I was travelling in a bus which collided with a taxi.4. The boy did not pass because his work was badly done.5. I was gazing out of the window when I saw a crowd.6. The boy was riding a horse which looked tired.7. The man could hardly walk because he carried such a heavy load.8. The book, which is red, belongs to Jack.9. The girl went for the doctor, who stayed next door.

6. The man regretted his hasty words.7. The sun disappeared behind the clouds.8. The neighbours are very kind.9. They decided to go to the party.

10. That boy is always punctual.

10. The house, which was built by Tom’s father, was destroyed.11. He works hard at his lessons because he wishes to succeed.12. The men, who were walking quickly, saw me.13. He heard the sound of music as he was passing a church.14. The lady lost the book when she was going to the library.15. The man stood at the door, which was open.16. The boy took home the rabbit which he had caught.17. The girl hurt herself when she fell heavily.18. He saw many books when he opened the cupboard.19. The lady who lost her purse was careless.20. Mary entered the room which was brightly decorated.21. When a loud peal of thunder came the children were frightened.22. Tom made mistakes in reading because he could not see well.23. The teacher praised the boys because they had worked well.24. The horse fell as it was pulling a heavy load.25. The man who caught a salmon took it home.26. The boy cannot walk because he had hurt his foot.27. The lady sat in a coach which was drawn by four horses.28. The tourist climbed the hill, which was steep.29. Because she has a good voice, my sister sings in the choir.30. The girl found a brooch which she took to her mother.31. I found a lady’s purse which contained two coins.32. The girl who wore a red dress sat next to me.33. I visited the little cottage in which I was born.34. The woman who stood at the corner of the street was selling flowers 3 5 .1 went to see my cousin whose home was in the country.36. I gave money to the man, who was poorly clad.

Complex to Simple1. He is a man. He is very intelligent.2. We heard the news. He was saved.3. How old is he? I can tell you.4. The woman lives in a house. It is very big.5. Maria spoke to the soldier. He was wounded.6. The boy lost his ticket. He was careless.7. He will arrive. Then I shall speak to him.8. The child found a ring. It was very valuable.9- He asked me. “Where do you live?”

10. “Can you tell me? Which way is the wind blowing?”11. I saw him. Then the clock struck five.12. The traveller told a story. We all believed it.13. People study the stars. They use huge telescopes.14. The sun rose. Then the soldiers resumed their march.

Sentences

15. He asked for the book. In the book one finds the meaning of words.16. I have made a mistake. I admit it.

Alphabetical Order Page 1021. colonel; extremely; immediately; judgement; language; necessary; official; vegetable.2. balance; beginning; biscuit; blossom; bough; brooch; business; byre.3. coarse; cocoa; coffee; collection; complaint; condition; correct; course.4. disaster; discovery; disease; disguise; dismissed; disobeyed; displayed; district.

Apostrophes Page 1031. The boy’s pencil lay on the floor.2. The ladies’ coats were in the cloakroom.3. My cousin’s hand was badly hurt.4. The men’s boots were covered with mud.5. The child’s doll fell into the pond.6. I saw that the object was a woman’s glove.7. The register lay on the teacher’s desk.8. He looked very smart in page-boy’s uniform.9. It took several hours’ hard work to repair the damage.

10. In the window was a special display of babies’ clothes.11. The children’s books were left in my uncle’s house.12. The maid’s dress was torn by a neighbour’s dog.13. My father’s wallet was discovered in the thieves’ den.14. A duck’s egg is generally cheaper than a hen’s.15. Mr Smith’s watch is five minutes slower than Mr Brown’s.

The Apostrophe as a Contraction Page 1041. ’tis; needn’t; you’ll; Hallowe’en; sou’wester; I’ve; ’twas; ne’er; o’clock; don’t.2. We’ll probably arrive at seven o’clock if there’s a convenient bus.

Punctuation Page 1061. “What time is it?” asked the traveller.2. His father said, “Where is your brother’s knife?”3. My friend exclaimed, “What a lovely view!”4. “He has gone to school,” said his sister, in a quiet voice.5. The child suddenly shouted, “Look!”6. “Oh!” cried the boy. “I have hurt my finger.”7. “Come here,” said his mother. ‘All right,” replied the boy.8. The man asked, “Have you seen the hammer?”

“Yes,” replied his companion. “It is on the table.”

Doubles

9. A boy said to his friend, ‘Are you going to the cinema?”“No,” replied the other. “I’m on my way home.”

10. “When I return,” said the girl to her father, “will you tell me the story of the shipwreck?” “Very well,” he answered, “but don’t be too long at your aunt’s.”

Popular Phrases page 114horse play rough, boisterous playfor a lark for a prank, a jokea fine kettle of fish a mess, muddle, awkward state of affairsas the crow flies in a straight line; the shortest waya stiff upper lip self-control in a difficult situationa blind alley a situation precluding further progressa dead cert an absolute certaintya far cry something very different from the matter in handa flash in the pan a single, instant success, never again achievedthe lion’s share the major portionnot a patch on totally inferior to - not to be compared withbats in the belfry eccentricityby hook or by crook by any means, fair or foulback to the wall in a dangerous situation from which there is no retreatfrom pillar to post flitting randomly from one place (or attempted solution of a

problem) to anothera bird’s eye view an overall picture - seeing everything usually from abovea busman’s holiday using spare time to do something which you normally do anywayno flies on him not easily deceiveda cat on hot bricks someone tremendously excited, and unable to concentrate on

one thing at a timea cock and bull story a totally improbable, invented explanationwith flying colours achieving something with triumphant successa fly in the ointment trouble in an otherwise favourable situationon the nail payment for something immediately on demandpins and needles a tingling sensation in a limb which has been cramped and to

which the blood is re-circulatinga storm in a teacup trouble over nothing; out of proportion to the matter concerned

Doubles Page 1151. The police placed the man under lock and key2. He polished his boots until they were spick and span.3. She tried to do it again and again.4. The child had gathered many odds and ends.5. The stout man began to puff and blow with exertion.

Colours Page 1171. The old colonel was purple with rage.2. The bully turned white with fear.3. The little orphan was blue with cold.4. His rival was green with envy.5. The pages of the book were yellow with age.

Derivations Page 1201. century: hundred; December: ten; factory: make; manual: hand; navigate: a ship;

suspend: hanging: pedal: foot; export: carry; describe: to write; tentacles: feel.

2. anteroom: before; bicycle: two; circumference: round; contradict: against; forenoon: before; international: between; postscript: after; submarine: under; transport: across; unknown: not.

3. heiress: female; cigarette: little; explorer: one who ...; simplify: to make; duckling: little; careless: without; edible: able to be ...; attendant: one who ...; decorator: one who ...; courageous: full of.

General Knowledge Pages 1 21 -1271. bully 23- dalmatian (dog), leopard, cheetah2 . army regiment, platoon 24. surgeon3 - crew, sailors 25. bow, stem, prow4. pupils, scholars 26. turban5. shepherd 27. brewery6. valley 28. dawn7. school 29 . artist8 . submarine 30. fillet9 . garage 31. ford

10 . leaflet 32. bat, owl, cat11 . bat 3 3 - feather (large and showy)12 . orchard 34. cent, dollar, dime, quarter13. clock, watch 35. waitress14. milk 36. hermit15. joiner 37. fracture16. oasis 38. winkle, whelk, mussel, oyster17. hypocrite 39. mutton18. braggart 40. breakfast19 . tributary 41. Paris2 0 . century 42. barrel, can2 1 . compass 43. studio22 . rungs 44. cemetery

General Knowledge

45. constable, copper, bobby46. violin, cello, viola, guitar47. equator48. thermometer49. milk50. sight, smell, hearing, touch, taste51. herring52. sandals53. distillery54. atomic clock55. smallpox, cholera, polio, whooping

cough, measles56. red, green and white57. zebra, tiger58. exports59. aviary60. martyr61. atmosphere62. miser63. hymn, psalm64. through its gills65. red, orange, yellow, green, blue,

indigo, violet66. attic67. eagle68. kilt 69- triangle70. hangar71. the oceans of the world72. vase73- horse for riding74. St George75. deaf mute76. cabin77. sergeant78. deputy, substitute79. six80. beech, oak, sycamore, plane, pine, fir,

larch81. foundry82. Gobi, Kalahari, Sahara, Western

Arabian83. whale, dolphin, otter

84. conjuror85. steam86. larvae87. pork, ham, bacon88. Loch Ness89. imports90. tannery91. ass92. dynamo93. cream94. moving air95. a fruit often cooked and served with

saltfish96. a three-legged stand97. rum98. venison99. contraband

100. Latin101. hatchery, incubator102. a space traveller103. red, blue, yellow104. willow105. telephone, fax, email, text message106. a band of stars stretching across the

sky107. British Guyana108. gasometer, gas-holder109. the original inhabitants of the West

Indies110. leg before wicket111. a bicycle or vehicle which jolts the

passenger112 . aluminium113. it carries out research into space flight114. The Great Wall of China115. Havana116. aquarium117. Robinson Crusoe’s servant and only

companion on his island118. one who imitates another person’s

actions119. propeller120. backbone

General Knowledge

1 2 1 . a heavenly body that revolves round the sun

122. deliberately sinking your own ship123. Be Prepared124. Holland or the Netherlands125. a picturesque cave126. horn, trumpet, bugle, clarinet,

bassoon, flute127. restaurant128. New York City129. explore life under the sea130. all the land drained by a river and the

streams that flow into it131. the punishment by death for a crime132. Mercury133. a one-legged character in Treasure

Island134. X-ray135. right hand side136. St Andrew137. sailing across the equator138. Australia and New Zealand 139- Tony Blair140. June141. Ireland142. drum, tambourine, xylophone, triangle143. duet144. castor oil145. thirteen146. one aged 100 years or more147. compass or compasses148. forest or rainforest 149- glider150. the redwood (sequoia)151. bee152. porcupine, hedgehog153. in an emergency - especially at sea154. 25th December155. a short sword used for cutting trees

and fruit156. in Greece157. thirty-two158. St Patrick

159- ice160. weaving machine161. kangaroo, possum162. a deep inlet of water on a coastline163. microscope164. a Scottish explorer of Africa165. December166. citrus167. pansy, chrysanthemum, lily, rose, tulip,

nasturtium168. Scandinavia169. a level or tier of a multi-level building170. lion171. St David172. cartoon173. Peru174. aviator175. a hooded cloak worn by Arabs176. bunk177. six178. Canada179. a four-footed animal180. camel181. a tramp or travelling workman, usually

in America182. primates183. Chinese two-wheeled carriage drawn

by a man on foot or on a cycle184. tubers185. ice pack/float/floe186. New York187. aircraft188. a piece of equipment in space to send

photographs of clouds back to earth189. mosquito190. yolk191. Roman god of war192. when he is short-sighted193. chart194. peel195. crustaceans196. cure197. cavalry

General Knowledge

198. a wide view from above199. an Arab chief200. boiling water and tea leaves201. crater202. from tin and copper203. student, pupil204. magnetically formed streamers of light

seen in the north of the northern hemisphere

205. husky206. mortar207. an insulated container for keeping

liquids hot or cold208. exit 209- Jupiter210. summit211. rock-like remains of the bodies of tiny

animals (found in the sea)212. a referee213. lariat214. walking one behind the other215. America216. hamlet217. a female spirit who shrieks just before

a death in the family - in Ireland or Scotland especially

218. infantry219. quarry220. wallet221. hotel, tavern or public house222. albumen223. wages, pay (very often monthly)224. walking side by side225. an American prairie dog226. it has almost no tail227. a plant producing coffee beans

228. a wheel with teeth round it229. cow or other type of cattle, sheep or

deer230. a waterfall - or an eye disease231. A, E, I, O, U232. lion, tiger, stoat, weasel233. he never grew up234. equipment sent to survey the moon235. a floating device to help save someone

from drowning236. oak237. fox238. a long narrow boat propelled by one

oarsman, used on the canals of Venice239. apples240. a flesh-eating creature241. ointment242. Aruba, Bonaire and Curacao243. banister244. atomic reactor generating electricity245. manse, vicarage, rectory246. African grassland247. London248. America249. giraffe250. the meat of a calf251. antiseptic ointment, iodine252. the Pacific253. glow-worm, firefly254. a horrific dream255. reindeer, moose and stag256. a “V” shaped holder used by

bricklayers to carry bricks257. pharaohs258. sapling 259- core

Fastenings Page 127trousers gate/pieces,

wood/metal trousers dress/kilt shirt/blouse/dress ship (anchor) bricks anchor paper

dressing-gownwood/paper/leatherwristshorse and cartshipdoorclothesshoe or bootwindow/doordoor/safe/suitcase

bricks/stoneworkwoodgate/boxwallpapertent ropesclothwindow glass metal plates sail metal

paper/fencingshoe/bag/beltparcelwings of aircraft floor coverings clothing parcel clothes

Useful Information Pages 133 -134Arabia France Native Americans TurkeyScotland North America Egypt IrelandEngland Argentina France/Spain SpainFrance Germany Spain ItalyArgentina Scotland South Africa India/China/Australia Italy Spain/Mexico KenyaNetherlands/ England Jamaica India

Denmark Australia Lapland Native AmericanNetherlands/ Scotland China Netherlands

Denmark/ United States Japan IndiaSwitzerland Wales England United States

China India Scotland RussiaJapan Italy Arabia SwitzerlandNetherlands France Hindu women ScotlandGermany Finland/Norway NetherlandsUSAWalesTurkey

2. Egypt, Greenland, Spain, Arabia, India, USA, Peru, Nepal, India, Finland, Tibet.

3- Native Americans, Welsh, Arabs, Spaniards, Venetians, Chinese, Inuit, Chinese.

4. Turkish baths, Persian/Indian/Chinese carpets, Dutch cheese, Indian curry,Spanish onions, Chinese/Japanese noodles, Jamaican rum, German sausage, Irish stew, Indian/China/Kenyan tea.

5. Australian aborigines, pirates/sailors, whalers, Native Americans, policemen.

6. a) Kenya, West Africa; c) Saudi Arabia;b) Greenland, Canada; d) South Africa (Transvaal).

General Tests

7. Scotland, England, Wales, Ireland, China, Germany, Russia, Spain/Argentina, France, Switzerland.

8 . London, England; Rome, Italy; Paris, France; Pisa, Italy; London, England; Giza, Egypt; San Francisco, USA; Istanbul, Turkey; London, England; Moscow, Russia; New York, USA; Giza, Egypt; Agra, India; Venice, Italy; Washington, USA; Rome, Italy.

9- Jamaica, Ecuador, Nepal, Japan, France, Tanzania, South Africa, USA and Canada, Kilimanjaro (Kenya), Italy.

10. South Africa, Britain/New Zealand, Jamaica, USA, Kenya, China, Australia, India, USA, Argentina, Brazil, England, India, Russia, Germany, USA, France, Italy, USA, France, Turkey, Austria, Cuba, Palestine, Russia, France.

11. Argentina, Belgium, Denmark, Ireland, Finland, France, Germany, Netherlands, Italy, Norway, Poland, Romania, Spain, Sweden, Switzerland.

General Tests Pages 141-162

Test 11. She told her father

When the girl returned from London That she had seen a grizzly bear Which performed tricks in the circus

Main clauseSubordinate adverb clause of time Subordinate noun clause Subordinate adjective clause

2. London her

thatgrizzlyperformed

proper noun - object case after preposition “from” possessive adjective, describing “father” personal pronoun, third person singular possessive form conjunctionadjective - describing “bear” verb (past tense)

3. a) waitress, spinster, mare, maidservant, wife.b) knives, children, pennies or pence, sheep, pianos.

4. The donkey brays. The pig grunts. The frog croaks The dog barks. The wolf howls.

The owl hoots.The monkey chatters. The lamb bleats.The horse neighs.The elephant trumpets.

a) He said that you did it.b) She is the bigger of the twins.c) It was I that took the pencil.d) The man went to get the book.e) A piano with carved legs was sold to the lady.

General Tests

Subordinate adjective clause describing “cottage’ Subordinate noun clause, object of “told”

c) where they found a resting place Adverb clause of place.

2. near - preposition; me - pronoun; secretly - adverb; soldiers - noun; resting - adjective

4. a) I - me; he - him; you - you; we - us; they - them.b) does - did; hides - hid; writes - wrote; sings - sang; bites - bit.

5. a) The child was in bed before sunset.b) Flowers will grow in suitable conditions.c) Remember to write on arrival.d) I saw her at 4 o’clock.e) I am convinced of his sincerity.

2. when - conjunction; discovered - verb (past tense); his - possessive adjective or personal pronoun (possessive); train - noun.

3. many - more - most; hot - hotter - hottest; evil - more evil - most evil; famous - more famous - most famous; little - less - least.

4. a) stable, form, caravan, eyrie, hive.b) impossible, insecure, unwelcome, misuse, illegal.

5. a) The rabbits ran from the dogs. d) They had sharp knives.b) The girls wore blue dresses. e) We kept our birds in cages.c) The sailors swam to their ships.

3. As black as coal (or ink)As meek as a lamb As brave as a lion As sweet as honeyAs cold as ice/charity

As fast as a hare (or deer) As happy as a sandboy As keen as mustard As steady as a rock As fit as a fiddle

Test 31. He discovered

When the gentleman arrived at his home (That) he had left his umbrella in the train

Main clauseAdverb clause of timeSubordinate noun clause

Test 41. a) When I heard

b) I - personal pronoun; seriously - adverb; resolved - verb; possible - adjective.c) infinitive. d) third person singular. e) man. f) in.

General Tests

2. a) introduction, loyalty, revival, readiness, breadth.b) parental, reasonable, fortunate, poetic, wintry or wintery.

3. Birds build nests by instinct.He was an obstinate man, and would not see anyone else’s point of view.The music was very traditional, having been passed from musician to musician over many years.I gave £10 and £1 respectively to John and James.The accident was a strange occurrence, and no one could explain it.The metric system was standard in France before being adopted in Britain.She was a very respectable person, admired by many people.The problem will be resolved if everyone thinks hard about it.

4. a) The boy was told not to meddle with the pencils.b) She felt ashamed of herself.c) The man took great pride in his garden.d) The child has been lost since Thursdav.e) He hurried home from school.

5. a) he is poor 8) he is very braveb) he is rather deaf h) he is taken advantage >c) he is snobbish and class-conscious treatedd) he is very tired i) he is an old sailore) he is listening very intently j) he is not feeling wellf) he is dead

Test 51. We were thoroughly alarmed Main clause

when information reached us Subordinate adverb clause (time)the train had been involved in a serious accident Subordinate noun clause in which our friends were travelling Adjective clause describing “train”

2. we - personal pronoun; thoroughly - adverb; train - noun; which - relative pronoun; serious - adjective.

3- a) A1 or Bert, Chris or Chrissie, Fred, Pat, Liz or Betty.b) Netherlands, New Zealand, Greenland or Canada, Greece, Wales.

4. “Do you think,” said my friend, in a whisper, “that there’s a chance of escape?” “Certainly,” I replied.

5. a) The ship reached harbour safe and sound.b) The man was an out and out rascal.c) She is head and shoulders taller than her brother.d) Later through foolishness he went to rack and ruin.e) The soldiers would follow their general through thick and thin.

General Tests

Test 61. a) garden - noun; that - conjunction; which - relative pronoun; was - verb; ruins -

noun.b) he noticed - main clausec) in which he was born - subordinate adjective clause.d) complex sentence.

2. curtains; ruler; envelope; anchor; spoon.

3. directory; atlas or map; dictionary; calendar; diary.

4. broke, broken; few, flown; hid, hidden; rang, rung; swam, swum.

5. a) Leave well alone and don’t interfere.b) Too much help or advice can be a disadvantage.c) Do not risk a second attempt at something when the first was a failure.

Test 71. a) We ran for shelter when it started to rain. - Adverbial clause of time.

b) When the rain stopped we returned home. - Main clause.c) Mary told him that she did not wish to see him again. - Noun clause.d) The cunning fox, which escaped through the woods, could not be caught. -

Adjectival clause.

2. a) Walk as quickly as possible. d) This end of the rope is the thicker.b) He has forgotten the address. e) The time was a quarter past nine.c) Neither Tom nor I can swim.

3. strong - strength; courage - encourage; obey - obedient; poverty - wealth; mute - dumb.

4. The teacher told the little boy not to meddle with the board as it had a loose hinge.The child went over to the waste paper bin hoping to find his pencil.

5. We had cousins who stayed on those little farms. They knew that we liked to come here on our holidays.

Test 81. a) town - subjective (or nominative) subject of “had been deserted”;

which - objective (or accusative) object of “had ruined”; walls - objective (or accusative); object of the verb “reached”.

b) city - adjective; that - conjunction; reached - verb (past); enemy - noun; for -preposition; some - adjective.

c) When the soldiers reached the city walls.

2. a) often, invisible, blame or condemn, import, retreat,b) foe, buy, weak, see, hide.

General Tests

3. a) diver; b) steam; c) barrel or can; d) aviary; e) ambulance.

4. headache, blackboard, gentleman, dustbin, eggcup.

5. a) A stitch in time saves nine.b) A bird in the hand is worth two in the bush.c) Birds of a feather flock together.d) A rolling stone gathers no moss.e) First come, first served.

6. a.m. ante meridiem, morningCo. Company or CountyBBC British Broadcasting CorporationPO General Post Officep.m. post meridiem, afternoonMP Member of Parliament or Military PoliceUK United Kingdomad Anno Domini, in the [e.g. hundredth] year since the birth of our LordUSA United States of AmericaJP Justice of the Peace

Test 91. a) The boys ran away when the policeman appeared. - Adverbial clause (time).

b) The lady who was rescued was my sister. - Adjectival clause.c) The man saw that there was no one at home when he returned. - Noun clause.d) No one came before the child arrived. - Main clause.

2. a) witch - wizard; duck - drake; aunt - uncle; vixen - fox; wife - husband,b) loaf, army, roof, sheep, foot.

3. a) He sang tunefully e) He chuckled gleefully.b) He frowned angrily. f ) He smiled broadly.c) He bowed humbly. g) He listened attentively.d) He mumbled indistinctly. h) He whispered softly.

4. a fleet/convoy of ships; a plague or swarm of insects; a shoal of herring; a host of angels; a gang of thieves; a pack of wolves; a brood of chickens; a litter of pups; a team of players.

5. a) The house, which was built by Tom’s father, was destroyed.b) He works hard at his lesson because he wishes to succeed.c) The men were walking quickly when they saw me.d) As he was passing the church he heard the sound of music.e) The lady lost the book while she was going to the library.

General Tests

Test 101. a) nominative or subjective case;

b) a proper noun;c) possessive adjective (or personal pronoun, possessive case);d) preposition;e) pastures;0 adverb of time;8) past;h) relative pronoun;0 common;j) adjective.

2. a) affectionate, natural, attractive, proud, valuable.b) failure, depart, seldom, nonsense, exit.

3. The wood felt coarse to touch.The river followed its course to the sea.He tripped over the root of a tree.The route was blocked by snow.She rode a horse which was as black as night.They rowed down the river in their small boat.

She found a currant in her last piece of cake.The strong current swept the bathers out to sea.

4. A boy said to his friend, “Where are you going, James?”“Oh!” replied the other, “I’m on my way home.”

5. a) oasis; b) hermit; c) thermometer; d) optimist; e) tributary.

Test 111. a) I was sure that he would come.

b) The watch which he bought was broken when he arrived home.c) He was tired when he reached the station.

2. oxen; tigress; cygnet; igloo; dangerously.

3- Sheep is to Mutton as Pig is to Pork.High is to Low as Up is to Down.Soldier is to Army as Sailor is to Navy.Shoal is to Herring as School is to Whales.Bee is to Hive as Cow is to Cowshed.

4. a) There is a boy. He is very proud.b) He spoke to me. He was passing.c) The girl gave the right answer. She is intelligent.

General Tests

d) The man bought a boat. It is very big.e) We received word. He was rescued.

5. Robert the Bruce - Scotland George Washington - USAStalin - Russia Napoleon - FranceCaptain Cook - Britain and New Zealand De Valera - IrelandDavid Livingstone - Scotland and Africa Jomo Kenyatta - KenyaLloyd George - Wales and Britain Gandhi - India

Test 121. who - pronoun; park - noun; loudly - adverb; school - adjective; that - conjunction;

playing - present participle; bell - objective (or accusative); boys - plural; subject - boys; gender - common.

2. a) lion - masculine; cousin - common; table - neuter; waitress - feminine; friend -common.

b) lair - den; disappear - vanish; inside - within; empty - vacant; quickly - fast.

3. fruit - greengrocer/fruiterer spectacles - optician flowers - floristhats - hatter/milliner milk - dairy newspapers - newsagentfish - fishmonger meat - butcher sweets - confectionertobacco - tobacconist

4. a) The ladies are very beautiful. d) The valleys are broad.b) Are the salmon fresh? e) The geese make loud noises.c) The sons-in-law are ill.

5. hoe - gardener; anvil - blacksmith; safety-lamp - miner; solder - tinker/plumber; palette - artist; hod - bricklayer; awl - shoemaker/joiner; spanner - mechanic; cleaver - butcher.

Test 131. a) William can run father than I.

b) It was I who did it.c) George and he have gone on holiday.d) Between you and me I think they were wrong.e) He and I are twelve years of age.

2. a) a pack of wolves e) a fleet of ships (convoy)b) a swarm of bees f ) a choir of singersc) a shoal of herring g) a gang of thievesd) a herd of cattle

3- a) You ought to visit her now that you know where she stays.b) Write down the answers as you were taught.c) The boy tried hard but he failed.d) When he comes let us know.e) The man was careful lest he should fall.

General Tests

t£h

4. a) deer, mice, lilies, teeth, women,b) bull, duke, drake, actor, nephew.

5. A little girl was playing on a busy street.Suddenly her ball rolled into the middle of the road, and she ran after it.At that moment a car came dashing round the corner.A passer-by saw the girl’s danger and ran to her aid.Fortunately he saved her from serious injury.

Test 141. a) How he managed it remains a mvsterv.

b) James was honest and diligent.c) The stranger asked if I could direct him to the station.d) The remedy or cure is very simple.e) His opinion differed from mine.

2. a) “Tell me,” said the old gentleman, “what is your name?”b) reasonable, successful, southern, foolish, French.

3. a) The bottle was filled with water.b) He was told not to meddle with the toys.c) The two brothers divided the apple between them.d) That hat is similar to mine.e) I hope I can rely on you.

4. a) soldier; b) chemist/doctor; c) astronomer; d) optician; e) postman; f) minister;g) shepherd; h) aviator/pilot.

5. down in the mouth - in low spirits:a peppery individual - a quick-tempered person:out of sorts - not well:hard up - short of money.beside oneself - annoyed and angrv:

Test 151. a) author; bunk; miser; vase; beef.

b) to act fairly; to make peace; to be very showy; to be suspicious; to be cowardly.

2. a) was; have; was; are; is.b) he; I; me; I; me.

3. a) grown; rang; began; written; sprang.b) bitterly; heavily; stealthily; patiently; quickly.

4. a) nor; When; than; that; for.b) of; from; with; of; with.

General Tests

5. a) earth; cold; raisins; knee; leather.b) tributary; couch; granite; lance; lamb.

6. a) quay; allowed; coarse; pale; beach.b) William Tell was a famous archer in Switzerland. He refused to bow to the

Governor’s hat. The Governor wished to punish him for his disobedience. He ordered him to shoot an apple from his son’s head. This he did to the great joy of the onlookers.

Test 161. a) glutton; b) greengrocer; c) cousin; d) cavalry; e) kennel.

2. absent; exit; west; innocent; sweet; impolite; safety; found.

3- Whom, saw; were, sank; has, his; me, weren’t; me, gone.

4. a bat; a mouse; a lamb; a sandboy; ice; gold; a needle; a daisy/paint.

5. One day a crow spied a piece of cheese on a window sill. She picked it up and flew to a neighbouring tree. A cunning fox approached and praised her voice. The bird, highly flattered, opened her mouth to sing. The cheese fell and was soon eaten by the crafty animal.

Test 171. December; fish; uncle; Heroine; teeth; flock; needle; blacksmith; donkey; chicken.

2. attack; acquaintance; hide/conceal; catch; insult.

3- selection; Attractive; broaden; joyfully; grandfather/grandmother/grandson/grand- daughter/grandstand.

4. water; glass; thirsty; taste; collar.

5- broken; was; I; anything; nor; whom; slowly; to; hearty; brim.

6. stop; wander; border; allow; bravery.

7. dawn; morning; noon; evening; dusk; night.

8. They lost their way in the forest.The surface of the wood was rather coarse.They went shooting grouse and other wild fowl.The lion preys on smaller animals and kills them for food.The boat was soon out of sight up the creek.

9. a) reduced; b) audience; c) capsized; d) invisible.

10. horse, dog, cat, lion, cheetah, tiger, cow, mouse, pig, camel, mule, donkey, monkey, elephant, hamster, deer, etc.

General Tests

Test 181. February; vegetables; husband; Spinster; mice; gang; brass; miner; horse; cub.

2. depart; bitter; barren; illegal; adult.

3. youth; Circular; horrify; wearily; cupful, cupboard, teacup, buttercup.

4. wings; shoot; land; author; wheel.

5. fallen; is; I; have; or; who; easily; to; spotless; amongst.

6. foe; join; finished; protect; jealousy.

7. chariot; locomotive; car; aeroplane; rocket.

8. He came fourth in the class tests.The bus followed the correct route and arrived punctually.Her hair was set in the latest style.The shoes were quickly soled by the shoe repairer.She finished her sewing and put away her needle and thread.

9. a) forbidden; b) cautiously; c) regretted; d) belfry; e) horizon.

10. sparrow, pigeon, starling, blackbird, thrush, eagle, swallow, buzzard, seagull, wren, tit, rook, ostrich, pelican, flamingo, heron, etc.

Test 191. November; insects; nephew; Witch; oxen; class; crystal; cyclist; elephant; kid.

2. modern; sold; public; common; minority

3. choice; Vocal; do; critically; football.

4. floor; rude; height; wires/cables; steeple.

5. gone; is; I; taught; nor; Whom; quickly; for; me; between.

6. empty; cure; hidden; sadness/sorrow; belief.

7. coracle; canoe; sailing-ship; steam-ship; submarine.

8. War causes terrible waste of men and resources.The child read aloud to her mother.He seized the ball from his friend and threw it across the field.She wore with pride the medal she was given for bravery.The building site was full of bricks, wood and cement-mixers.

9- a) avoided; b) artificial; c) skidded; d) suffocation; e) glue.

10. buttercup, tulip, daffodil, pansy, rose, orchid, hyacinth, lily, daisy, poppy, carnation, chrysanthemum, narcissus, crocus, violet, primrose, etc.

Spelling Guide

Test 20

1. twenty-first; minerals; monk; Filly; deer; choir; mustard; artist; wolf/coyote; leveret.

2. ally/friend; failure; contract; spendthrift; hidden.

3. receipt; Biblical; graze; ably; touchstone, tombstone, stonework.

4. forest; shell; run; place; patient.

5. risen; has; I; to; nor; Whom; badly; at; trivial; me.

6. begin; mend; smell/scent; forbidden; fame.

7. firebrand; oil-lamp; candle; gas; electricity.

8. His injuries caused him to groan.The sun’s rays lit and warmed the room.We rowed the boat ashore.The liner on which the party were to take a cruise was large and very luxurious.The cereal we eat for breakfast consists of cornflakes and bran.

9. a) exhausted; b) unconscious; c) interrupted; d) disguised; e) excitement.

10. apple, pear, banana, plum, blackcurrant, pineapple, grape, cherry, lemon, grapefruit, orange, lime, gooseberry, blackberry, fig, grape, date, peach, apricot, mango, papaya, etc.

Spelling Guide Pages 182-185Add -edbuoy - buoyed; comply - complied; defy - defied; delay - delayed; display - displayed; flay - flayed; fry - fried; imply - implied; mortify - mortified; multiply - multiplied; play - played; ply - plied; pray - prayed; prey - preyed; pry - pried; relay - relayed; reply - replied; spray - sprayed.

Add -mgally - allying; buoy - buoying; buy - buying; comply - complying; defy - defying; obey - obeying; ply - plying; replay - replaying; reply - replying; vary - varying.

Add -erbusy - busier; dirty - dirtier; fussy - fussier; grey - greyer; multiply - multiplier; pray - prayer; pretty - prettier; silly - sillier; worry - worrier.

Add -abledeny - deniable; duty - dutiable; envy - enviable; justify - justifiable; pity - pitiable; play - playable; ply - pliable; rely - reliable; vary - variable.

Add -albetray - betrayal; deny - denial; try - trial.

Spelling Guide

Add -ousglory - glorious; joy - joyous; luxury - luxurious; penury - penurious; victory - victorious.

Add -agecarry - carriage; marry - marriage.

Add -anceally - alliance; comply - compliance; dally - dalliance; defy - defiance; vary - variance.

Add -ingagree - agreeing; argue - arguing; become - becoming; die - dying; dine - dining; dye - dyeing; judge - judging; menace - menacing; page - paging; pierce - piercing; pursue - pursuing; queue - queueing; separate - separating; serve - serving; shoe - shoeing; slope - sloping; sue - suing; write - writing.

Add -ouscaprice - capricious; fame - famous; grieve - grievous; nerve - nervous; outrage - outrageous; prestige - prestigious; space - spacious.

Add -able or -iblebelieve - believable; bridge - bridgeable; change - changeable; conceive - conceivable; defence - defensible; deplore - deplorable; desire - desirable; excuse - excusable; like - likeable; peace - peaceable; remove - removable; reverse - reversible; service - serviceable.

Add -lybare - barely; complete - completely; due - duly; separate - separately; sole - solely; sparse - sparsely; true - truly; whole - wholly.

Add -alapprove - approval; dispose - disposal; peruse - perusal; race - racial; refuse - refusal; remove - removal; reverse - reversal.

Add -ance, -ence or -encycoincide - coincidence; cohere - coherence; contrive - contrivance; ignore - ignorance; emerge - emergency; guide - guidance; resemble - resemblance; revere - reverence; solve - solvency; subside - subsidence; urge - urgency.

Page 185act-or The final consonant is not doubled because the letter in front of it is not a

vowel.sail-or The “1” has two vowels in front.bow-ing The “w” is never doubled when a suffix is added.toil-ing The “1” has two vowels in front.loud-ness The “d” has two vowels in front; and suffix begins with consonant.neat-est The “t” has two vowels in front.reveal-ed The “1” has two vowels in front.refrain-ing The “n” has two vowels in front.

Phrasal Verbs

exceed-ed The “d” has two vowels in front,instal-ment The suffix begins with a consonant,derail-ed The “1” has two vowels in front.

Add -erdevelop - developer; garden - gardener; jewel - jeweller; murder - murderer; picnic - picnicker; propel - propeller; traffic - trafficker; scan - scanner.

Add -edcomb - combed; envelop - enveloped; favour - favoured; parallel - paralleled; quit - quitted; remit - remitted; snub - snubbed; trim - trimmed.

Add -mgenvelop - enveloping; expel - expelling; handicap - handicapping; instal - installing; mimic - mimicking; reveal - revealing; worship - worshipping.

Add -ouscovet - covetous; danger - dangerous; glamour - glamorous; humour - humorous; libel - libellous; marvel - marvellous; pomp - pompous; scandal - scandalous.

Add -ityactual - actuality; civil - civility; moral - morality.

Add -isthumour - humorist; journal - journalist; medal - medallist; novel - novelist.

Add -ablebear - bearable; favour - favourable; honour - honourable; prefer - preferable; sever - severable; suffer - sufferable; suit - suitable; transfer - transferable or transferrable.

Phrasal Verbs Page 188No single correct sentence can be provided in answers to these exercises, but sentences in which the phrases listed have the following meanings would be correct.

Note, however, that a verb and a participle used in their ordinary sense would not make a phrasal verb. For example, in the sentence “Don’t give me away” (meaning “Don’t betray me”) the words give away make a phrasal verb. In the sentence “Don’t give this book away” the words give away are used simply in their ordinary sense and do not constitute a phrasal verb.

1. back up - supportbring up - follow at the rear, educate buck up - do better, improve do up - mend, redecorate, fasten get up - rise in the morning give up - renounce (e.g. smoking)

abandon (hope)

Phrasal Verbs

lay up - moor (an out-of-use ship) let up - stop, relax, reduce pressure look up - visitmake up - compensate, atone, pretendput up - provide lodgings, take lodgingsset up - cause (someone) to be blamed/suspectedturn up - arrive, appear (unexpectedly)

break down - yield (to tears, emotion)into - begin (e.g. singing)off - stop (speech, friendship)out - begin (e.g. war, panic)

bring about - cause to happenin - startoff - achieveon - stimulate, cause to growround - restore to consciousnessto - restore to consciousness; cause (ship) to face the wind

call off - cancelon - visitout - challenge

carry off - manage to handle (situation)on - misbehave; persevereout - perform

come about - happen, take placeacross - meet, find (accidentally)by - acquire, findin for - be exposed to (e.g. criticism)into - inherit (e.g. money)of - result from; be descended fromoff - take place (successfully)round - regain consciousnessto - regain consciousness;

slow, stop (of a ship)upon - discover

do away with - destroy; discard, abolishdown - cheat; humiliatefor - cause defeat or ruin ofin - murder, killout o f - deprive of by cheatingwithout - forego

Phrasal Verbs

get about — (of news) become knownaround — (of news) become knownat - mean; influence; annoyon - fare; be successfulon to - discover; pesterover - overcome (difficultyup to - become involved in (mischief)

give away - betray (person, secret)in — yieldout — publish, make known;

become exhausted (of supplies)over — devote (time) for a purpose; desist from

go against - to be opposed to (e.g. belief)ahead - start/continue (doing)along with - concur, agree withat - make energetic attemptsby - be guided by, use as the basis of a decisionfor - attack physically or verballyon - take place, happen; behave (as if)on about - grumble atover — (of a concert) to be receivedwith — harmonise with

keep back — refrain from approachingin with - maintain good relations withon — persiston at — nag/badger (someone)

knock about —wander/travel (aimlessly)back — drink (quickly); costdown — (at auction) declare

(an article) soldoff - finish working; write hastily

lay in —accumulate (a store of)into - attack physically or verballyoff - dismiss (employees); leave aloneon — provide (e.g. entertainment); instal (e.g. water supply)

look after — take care ofout — be careful

make fo r — head towards; help to bring aboutoff - go away hastily

Phrasal Verbs

out - discern; understand; show (someone) to be (e.g. a liar)up for - compensate, atone (for)

put off - postpone; confuse (person); cause (someone) to lose intereston - adopt (an attitude)out - annoy, embarrassup with - endure, tolerate

set in - commence, become establishedoff - embark on (e.g. a journey); cause to explodeout - begin, embark on (e.g. journey)

stand by - support (one’s opinion or someone criticised)for - tolerate (e.g. nonsense or disobedience)in - act as a substituteout - be conspicuous; delay agreementup for - side with, defend

take after - resemble in appearancein - deceiveoff - start (on a journey); mimicon - compete against; show offenceto - flee to (refuge); begin to likeup - adopt (hobby, study); fill (time or space)

turn down - reject, refusein - go to bedon - (of success) depend on; rouse interest ofout - (of a crowd) assemble; to result (e.g. well, badly)to - set about (a task)