AMORC - Rosicrucian Questions and Answers (1932). 2nd edition

7/31/2019 AMORC - Rosicrucian Questions and Answers (1932). 2nd edition

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J}bczr`qjcp `d tmj dhij ga HIG\B



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_mj iprtj|p um`bm mhr hcuhpr rz||gzdojo tmj

g|è`d hdo m`rtg|p ga tmj E|jht Um`tj L|gtmj|

mggo mhr ~|glhlcp ljjd gdj ga `tr ahrb`dht`de ht%

t|hbt`gdr# jqjd u`tm tmgrj umg mho dg `dtj|jrt `d

`tr tjhbm`der g| `tr hbt`q`t`jr$ _mj iprtj|p `r dgtjcì`dhtjo lp h |jqjcht`gd ga tmj |jhc hr ujcc hr tmj

t|ho`t`gdhc ahbtr hrrgb`htjo u`tm `tr g|è`d; hdo `d

`tr m`rtg|p gdj u`cc a`do |gihdbj# `dt|èzj# hrtgzdo%

`de hbm`jqjijdtr# ahrb`dht`de j}~cg`tr# hdo hccz|%

`de `dozbjijdtr$

_mj m`rtg|p ga tmj L|gtmj|mggo izrt lj o`qòjo

`dtg tug ejdj|hc bchrr a`bht`gdr$ A`|rt# tmht um`bm`r t|ho`t`gdhc# hdo um`bm mhr bgij ogud tg tmj

~|jrjdt tìj lp ug|o ga igztm# rz~~g|tjo lp ig|j

g| cjrr oja`d`tj |jaj|jdbjr `d hdb`jdt u|`t`der g|

rpilgc`bhc ~hrrhejr `d tmj |`tzhcr g| tjhbm`der; hdo

rjbgdo# tmht um`bm `r t|zcp m`rtg|`bhc hdo rz~%

~g|tjo lp tmj |jbg|or agzdo `d tmj qh|`gzr

l|hdbmjr ga tmj g|ehd`vht`gd tm|gzemgzt tmj ug|co$@t `r |jhc`vjo tmht tmj t|ho`t`gdhc m`rtg|p ga tmj

g|ehd`vht`gd `r qj|p gatjd bhrt hròj g| hbbj~tjo



M@R_G\P GA _MJ G\OJ\

u`tm bgdròj|hlcj ogzlt lp tmgrj umg mjr`thtj tgljc jqj `d tmj hdt`xz`tp ga tmj g|ehd`vht`gd$ ^j|%

rgdr ga tm`r tp~j ~|jaj| tg mhqj tmj m`rtg|p ga tmj

g|ehd`vht`gd lje`d u`tm `tr a`|rt oja`d`tj# ~|`dtjo

|jbg|or$ Lzt tmjp ag|ejt tmht jqj|ptm`de ga mzihd

bgdrt|zbt`gd mho h lje`dd`de# hdo tmht tmj|j izrt

mhqj ljjd hd g|è`d hdo lje`dd`de ga tmj G|oj|

um`bm hdtjohtjr tmj a`|rt oja`d`tj# ~|`dtjo# g| u|`t%tjd |jbg|or$

@t uhr ejdj|hccp ljc`jqjo# rjqj|hc mzdo|jo

pjh|r heg# tmht tmj m`rtg|`bhc l`|tm ga tmj \gr`b|z

b`hdr oò dgt hdtjohtj tmj rjqjdtjjdtm bjdtz|p$

@t uhr c`kju`rj ljc`jqjo tmht tmj t|ho`t`gdhc l`|tm

ga tmj G|oj| ljehd rgij tìj `d tmj Bm|`rt`hd J|h#

hdo jdojo ht tmj tìj ga tmj m`rtg|`bhc l`|tm$ @d

gtmj| ug|or# tmj htt`tzoj uhr thkjd tmht hcc tmj

rtg|`jr# |j~g|tr# hdo |jaj|jdbjr tg tmj \gr`b|zb`hdr

hr j}`rt`de ~|`g| tg tmj rjqjdtjjdtm bjdtz|p lj%

cgdejo tg tmj t|ho`t`gdhc m`rtg|p ga tmj G|oj|$ Lzt#

tmj ihdp o`rbgqj|`jr ga ogbzijdtr# lggkr# ihdz%

rb|`~tr# hdo |jaj|jdbjr ga hd hztmjdt`b dhtz|j `dtmj ~hrt bjdtz|p mhqj thkjd tmj hbtzhc g|è`d

hdo j}`rtjdbj ga tmj G|oj| lhbkuh|o rtj~ lp rtj~#8>




pjh| lp pjh|# `dtg tmj qj|p mjh|t ga tmj rgbhccjot|ho`t`gdhc ~j|`go$

_mj ojihdo gd tmj ~h|t ga \gr`b|zb`hd rtzojdtr

tm|gzemgzt tmj ug|co hdo tmj rjh|bm gd tmj ~h|t

ga tmgzrhdor ga gtmj|r ag| ig|j ahbtr |jeh|o`de

lgtm tmj t|ho`t`gdhc hdo hbtzhc ~j|`gor ga tmj

G|oj|‐r j}`rtjdbj# mhqj uh||hdtjo tm`r m`rtg|p$

^h|tr ga tm`r m`rtg|p h~~jh|jo ag| tmj a`|rt tìj `d

tmj gaa`b`hc \gr`b|zb`hd ihehv`dj bhccjo tmj –Hij|

`bhd \grhj B|zb`r#’ lje`dd`de u`tm tmj Fhdzh|p#

8081# rrzj$ _mht m`rtg|p uhr ht tmht tìj bgd

ròj|jo tmj igrt bgi~cjtj gztc`dj ga tmj t|ho`

t`gdhc ~h|t ga tmj G|oj|‐r j}`rtjdbj jqj| ~|jrjdtjo#

hdo mhr ljjd uòjcp zt`c`vjo lp gtmj| u|`tj|r umg

agzdo tmj|j`d tmj bczjr um`bm jdhlcjo tmji tg qj|

àp ihdp ga tmj rthtjijdtr ihoj$ R dbj 8081 h

dzilj| ga gtmj| m`rtg|`jr mhqj h~~jh|jo `d tmj

A|jdbm# Oztbm# Ej|ihd# hdo Jdec`rm chdezhejr lp

ji`djdt gaa bj|r ga tmj g|ehd`vht`gd$ @d igrt ga

tmjrj# tmj ahbtr ~|jrjdtjo `d tmj h|t`bcjr um`bm

h~~jh|jo `d tmj –Hij|`bhd \grhj B|zb`r’ mhqjljjd zt`c`vjo hdo h~~|jb`ht`gd j}~|jrrjo ag| tmj

~zlc`bht`gd ga m`tmj|tg bgdbjhcjo |jbg|or$




_mj ~|jrjdt m`rtg|p `r hd j}tjdr`gd ga tmj gdj

~zlc`rmjo `d tmj ihehv`dj hdo bgdròj|hlcp hze%

ijdtjo lp ogbzijdtr# lggkr# hdo ~h~j|r rjdt tg

tmj hztmg| lp gtmj| m`rtg|`hdr g| ijilj|r ga ag|

jèd l|hdbmjr ga tmj G|oj|# umg uj|j hlcj tg a`do

tmj az|tmj| ojth`cr ljbhzrj ga tmj bczjr e`qjd `d tmj

g|è`dhc h|t`bcjr$ B|jo`t izrt hcrg lj e`qjd tg tmj

|jrjh|bmjr ihoj lp tmj gaa`b`hc m`rtg|`hd ga tmjG|oj| `d Hij|`bh# A|h Aòjc`r# umg# tm|gzem m`r

jo`tg|`hc hrrgb`ht`gd u`tm gdj ga tmj ch|ejrt djur

~h~j|r `d Dg|tm Hij|`bh# hdo m`r bgddjbt`gdr

u`tm tmj G|oj| hdo u`tm ag|jèd c`l|h|`jr hdo |jb

g|or `d ihdp chdezhejr# mhr ljjd hlcj tg ihkj

j}tjdr`qj |jrjh|bmjr bgqj|`de h dzilj| ga pjh|r#

tmj|jlp l|`de`de tg cèmt ihdp ì~g|thdt hdo`dtjdrjcp `dtj|jrt`de ahbtr$

Umjtmj| gdj hbbj~tr hcc ga tmj ~g`dtr ga tmj

t|ho`t`gdhc m`rtg|p g| dgt# gdj `r bj|th`d tg ajjc

tmht tmj g|è`d ga tmj \gr`b|zb`hd G|oj| `r agzdo

`d tmj jh|cp iprtj|p rbmggcr ga tmj E|jht Um`tj

L|gtmj|mggo$ H rtzop ga tmj rbmggcr ga ~m`cgrg~mp

hdo h|bhdj u`rogi `d tmj G|`jdthc chdor ~|jbjo%`de tmj Bm|`rt`hd J|h |jqjhcr tmht tmj|j `r lzt gdj

chdo `d um`bm tmj \gr`b|zb`hd g|ehd`vht`gd bgzco




mhqj mho `tr l`|tm$ _mht chdo `r Jep~t$ Hdo jqjd

tmj bhrzhc rtzojdt ga Jep~t`hd m`rtg|p `r ì~|jrrjo

u`tm tmj ~|glhl`c`tp ga tmj l`|tm ga tmj g|ehd`vh

t`gd `d tmht chdo$

@a gdj rjtr hròj tmj t|ho`t`gdhc m`rtg|p jd

t`|jcp# hdo hbbj~tr gdcp tmht um`bm `r lhrjo z~gd

qj|p oja`d`tj |jbg|or `d ~|`dtjo g| gaa`b`hc ihdz

rb|`~t ag|i# gdj izrt |jfjbt tmj ~g~zch| hdo jdt`|jcp a`bt`t`gzr bchì tmht tmj \gr`b|zb`hd G|oj|

mho `tr g|è`d `d tmj rjqjdtjjdtm bjdtz|p `d Ej|

ihdp$ _mj qj|p ~gr t`qj |jaj|jdbjr tg tmj G|oj|

`d ~|`dtjo lggkr ohtjo bjdtz|`jr jh|c`j| `d gtmj|

chdor bgdbczr`qjcp ~|gqj tmht tmj G|oj| uhr qj|p

gco hdo qj|p ujcc jrthlc`rmjo umjd `t mho h ag|i

ga |jq`qhc `d Ej|ihdp `d tmj rjqjdtjjdtm bjdtz|p$C`kju`rj# gdj o`rbgqj|r ht gdbj tmht tmj |gihdt`b

g| rpilgc`b rtg|p |jeh|o`de Bm|`rt`hd \grjdS|jzv

hdo m`r agzdoht`gd ga tmj a`|rt \gr`b|zb`hd lgop

izrt lj |jfjbtjo# zdcjrr gdj hrrgb`htjr tmht rtg|p

u`tm rì`ch| rtg|`jr agzdo `d ihdp jh|c`j| |jbg|or$

_mj hztmg|# tmj|jag|j# ~|jrjdtr tmj agccgu`de

m`rtg|p hr tmj igrt igoj|d qj|r`gd hdo ~j|mh~rtmj igrt bgi~cjtj gztc`dj ga tmj m`rtg|p ga tmj

\gr`b|zb`hd G|oj|# u`tm tmj mg~j tmht tmj iji82




lj|r ga tmj G|oj| u`cc a`do ljtujjd tmj c`djr tmj

ahbtr um`bm h|j bh|jazccp bgdbjhcjo; hdo tmj `dxz`|`de i`do# rjjk`de ag| h iprtj|p rtg|p hdo dgtm`de

ig|j# u`cc hcrg a`do `d tmj ~|`dtjo ug|or h iprt`bhc

|gihdbj ~|j~h|jo tg m`r c`k`de$

8?



@D_\GOZB_@GD

@t `r dg q`gcht`gd ga rjb|jbp tg e`qj tmj gztj|#

glfjbt`qj ojth`cr ga tmj qh|`gzr hbt`q`t`jr ga tmj

E|jht Um`tj L|gtmj|mggo# lzt tmj ejdz`dj bgd

rj|qht`ri ga tmj Jhrtj|d Bgzdb`cr zdt`c |jbjdt

pjh|r mhr hbtjo hr h lh||`j| heh`drt rzbm ~zlc`b`tp

hr uj `d Hij|`bh ljc`jqj djbjrrh|p ag| tmj e|gutm

ga hdp ~zlc`b g| rji`%~zlc`b `drt`tzt`gd$

Hatj| tujdtp pjh|r‐ rtzop ga tmj ogbt|`djr hdo

~|`db`~cjr# hdo h qj|p bh|jazc j}hi`dht`gd ga hcc

ihttj|r ~j|th`d`de tg tmj m`rtg|p ga tmj G|oj|# gdj

ogjr dgt a`do h r`decj ~|gm`l`t`gd heh`drt tmj ejd

j|hc ~zlc`bht`gd ga tmj m`rtg|p j}bj~t `d rzbm i`dg|

ojth`cr hr h|j bcgrjcp hrrgb`htjo u`tm tmj ug|k`de

g| ihdàjrtht`gd ga rgij ga tmj \$ B$ ogbt|`djr$

Um`cj tmjrj j}bj~t`gdr h|j aju# hctmgzem ga qhrt

ì~g|thdbj tg tmj mèmj| rtzojdtr# tmjp mhqj zd

ogzltjocp bhzrjo tmj rzlbgdrb`gzr htt`tzoj gd tmj

~h|t ga hcc \$ B$ L|gtmj|r hdo R`rtj|r tmht `t `r

rhaj|# `d tmj ahbj ga tmj`| `do`qòzhc rhb|jo ghtmr#tg |ja|h`d a|gi hcc ijdt`gd ga j`tmj| tmj hdt`xz`tp

g| ~|ge|jrr`gd ga tmj G|oj|$




_mj|j `r hcrg tmj jcjijdt ga iprt`b`ri um`bm

j}~ch`dr tmj htt`tzoj ga jqjd tmj igrt hoqhdbjo

L|gtmj|r hdo R`rtj|r$ \jhc`v`de hr igrt ga tmji og

tmht tmj bgi~cjtj m`rtg|p ga tmj L|gtmj|mggo mhr

djqj| ljjd e`qjd tg tmj ~zlc`b hdo mhr ag| bjd

tz|`jr oja`jo tmj bhrzhc |jrjh|bmjr ga rb`jdt`rtr# m`r

tg|`hdr hdo h|bm`q`rtr hc`kj# tmjp ajjc h bj|th`d

~|òj `d mhq`de ljjd hlcj tg iprtàp tmj ~|g

agzdocp `dxz`r`t`qj i`dor$ Jqjd tmj e|grrcp j||gd

jgzr hdo l`hrjo |h`rgddj ga tmj m`rtg|p ga tmj

L|gtmj|mggo e`qjd `d qh|`gzr jdbpbcg~jo`hr# |ja

j|jdbj lggkr# hdo m`rtg|`jr gdcp hoor tg tm`r ajjc`de

ga ~|òj hdo q`btg|p$

Rzbm rjb|jbp `r dgt gdcp zdbhccjo ag|# lzt `r

~gr`t`qjcp ojt|ìjdthc tg tmj G|oj| `d Hij|`bh$

U j h|j h ~jg~cj ga a|hdkdjrr; Hij|`bhdr h|j cgq

j|r ga tmj t|zj# hdo mhqj h dhtz|hc hdt`~htmp tg

uh|o tmht um`bm ihp lj bmh|hbtj|`vjo hr –iprt`

bhccp iptm`bhc;’ hdo ~|jb`rjcp rzbm `r tmj ejdj|hc

ì~|jrr`gd ga tmj g|è`d hdo j}`rtjdbj ga tmj \$ B$

G|oj| `d tmj i`dor ga ihdp tmgzrhdor tgohp$

Dg| `r `t djbjrrh|p tg jdrm|gzo tmj m`rtg|p ga tmj G|oj| u`tm h bcghk ga lchbkjrt iprtj|p tg

ihkj tmj G|oj| `trjca h~~jhc tg tmj tm`dk`de i`do$

81




Gdj u`cc a`do tmht tmj t|zj m`rtg|p ga tmj G|oj|

h|gzrjr# jqjd bgiihdor# rzbm ojj~ |jr~jbt ag|

`tr dglcj l`|tm# e|hdo e|gutm# hdo ugdoj|azc `d

b|jhrj ga ~guj|# tmht tm`r `r h e|jhtj| htt|hbt`gd tg

tmj tm`dk`de Hij|`bhd tmhd tmj jcjijdt ga ipr

tj|p$

@dj}hbtdjrr hdo `doja`d`tjdjrr h|j tmj ~|`db`~hc

ahzctr tg lj agzdo u`tm hcc tmj ~zlc`rmjo hbbgzdtr

ga tmj g|è d hdo ~|jrjdt rthtzr ga tmj G|oj|$ _mj

aju `drthdbjr ga u`cazc hdo `dbgdr`rtjdt ojbj~t`gd

rmgud lp rgij u|`tj|r gd tmj rzlfjbt ihp lj è%

dg|jo `d hdp bgdròj|ht`gd ga tmj ihttj|# ag| dg

i`do bhd j}~ch`d tmjrj tm`der dg| hbbgzdt ag|

tmji hròj a|gi tmj u|`tj|‐r gud ~j|rgdhc l`hr

um`bm uj h|j hcuhpr cjo tg ljc`jqj mhr mho dg`daczjdbj z~gd tmj mgdjrtp ga tmj ug|k$

Rt`cc# tmj|j h|j ihdp qj|p oja`d`tj hdo j}hbt

ahbtr jhr`cp u`tm`d tmj |jhbm ga hd hdhcpt`bhc i`do

ljdt z~gd m`rtg|`bhc |jrjh|bm# jqjd umjd rzbm

i`do `r zd`d`t`htjo `dtg tmj rjb|jtr ga tmj G|oj|$

_mj bchì mhr ljjd ihoj tmht tmj HIG\B `r

tmj gcojrt a|htj|dhc g| rjb|jt g|oj| kdgud tg ihd$_m`r bchì ihkjr tmj G|oj| hdtjohtj A|jjihrgd|p

hdo tmj chttj| mhr hcuhpr bchìjo e|jht hdt`xz`tp$85




Mj|j heh`d tmj `dqjrtèhtg| `r bgda|gdtjo u`tm h

ihrr ga ojth`cr ~z|~g|t`de tg lj tmj m`rtg|p ga

A|jjihrgd|p# lzt e|hozhccp bchrràp`de `trjca `dtg

tug e|gz~r um`bm gdj ihp chljc –ahbtr’ hdo

–t|ho`t`gdr$’

Gd tmj ~g`dt ga `tr bgddjbt`gd u`tm tmj \gr`

b|zb`hdr# A|jjihrgd|p `r ig|j g| cjrr r cjdt$ @t

t|hbjr `tr hdt`xz`tp tg Rgcgigd‐r _ji~cj# hdo

|jaj|r tg bmh|hbtj|r umgrj m`rtg|p# à dgt hbtzhc

j}`rtjdbj# `r bcghkjo u`tm iprtj|p$ @tr ~zlc`rmjo

m`rtg|p `r qj|p jrgtj|`b hdo iprt`bhc# hctmgzem `tr

hbtzhc m`rtg|p# hr kdgud tg hcc hoqhdbjo \gr`b|z%

b`hdr# `r h c`q`de tjrtìgd`hc tg tmj t|ztm ga tmj

dgthlcj ~|`db`~cjr ga L|gtmj|mggo um`bm hbtzhtj

A|jjihrgd|p$Rg bcgrjcp h|j tmj tug G|oj|r hcc`jo `d rgij

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Hijdmgtj~ @Q# tmj Ihrtj| uhr gdj _mjmg~rjt

umg |jih`djo `d tmj gaa`bj zdt`c 821: L$ B$ Hijd

mgtj~‐r `drthccht`gd hr Ihrtj|%lp%Bgzdb`c%Ojb|jj

gbbz||jo `d tmj _ji~cj ga Cz}g|# H~|`c 0tm# 821:#ht rzdrjt# `d tmj ~|jrjdbj ga m`r l|òj hdo mj|

~h|jdtr$

Hijdmgtj~ lj`de tmj gdcp ojrbjdohdt `t uhr

ojjijo hoq`rhlcj tmht mj ih||p hr jh|cp hr tmj

bzrtgir tmjd ~j|i`ttjo `d g|oj| tmht hd mj`| tg

tmj tm|gdj ugzco lj hrrz|jo$ Lzt tmgzem Hijd

mgtj~ mho h dzilj| ga bm`co|jd# zdag|tzdhtjcptmjp uj|j ohzemtj|r# hdo tm`r ~|gqjo o`rhrt|gzr tg

tmj tm|gdj$2>




_mj càj ga tm`r e|jht ihd `r tgg jhr`cp agzdo `d

qh|`gzr m`rtg|`jr ga Jep~t# jr~jb`hccp L|jhrtjo‐r# tg

uh||hdt r~hbj `d tm`r ug|k# lzt m`r hbbgi~c`rm%

ijdtr ag| tmj G|oj| izrt lj t|jhtjo ht cjhrt

l|`jacp$

Lgi `d h bgzdt|p umj|j ~jg~cjr uj|j e`qjd tg

ògcht|p# umj|j tmj bm`ja jdojhqg|r uj|j tmgrj ga

lz`co`de _ji~cjr tg egor ga hcc k`dor# `t `r jhrp tg

h~~|jb`htj m`r htt`tzoj tguh|o tmj j}`rt`de |jcè`gd

-g| |jcè`gdr) hatj| mj mho ljjd tmg|gzemcp `d%

rt|zbtjo `d tmj rjb|jt ~m`cgrg~mp$ M`r i`do hdo

zdoj|rthdo`de uj|j zdzrzhccp kjjd# ag| `d m`r aà

tjjdtm pjh| mj bgi~grjo ihdp ga tmj igrt ljhz%

tàzc ~|hpj|r# ~rhcir# hdo bmhdtr zrjo `d tmj g|%

ehd`vht`gd tgohp# hr ujcc hr bgdt|`lzt`de tg tmj~m`cgrg~mp hdo rb`jdbjr$

_g mì bhij tmj `dr~`|ht`gd ga gqj|tm|gu`de

tmj ug|rm`~ ga ògcr hdo rzlrt`tzt`de tmj |jcè`gd

hdo ug|rm`~ ga gdj Ego# h rz~|jij oj`tp# umgrj

r~`|`t uhr `d Mjhqjd hdo umgrj ~mpr`bhc ihdàjr%

tht`gd uhr tmj Rzd‟tmj Rpilgc ga Càj$ _m`r uhr

`d hbbg|ohdbj u`tm tmj rjb|jt ogbt|`djr hdo `tbmhdejo tmj ug|rm`~ ga tmj Rzd hr h ego tg tmj

ug|rm`~ ga tmj Ego rpilgc vjo lp tmj rzd$ _m`r




uhr tmj lje`dd`de ga Igdgtmj`ri `d Jep~t hdo

tmj g|è`d ga tmj ug|rm`~ ga h r~`|`tzhc oj`tp um`bm

–j}`rtjo jqj|pumj|j# `d jqj|ptm`de# lzt uhr dgtm%

`de ga tmj jh|tm’ `$ j$# mho dg ~mpr`bhc j}`rtjdbj gd

jh|tm `d tmj ag|i ga `dhdìhtj g| dgdr~`|`tzhc

ìhejr$

H|tmz| J$ ^$ Ujèhcc# Bm`ja @dr~jbtg| ga tmj

Oj~h|tijdt ga Hdt`xz`t`jr# Z~~j| Jep~t# `d u|`t

`de ga tmj |jcè`gd `dr~`|jo lp Hijdmgtj~ @Q#

rhpr6 –C`kj h achrm ga lc`do`de cèmt `d tmj dèmt

tìj# tmj Htgd -tmj rzdrpilgc ga tmj t|zj Ego)

rthdor gzt ag| h igijdt hiòrt tmj lchbk Jep~t`hd

oh|kdjrr# hdo o`rh~~jh|r gdbj ig|j‟tmj a`|rt rè%

dhc tg tmj ug|co ga tmj aztz|j |jcè`gdr ga tmj

Ujrt$ Gdj ièmt ljc`jqj tmht Hcièmtp Ego mhoag| h igijdt |jqjhcjo mìrjca tg Jep~t$’

_|zcp tmj |jcè`gd ga Hijdmgtj~ oò dgt jdoz|j

ag| cgde$ Bgi~h|jo tg tmj pjh|r ga oh|kdjrr# `t

uhr lzt h achrm# ag| `t bjhrjo hr h ~zlc`b hdo ejd

j|hc |jcè`gd umjd Hijdmgtj~ ~hrrjo ljpgdo tmj

qj`c `d 82:> L$ B$

Mj# tgg# cjat ihdp igdzijdtr tg tmj ecg|p ga tmj L|gtmj|mggo$ A`|rt mj |jigqjo hr ah| hr ~grr %

lcj hcc –~`cch|r tg Hiigd’ hdo hcc |jaj|jdbjr tg2<




Hiigd hr h ego$ Rg tmg|gzem uhr m`r ug|k tmht mj

oò dgt mjr`thtj tg izt`chtj tmj ug|k ogdj lp m`r

ahtmj| ht Kh|dhk hdo Cz}g| ga jaahb`de hcc |jaj|

jdbj tg tmj ego Hiigd# ~zt tmj|j tg h~~jhrj tmj

mjhtmjd ~|`jrtmggo# jqjd tg |jigq`de tmj dhij ga

m`r ahtmj| hdo igtmj| umj|j tmjp uj|j bgddjbtjo

u`tm rzbm ògcht|p$ _m`r dhtz|hccp ~|gqgkjo tmj

~g~zchbj# jr~jb`hccp r`dbj Hijdmgtj~ rzlrt`tztjo

ljhztàzc igdzijdtr tg tmj –c`q`de Ego$’

@d tmj aàtm pjh| ga m`r |jèd‟umjd mj uhr gdcp

r`}tjjd pjh|r ga hej‟h rujj~`de |jag|i uhr `d`

t`htjo tm|gzemgzt Jep~t lp m`r ojb|jj# um`bm ~|g

m`l`tjo hdp gtmj| ag|i ga ug|rm`~ j}bj~t tmht hc

|jhop ijdt`gdjo$ @d gdj ga m`r ojb|jjr mj u|gtj6

–_m`r `r ip ghtm ga _|ztm um`bm `t `r ip ojr`|j tg

~|gdgzdbj# hdo ga um`bm @ u`cc dgt rhp6 ”@t `r ahcrj#‐

jtj|dhccp ag|jqj|$’

Mj tmjd bmhdejo m`r gud dhij rg tmht `t ugzco

dgt lj `dbgdr`rtjdt u`tm m`r |jag|i$ Hijdmgtj~

ijhdt –Hiigd `r rht`ra`jo’; tm`r mj hctj|jo tg

Hkmdhtgd g| @kmjdhtgd ijhd`de –~`gzr tg Htgd’

g| –Ecg|p tg Htgd$’Mj lz`ct h dju bh~`thc ht Jc Hihih `d tmj

~ch`d ga Mj|ig~gc`r gd h q`|e`d r`tj ht tmj joej ga 22






tmj B|z} Hdrhth# `d h r~jb`hc bgcg|`de# hr tmj rpi

lgc tg lj ug|d lp hcc tjhbmj|r -Ihrtj| r)$ @d ahbt#

tmj chrt pjh| ga m`r càj uhr r~jdt `d jqgcq`de h

ugdoj|azc rprtji ga rpilgcr zrjo ht tm`r ohp# tg

j}~|jrr jqj|p ~mhrj hdo ijhd`de ga tmj \gr`b|z

b`hd rb`jdbjr# h|tr# hdo ~m`cgrg~m`jr# hdo um`cj

rgij ga tmjrj mhqj ljbgij kdgud tg tmj zd`d`t`

htjo tm|gzem tmj |jrjh|bmjr ga Jep~tgcge`rtr# ihdp

|jih`d rjb|jt hdo hcc h|j zdoj|rthdohlcj gdcp tg

tmj `d`t`htjo$

Hr h |zcj| ga Jep~t gz| ihrtj| ah`cjo zttj|cp tg

bmjbk tmj ojr`|j ag| uh| hdo lp m`r htthbkr gd tmj

~g~zch| |jcè`gd mj cjat tmj uhp g~jd ag| `dqhr`gd

tm|gzem chbk ga bgg~j|ht`gd gd tmj ~h|t ga m`r

rzlfjbtr$ Hr tmj b|`r`r h~~|ghbmjo gz| Ihrtj|ag|jrhu tmj |jrzct hdo rho ht m`r djecjbt ga ~gc`t`

bhc ihttj|r `d m`r jdtmzr`hri ag| tmj r~`|`tzhc# mj

ujhkjdjo m`r mjhctm hdo mj uhr a`dhccp ag|bjo tg

thkj tg m`r ljo `d tmj igdtm ga Fzcp# 82:> L$ B$

@drtjho ga zr`de m`r ièmtp kdgucjoej tg |jeh`d

m`r mjhctm `t h~~jh|r a|gi m`r chrt o`bthtjo u|`t`der

tmht m`r bgdrthdt u`rm uhr tg lj r~`|`tzhc`vjo# tmhtmj ièmt lj |h`rjo z~ tg tmht ~chdj a|gi um`bm

Ego‐r rpilgc rmgdj ogud z~gd mì$ Mj ahrtjo‟

2:




~|hbt`bhccp rth|q`de mìrjca‟|jazrjo tmj rj|q`bjr

ga tmj ~mpr`b`hd `d tmj G|oj|# hdo ~|hpjo bgd

rthdtcp$ _mjd# gd Fzcp <?# chtj `d tmj hatj|dggd#

u`tm m`r |èmt mhdo z~rt|jtbmjo tg Ego ~cjho`de

tg lj thkjd `dtg tmj dgzr mj uhr rjjd lp m`r L|gtm

j|r hdo R`rtj|r ga tmj G|oj| uhtbm`de tmj|j# tg lj

hbtzhccp |h`rjo ag| h igijdt hdo tmjd tg o|g~ lhbk

`d –rujjt |j~grj u`tm h ri`cj ga `cczi`dht`gd z~gdm`r bgzdtjdhdbj$’

_mzr# ~hrrjo tg tmj ljpgdo gz| E|jht Ihrtj|#

umg oò rg izbm hdo cjat rg izbm ag| gz| g|ehd`

vht`gd$

Mj ihp mhqj djecjbtjo Jep~t ~gc`t`bhccp# lzt rmj

u`cc hcuhpr |jijilj| mj| pgzde ^mh|hgm umgrj

tujdtpjèmt pjh|r cjat `tr h|t hdo h|bm`tjbtz|j# `trrb`jdbjr hdo ~m`cgrg~m`jr rg e|jhtcp bmhdejo hdo

ì~|gqjo$ M`r |jèd uhr c`kj zdtg tmj \jdh`rrhdbj

ga A|hdbj# hdo jqjd tmj m`j|gecp~m`br hdo h|tr rmgu

h qhrt ì~|gqjijdt lhrjo z~gd tmj ~|`db`~cjr ga

_|ztm $ Ht tmj tìj ga m`r b|gud`de mj tggk tmj

t`tcj ga –Hijdmgtj~# K`de# C`q`de `d _|ztm’

um`bm uhr tmj \gr`b|zb`hd ~m|hrj ga aòjc`tp hr t `rtgohp# hdo mj ~hrrjo gduh|o tg tmj gtmj| càj `d

t|ztm$

21




^j|mh~r tmj igrt rziih|p ga hcc tjrtìgd`jr tg

Hijdmgtj~ @Q agzdo gztròj ga tmj \gr`b|zb`hd

c`tj|htz|j# `r tmht ~hò lp Fhijr L|jhrtjo# ^|gajr

rg| ga Jep~tgcgep# Zd`qj|r`tp ga Bm`bheg# umg

rhpr `d m`r M`rtg|p ga Jep~t6 –_mj igoji ug|co

mhr pjt hojxzhtjcp tg qhczj# g| jqjd hbxzh`dt `trjca

u`tm tm`r ihd# umg `d hd hej rg |jigtj hdo zdoj|

bgdo`t`gdr rg hoqj|rj# ljbhij tmj ug|co‐r a`|rt `d

o`qòzhc$’

25





B m h ~ t j | @ @

_MJ E\GU _M GA _MJ G\OJ\

@D _MJ G\@JD_

_ tmj bcgrj ga tmj a`|rt j~gbm ga tmj

L|gtmj|mggo‐r m`rtg|p# jdo`de u`tm

tmj t|hdr`t`gd ga Hijdmgtj~ @Q

-Hkdhtgd) `d 82:> L$ B$# tmj|j uhr

lzt gdj rjb|jt hrrjilcp# tmht um`bm ijt `d tmj

_ji~cj ht Jc Hih|dh; hdo tmj L|gtmj|r hdo R`r

tj|r dzilj|jo agz| mzdo|jo hdo tjd# um`bm dzi

lj| `dbczojo tmj Gaa`bj|r ga tmj Cgoej hdo tmj

ijilj|r ga tmj Rz~|jij Mèm Bgzdb`c$

^chdr mho ljjd ihoj ag| pjh|r ag| tmj jrthlc`rm%

ijdt ga gtmj| hrrjilc`jr g| Cgoejr `d qh|`gzr

bgzdt|`jr; lzt `d tmgrj bgzdt|`jr umj|j h Cgoej

bgzco mhqj ljjd jrthlc`rmjo lp gdj ga tmj Jep~%

t`hdr umg ugzco mhqj t|hqjcjo tmj|j# uh| uhr

|he`de hdo bgdo`t`gdr uj|j heh`drt hdp rzbm

`drt`tzt`gd$E|jjkr uj|j bgi`de tg Jep~t tg rtzop `tr ~m`m

grg~m`jr hdo ljbgij hbxzh`dtjo u`tm `tr cjh|d`de$20




Ihdp ga tmji rgzemt jdt|hdbj `dtg tmj G|oj| lzt

`t h~~jh|r a|gi qh|`gzr Bgzdb`c ojb`r`gdr tmhttmjp uj|j dgt hoi`ttjo ljbhzrj ga zd~|j~h|jo

djrr$

Ljdjo`btzr Aèzczr# h L|gtmj| ga tmj G|oj|#

umg ihoj h qj|p j}mhzrt`qj rtzop ga tmj e|gutm

ga tmj G|oj|# u|gtj6 –Hlgzt tmj pjh| 81=> H$ I$

tmj E|jjkr ujdt tg Bmhcojh hdo Jep~t tg cjh|d

tm`r ~m`cgrg~mp‟lzt hatj| cjh|d`de h c`ttcj tmjp

ljbhij rg ~zaajo z~ hdo ~|gzo# oj~jdo`de ig|j

tmhd uhr ijjt gd tmj`| gud zdoj|rthdo`de$’ _m`r

rjjir tg mhqj ljjd tmj |jrzct igrt ajh|jo lp tmj

Bgzdb`c tmj|j# fzrt hr `t `r tgohp$ Rg ihdp h|j

|jhop tg e|hr~ ht tmj a`|rt ~|`db`~cjr hdo tmjd#

tm`dk`de tmj`| i`dor bh~hlcj ga lz`co`de h ~m`cg

rg~m`bhc rt|zbtz|j z~gd% tmj agzdoht`gd# bjhrj tg

lj rtzojdtr hdo ht gdbj ljbgij tjhbmj|r# jhbm

mhq`de h o`rt`dbt# `dbgi~cjtj# hdo j||gdjgzr ~m`

cgrg~mp g| –`ri$’ Dhtz|hccp tmj|j u`cc lj mj|jt`br

`d jqj|p rbmggc ga tmgzemt; lzt h mj|jt`b `r gdj

umg o`qj|ejr a|gi tmj jrthlc`rmjo tjhbm`der gdcp

ljbhzrj ga h tmg|gzem Sdgucjoej ga rzbm tjhbm`der hdo tg rzbm uj ihp tz|d ag| mjc~azc b|`t`b`ri

hdo rzeejrt`gdr ht tìjr$ Lzt uj izrt lj ojc`q?>




j|jo a|gi tmj lègtjo rtzojdt umg |`rjr hlgqj m`r

ajccgur hdo ~chbjr m`r rz~j|`g| i`do hdo fzoe

ijdt hlgqj tmj j}~j|`jdbjo zdoj|rthdo`de ga m`r

tjhbmj|r$

Ag| ihdp pjh|r tmj G|oj| ~|ge|jrrjo lzt c`ttcj$

TSijdmgtj~ @Q cjat tmj ug|k `d tmj mhdor ga bgi

~jtjdt tjhbmj|r hdo hr tmj pjh|r ~hrrjo lp h aju

uj|j hoi`ttjo hdo `d`t`htjo um`cj tmj e|jht tjhbm

`der uj|j lj`de t|hdrb|`ljo `dtg rpilgc`ri hdo h

r~jb`hc rjb|jt hc~mhljt$

_mj|j lj`de dg ihcj ojrbjdohdtr ga Hijdmgtj~

@Q# mj uhr rzbbjjojo lp m`r rgd`dchu hr ^mh|hgm

hdo ht tmj bcgrj ga tmj ]Q@@@ opdhrtp$ _mj |j

cè`gd ga Hiigd mho ljjd jrthlc`rmjo gdbj heh`d#

um`cj tmj o|jhir hdo mg~jr ga gz| Ihrtj| uj|jbgda`djo tg tmj G|oj| hdo `tr rzbbjrr`gd ga

tjhbmj|r$

Oz|`de tmj ]@] opdhrtp zdoj| Rjt` @ hdo \h`d

jrjr @@ bgdròj|hlcj tgcj|hdbj uhr e|hdtjo tg tmj

G|oj| `d Jep~t; lzt e|hozhccp h ajjc`de h|grj

heh`drt `tr –rjb|jt ~guj|’ hdo tmj c`djr ga hbt`q`tp

mho tg lj o|hud bcgrj| hdo bcgrj|$Ag|tzdhtjcp# `d tmj G|oj| ht tmj tìj ga tmj

t|hdr`t`gd ga Hijdmgtj~ @Q# tmj|j uhr h rhej




dhijo Mj|ijr$ Rg e|jht uhr m`r cjh|d`de hdo pjt

rg iprt`bhc m`r ihdp u|`t`der# ~z|~grjcp qj`cjo rg

tmht tmjp ièmt lj ga qhczj gdcp tg tmj aztz|j `d`%

t`htjr# tmht tmj zd`d`t`htjo i`dor ga aztz|j pjh|r

h|grj hdo hbbchìjo Mj|ijr h iptm# hdo tmj|j h|j

tmgrj tgohp umg t|p tg jrthlc`rm m`r òjdt`tp u`tm

tmht ga tmj Jep~t`hd ego –_mgtm$’ Mgujqj|# `t `r

tmj hztmg|‐r ~cjhrz|j tg rthtj dgu tmht um`bm mhrdjqj| h~~jh|jo `d ~|`dt ljag|j hdo um`bm mhr ~j|

~cj}jo `dqjrtèhtg|r ag| bjdtz|`jr‟tmj l`|tm ohtj

ga Mj|ijr‟tmj _m|`bj E|jht Ihd$ Mj uhr lg|d

`d _mjljr# Gbtglj| 0tm# 8200 L$ B$ Mj c`qjo tg

tmj hej ga gdj mzdo|jo hdo ag|tptug pjh|r# op`de

`d tmj \gr`b|zb`hd Igdhrtj|p ht Jc Hih|dh# gd

Ih|bm <<do# 8<:5# L$ B$# hdo m`r iziip c`jrhigde gtmj|r `d h bhbmjttj `d tmj q`b`d`tp ga Jc

Hihih$

Mj uhr –tm|`bj e|jht’ ljbhzrj mj c`qjo tg httjdo

tmj `drthccht`gd ga Hijdmgtj~ @Q hr hd \$ B$

Ihrtj|# ljbhij Ihrtj| mìrjca z~gd tmj chttj|‐r

t|hdr`t`gd# hdo `d 8<?0 `drthccjo gdj Htgdhijd

hr Ihrtj| ga tmj G|oj|$@t uhr ht tm`r tìj tmht Mj|ijr bgi~cjtjo m`r

u|`t`der# jr~jb`hccp tmj rjqjd lggkr hdo thlcjtr?<




um`bm uj|j agzdo hdo l|gzemt tg cèmt `d ?>>

H$ O$# hdo um`bm uj|j z~gd o`qj|rj bmji`bhc hdo

~mpr`bhc rzlfjbtr$

@d 8<>2 rjqj|hc ga tmj L|gtmj|r ga tmj G|oj|

umg uj|j ga tmj @cczi`dht` uj|j bgii`rr`gdjo tg

eg `dtg gtmj| chdor hdo r~|jho tmj rjb|jt ogbt|`djr

lp tmj jrthlc`rmijdt ga gtmj| Cgoejr$ @t uhr xz`tj

h~~h|jdt tmht Jep~t uhr tg lj rzlfjbtjo tg hojqhrtht`gd hdo tmht `tr e|jht cjh|d`de ièmt lj

cgrt$ Bgdaòjdbj rjjir tg mhqj ljjd tmj kjpdgtj#

mgujqj|# ag| gdj ihp |jho h cgde h|ezijdt# |j

i`do`de gdj ga h r~jjbm `d Bgde|jrr# ojc`qj|jo lp

gdj ga tmj L|gtmj|r ht h Bgzdb`c mjco `d Jc

Hihih gd Fzdj =# 8<>< L$ B$# `d um`bm mj |j

hrrz|jr hcc ~|jrjdt tmht tmj –rth|r rmju dhzemt lztt|`hc# hdo tjrt# lp h`|# a`|j# hdo uhtj|# um`bm uj

mgco tg lj tmj jcjijdtr ga tmj b|zb`lcj a|gi um`bm

tmj ~|jb`gzr rtgdjr u`cc l|`de ag|tm `tr gud$’ Hdo

heh`d6 –umg higde zr u`cc |`rj hdo ~|jo`bt ojajht

ag| tmht um`bm gz| Ihrtj|r mhqj chlg|jo gqj| <0

bpbcjr -tug mzdo|jo pjh|r)7 @r dgt tm`r _|ztm7

H|j uj dgt hrrjilcjo `d _|ztm7 H|j uj dgt c`q`de _|ztm7 Hdo# bhd _|ztm jqj| o`j7 @r dgt

t|hdr t`gd tmj ehtjuhp ga ~|ge|jrr7 Hdo bhd tmj?2




b|zb`lcj og ig|j tmhd l|`de hlgzt h ~mpr`bhc hdo

r~`|`tzhc t|hdr`t`gd# h t|hdriztht`gd# ga tmj ~|`d

b`~cjr ag| um`bm uj mhqj ~cjoejo gz| c`qjr7’

@t uhr a`dhccp ojbòjo tmht –dg zdozj mhrtj

rmgzco lj rhdbt`gdjo `d ~j|i`tt`de tmj L|gtmj|r

umg mhqj egdj hl|gho tg jrthlc`rm Cgoejr# lzt

|htmj| tmht tmgrj umg t|hqjc mj|j `d rjh|bm ga tmj

Cèmt rmgzco lj t|`jo# hdo tg tmgrj agzdo xzhcà`jo

rmhcc lj e`qjd tmj bgii`rr`gd tg |jtz|d tg tmj`|

~jg~cj hdo jrthlc`rm h Cgoej `d tmj dhij ga tmj

L|gtmj|mggo$’

@t uhr tm`r o`btzi‟kdgud hr tmj –Hi|h’‟

tmht `d chtj| pjh|r ~|gqjo tmj u`rogi ga tmj Bgzd%

b`cg|r ht tm`r ijjt`de# ag| `t dgt gdcp ljbhij h

mh|o hdo ahrt |zcj# lzt ihoj ag| tmj rzbbjrr ga tmj~chdr ga ~|g~heht`gd$

@t uhr `d tm`r u`rj tmht tmj ~m|hrj –t|hqjc Jhrt

ag| cjh|d`de g| Cèmt’ a |rt bhij `dtg zrj; ag| tmgrj

umg rggd ljehd tg t|hqjc tg Jep~t bhij a|gi tmj

Ujrt$

Hlgzt tmj pjh| 8>>> L$ B$ tmj|j bhij tg Jep~t

h bmh|hbtj| umgrj dhij `r |jbg|ojo hr Rhcgigdlzt umg uhr òjdtà`jo `d chtj| pjh|r u`tm Rgcg

igd$??




_mj |jbg|or rmgu tmht mj mho bgij a|gi tmj

Ujrt# mho t|hqjcjo gqj| ihdp chdor hdo hb|grr

uhtj|r$ Mj uhr ga h dht`gd um`bm uhr ch|ej hdo

ì~g|thdt# r tzhtjo `d rgij qj|p o`rthdt chdo$ Hcc

tm`r `r `do`bhtjo a|gi tmj |j~g|t mj ihoj tg tmj

|j~|jrjdtht`qj ga tmj a|htj|d`tp umgi mj `dtj|

q`jujo ht _mjljr –um`tmj| mj mho egdj ìijo`

htjcp z~gd m`r h||`qhc `d Jep~t hbbgi~hd`jo lp

m`r rchqjr -() hdo m`r dhfhm -h ug|o zdkdgud tg

tmj t|hdrchtg|r)$’

Mj ojr`|jo `drt|zbt`gd `d tmj mèmj| Jep~t`hd

rb`jdbjr hdo ~m`cgrg~mp# hdo uhr o`|jbtjo tg Jc

Hih|dh u`tm h cjttj| ga `dt|gozbt`gd a|gi tmj

`dtjdohdt ht _mjljr$ Mj |jhbmjo Jc Hihih gd

tmj ?tm ohp ga Fzdj# 000# zdoj| tmj dhij ga Rhcgihd# tmj pgztmazc rjjoj|$

Rhcgihd oò dgt bgi~cjtj m`r rtzo`jr# ag| `t `r

|j~g|tjo tmht mj cjat Jc Hih|dh –ljag|j tmj agz|tm

j}hi`dht`gd$’ Mj cjat u`tm m`r L|gtmj|r hdo R`r

tj|r h oja`d`tj ajjc`de ga cgqj# u`rogi# hdo q`|tzj#

hdo hcc uj|j e|`jqjo ht m`r rzoojd lzt hddgzdbjo

oj~h|tz|j$_mj dj}t ug|o ga mì `r hr h |jròjdt ht tmj

|gphc mgij `d Lzlhrt`r `d tmj Ojcth umj|j Rm`rmhk ?:




@ -g| Rmjrmgdk) mho jrthlc`rmjo mìrjca$ _m`r uhr

`d tmj pjh| 0:< L$ B$# hdo Rhcgihd `r |jaj||jo tg

hr hd `drt|zbtg| tg tmj mh|hgm‐r rgd$ _m`r `r ~|gl

hlcp h i`rthkj `d t|hdrcht`gd# ag| `d hdgtmj| ~chbj

mj `r |jaj||jo tg hr hoq`rg| `d ~gc`t`bhc ihttj|r# hdo

tm`r rjjir ig|j ~|glhlcj `d tmj cèmt ga aztz|j oj

qjcg~ijdtr$ Umjtmj| mj mho ljjd ht tm`r |jr

ojdbj hcc tmj `dtj|qjd`de pjh|r a|gi 000 tg 0:<

L$ B$ `r dgt oja`d`tjcp jrthlc`rmjo# lzt tmj|j `r h

|jbg|o ga m`r ~|jrjdbj ht _mjljr `d tmj pjh| 0=>

umjd mj q`r`tjo rgij ehijr `d bgi~hdp u`tm tmj

`dtjdohdt ga _mjljr# hdo h e|gz~ ga rbmgch|r u`tm

umgi mj rjjijo gd tmj igrt `dtìhtj tj|ir$

Rhcgihd rjjir tg mhqj ljjd e|jhtcp `daczjdbjo

`d _mjljr hdo Lzlhrt`r lp tmj |jcè`gd ga Hiigdhdo bgdbj`qjo h ag|i ga ~m`cgrg~m`bhc |jcè`gd

um`bm uhr h i`}tz|j ga tmj \gr`b|zb`hd igdgtmj

`ri hdo tmj Jep~t`hd ògcht|p$ _g mì tmj rzd lj

bhij ig|j tmhd tmj ij|j rpilgc ga h Ego; `t uhr

tmj c`q`de q`thc r~`|`t ga Ego# hdo um`cj dgt tmj

Ego# `t uhr Ego‐r jtmj|jhc lgop$ _m`r ugzco `do`

bhtj tmht Rhcgihd bgdbj`qjo Ego hr lj`de -h) ~j|

rgdhc# |htmj| tmhd ì~j|rgdhc hr \gr`b|zb`hd`ri?1




thzemt# hdo -l) ozhc# lgop hdo r~`|`t# Ahtmj| hdo

Mgcp Emgrt$

Rm`rmhk @ rjbz|jo _mjljr `d 0:8 L$ B$ hdo h~

~g`dtjo m`r rgd ~|`jrt `d tmj |jcè`gd ga Hiigd#

hdo ehqj m`r ohzemtj|# Hpj# tg Rhcgihd tg ujo$

_m`r `r tmj a`|rt ijdt`gd ga hdp ga Rhcgihd‐r u`qjr

hdo rmj ihp mhqj ljjd m`r a`|rt uàj$ Ht tmj bcgrj

ga 0:8 g| jh|cp `d 0:> Rhcgihd oj~h|tjo ag| ^hc%jrt`dj umj|j mj ljbhij h ièmtp ~guj|# hdo u`tm

h ~|jh||hdejo ~chd# ~j|i`ttjo Rm`rmhk @ tg |zcj

gqj| m`r ~jg~cj$ _mj m`rtg|p ga Rhcgihd g| Rgcg

igd `d ^hcjrt`dj `r tgg ujcc kdgud tg uh||hdt hdp

az|tmj| bgiijdt j}bj~t gd gdj ~g`dt$

A`qj pjh|r hatj| Rhcgihd ljehd m`r |zcj `d ^hc%

jrt`dj# g| hlgzt 0?: L$ B$# mj bgi~cjtjo h _ji~cj

tmj|j `d um`bm tg mgzrj h –rgb`jtp’ g| l|gtmj|mggo

rzbm hr mj mho agzdo ht Jc Hih|dh$ Hd j}hi`dh%

t`gd ga tmj ~chdr hdo b|grr%rjbt`gd q`jur ga tmj rg

bhccjo Rhcgihd‐r _ji~cj rmgur `t tg lj dgt gdcp

tp~`bhccp Jep~t`hd `d h|bm`tjbtz|j hdo ojbg|ht`gd#

lzt bg~`jo hatj| tmj iprt`b _ji~cj ht Jc Hih|dh#jqjd tg tmj cgbht`gd ga tmj Hcth|# u`tm tmj j}bj~%

t`gd tmht tmj ròj rt|zbtz|jr um`bm ihoj tmj g|è%?5




dhc lz`co`de h b|grr uj|j jcì`dhtjo `d Rhcgihd‐r

~chdr$

Rhcgihd mho tmj hrr`rthdbj ga tug umg mho

t|hqjcjo `d Jep~t hr h|bm`tjbtr hdo h|t`rtr‟Mz

|hi%hl` ga _p|j hdo gdj M`|hi Hlà$

_mj Rhcgihd l|gtmj|mggo uhr bcgrjcp uhtbmjo

lp tmj a|htj|d`tp `d Jep~t# um`bm mho |jigqjo `tr

mjhoxzh|tj|r tg _mjljr heh`d ljbhzrj ga ~gc`t`bhcbmhdejr hdo tmj uh||`de `dqhr`gdr `d tmj tj||`tg|p

ga Jc Hih|dh# um`bm jqjdtzhccp |jozbjo tmj jdt`|j

bgiizd`tp tg |z`dr$

@t uhr agzdo tmht Rhcgihd |jrt|`btjo m`r g|oj|

tg ihcjr hdo hoh~tjo h e|jht ihdp ga tmj ojth`cr ga

tmj \gr b|zb`hd `d`t`ht`gdr hdo rj|q`bjr$ Ht a |rt

`t uhr ljc`jqjo tmht mj ugzco h~~cp tg tmj E|hdoCgoej `d _mjljr ag| h bmh|tj| hdo ihkj m`r ug|k

h l|hdbm ga tmj \$ B$# lzt `t ljbhij h~~h|jdt lj%

ag|j tmj a`|rt hrrjilcp uhr mjco tmht mj uhr dgt

homj|`de tg tmj \gr`b|zb`hd ~m`cgrg~mp# ag| mj

zrjo tmj rzd hr tmj j}bczr`qj rpilgc ga m`r g|oj|$

Ga tmj e|gutm ga tmj Rhcgihd l|gtmj|mggo# hr

`t uhr gaa`b`hccp bhccjo `d hcc hdb`jdt ogbzijdtr# gdjihp |jho `d hcc c`tj|htz|j ljh|`de z~gd A|jj Ihr%

gd|p$ @t mhr jqgcqjo `dtg h rji`%iprt`bhc# r~jbz%?=




cht`qj# rjb|jt# a|htj|dhc g|oj| ga ~guj| hdo e|jht

mgdg|# e|hozhccp hctj|`de tmj ~|`db`~cjr chò ogud

lp Rhcgihd# `t `r t|zj# lzt og`de rg ag| tmj e|jhtj|

ljdja`t ga ihd$

_mj E|jjkr uj|j dgu bgi`de tg _mjljr tg

rtzop# hdo `t uhr ht tm`r tìj tmht tmj ug|co%uòj

r~|jho ga tmj g|ehd`vht`gd ljehd$

^ptmheg|hr `r rg gatjd ijdt`gdjo hr gdj ga tmj

jh|c`jrt Ijrr`hmr ga tmj g|oj|# lzt `d t|ztm tmj|j

uj|j ihdp umg ~|jbjojo mì$ Higde tmj a |rt tg

ljbgij ug|cocp ahigzr `d tmj g|oj| uhr Rgcgd#

umg ljbhij tmj a`|rt bmh~ch`d umg uhr dgt hd

Jep~t`hd$ Mj jdtj|jo tmj g|oj| `d 18= L$ B$# hdo

|jih`djo h t|zj Ijrr`hm zdt`c m`r t|hdr`t`gd `d

::> L$ B$# cjhq`de ag| gz| zrj rgij ga tmj igrt

ljhztàzc hdo `dr~`|`de ~|hpj|r jqj| r~gkjd lp hpjh|d`de rgzc$ Bgdtji~g|h|p u`tm mì uhr Hdh}&

ìhdoj|# umg bhij a|gi I`cjtzr tg rtzop ht

_mjljr ~|jbjo`de tmj bgi`de ga ^ptmheg|hr$

^ptmheg|hr uhr lg|d `d Rhigr gd Dgqjilj|

<1tm# :=< L$ B$ Mj jdtj|jo tmj G|oj| ht _mjljr

gd tmj rjbgdo ga H~|`c# :28# hdo mhq`de ~hrrjo

tm|gzem hcc tmj `d`t`ht`gdr hdo j}hi`dht`gdr mjjdtj|jo tmj @cczi`dht`# Gbtglj| 81# :<0# hdo cjat

?0




ht gdbj ag| B|gtgdh -K|gtgdg)# @thcp# u`tm fjujcr

hdo ogbzijdtr tg agzdo h E|hdo Cgoej tmj|j$

_mj|j uj|j h aju rgbhccjo rjb|jt bzctr `d j}`rtjdbj

ht tmht tìj `d @thcp# hdo umjd ^ptmheg|hr ljehd

tg ~|gizcehtj m`r ~chdr hdo hoi`ttjo tmht ugijd

ièmt dgt gdcp ljbgij ijilj|r# lzt bgzco mgco

gaa`bj# mj htt|hbtjo tmj httjdt`gd ga tmj igrt ho%

qhdbjo tm`dkj|r ga tmj ohp$ _mjhdg# tmj uàj ga

^ptmheg|hr# uhr gdj ga tmj ~|`db`~hc gaa`bj|r ag|tm|jj pjh|r$ _mj E|hdo Cgoej jqjdtzhccp mho 2>>

l|gtmj|r hdo r`rtj|r hdo `rrzjo ihdp bmh|tj|r ag|

cgbhc cgoejr ga tmj g|oj| tm|gzemgzt @thcp$

A|gi tm`r tìj gduh|o tguh|o tmj Bm|`rt`hd

~j|`go# e|jht i`dor a|gi ihdp bgzdt|`jr fgz|%

djpjo Jhrtuh|o hdo Ujrtuh|o hdo B|grrjo tmj

_m|jrmgco# hdo mhq`de bgi~cjtjo tmj ug|k hdo

rtzo`jr# ~hrrjo heh`d `dtg tmj ug|co‐r oh|kdjrr tg

r~|jho tmj cèmt hr tmjp `dtj|~|jtjo `t$

Hr h m`rtg|`bhc |jbg|o hdo h ezòj tg tmj rtzojdt

umg ojcèmtr `d |jrjh|bm hdo hdt`xzh|`hd`ri# tmj|j

u`cc lj e`qjd tmj dhijr ga tmgrj umg bhij tg

_mjljr tg rtzop# ljbhij Ihrtj|r ga \gr`b|zb`hdCgoejr `d gtmj| chdor# hdo oz|`de tmj`| càjtìjr

:>




~zlc`rmjo ht cjhrt gdj lggk# hd gaa`b`hc ug|k# t|jht%

`de gd tmj \gr`b|zb`hd ~m`cgrg~m`jr g| rb`jdbjr$Ihdp ga tmj lggkr g| ihdzrb|`~tr tg lj c`rtjo

h|j rt`cc j}thdt `d tmj g|è`dhc# g| t|hdrchtjo# hdo

xz`tj h aju ga tmji h|j `d Hij|`bh$ H ~j|zrhc ga

hdp g|$j ga tmji bgdq`dbjr gdj ga tmj hztmg|‐r |jhc

kdgucjoej hdo j}~j|`jdbj `d \gr`b|zb`hd`ri$

:8





B m h ~ t j | @@@

_MJ U G\K GA _MJ O@RB@^CJR

Z_J\ hbt`q`t`jr ga tmj E|jht Um`tj

L|gtmj|mggo# oz|`de tmj ~|j%Bm|`rt`hd

J|h# uj|j bjdtj|jo `d h dzilj| ga

l|hdbmjr bgdt|gccjo lp gdj e|gz~ ga

rz~|jij gaa`bj|r umg bgdrt`tztjo tmj \gr`b|zb`hd

A|htj|d`tp ga L|jtm|jd ga tmj \grp B|grr$ _mj

Rz~|jij Ihrtj|r ga tmj E|jht Um`tj L|gtmj|mggo

u`tmo|ju a|gi ~zlc`b hbt`q`tp hdo u`tm h bgzdb`c

ga ji`djdt hoq`rg|r bgdrt`tztjo tmj jrgtj|`b lgopkdgud tmj|jhatj| hr tmj E|jht Um`tj Cgoej$

Dgthlcj higde tmj ~mhrjr ga tmj r~|jho ga tmj

ug|k ga tmj \gr`b|zb`hdr tg gtmj| chdor uhr tmj

jrthlc`rmijdt ga tug l|hdbmjr kdgud hr tmj

Jrrjdjr hdo tmj _mj|h~jztt$ _mj Jrrjdjr bgdrt`%

tztjo tmht l|hdbm um`bm ujdt `dtg ^hcjrt`dj hdo

hog~tjo h o`rt`dbt dhij `d g|oj| tg qj`c `tr ~|j

cì`dh|p ug|k um`cj tmj _mj|h~jzt` uhr h rì`ch|

l|hdbm jrthlc`rmjo ag| tmj rhij ~z|~grj `d E|jjbj$

:2




@d ^hcjrt`dj tmj Jrrjdjr jrthlc`rmjo h bgiizd`tp ga ijilj|r hdo hrrgb`htj ijilj|r ht Ehc`cjj

umj|j tmjp mho ihdp mgijr `d tm`r dgdFju`rm#

Ejdt`cj ~h|t ga tmj bgzdt|p# hdo lz`ct tmj`| ~|`db`

~hc igdhrtj|p hdo tji~cj gd tmj tg~ ga Igzdt

Bh|ijc umj|j Jc`fhm# hr gdj ga tmj ojrbjdohdtr ga

tmj E|jht Um`tj L|gtmj|mggo# mho ~|jq`gzrcp

jrthlc`rmjo h |jt|jht hdo mho thzemt ihdp ga tmjiprtj|`jr ga tmj L|gtmj|mggo$

Fzrt ljag|j tmj Bm|`rt`hd ~j|`go# tmj E|jht

Um`tj L|gtmj|mggo mho hcrg jrthlc`rmjo h dju

igdhrtj|p hdo tji~cj hdo gtmj| rt|zbtz|jr ag| h

e|jht bjdt|hc ~g`dt ga tmj`| hbt`q`t`jr ht Mjc`g~gc`r#

hdo tmj tji~cj mj|j uhr kdgud hr tmj _ji~cj ga

Mjc`gr# g| rgijtìjr bhccjo –tmj _ji~cj ga tmjRzd$’ _mj `dtj|bgz|rj ljtujjd tmj tji~cj ht Mjc`

g~gc`r hdo tmj gdj gd tg~ ga Igzdt Bh|ijc uhr

`dtìhtj hdo a|jxzjdt# hdo ihdp ga tmj ~m`cgrg

~mj|r umg fgz|djpjo a|gi Jz|g~jhd ~g`dtr tg

Jep~t tg rtzop r~jdt rgij ga tmj`| tìj ht Igzdt

Bh|ijc$

Fzrt hlgzt tmj tìj ga tmj l`|tm ga Fjrzr tmj

e|jht c`l|h|p hdo h|bm`q`rt |jbg|or ih`dth`djo ht

Mjc`g~gc`r uj|j t|hdraj||jo tg Igzdt Bh|ijc# hdo:?




tmj Jrrjdjr L|gtmj|mggo `d ^hcjrt`dj tgejtmj| u`tmgtmj| l|hdbmjr ga tmj E|jht Um`tj L|gtmj|mggo

uj|j ~|j~h|`de ag| tmj bgi`de ga tmj e|jht H q h t h |

umg uhr tg lj tmj |j`dbh|dht`gd ga Vg|ghrtj|# gdj

ga tmj ahigzr Hqhth|r ga tmj L|gtmj|mggo `d bjd%

tz|`jr ~hrt$

_mj l`|tm ga Fjrzr `d tmj ahi`cp ga Ejdt`cjr c`q

`de `d tmj Jrrjdjr bgiizd`tp ht Ehc`cjj azca`ccjo

tmj j}~jbtht`gdr ga tmj L|gtmj|mggo# hdo a|gi tm`r

tìj gd tmj gztj| hdo `ddj| hbt`q`t`jr ga tmj L|gtm%

j|mggo ljbhij bjdtj|jo h|gzdo tmj i`d`rt|p ga tmj

e|jht Ihrtj| Fjrzr$ _mj ojth cr ga tmj l`|tm# ~|j~

h|ht`gd# i`d`rt|p# hdo bzci`dht`de jqjdtr ga tmj

Ihrtj| Fjrzr h|j hcc rjt ag|tm `d h rj~h|htj qgczij

jdt`tcjo –_mj Iprt`bhc Càj ga Fjrzr’ umj|j`d h|j

e`qjd ojth`cr a|gi tmj |jbg|or ga tmj Jrrjdjr hdo

tmj E|jht Um`tj L|gtmj|mggo hdo um`bm mhqj

djqj| ljjd ~zlc`rmjo ljag|j$ _mj|jag|j# @ u`cc dgt

thkj r~hbj `d tmj ~|jrjdt |jbg|o tg |jb`tj tmjrj

ihdp hdo ì~g|thdt ihttj|r$

Ht tmj bcgrj ga tmj càj ga Fjrzr tmj Bm|`rt# tmj

o`rb`~cjr ga Fjrzr hdo tmj mèm gaa`bj|r ga tmj E|jht

Um`tj L|gtmj|mggo ~chddjo tg bh||p gd tmj dju

bpbcj ga `cczi`dht`gd hdo |jqjcht`gd ga ogbt|`djr hr::



M@R_G\_ GA _MJ G\OJ\

~|jrjdtjo lp Mì# hdo hd gztj| bgde|jeht`gd g|~zlc`b igqjijdt uhr jrthlc`rmjo kdgud hr tmj

Bm|`rt`dj Bmz|bm$ _m`r igqjijdt e|hozhccp

jqgcqjo `dtg h ig|j g| cjrr `doj~jdojdt ~zlc`b g|%

ehd`vht`gd# hdo um`cj `t uhr r~gdrg|jo lp tmj

E|jht Um`tj L|gtmj|mggo# hdo hcc ga tmj ~|`db`~hc

ug|kj|r c`kj zdtg tmj g|è`dhc H~grtcjr uj|j ijd

bmgrjd a|gi tmj Jrrjdjr Ejdt`cj bgiizd`tp htEhc`cjj# tmj E|jht Um`tj L|gtmj|mggo oò dgt

jrthlc`rm tmj Bm|`rt`dj Bmz|bm hr h ~h|t ga `tr

hbt`q`t`jr# ljbhzrj `t uhr `dtj|jrtjo `d tmj ug|k

ga hcc |jcè`gzr igqjijdtr `d hcc chdor# hdo oò dgt

ljbgij h ~h|t ga hdp ga tmji$

Rjqj|hc mzdo|jo pjh|r hatj| tmj agzdoht`gd ga

tmj Bm|`rt`dj Bmz|bm# hdo um`cj `t uhr lj`de

hbt`qjcp ~|gizcehtjo lp tmj |j~|jrjdtht`qj ga tmj

E|jht Um`tj L|gtmj|mggo `d tmgrj chdor umj|j

tmj ogbt|`djr hdo tjhbm`der ugzco og tmj ztigrt

eggo# tmj Rz~|jij _ji~cj hdo igdhrtj|p# hr ujcc

hr tmj c`l|h|p hdo h|bm`q`rt |jbg|or# uj|j t|hdr%

aj||jo a|gi Igzdt Bh|ijc tg dju rt|zbtz|jr lz`ct

`d hd `rgchtjo rjbt`gd ga _`ljt umj|j tmj Mjho%

xzh|tj|r ga tmj E|jht Ihrtj|r ga tmj g|ehd`vht`gd

`r rt`cc ih`dth`djo$:1




Oz|`de tmj tìj ga tmj g|ehd`vht`gd ga tmjBm|`rt`dj igqjijdt# hdo tm|gzemgzt hcc tmj bjd

tz|`jr tmj|jhatj|# tmj `ddj| b`|bcj ga tmj E|jht

Um`tj L|gtmj|mggo bgdt`dzjo tg azdbt`gd hr h

dgdrjbth|`hd# dgd|jcè`gzr rbmggc ga iprt`bhc# gb

bzct# hdo rb`jdtà b tjhbm`der$ Hcc ga tmj gztj|

hbt`q`t`jr rzbm hr tmj Jrrjdjr igqjijdt# tmj Bm|`r

t`dj igqjijdt# hdo rì`ch| lgo`jr `d qh|`gzr chdor#

|j~|jrjdtjo tmj gztj| bgde|jeht`gd ga tmj E|jht

Um`tj L|gtmj|mggo um`cj tmj rjb|jt rbmggcr hdo

tji~cjr u`tm tmj`| mèm ~|`jrtr hdo `drt|zbtg|r hdo

ch|ej ijilj|rm`~ ga rtzojdtr |j~|jrjdtjo tmj `ddj|

bgde|jeht`gd$ Hcc tm|gzem tmj hejr z~ tg tmj ~|jr

jdt tìj tmj E|jht Um`tj L|gtmj|mggo mhr bgd

t`dzjo tg azdbt`gd `d tm`r ozhc ihddj|$

@t uhr oz|`de tmj ~j|`go ga bgdtjdt`gdr hdo

rt|àj tmht tmj Bm|`rt`dj igqjijdt ahbjo# tmht tmj

E|jht Um`tj L|gtmj|mggo agzdo `t hoq`rhlcj tg

jrthlc`rm hdgtmj| g|ehd`vht`gd bgi~grjo hcigrt

j}bczr`qjcp ga ijd# hdo bhccjo tmj I`c`t `h B|zb`%

aj|h Jqhdejc`bh$ @tr ~z|~grj uhr tg ~|gtjbt tmj

b|grr hr h iprt`bhc rpilgc# heh`drt `tr i`rzrj lp

tmgrj umg httji~tjo tg bh||p gd b|zrhojr ga ~j|

rjbzt`gd heh`drt gtmj|r umg ugzco dgt hbbj~t h:5




rjbth|`hd `dtj|~|jtht`gd ga tmj rpilgc`ri ga tmjhdb`jdt jilcji$ @t uhr `d tmj agzdoht`gd ga tm`r

I`c`t`h tmht uj a`do tmj g|è`d ga hcc tmj i`c`thdt

g|ehd`vht`gdr um`bm ljbhij ojajdoj|r ga tmj ah`tm

`d chtj| pjh|r# lzt `t `r dgthlcj tmht tmj I`c`t`h

B|zbàj|h Jqhdejc`bh djqj| ljbhij hd hbt`qj lgop

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j|hc m`rtg|p umg ljbhij rtzojdtr `d tmj iprtj|p:=




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18




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11




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bmhilj| ga Bmh|cjihedj‐r tm|gdj$ Bmh|cjihedj

oò dgt ljbgij h Ihrtj| `d tmj G|oj|# lzt hatj|

tug pjh|r‐ ojchp ~j|i`ttjo h Cgoej tg lj jrthl

c`rmjo `d _gzcgzrj$ _mj g|è`dhc Cgoej uhragzdojo `d h tji~g|h|p igdhrtj|p gd tmj gzt%

rk`|tr ga _gcgrh‟tmj hdb`jdt b`tp‟um`bm `r dgu

`d |z`dr rgij c`ttcj o`rthdbj a|gi tmj ~|jrjdt b`tp

ga _gzcgzrj$ ^h|t ga tmj Hcth| ga tm`r a |rt Cgoej

`d A|hdbj uhr rt`cc ~|jrj|qjo lp tmj h|bm`q`rtr ga

tmj G|oj| `d A|hdbj `d 80>0# tmgzem `t uhr izbmtmj ug|rj ag| qj|p rjqj|j mhdoc`de oz|`de tmj

ihdp |jcè`gzr uh|r `d tmj ^|gq`dbjr$




H|dhzo ljbhij tmj Ihrtj| `d tmht a`|rt Cgoej

um`bm mjco `tr g~jd`de bgdqgbht`gd hlgzt =>?=>:$

-_mj oàa`bzctp u`tm j}hbt ohtjr `r ozj tg tmj ihdp

bmhdejr `d tmj bhcjdoh| hdo `d `dtj|~|jt`de tmj

qh|`gzr ijtmgor ga kjj~`de |jbg|or `d tmgrj ohpr$)

_mj a`|rt E|hdo Ihrtj| ga A|hdbj uhr A|jjr#

umg |jèdjo a|gi ==2 tg =00 H$ O$ Zdt`c tmht

tìj E|hdo Ihrtj|r uj|j dgt h~~g`dtjo$ _mj|juhr tg lj gdcp gdj Cgoej `d hdp bgzdt|p# hbbg|o%

`de tg tmj g|è`dhc ~chdr# hdo tmj Ihrtj| ga tmht

Cgoej mjco dg gtmj| ~guj| g| hztmg|`tp tmhd |òj

gqj| tmj gdj Cgoej$ _mj e|hdt`de ga bmh|tj|r uhr

rt`cc `d tmj mhdor ga tmj Rz~|jij Bgzdb`c$ Lzt

`t uhr A|jjr umg l|gzemt ljag|j tmj Bgzdb`c tmj

hoq`rhl`c`tp ga jrthlc`rm`de h E|hdo Cgoej `d bj|th`d bgzdt|`jr hdo e`q`de tg `tr Ihrtj|r tmj |èmt

tg e|hdt bmh|tj|r tg gtmj| Cgoejr u`tm`d tmj rhij

dht`gdhc bgda`djr$ @t uhr gdcp gdj pjh| ljag|j

A|jjr ~hrrjo tg tmj ljpgdo‟=0=‟tmht mj |j%

bj`qjo m`r hztmg|`tp hdo `drt|zbt`gdr tg jrthlc`rm

gtmj| Cgoejr `d A|hdbj hdo tmj rjbgdo Cgoej uhr

ìijo`htjcp jrthlc`rmjo `d Cpgdr$_mj|j uj|j ihdp ojqgzt rtzojdtr ga tmj G|oj|

`d _gzcgzrj umg c`qjo `d Cpgdr hdo tmjp cgrt dg5<




tìj‟hatj| pjh|r ga uh`t`de‟`d ejtt`de h qj|p

acgz|`rm`de Cgoej jrthlc`rmjo tmj|j$ Ihdp pjh|r

chtj|‟ 81<2‟tmj Ihrgdr `d Cpgdr g|ehd`vjo h

\grj B|g`} oje|jj `d tmj rhij b`tp tg ~cjhrj tmj

ihdp \gr b|zb`hdr umg uj|j Ihrgdr$ _mj Ih

rgd`b lgop uhr g|ehd`vjo ht h Bgzdb`c mjco tmj|j

Fzcp <2|o# 81<2$

@d tmj ijhdtìj tmj G|oj| `d A|hdbj mho r~|jhoqj|p |h~òcp hdo mho htt|hbtjo uòj httjdt`gd$

Rgij ga tmj Igdkr `d tmj qh|`gzr igdhrtj|`jr `d

tmj Rgztm ga A|hdbj ljbhij `dtj|jrtjo# hdo u`tm

gzt ijdt`gd`de dhijr ht tm`r tìj‟cjt `t lj

kdgud tmht rgij ga tmjrj \gihd Bhtmgc`b ~j|

rgdr# ojqgzt hdo r`dbj|j# |jdoj|jo h e|jht rj|q`bj

tg tmj z~lz`co`de ga tmj rhdbt`tp ga tmj G|oj| lp

bgdt|`lzt`de ihdp ljhztàzc ig|hc hdo r~`|`tzhc

b|jjor hdo ogeihr$

A`dhccp `d 8>>8‟tmj pjh| umjd hcc tmj Rgztm

ga A|hdbj uhr j}~jbt`de tmj jdo ga tmj ug|co‟

hbbg|o`de tg hd gco L`lc`bhc ~|g~mjbp‟tmj G|oj|

`d A|hdbj jrthlc`rmjo h \gr`b|zb`hd Igdhrtj|p‟tmj a`|rt `d tmj ug|co‟`d tmj gco \gihd b`tp ga

Djihzrzr# dgu Dìjr$52




_m`r Igdhrtj|p ljbhij tmj dzbcjzr ag| tmj

e|jht \gr`b|zb`hd Bgccjej g| Jbgcj \$ B$ um`bm

acgz|`rmjo `d A|hdbj a|gi tmj tujcatm bjdtz|p tg

tmj iòocj ga tmj r`}tjjdtm hdo um`bm uhr |j

q`qjo heh`d `d 8==< `d Igdt~jcc`j|$

_mj m`rtg|p ga tmj G|oj| `d A|hdbj `r qj|p `d

tj|jrt`de$ _mj igrt i`dztj ahbtr ga tmj jh|cp m`r

tg|p uj|j |jbg|ojo lp ^mgdh`|j# umg uhr tmj

Gaa`b`hc M`rtg|`hd ga tmj G|oj| `d 882< tg 882?$

_mj chtj| m`rtg|p uhr bgi~`cjo lp h dzilj| ga

Ihrtj|r ga tmj \$ B$# \$ A$ hdo ~|jrj|qjo `d tmj

h|bm`qjr `d tmj Ogdejgd ht _gzcgzrj$ _m`r chttj|

b`tp mhr ljjd tmj ijjt`de ~chbj ga tmj A|jdbm Rz

~|jij Bgzdb`c r dbj 8?=5$ A|hdbj mjco rjbgdo

~chbj `d rt|jdetm ga dzilj| ga ijilj|r# Ej|ihdp

mgco`de a |rt ~chbj# hdo Jdechdo tm`|o$ Jep~t ga

bgz|rj# uhr tmj e|jht Rz~|jij Bjdtj|# lzt mho

gdcp h bgi~h|ht`qjcp rihcc dzilj| ga ijilj|r$

@d A|hdbj tgohp‟ht tm`r qj|p mgz|‟tmj cgrr

ga ijilj|rm`~ tm|gzem tmj e|jht uh| `r rjjd tg lj

jdg|igzr$ Ga tmj A|jdbm Rz~|jij Bgzdb`c ga

tujdtpa`qj# tmj|j uj|j c`q`de `d Ojbjilj| ga 808:gdcp rjqjd$ Lzt tmj cgrr `d Ej|ihdp mhr ljjd

jqjd e|jhtj|$ Rg ihdp ga tmj L|gtmj|r ga tmj5?




G|oj| `d A|hdbj uj|j c`q`de `d tmj Rgztm ga

A|hdbj# tmht hctmgzem tmjp uj|j bhccjo z~gd tg

ljh| h|ir# tmjp oò dgt |jhbm tmj a|gdt$ _mjd#

heh`d# h e|jht ihdp ga tmj A|jdbm L|gtmj|r uj|j

gcoj| ijd hdo ijd umg mjco mèm gaa`bjr `d tmj

h|ip# dhqp# hdo ejdj|hc egqj|dijdt hdo tmjp

oò dgt ~h|t`b`~htj `d tmj hbtzhc bgdac`bt$

_mj G|oj| r~|jho `dtg Ej|ihdp rmg|tcp hatj|tmj E|hdo Cgoej uhr jrthlc`rmjo `d A|hdbj$ Bmh|

cjihedj mìrjca uhr tmj a`|rt tg `dt|gozbj tmj

G|oj| `d Ej|ihdp# ag| lp m`r bgiihdo gdj

Ihzrj rjttcjo rgijumj|j hcgde tmj \m`dj djh|

Bglcjdv hdo tmj|j ljehd h ~|g~hehdoh ag| iji

lj|r `d h xz`jt oèdà`jo ihddj|$ Mj djqj| c`qjo#

mgujqj|# tg rjj m`r ug|k ljh| a|z`t# ag| tmj |jrt|`bt`gdr ~chbjo h|gzdo ijilj|rm`~ uj|j rjqj|j

hdo tgg rt|`dejdt$ Lzt `d 88>> h Cgoej uhr jr

thlc`rmjo `d Ug|ir# um`bm ljbhij tmj E|hdo

Cgoej$

_mj ug|k e|ju |h~òcp `d Ej|ihdp oz|`de tmj

tujcatm bjdtz|p# lzt `t |jih`djo rg rjb|bt hdo rg

`dhbt`qj `d `tr gztuh|o ihdàjrtht`gdr oz|`de `tr8>= pjh|r ga `dhbt`q`tp tmht c`ttcj uhr kdgud ga

tmj G|oj| g| `tr ijilj|r$ _guh|o tmj lje dd`de5:




ga tmj aàtjjdtm bjdtz|p h r~jcc ga xz`jtzoj‟ga

og|ihdbp‟bhij heh`d tg tmj G|oj| hdo hr `tr

ijilj|r ~hrrjo gd aju uj|j hoi`ttjo$ \jcè`gzr

bgdt|gqj|r`jr hdo gtmj| t|gzlcjr dgt ga `dtj|jrt

mj|j tm|jhtjdjo tmj bgi~cjtj ojrt|zbt`gd ga tmj

G|oj|$ Ht tmj lje dd`de ga tmj a atjjdtm bjdtz|p

tmj|j uj|j gdcp hlgzt rjqjd mzdo|jo L|gtmj|r hdo

R`rtj|r ga tmj G|oj| c`q`de u`tm`d tmj fz|`ro`bt`gd

ga tmj Ej|ihd E|hdo Cgoej ht Cj`~vè$

Lzt `d tmj aàtjjdtm bjdtz|p‟ht hcigrt tmj chrt

igijdt ‟ tmj e|jht |jq`qhc bhij heh`d$ Hdo

um`crt tm`r e|jht |jq`qhc l|gzemt dju càj# dju

qèg| hdo dju mg~j tg tmj G|oj| `d Ej|ihdp# `t

mhr ~|gqjo tg lj tmj igrt ~j|~cj}`de gdj tmht jqj|

bhij tg tmj G|oj| hdpumj|j tm|gzemgzt tmjug|co$ @t mhr cjat h xzjrt`gd# h ogzlt# zdhdruj|jo

hdo zdrjttcjo# `d tmj chpihd‐r i`do hdo mhr

bhzrjo ig|j i`rzdoj|rthdo`de ga tmj G|oj|‐r t|zj

m`rtg|p hdo hdbjrt|p tmhd tm`r mzilcj httji~t lp

ij u`cc jqj| lj hlcj tg ihkj bcjh|$

51



B m h ~ t j | @Q

_MJ 8>=PJH\ BPBCJ HDO –B$ \B$’

_ `r djbjrrh|p# fzrt ht tm`r ~g`dt `d tmj

m`rtg|p# tg |jaj| tg gdj ga tmj qj|p

iprtj|`gzr hdo ~zvvc`de chur ga tmj

g|ehd`vht`gd# tmj g|è`d ga um`bm `r

cgrt `d tmj t|ho`t`gdhc m`rtg|p# lzt tmj ejdj|hc hb

bj~thdbj ga um`bm hbbgzdtr ag| ihdp ga tmj ~j

bzc`h| l|jhkr `d tmj hbt`q`t`jr ga tmj g|ehd`vht`gd$

@t h~~jh|r a|gi ihdp hdb`jdt u|`t`der tmht `dtmj a`|rt bjdtz|`jr ~|jbjo`de tmj Bm|`rt`hd J|h tmj

g|ehd`vht`gd bgi~c`jo u`tm h |jezcht`gd um`bm

ihp mhqj ljjd jrthlc`rmjo bjdtz|`jr ljag|j# g|

ihp mhqj ljjd t|`jo ht tm`r tìj hr h dju |jezch

t`gd$ _m`r |jezcht`gd bhccjo ag| h ~j|`go`b tp ga

hbt`qj hdo `dhbt`qj bpbcjr# jhbm ga 8>= pjh|r$ _mj

dzilj| ga 8>= `r rèdà`bhdt `d `trjca tg hcc gbbzctrtzojdtr# lzt fzrt ump tm`r dju |jezcht`gd uhr

l|gzemt `dtg jaajbt `r dgt kdgud$55




Hbbg|o`de tg tmj tj|ir ga tm`r |jezcht`gd# jqj|p

l|hdbm fz|`ro`bt`gd uhr tg rjcjbt h bj|th`d pjh|

hr tmj hdd`qj|rh|p ga `tr g|è`dhc agzdoht`gd# hdo

a|gi tmht pjh| gduh|o g~j|htj `d hbbg|ohdbj u`tm

tmj ~j|`go`b`tp ga bpbcjr$

H bgi~cjtj bpbcj ga j}`rtjdbj a|gi l`|tm tg |j

l`|tm uhr tg lj ga <81 pjh|r$ Ga tm`r bpbcj# tmj

a`|rt 8>= pjh|r uhr tg lj h ~j|`go ga gztj|# ejdj|hchbt`q`tp# um`cj tmj rjbgdo ~j|`go ga 8>= pjh|r uhr

tg lj h ~j|`go ga bgdbjhcjo# r`cjdt hbt`q`tp# hcigrt

|jrjilc`de bgi~cjtj og|ihdbp$ _m`r ~j|`go ga

`dhbt`q`tp uhr tg lj agccgujo lp hdgtmj| 8>= pjh|r

ga gztj| hbt`q`tp# fzrt hr tmgzem h dju G|oj| ga

tmj g|ehd`vht`gd uhr lg|d u`tmgzt hdp bgddjbt`gd

u`tm tmj ~|jq`gzr bpbcjr$ _m`r |jezcht`gd rjjijotg lj h bcgrj hdhcgep tg tmj bpbcjr ga l`|tm hdo

|jl`|tm ag| tmj mzihd ahi`cp# j}bj~t tmht tmj dzi

lj| ga pjh|r `d jhbm bpbcj uhr oàaj|jdt$ Fzrt hr

ihd‐r |jl`|tm gd jh|tm uhr bgdròj|jo h |j`dbh|%

dht`gd ga m`r ~|jq`gzr j}`rtjdbj# rg jhbm dju l`|tm

ga tmj g|ehd`vht`gd `d jhbm fz|`ro`bt`gd uhr tg ljbgdròj|jo tmj l`|tm ga h dju g|ehd`vht`gd hr h

|j`dbh|dhtjo rgzc `d h dju lgop$

5=




Rg uj a`do `d tmj a |rt aju bjdtz|`jr ~|jbjo`de

tmj Bm|`rt`hd J|h tmj G|oj| rjjijo rzoojdcp tg

o`rh~~jh| a|gi hcc gztuh|o j}`rtjdbj hdo hcc gzt%

uh|o hbt`q`tp `d rgij ga tmj gcoj| l|hdbmjr `d

tmj G|`jdt$ Rg ah| hr tmj zd`d`t`htjo uj|j bgd

bj|djo# hdo rg ah| hr tmj bhrzhc m`rtg|`hdr |jbg|ojo

tmj jqjdtr# tmj gcoj| l|hdbmjr ag|i`de h ~h|t ga

tmj agzdoht`gd ga tmj \gr`b|zb`hd G|oj| rzoojdcp

bjhrjo tg j}`rt u`tmgzt hdp j}~chdht`gd# g| hdp

`do`bht`gd tmht tmjp ugzco lj |jq`qjo$ _mj iji

lj|r ga tmj l|hdbmjr# hdo tmj e|jht cjhoj|r# oò

dgt bjhrj tg bh||p gd tmj`| `do`qòzhc hbt`q`t`jr#

hdo uj kdgu a|gi tmj |jbg|or ga tmj g|ehd`vht`gd

tmht# hbbg|o`de tg tmj |zcjr hdo |jezcht`gdr |j

eh|o`de tmjrj ~j|`gor ga r`cjdbj# oz|`de tmj 8>=pjh|r ga `dhbt`q`tp tmj ijilj|r ga tmj g|ehd`vh

t`gd ~|`qhtjcp `d`t`htjo tmj`| gud ojrbjdohdtr `d

tmj`| ìijo`htj ahi`c`jr# lzt hbbj~tjo dg dju

ijilj|r a|gi tmj ~|gahdj ug|co$ _mzr rjqj|hc

ejdj|ht`gdr ga \gr`b|zb`hdr# `d`t`htjo u`tm`d tmj

~|`qhbp ga mgijr g| rjb|jt tji~cjr# bgdt`dzjo tg

bh||p tmj mj|`thej ga tmj G|oj| `d rgij chdor#um`cj gztuh|ocp hdo `d hcc ga `tr ejdj|hc hbt`q`t`jr

tmj G|oj| rjjijo tg mhqj egdj gzt ga j}`rtjdbj$




_mjd ag| rjqj|hc pjh|r ~|jbjo`de tmj tìj ga tmj

dju l`|tm# ihdp ~|j~h|jo tmjirjcqjr lp ejtt`de

`d bgdthbt u`tm hd hbt`qj l|hdbm ga tmj g|ehd`vh

t`gd `d gtmj| chdor# hdo ht tmj ~|g~j| tìj hd

dgzdbjo `d tmj`| gud chdo tmj l`|tm ga h dju

bpbcj ga tmj G|oj|$

@d igrt ga tmj ag|jèd chdor tmj ~j|`gor ga og|

ihdbp hdo tmj ~j|`gor ga hbt`q`tp uj|j dgt bg`dbòjdthc$ _mj|jag|j# uj a do# ag| `drthdbj# tmht

Ej|ihdp uhr `d tmj iòrt ga h ~j|`go ga og|

ihdbp rg ah| hr tmj gztj| hbt`q`t`jr ga tmj G|oj|

uj|j bgdbj|djo# oz|`de h tìj umjd tmj G|oj|

uhr qj|p hbt`qj `d A|hdbj hdo Mgcchdo$ Hdo

heh`d uj a`do tmht tmj G|oj| uhr `dhbt`qj `d

A|hdbj fzrt ht tmj tìj tmht tmj G|oj| mho `tr djul`|tm `d Ej|ihdp# hdo tmj G|oj| `d Jdechdo uhr

`d tmj qj|p bjdtj| ga `tr ~j|`go ga hbt`q`tp$

_mj Iprtj|p ga B$ \ %B$

Hr tmj tìj h~~|ghbmjo ag| jhbm fz|`ro`bt`gd

g| bgzdt|p tg mhqj `tr dju l`|tm ga tmj G|oj|# h|

|hdejijdtr uj|j ihoj ag| tmj zrzhc `rrzhdbj ga hihdàjrtg g| ~hi~mcjt rjtt`de ag|tm tmj lje`dd`de

ga h dju bpbcj$ Fzrt umjd tm`r bzrtgi uhr=>




hog~tjo `t `r oàa`bzct tg rhp# hdo ga bgz|rj `d tmj

jh|cp ~|jBm|`rt`hd ohpr# tmj `rrzhdbj ga ~hi~m

cjtr g| ~|`dtjo ihttj| uhr ì~grr`lcj# hdo rg h

ojb|jj uhr ~|gizcehtjo g| o`rrji`dhtjo lp ug|o

ga igztm hdo lp tmj o`r~chp ga h bj|th`d rpilgc

higde tmj ~jg~cj$ _m`r ihdàjrtg# ojb|jj# g| rpi

lgc# hddgzdbjo tmj g~jd`de ga h –tgil’ `d um`bm

tmj –lgop’ ga h e|jht ihrtj|# B$ \B$# uhr agzdo#

tgejtmj| u`tm |h|j fjujcr hdo rjb|jt u|`t`der g| jd

e|hq`der gd rtgdj g| uggo um`bm ji~guj|jo tmj

o`rbgqj|j|r ga tmj –tgil’ tg jrthlc`rm tmj rjb|jt

g|ehd`vht`gd gdbj heh`d$

U j u`cc a do chtj| gd `d gz| m`rtg|p tmht umjd

tmj tìj bhij ag| tmj dju l`|tm `d Ej|ihdp# tmj

`dbòjdt ga tmj g~jd`de ga tmj –tgil’ uhr e`qjd

uòj| b`|bzcht`gd tmhd mho jqj| ljjd e`qjd tg h

rì`ch| `dbòjdt `d hdp chdo ljag|j$ _m`r uhr ozj

tg tmj `dqjdt`gd ga tmj h|t ga ~|`dt`de# um`bm ihoj

~grr`lcj tmj o`rt|`lzt`gd ga tmj ihdàjrtgr hdo tmj

hddgzdbjijdtr `d tmj ag|i ga ~hi~mcjtr `rrzjo `d

a`qj oàaj|jdt chdezhejr# hdo o`rrji`dhtjo tm|gzem

ihdp dht`gdr ht tmj rhij tìj$ Bgi`de ht h b|zb`hc mgz|# hr uj rmhcc rjj# `d tmj jqgczt`gd ga |j

cè`gd hdo ~m`cgrg~mp# hdo lj`de rg uòjcp o`r=8




t|`lztjo# tmj ~hi~mcjtr ga tmj rjqjdtjjdtm bjdtz|p

htt|hbtjo rzbm zd`qj|rhc httjdt`gd higde ~j|rgdrumg mho djqj| mjh|o ga tmj g|ehd`vht`gd ljag|j

tmht h bgiigd ì~|jrr`gd uhr b|jhtjo hdo |j

bg|ojo tg tmj jaajbt tmht h dju g|ehd`vht`gd# djqj|

kdgud `d tmj ug|co ljag|j# mho bgij `dtg j}`rt%

jdbj tm|gzem tmj o`rbgqj|p ga h tgil# hdo tmj

lgop ga h ~j|rgd zd`xzj `d m`rtg|p$ _m`r ahcrj

ì~|jrr`gd uhr |jbg|ojo `d rg ihdp chtj| m`rtg|`jr#

tmht jqjd tgohp uj h|j |jxz`|jo tg j}~ch`d tmj

i`rbgdbj~t`gd$

@t izrt lj h~~h|jdt tg tmj |jhoj| ga tm`r m`r

tg|p tmht tmj o`rbgqj|p ga h –lgop’ `d tmj –tgil#’

g| tmj a`do`de ga tmj –lgop’ ga h ~j|rgd kdgud hr

B$ \%B$# `r hccjeg|`bhc# hdo `r dgt tg lj thkjd `d

h c`tj|hc rjdrj$ @d tmj a |rt ~chbj# tmj ug|o –lgop’

`d tmj chdezhej `d um`bm `t uhr a`|rt zrjo# uhr

rpilgc`bhc ga rgijtm`de jdt`|jcp oàaj|jdt tmhd tmj

~mpr`bhc lgop ga h ihd$ @d tmj rjbgdo ~chbj# tmj

`d`t`hcr B$ \%B$# oò dgt ijhd Bm|`rt`hd \grjd%

S|jzv# j}bj~t hr tmj ug|or |j~|jrjdtjo lp tmgrj

`d`t`hcr uj|j t|hdrchtjo `d tmj Ej|ihd chdezhej$

_mj `d`t`hcr B$ \%B$# rthdo`de ag| tmj Bm|`rtzr ga

tmj \grp B|grr# ihp lj t|hdrchtjo `dtg tmj Cht`d#=<




A|jdbm# hdo gtmj| chdezhejr u`tmgzt hdp bmhdej;

tmj|jag|j tmj `d`t`hcr B$ \B$# umjd a`|rt zrjo uj|j

dgt tmj `d`t`hcr ga j`tmj| Ej|ihd g| A|jdbm ug|or#

lzt ga Cht`d ug|or$

_mgrj u|`tj|r ga iprt`bhc hdo ahdthrt`bhc rtg|`jr

umg mhqj t|`jo tg ~|jrjdt tmj rtg|p ga B$ \B$#

lp rtht`de tmht tmjrj `d`t`hcr uj|j tmgrj ga hd `do`

qòzhc# h|j umgccp zdhbxzh`dtjo u`tm tmj ahbtr$Jqjd à tmj r~`|`tzhc ~j|rgd |j~|jrjdtjo lp tmj

–lgop’ ga B$ \B$# uj|j tmj rhij `d jhbm bpbcj#

tm|gzem h rj|`jr ga |j`dbh|dht`gdr# rzbm h |j`dbh|

dhtjo ~j|rgd ugzco lj h oàaj|jdt jh|tmcp `do`qò%

zhc `d jhbm `dbh|| `t`gd$ Ag| tmht |jhrgd `t izrt

lj zdoj|rtggo tmht tmj|j uhr dg gdj jh|tmcp ~j|

rgd umg uhr zd`xzjcp hdo j}bczr`qjcp kdgud hrB$ \B$# `d hdp bpbcj ga tmj G|oj|‐r j}`rtjdbj$ Gz|

|jbg|or |jaj| tg ht cjhrt tujcqj o`rbgqj|`jr ga

–tgilr’ bgdth`d`de tmj –lgop’ ga B$ \B$ `d oà

aj|jdt chdor ~|jbjo`de tmj e|jhtcp ~g~zch|`vjo `d

bòjdt `d Bhrrjc# Ej|ihdp# `d tmj rjqjdtjjdtm bjd

tz|p$ Hdo tmj|j mhqj ljjd r i`ch| `dbòjdtr `d tmj

m`rtg|p ga tmj G|oj| r`dbj tmj gdj `d tmj rjqjd

tjjdtm bjdtz|p$=2




_mj|jag|j# umjd tmj rtzojdt ga tmj m`rtg|p ga

tmj g|ehd`vht`gd a`dor tmj qh|`gzr l|jhkr `d tmj

gztj| hbt`q`t`jr ga tmj g|ehd`vht`gd mj rggd dgt`bjr

tmht tmj|j `r h ~j|`go`b`tp tg tmj l|jhkr# hdo hc%

igrt zdbgdrb`gzrcp rjtr ogud tmj ohtjr ga tmj

bpbcjr ga hbt`q`tp hdo og|ihdbp$ U j rmhcc dgtj h

aju ga tmjrj ohtjr hr uj ~|gbjjo u`tm tmj m`rtg|p

`d tmj oàaj|jdt chdor$

Mgujqj|# jqj|pgdj umg |jhor `d rgij ga tmj

igoj|d iprt`bhc lggkr# hdo jqjd `d tmgrj tmht

bchì tg lj \gr`b|zb`hd# tmj rtg|p ga –Bm|`rt`hd

\grjdk|jzv’ lj`de tmj g|è`dhc agzdoj| ga tmj

\gr`b|zb`hd G|oj| `d Ej|ihdp -r~jhk`de ga B$

\B$ hr tmgzem mj uj|j hd jh|tmcp ~j|rgd umg

`dqjdtjo hdo jrthlc`rmjo tmj a`|rt cgoej ga \gr`b|z%

b`hdr hdpumj|j `d tmj ug|co) u`cc kdgu ht gdbj

tmht tmj u|`tj| ga tmj hbbgzdt `r zdahi`c`h| u`tm

tmj ahbtr hdo mhr i`rthkjd tmj hccjeg|`bhc rtg|p ag|

hd hbtzhc jqjdt$ _mj gtmj| j}~chdht`gd ga tmj

\gr`b|zb`hd ug|k# lp hd hztmg| ga tm`r bhc`l|j#

ihp lj jhr`cp ~chbjo `d tmj rhij bhtjeg|p ga |j%

c`hl`c`tp$ Hdo# umjd tmj rjjkj| bgijr `d bgdthbtu`tm h iprt`bhc g|ehd`vht`gd# g| h –\gr`b|zb`hd’

e|gz~# tmht bchìr tmht `t mhr `tr hztmg|`tp hdo=?




~guj| oj|`qjo a|gi tmj g|ehd`vht`gd rth|tjo lp

–Bm|`rt`hd \grjdk|jzv’ `d Ej|ihdp# g| tmht `t `r

h ojrbjdohdt a|gi tmj g|è`dhc cgoej jrthlc`rmjo lp

B$ \B `d Ej|ihdp# mj u`cc kdgu hcrg tmht tmj

bchì izrt lj a`bt`t`gzr hdo u`cazccp i`rcjho`de;

ag| tmj ahbtr bgdth`djo `d tm`r m`rtg|p u`cc rmgu

tmht tmj G|oj| uhr `d j}`rtjdbj `d ihdp chdor

ljag|j tmj ~g~zch| dju l`|tm ga tmj G|oj| `d Ej|

ihdp `d tmj rjqjdtjjdtm bjdtz|p# hdo tmht hdp

\gr`b|zb`hd rtzojdt hdo igrt bj|th`dcp hdp cjhoj|

ga \gr`b|zb`hd hbt`q`t`jr bgddjbtjo u`tm tmj ejdz

`dj g|ehd`vht`gd ugzco mhqj tmj bg||jbt rtg|p hdo

tmj bg||jbt ahbtr um`bm h|j hqh`chlcj tg hcc ga tmgrj

umg h|j t|zcp haa`c`htjo u`tm tmj |jhc g|ehd`vht`gd$

=:





_MJ ^G^ZCH\ \JQ@QHC @D EJ\IHDP

B m h ~ t j | Q

R `dtìhtjo `d ~|jq`gzr ~h|he|h~mr ga tm`r m`rtg|p# tmj igrt ~g~zch| hdo

~zvvc`de dbòjdt `d tmj umgcj m`rtg|p

ga tmj \gr`b|zb`hd G|oj| r d bgddjb

t`gd u`tm tmj tm`|o g| agz|tm |jq`qhc ga tmj g|ehd

`vht`gd `d Ej|ihdp$ Bgi`de hr `t oò# ht h b|`t`bhc

tìj `d tmj huhkjd`de ga tmj |jcè`gzr bgdrb`gzr

djrr ga tmj ~jg~cj# hdo umjd qh|`gzr |jag|ir uj|jlj`de `drt`tztjo hdo htthbkr uj|j lj`de ihoj z~gd

gcoj| `drt`tzt`gdr# u`tm h ~|gizceht`gd ga òjhr ag|

djuj| gdjr# tmj hddgzdbjijdt ga tmj l`|tm ga tmj

\gr`b|zb`hd G|oj| ag| tmj dju bpbcj `d Ej|ihdp

uhr bgdròj|jo lp ihdp hr h ~h|t ga tmj ejdj|hc

|jag|i thk`de ~chbj tm|gzemgzt tmht bgzdt|p hdo

gtmj| chdor$ _mj |jq`qhc ugzco djqj| mhqj ljbgij rg ~g~zch| dg| htt|hbtjo rg e|jht httjdt`gd

à `t mho dgt ljjd tmht ag| tmj a`|rt tìj `d tmj m`r




tg|p ga tmj \gr`b|zb`hd G|oj|# tmj h|t ga ~|`dt`de

uhr a|jjcp zrjo$

Rzbm h zrj ga ~|`dt`de uhr hcigrt zd`xzj# hdo

`t dhtz|hccp htt|hbtjo tmj httjdt`gd ga ~j|rgdr umg

uj|j jhr`cp bgdq`dbjo tmht e|jht ujhctm hdo e|jht

~guj| uj|j lhbk ga tm`r dht`gdhc hdo `dtj|dht`gdhc

~|ge|hi# hdo ag| tm`r |jhrgd gtmj| ~hi~mcjtr hdo

lggkcjtr uj|j u|`ttjd b|`t`b`v`de# bgiijdt`de

z~gd# hdo htthbk`de tmj g|ehd`vht`gd# hr ujcc hr

~|h`r`de `t hdo jdog|r`de `t$

_mj ihrr ga c`tj|htz|j |jrzct`de a|gi tmj g~jd

`de hddgzdbjijdtr ga tmj Ej|ihd |jq`qhc bgdrt`

tztjr gdj ga tmj qj|p oj~jdohlcj rgz|bjr ga m`r

tg|`bhc `dag|iht`gd |jeh|o`de tmj \gr`b|zb`hdr#

hdo ht tmj rhij tìj bgdrt`tztjr gdj ga tmj oj~cg|

hlcj ~|glcjir tmht bgda|gdtr jqj|p rjjkj| ag| |jhc

`dag|iht`gd$

Ihdp ga tmj ~hi~mcjtr hdo lggkcjtr `rrzjo lp

b|`t`br g| lp jdji`jr ga tmj g|ehd`vht`gd# g| jqjd

`d rgij bhrjr lp ~j|rgdr umg ij|jcp u`rmjo tg

htth`d ~|gi`djdbj g| htt|hbt httjdt`gd tm|gzem

u|`t`de hlgzt tmj g|ehd`vht`gd# u`tmgzt hdp |jhckdgucjoej ga tmj rzlfjbt# |jrzctjo `d h ihrr ga i`r

`dag|iht`gd# h e|jht ojhc ga um`bm jqjdtzhccp==




agzdo `tr uhp `dtg jdbpbcg~jo`hr hdo ejdj|hc m`r

tg|`jr$ _g tm`r qj|p ohp# tmj hqj|hej djur~h~j|#

ihehv`dj u|`tj|# g| rjjkj| ag| `dag|iht`gd |jeh|o%

`de tmj g|ehd`vht`gd# umg tz|dr tg gdj ga tmj

rthdoh|o jdbpbcg~jo`hr g| m`rtg|`jr ga c`tj|htz|j#

|jcè`gd# rb`jdbj# g| h|t# `r qj|p h~t tg bgij `d bgd%

thbt u`tm i`rcjho`de rthtjijdtr lhrjo z~gd tmj

b|`t`bhc jrrhpr u|`ttjd hlgzt tmj g|ehd`vht`gd oz|%`de tm`r ~j|`go ga tmj Ej|ihd |jq`qhc$

@t `r dgt ip `dtjdt`gd tg thkj r~hbj `d tm`r ~|jr%

jdt m`rtg|p tg |jq`ju tmj ahbtr |jcht`de tg tmj |j%

q`qhc `d Ej|ihdp# lzt ij|jcp tg bhcc httjdt`gd tg

tmj gztrthdo`de ~g`dtr bgddjbtjo tmj|ju`tm# lj%

bhzrj tmj |jhc m`rtg|p ga tmj |jq`qhc# hr ujcc hr tmj

tmjg|jt`bhc hdo i`rcjho`de m`rtg|p# mhr ljjd ~zl`rmjo `d ihdp lggkr hdo bhd lj agzdo `d ihdp

h|t`bcjr hdo jrrhpr ojhc`de u`tm \gr`b|zb`hd`ri$

_mj g~jd`de rhcztj ga tmht |jq`qhc uhr tmj rzo%

ojd hdo iprtj|`gzr ~zlc`bht`gd ga h lggk l|`jacp

bhccjo ”_m j Ahih$’ @d fzrt umht pjh| tmj g|è`dhc

~hi~mjt jdt`tcjo –_mj Ahih A|htji`tht`r’ uhr

`rrzjo `d Ej|ihdp `r |jhccp zdkdgud; ag| tmj|juj|j rg ihdp jo`t`gdr `d rg ihdp chdezhejr h~%

~jh|`de `d h dzilj| ga oàaj|jdt b`t`jr ht rcèmtcp=0




qh|p`de ohtjr$ Fzoe`de a|gi bg~`jr um`bm mhqj

ljjd bgccjbtjo# gdj ihp rjj tmht tmj ~hi~mcjt h~

~jh|jo oz|`de tmj pjh|r 818> tg 8181# g| jqjd

chtj|$ @t `r ejdj|hccp bgdbjojo tmht igrt ga tmjrj

uj|j ~|`dtjo ht Bhrrjc# `d Ej|ihdp# hctmgzem tmj

Jdec`rm jo`t`gd hdo tmj A|jdbm jo`t`gd uj|j ~|gl

hlcp ~|`dtjo `d gtmj| bgzdt|`jr$ Hr `r dhtz|hc u`tm

hcc ga tmj hdb`jdt \gr`b|zb`hd c`tj|htz|j# tmj hz

tmg|rm`~ uhr qj`cjo u`tm h rpilgc`b dhij# hdo h

e|jht ojhc ga tmj c`tj|htz|j ga tmj ~j|`go ga |jq`qhc

`d Ej|ihdp uhr rèdjo u`tm tmj dhij ga Bm|`rt`hd

\grjdkfjzv umjd tmj ~hi~mcjt uhr `d Ej|ihd#

g| u`tm h rì`ch| dhij t|hdrchtjo `d gtmj| chd

ezhejr umjd ~zlc`rmjo `d ag|jèd chdor; g| jcrj tmj

~|`db`~hc bmh|hbtj| tjcc`de tmj rtg|p `d tmj hddgzdbjijdtr g| ~|gbchiht`gdr lg|j tm`r rpilgc`bhc

dhij$ Ga bgz|rj# tmj dhij t|hdrchtjo `dtg gz|

Jdec`rm ijhdr –h Bm|`rt`hd ga tmj \grp B|grr$’

_mj ~hi~mcjtr uj|j hoo|jrrjo tg tmj cjh|djo

~j|rgdr ga tmj ug|co# ~h|t`bzch|cp ga Jz|g~j# hdo

h~~jhcjo tg tmj jozbhtjo hdo bzctz|jo# hdo `t `r

qj|p ogzltazc à hdp ga tmj cjh|djo ~j|rgdr `dEj|ihdp g| gtmj| chdor umg |jho tmgrj ~hi~mcjtr

ljc`jqjo tmht tmj dhij –Bm|`rt`hd \grjdk|jzv’0>




uhr tmj hbtzhc lgdhaòj dhij ga hdp ~j|rgd$

Mgujqj|# tgohp tm|gzemgzt tmj ug|co uj a`do

tmgzrhdor ga ~j|rgdr# hdo jr~jb`hccp tmgrj umg

mhqj httji~tjo tg u|`tj i`rcjho`de h|t`bcjr hlgzt

tmj \gr`b|zb`hdr# g| umg mhqj httji~tjo tg agzdo

hdo g|ehd`vj bgiij|b`hc ~|g~gr`t`gdr rjcc`de rg

bhccjo \gr`b|zb`hd lggkr# umg rjji tg |jhccp lj

c`jqj tmht tmj dhij –Bm|`rt`hd \grjdk|jzv’ uhrtmj dhij ga hd `do`qòzhc# hdo tmht tm`r `do`qòzhc

uhr tmj |jhc hztmg| ga tmj –Ahih’ hdo gtmj| ~`jbjr

ga \gr`b|zb`hd c`tj|htz|j# hdo c`kju`rj tmj agzdoj|

ga tmj jdt`|j \gr`b|zb`hd G|oj| um`bm mho `tr lj

e`dd`de# hbbg|o`de tg tmj`| ljc`ja# `d tm`r qj|p jr

thlc`rmijdt oz|`de tmj pjh|r 818> tg 8181$

_mj gtmj| ejdj|hc g~`d`gd |jeh|o`de tmj hztmg|rm`~ ga tmjrj ~hi~mcjtr `r gdj um`bm uhr lg|d `d

tmj i`dor ga h e|jht ihdp ~j|rgdr umg b|`t`b`vjo

tmj g|ehd`vht`gd oz|`de tmj rjqjdtjjdtm bjdtz|p$

_mjp ljc`jqjo tmht hd `do`qòzhc lp tmj dhij ga

Fgmhdd Qhcjdt`dj Hdo|jh uhr tmj |jhc hztmg| ga

tmj –Ahih#’ hdo tmj chtj| lggk bhccjo tmj –Bgd

ajrr`g A|htji`tht`r \$ B$’@d tmj pjh| 818?# tmj –Ahih’ mho htth`djo dh

t`gduòj ~g~zch|`tp `d `tr uhp# hdo mho b|jhtjo




h |jhc ~zlc`b rjdrht`gd# hdo ht tmht tìj Hdo|jh

uhr lzt h pgzde ihd ga tujdtpjèmt pjh|r$ Mj

uhr lg|d ht Uz|tjdlj|e# gd Hzezrt 85# 8:=1$

Mj uhr ga h ahi`cp ojqgtjo tg tmj Cztmj|hd ag|i

ga |jag|iht`gd# hdo hctmgzem Hdo|jh uhr |h`rjo

hbbg|o`de tg rt|`bt g|tmgog} |jcè`gzr ~|`db`~cjr#

mj oò bgij zdoj| tmj `daczjdbj hdo `drt|zbt`gd ga

h e|gz~ ga tmjgcge`hdr hdo ~m`cgrg~mj|r# tug ga

umgi uj|j iprt`bhccp `dbc`djo# hdo gdj ga umgi

uhr gdj ga tmj mèm gaa`bj|r ga tmj \gr`b|zb`hd

G|oj| `d Ej|ihdp$ _mj ~zlc`b kdju dgtm`de ga

m`r rtzo`jr zdoj| tm`r \gr`b|zb`hd tjhbmj|# lzt `t

kdju g| mjh|o rgijtm`de ga m`r iprt`bhc q`ju

~g`dtr# hdo tm`r uhr rzaa`b`jdt tg ihkj rgij rth|t

tmj rtg|p tmht Hdo|jh uhr tmj |jhc hztmg| ga tmj\gr`b|zb`hd ~hi~mcjtr$

Hr mhr ljjd `dtìhtjo mj|jtgag|j# tmj \gr`b|z%

b`hd G|oj| mhr hcuhpr ljjd rzlfjbt tg tmj chu jr

thlc`rmjo lp `trjca; gdj mzdo|jo hdo jèmt pjh|r

ga hbt`q`tp hdo gdj mzdo|jo hdo jèmt pjh|r ga

`dhbt`q`tp$ U j dgu mhqj rzaa b`jdt |jbg|o# `d tmj

ag|i ga ihdzrb|`~tr# ogbzijdtr# hdo gaa`b`hc ~h~j|rdgt hqh`chlcj g| kdgud tg tmj Ej|ihd ~zlc`b

`d tmj rjqjdtjjdtm bjdtz|p# tg rmgu bgdbczr`qjcp

0<




tmht tmj \gr`b|zb`hd G|oj| uhr dgt lgi ag| tmj

a`|rt tìj `d tmj m`rtg|p ga tmj ug|co `d Ej|ihdp#

`d 818> g| 818?# lzt mho j}`rtjo `d ihdp chdor

ag| ihdp bjdtz|`jr ~|jq`gzr tmj|jtg# hdo mho mho

bpbcjr ga hbt`q`tp hdo `dhbt`q`tp `d Ej|ihdp ag|

rjqj|hc bjdtz|`jr ljag|j tmj |jq`qhc tg um`bm uj

h|j |jaj||`de$ Jqjd tmj –Ahih’ `trjca |jaj||jo tg

tmj ahbt tmht tmj rpilgc`bhc hztmg| ga tmj ihdz

rb|`~t g| tmj rpilgc`bhc bmh|hbtj|r `d tmj rtg|p mho

ljjd ijilj|r ga tmj g|ehd`vht`gd bjdtz|`jr ~|j

q`gzr$ Hcc ga tm`r mhr ljjd gqj|cggkjo lp tmgrj

umg rt`cc bchì# jr~jb`hccp `d Hij|`bh# tmht h Ej|

ihd umgrj t|zj ahi`cp dhij uhr –Bm|`rt`hd \gr

jdk|jzv#’ `dqjdtjo# hdo jrthlc`rmjo tmj \gr`b|z

b`hd G|oj|# ag| tmj a`|rt tìj `d tmj m`rtg|p ga tmj

ug|co# `d tmj pjh|r 818> tg 818?# `d Ej|ihdp$

Gdj ga tmj ihdp ujcc jrthlc`rmjo ahbtr |jeh|o

`de tmj m`rtg|p ga tmj G|oj|# um`bm ~|gqjr tmj

j}`rtjdbj ga tmj G|oj| ga tmj \grj B|grr g| \grp

B|grr tm|gzemgzt Jz|g~j ljag|j 818># `r tmj rtg|p

ga tmj agzdo`de ga gdj ga tmj l|hdbmjr ga tmj

\gr`b|zb`hd hbt`q`t`jr$_m|gzemgzt \gr`b|zb`hd c`tj|htz|j# |jaj|jdbj

u`cc lj agzdo tg ~jbzc`h| `d`t`hcr hdo rt|hdej dhijr02




zrzhccp bgddjbtjo u`tm tmj t`tcj –I`c`t`h B|zbàj|h

Jqhdejc`bh$’ _mj –I$ B$ J$’ mhr hcuhpr ljjd h

~zvvcj tg tmgrj umg mhqj dgt ug|kjo tm|gzem tmj

bgi~cjtj m`rtg|p ga tmj G|oj|# hdo ht tmj rhij

tìj `t mhr bgdt`dzjo tg lj gdj ga tmj igrt jrrjd

t`hc ag|ir ga \gr`b|zb`hd hbt`q`t`jr `d ihdp chdor$

@t ihp lj tmht tmj agccgu`de ahbtr |jeh|o`de tmj

–I$ B$ J$– u`cc `dtj|jrt tmgrj ga ip |jhoj|r umg

mhqj djqj| mho tmj ~|`q`cjej ga cjh|d`de tmj |jhc

ahbtr ljag|j# hdo `t u`cc ~|glhlcp rjt ht |jrt tmj

mzdo|jor ga xzjrt`gdr tmht mhqj ljjd `d tmj i`dor

ga \gr`b|zb`hd |jrjh|bm ug|kj|r ag| ihdp pjh|r$

Hr rthtjo hlgqj# tmj |jq`qhc ga tmj \gr`b|zb`hd

ug|k `d Ej|ihdp `d 818> tg 818?# um`bm bgd

rt`tztjo tmj lje`dd`de ga gdj ga tmj dju bpbcjr ga gdj mzdo|jo hdo jèmt pjh|r# gbbz||jo umjd igrt

ga Jz|g~j uhr lj`de tgi lp qh|`gzr ag|ir ga |j

cè`gzr |jag|iht`gd hdo rt|àj ljtujjd bmz|bm hdo

rthtj$ _m|gzemgzt jhbm ga tmj bgzdt|`jr ga

Jz|g~j# qh|`gzr rjb|jt rgb`jt`jr g| i`c`th|p g|ehd`

vht`gdr mho ljjd ag|ijo tg ~|gtjrt heh`drt tmj jr

thlc`rmjo hbt`q`t`jr ga tmj ch|ej| bmz|bm# g| tgrthi~ gzt tmj e|gu`de a|jjogi ga |jcè`gzr

tmgzemt hdo ~|hbt`bjr ga tmj rgbhccjo mj|jt`br$0?



_mzr uj a`do tmht ag| ihdp pjh|r ljag|j tmj |j

q`qhc ga tmj \gr`b|zb`hd G|oj| tmj|j mho ljjd

jrthlc`rmjo# ag| `drthdbj `d 8:88# hr tp~`bhc ga tmj

ihdp rjb|jt |jcè`gzr lgo`jr# h –Mgcp Cjhezj’

bgi~grjo ga tmgrj ~j|rgdr umg mho ~cjoejo tmji

rjcqjr tg rz~~g|t tmj bmz|bm heh`drt `tr b|`t`br# jqjd

tg tmj j}tjdt ga thk`de z~ h|ir hdo bh||p`de gd

uh|ah|j `d –tmj dhij ga tmj b|grr$’ _mj Mgcp

Cjhezj uhr ~j|mh~r tmj igrt ahigzr g| ~guj|azc

ga tmjrj g|ehd`rht`gdr# lzt tmj|j uj|j rg ihdp

gtmj|r# hdo u`tm rg ihdp oàaj|jdt ~z|~grjr g|

jdor `d q`ju# tmht m`rtg|`hdr mhqj ljjd `dbh~hlcj

ga bchrràp`de tmji g| jqjd ojtj|i`d`de tmj |jhc

~h|t tmht hdp ga tmji ~chpjo `d tmj bmhdejr tmht

uj|j ihoj$ Oz|`de hcc tmjrj pjh|r ga rt|àj hdobgdtjdt`gd# tmj b|grr j`tmj| hr h Bm|`rt`hd rpilgc

g| hr hog~tjo lp tmj jh|cp B|zrhoj|r `d tmj

jcjqjdtm# tujcatm# hdo tm`|tjjdtm bjdtz|`jr uhr

zrjo hr tmj rthdoh|o zdoj| um`bm tmj uh|r hdo

gtmj| ag|ir ga ~j|rjbzt`gdr uj|j bgdozbtjo$ Hdo

tg tmj ug|rm`~~j| ga tmj hdb`jdt b|grr# umg mho `tr

|jhc rpilgc`ri `d m`r i`do hdo mjh|t# tmj zrj ga

tmj b|grr `d tmj ihddj| `d um`bm `t uhr lj`de0:





ji~cgpjo lp tmjrj bgdtjdo`de g|ehd`vht`gdr

l|gzemt e|`ja hdo ojj~ rg||gu$

Gz| |jbg|or rmgu tmht tmj \gr`b|zb`hdr jh|cp

~|gtjrtjo heh`drt tmj b|grr lj`de bh||`jo gd rthaar

g| ~h`dtjo gd acher tmht uj|j bh||`jo `dtg tmj lht

tcjr hdo `dtg tmj a`jcor ga lcggormjo# hr ujcc hr `dtg

tmj ~chdr hdo rbmjijr ag| tg|tz|jr hdo ~j|rjbz

t`gd$ _g tmj \gr`b|zb`hdr# tmj zrj ga tmj b|grr ag|

rzbm ojrt|zbt`qj ug|k uhr dgt gdcp `||jcè`gzr hdo

h rhb|`cjej# lzt h iprt`bhc `drzct hdo h r~`|`tzhc

b|ìj$ @t `r jhrp tg ljc`jqj tmht tmj \gr b|zb`hdr#

umj|jqj| tmjp bgzco hqgò og`de rg# tggk dg ~h|t

`d hdp ga tmjrj |jcè`gzr rt|àjr hdo bgdtjdt`gdr#

hdo `t `r jhrp tg ljc`jqj tmht tmjp djqj| ~j|i`ttjo

tmjirjcqjr tg bh||p hdp rthdoh|o tmht lg|j tmj

b|grr `d ~zlc`b haah`|r$

Ihttj|r ljbhij rg lho `d bgddjbt`gd u`tm tmj

zrj ga tmj b|grr `d tm`r rg||guazc uhp tmht a`dhccp

tmj \gr`b|zb`hdr ojbòjo tg |jq`qj hd hdb`jdt g|

ehd`vht`gd tg ojajdo tmj b|grr heh`drt `tr i`rzrj$

_mj òjh ga |jjrthlc`rm`de tm`r g|ehd`vht`gd uhr

lg|d `d tmj i`do ga tmj E|hdo Ihrtj| ga gdj ga tmj `dhbt`qj l|hdbmjr `d Ej|ihdp$ M`r dhij uhr

Rìgd Rtzo`gd# hdo mj uhr lgi ht Z|hbm `d tmj01




rthtj ga Uz|tjilj|e `d 8:?2# hdo chtj| htth`djo

tmj mèm oje|jj ga @i~j|htg| `d Ej|ihdp$ Oz|

`de tmj pjh| 8:=1 mj ~chddjo hd `dtj|dht`gdhc bgd%

qjdt`gd ag| tmj ~z|~grj ga g|ehd`v`de h r~jb`hc

lgop ga \gr`b|zb`hdr tg ojajdo tmj b|grr heh`drt

`tr i`rzrj `d ojrt|zbt`qj hdo rg||guazc hbt`q`t`jr$

Hatj| bgiizd`bht`de u`tm tmj cjho`de \gr`b|zb`hd

gaa`bj|r `d qh|`gzr chdor# hdo |jbj`q`de tmj`| umgcj

mjh|tjo h~~|gqhc# h bgdqjdt`gd uhr bhccjo `d Mhd

gqj|# umj|j uhr cgbhtjo tmj –r`cjdt’ E|hdo Cgoej

ga tmj \gr`b|zb`hdr ag| tmht ~h|t ga tmj bgzdt|p$

_mj ijjt`de uhr gaa`b`hccp bhccjo –B|zbj Rèdh

tg|zi Bgdqjdtzr#’ hdo `tr g~jd`de rjrr`gd uhr

mjco gd Fzcp <5tm# 8:=1$ Rtzo`gd mìrjca ihoj

tmj g~jd`de r~jjbm# |jho`de tmj m`rtg|p ga tmj g|è`dhc I`c`t `h ag|ijo `d ^hcjrt`dj rggd hatj| tmj

agzdo`de ga tmj a`|rt Bm|`rt`hd bmz|bmjr; hdo tmjd

`dt|gozbjo tmj mèm |j~|jrjdtht`qjr a|gi ihdp

chdor hdo tmj cjehtjr a|gi tmj ihdp tm|gdjr um`bm

ehqj rz~~g|t tg tmj igqjijdt$ _mj |jbg|or rmgu

tmht tmj bgdqjdt`gd hdo `tr ~chd uhr r~gdrg|jo

~h|t`bzch|cp hdo r~jbà`bhccp lp Mjd|p @Q# k`de ga A|hdbj hdo Dhqh||j# umg mho |jbj`qjo tmj –h|ir’

ga tmj hdb`jdt I`c`t`h tm|gzem o`|jbt hztmg|`tp




a|gi tmj I`c`t`h `d ^hcjrt`dj# Xzjjd Jc`vhljtm ga

Jdechdo# hdo tmj k`de ga Ojdih|k# hr ujcc hr tmj

dgl`c`tp ga gtmj| chdor$ _mj g|ehd`vht`gd tmzr

ag|ijo zrjo tmj hdb`jdt dhij# –I`c`t`h B|zbàj|h

Jqhdejc`bh#’ hdo uhr jrthlc`rmjo hr hd g|ehd`vh

t`gd ga cgphc \gr`b|zb`hdr umg ugzco ojajdo tmj

b|grr# dgt jr~jb`hccp tmj \grp B|grr# lzt tmj hd

b`jdt hdo izbm cgqjo b|grr ga hcc tìjr# heh`drt

`tr zrj `d |jcè`gzr ~j|rjbzt`gd# |jcè`gzr uh|ah|j#

g| ojrt|zbt`qj bgdtjrtr ga hdp k`do$ Jhbm umg

rèdjo tmj e|jht rb|gcc ht tmht bgdqjdt`gd ljbhij

t`tcjo g| kdèmtjo hr h Bmjqhc`j| hdo h rjb|jt

ug|kj| tg ~|gtjbt tmj \gr`b|zb`hd g|ehd`vht`gd `d

`tr bgdrt|zbt`qj hbt`q`t`jr# |jq`qj tmj ~z|j iprt`bhc

tjhbm`der ga tmj ^|`rt`dj Bm|`rt`hdr hdo \gr`b|z

b`hdr# hdo ~|jqjdt ~j|rjbzt`gd ga hdp k`do ljbhzrj

ga a|jjogi ga |jcè`gzr hdo rb`jdtà`b tm`dk`de$ H

aju pjh|r chtj|# umjd tmj |jbg|or ga hbt`q`t`jr ga

tm`r e|jht g|ehd`vht`gd mho ljjd ehtmj|jo a|gi hcc

chdor# Rtzo`gd bgi~`cjo h e|jht lggk ga d`djtjjd

mzdo|jo hdo d`djtpa`qj -800:) ~hejr# ojo`bhtjo

tg A|joj|`bk# tmj Ozkj ga Uz|tjilj|e# umg uhrh E|hdo Ihrtj| ga tmj \gr b|zb`hdr$ _m`r lggk

uhr bhccjo –Dhgijt|`h#’ hdo `t uhr bgi~cjtjo `d0=




81>?$ _mj lggk `r rt`cc `d j}`rtjdbj# hdo mhr ljjd

j}hi`djo lp ji`djdt m`rtg|`hdr hdo xzgtjo a|gi

xz`tj a|jjcp$ H e|jht ~h|t ga tmj lggk `r ojqgtjo

tg h m`rtg|p ga tmj b|grr hdo `tr |jhc r~`|`tzhc hdo

iprt`bhc rèdà`bhdbj# tg tmj |grj hdo `tr rpilgc`

bhc ijhd`de# hdo tg tmj r~jb`hc rèdà`bhdbj ga tmj

|grj hdo tmj b|grr umjd zd`tjo$ _mj lggk hcrg

bgdth`dr h bgi~cjtj gztc`dj ga tmj \gr`b|zb`hd ogbt|`djr# |jq`q`de tmj hdb`jdt tjhbm`der ga tmj Jr

rjdjr# tmj a`|rt Bm|`rt`hdr# hdo tmj \gr`b|zb`hdr#

e`q`de ji~mhr`r tg tmj r~`|`tzhc hdo iprt`bhc rè

dà`bhdbj ga tmj \gr b|zb`hd òjhcr$ @t mhr djqj|

ljjd bg~`jo g| |j~zlc`rmjo `d hdp ag|i# hdo bgd

rt`tztjr gdj ga tmj rjb|jt ~zlc`bht`gdr tmht mhr ljjd

j}hi`djo gdcp lp ji`djdt m`rtg|`hdr umg mhqjrgzemt ~gr`t`qj ~|gga ga tmj j}`rtjdbj ga rzbm h

lggk g| rzbm h \gr`b|zb`hd igdzijdt ljag|j tmj

pjh| 818>$

_mj –I`c`t`h B|zbàj|h Jqhdejc`bh#’ hr h ojajd

r`qj lgop u`tm`d tmj \gr`b|zb`hd G|oj|# rt`cc j}`rtr#

hdo `r tmj |jhc rjb|jt g|ehd`vht`gd u`tm`d tmj \gr`

b|zb`hd G|oj|$ Ijilj|rm`~ `d `t `r cì`tjo tgtmgrj umg h|j ujcc t|h`djo `d tmj azdohijdthcr ga

tmj \gr`b|zb`hd tjhbm`der# hdo tg tmgrj umg mhqj




~cjoejo tmj`| jdt`|j c`qjr `d ojqgt`gd tg tmj \gr`

b|zb`hd òjhcr# hdo jr~jb`hccp tg tmj rz~~g|t ga tmj

`do`qòzhc @i~j|htg| `d jhbm bgzdt|p umj|j tmj

I`c`t`h j}`rtr$ @t `r tmj j} rtjdbj ga rzbm hd g|

ehd`vht`gd tmht ihkjr ~grr`lcj tmj bgdt`dzgzr ~|g

tjbt`gd ga tmj \gr`b|zb`hd G|oj|# hdo jdhlcjr tmj

G|oj| `trjca tg bh||p gd `tr dht`gdhc hdo `dtj|dh

t`gdhc rjb|jt hbt`q`t`jr `d h bgdrj|qht`qj# zdàg|i

ihddj|# tg tmj ecg|p ga tmj G|oj| hdo tmj ~|jrj|

qht`gd ga tmj t|zj# rjb|jt ogbt|`djr ga Fjrzr$ _g lj

hoi`ttjo hdo t`tcjo hr h Bmjqhc`j| ga tm`r I`c`t`h

`r tg |jbj`qj gdj ga tmj mèmjrt mgdg|r hdo mèmjrt

hbkdgucjoejijdtr `d tmj \gr b|zb`hd G|oj|$ _mj

|hdkr ga tmj I`c`t`h h|j g~jd tg lgtm ijd hdo

ugijd umg mhqj ljjd `do`qòzhccp tjrtjo hdot|`jo ag| h dzilj| ga pjh|r lp tmj @i~j|htg| ga

tmj fz|`ro`bt`gd umj|j jhbm ijilj| c`qjr$

Hd `dtj|jrt`de ~g`dt `d bgddjbt`gd u`tm tm`r `r

tmj ahbt tmht tm`r g|ehd`vht`gd hdo tm`r bgdqjdt`gd

ga \gr`b|zb`hdr uhr l|gzemt hlgzt lp tmj bgg~

j|ht`gd ga tmgzrhdor ga ujcct|h`djo# t|`jo# hdo

tjrtjo \gr`b|zb`hdr# hdo tmj a`|rt bgdqjdt`gd hdoijjt`de ga jrthlc`rmijdt uhr mjco gd Fzcp <5tm#

8:=1# um`bm uhr rjqj|hc ujjkr ljag|j Fgmhdd Qhc8>>




jdt`dj Hdo|jh uhr lgi$ _mj rthtjijdt# tmj|j

ag|j# gd tmj ~h|t ga tmgrj zdhbxzh`dtjo u`tm \gr`

b|zb`hd m`rtg|p tmht Hdo|jh uhr tmj hztmg| ga

tmj lggkr tmht –jrthlc`rmjo tmj a`|rt hdo gdcp \gr`

b|zb`hd G|oj| `d tmj ug|co `d Bhrrjc# Ej|ihdp#

`d 818>#’ h~~jh|r |ò`bzcgzr$

_mj |jhc hztmg| ga tmj ~hi~mcjtr tmht l|gzemt

hlgzt tmj |jq`qhc `d Ej|ihdp uhr dgdj gtmj| tmhd

R`| A|hdb`r Lhbgd# umg uhr @i~j|htg| ag| tmj

G|oj| `d Jdechdo hdo qh|`gzr ~h|tr ga Jz|g~j ht

tmj tìj$ Hdo m`r gtmj| \gr b|zb`hd u|`t`der# hdo

jr~jb`hccp m`r lggk tmj –Dju Htchdt`r#’ hoi`t

tjocp m`r gud ug|k# bcjh|cp `do`bhtj tmj bgddjbt`gd

ljtujjd Lhbgd hdo tmj ~zlc`bht`gdr `rrzjo `d Ej|

ihdp ljtujjd 818> hdo 8181$

8>8





B m h ~ t j | Q @

_MJ L@\_M GA RJI@\GR@B\ZB@HD

G\EHD@VH_@GDR

MJ r~|jho ga \gr`b|zb`hd hbt`q`tptm|gzemgzt ihdp chdor hdo tmj ht

t|hbt`gd tg `tr |hdkr ga ihdp dgthlcj

bmh|hbtj|r l|gzemt tmj g|ehd`vht`gd

ljag|j tmj httjdt`gd ga ijd ga gtmj| hrrgb`h

t`gdr hdo haa c`ht`gdr$ @t uhr lzt dhtz|hc tmht gtmj|

rjb|jt rgb`jt`jr g| a|htj|dhc G|oj|r ugzco `dqjrt`

ehtj tmj `db|jhr`de hbt`q`t`jr ga tmj \gr`b|zb`hdG|oj|# hdo httji~t tg o`rbgqj| umjtmj| tmj|j uhr

hdp `dqhr`gd ga tmj`| rhb|jo |`tjr lp tmj \gr`b|z

b`hdr# g| hdptm`de ga qhczj `d tmj \gr`b|zb`hd

ug|k tmht ièmt lj hoojo tg tmj`| gud |`tzhcr hdo

ag|ir ga g~j|ht`gd$

U j u`cc dgt bgdr oj| ht hcc tmj httji~tr ihoj

lp qh|`gzr ~j|rgdr ht qh|`gzr tìjr tg `drt`tztj–\gr`b|zb`hd’ cgoejr g| lgo`jr rgcjcp ag| tmj ~z|

~grj ga htt|hbt`de tmj ezcc`lcj g| i`rcjho`de tmj zd8>2




uh|p$ H dzilj| ga rzbm g|ehd`vht`gdr bhij `dtg

j}`rtjdbj d A|hdbj# Ej|ihdp# hdo Jdechdo# lzt `d

jhbm bhrj tmj`| j}`rtjdbj uhr qj|p rmg|t hdo tmjp

cjat dg |jbg|or ga ì~g|thdbj$

U j og a`do# mgujqj|# tmht ~|jbjo`de tmj pjh|

8=5> tmj ojqjcg~ijdt ga A|jjihrgd`b hbt`q`tp `d

Jdechdo# u`tm hd `db|jhr`de ojr`|j gd tmj Bgdt`%

djdt tg hoo ig|j hdo mèmj| oje|jjr tg tmj j}`rt%

`de Ihrgd`b oje|jjr# tji~tjo ihdp ijd ga tmht

g|ehd`vht`gd tg jrthlc`rm rj~h|htj rjb|jt lgo`jr g|

rgb`jt`jr bgi~grjo jdt`|jcp ga Ihrgdr# hdo `d rgij

bhrjr dju G|oj|r g| g|ehd`vht`gdr uj|j jrthlc`rmjo

u`tm ihdp oje|jjr lhrjo z~gd Ihrgd`b rpilgcr

hdo |jxz`|`de Ihrgd`b haa`c`ht`gdr hr h ~|j|jxz`r`tj

ag| haa c`ht`gd `d tmj dju g|ehd`vht`gd$ _mj @dr%tg|`jr ga A|jjihrgd|p ojhc j}tjdr`qjcp u`tm tm`r

zdag|tzdhtj r`tzht`gd tm|gzemgzt Jz|g~j# ag|

tmjrj ihdp lgo`jr htthbm`de tmjirjcqjr tg A|jj

ihrgd|p g| httji~t`de tg hrrgb`htj tmjirjcqjr

u`tm tmj A|jjihrgd`b òjhcr bhzrjo jdocjrr t|gzlcj

hdo bgdazr gd$ H aju ga tmj lgo`jr tmzr ag|ijo

ljbhij |jbged`vjo jqjdtzhccp hdo bh||`jo gd hqj|p j}bjccjdt ug|k$ @t izrt lj rthtjo# mgujqj|#

tmht tmj hqj|hej A|jjihrgd`b jdtmzr`hrt ga tmht8>?




~j|`go uhr h t|zj rjjkj| ag| cèmt hdo h|bhdj u`r%

ogi# hdo um`cj mj agzdo izbm `d tmj A|jjihrgd`b

tjhbm`der tg e|htàp m`r ojr`|jr g| rht`htj m`r mzd

ej|# ihdp rjjijo tg ajjc tmht tmj|j uhr ig|j cèmt

hdo u`rogi tg lj agzdo jcrjumj|j hdo jr~jb`hccp

`d tmj rjb|jt# iprt`b rbmggcr um`bm mho tmj`| g|è`d

`d tmj G|`jdthc ~m`cgrg~m`jr$ ^|glhlcp `d tmgrj

ohpr# hr tgohp# ihdp ga tmgrj `d tmj A|jjihrgd`b

a|htj|d`tp oò dgt |jhc`vj tmj qhrt higzdt ga u`r

ogi tmht `r bgdth`djo `d tmj`| rpilgcgep hdo `d

tmj`| bh|jazccp qj`cjo tjhbm`der$ Mgujqj| tmht ihp

lj# tmj ahbt |jih`dr tmht ihdp ga tmj igrt ~|gi`

djdt A|jjihrgdr bgde|jehtjo ht oàaj|jdt tìjr `d

oàaj|jdt ~chbjr# hdo ag|ijo |jrjh|bm lgo`jr g|

e|gz~r ojqgtjo tg tmj rgcj ~z|~grj ga zdjh|tm`derzbm hoo`t`gdhc tjhbm`der g| h|bhdj kdgucjoej hr

ièmt lj agzdo `d tmj qh|`gzr iprt`b rbmggcr ga

tmj ohp$

@t `r dgt rz|~|`r`de# tmj|jag|j# tmht h dzilj| ga

tmjrj ijd uj|j htt|hbtjo tg tmj \gr`b|zb`hd

G|oj|# jr~jb`hccp tmj Jdec`rm cgoej# hdo uj|j ho%

i`ttjo tmj|j`d hdo ljbhij jdtmzr`hrt`b rtzojdtrhdo ug|kj|r$ _mj tìj bhij# mgujqj|# umjd rgij

ga tmjrj ljc`jqjo tmht az|tmj| |jrjh|bm ga hd `doj8>:



M@R_G\_ GA _MJ G\OJ\

~jdojdt dhtz|j ièmt lj bh||`jo gd gztròj ga lgtm

tmj \gr`b|zb`hd hdo tmj A|jjihrgd`b b`|bcjr# hdo

tmht ijilj|r ga lgtm g|ehd`vht`gdr ièmt bgij

tgejtmj| `d h ig|j rgb`hc hdo `dag|ihc ihddj| ht

rthtjo ~j|`gor ag| tmj ~z|~grj ga o`rbzrr`de tmj

ug|k hdo tjhbm`der agzdo `d lgtm lgo`jr$

Gzt ga tm`r ljc`ja uhr lg|d h dju g|ehd`vht`gd

`d Jdechdo# tmj hbt`q`t`jr ga um`bm hdo tmj ì`th%

t`gd ga um`bm mhr bhzrjo bgdròj|hlcj bgdazr`gd `d

tmj i`dor ga tmgrj ~j|rgdr rjjk`de tg t|hbj tmj

g|è`d hdo ojqjcg~ijdt ga tmj \gr`b|zb`hd G|oj|$

@t h~~jh|r a|gi oja`d`tj m`rtg|`bhc |jbg|or tmht

rgij ijd ga cjh|d`de# hdo u`tm tp~`bhc |jrjh|bm

i`dor# zd`tjo tg jrthlc`rm umht tmjp `dtjdojo tg

lj h Ihrgd`b \gr b|zb`hd Rgb`jtp$ Oz|`de tmj`|a`|rt o`rbzrr`gd ga tmj ~chdr ga g|ehd`vht`gd `t uhr

bcjh|cp rthtjo tmht h~~c`bht`gd ag| ijilj|rm`~ `d

tm`r dju lgop ugzco lj cì`tjo tg A|jjihrgdr# `d

eggo rthdo`de# umg mho ihrtj|jo tmj jcjijdth|p

ug|k ga A|jjihrgd|p hdo uj|j ojr`|gzr ga rzbm

~m`cgrg~m`bhc kdgucjoej hr uhr hqh`chlcj fzrt lj%

pgdo tmj cì`tjo tjhbm`der ga tmj`| g|ehd`vht`gd$_mj t|hdrhbt`gdr ga tm`r g|ehd`vht`gd# u`tm i`d%

ztjr ga `tr ijjt`der# h|j tg lj agzdo `d tmj L|`t`rm8>1




Izrjzi `d Cgdogd# lzt tmj igrt oja`d`tj rthtj

ijdtr |jeh|o`de `tr ~z|~grjr hdo hbt`q`t`jr h|j

agzdo `d h rihcc m`rtg|`bhc t|jht`rj ~|j~h|jo lp tmj

Rz~|jij Ihezr ga tmj lgop# O|$ U $ Cpdd Ujr

bgtt$ @t h~~jh|r tmht hatj| izbm o`rbzrr`gd tmjp

ojbòjo tg bhcc tmj`| dju rgb`jtp tmj –Rgb`jthr

\gr`b|zb`hdh `d Hdec`h#’ um`bm dhij# t|hdrchtjo#

ugzco ijhd tmj –\gr`b|zb`hd Rgb`jtp `d Jdechdo#’ hdo tmj `d`t`hcr ga tm`r t`tcj uj|j zrjo hr h

l|`ja ag|i ga dhij `d tmj`| c`tj|htz|j$ Mjdbj tmj

`d`t`hcr R$ \$ @$ H$ ljbhij rèdà`bhdt hfdgde A|jj%

ihrgdr oz|`de tmht ~j|`go# hdo mhqj bgdt|`lztjo

tg bgdròj|hlcj bgdazr`gd `d \gr`b|zb`hd |jbg|or

jqj| r`dbj$

@t rjjir tmht tmj ~|ìj igqj| ga tmj ag|iht`gdga tm`r dju rgb`jtp uhr \glj|t Ujdtug|tm C`ttcj#

umg `r |jaj||jo tg `d tmj |jbg|or hr h bcj|k ht A|jj%

ihrgd‐r Mhcc# hdo rzlrjxzjdtcp rjb|jth|p ga tmj

\gphc @drt`tzt`gd ag| E`|cr$ A|jjihrgd‐r Mhcc ht

tmht tìj uhr tmj dht`gdhc mjhoxzh|tj|r ag| tmj

A|jjihrgd`b L|gtmj|mggo# hdo `t bgdth`djo h ch|ej

c`l|h|p hdo h|bm`qj ga hdb`jdt lggkr hdo ihdzrb|`~tr# tg hcc ga um`bm I|$ C`ttcj mho hbbjrr$ Dg

umj|j `d tmj jh|cp c`tj|htz|j ga tm`r g|ehd`vht`gd8>5




g| `d `tr jh|cp m`rtg|`jr hr ~zlc`rmjo lp tmji `r

tmj|j hdp |jaj|jdbj tg hdp ga tmj g|ehd`vj|r ga

tmj R$ \$ @$ H$ lj`de `d`t`htjr g| ijilj|r ga hdp

gtmj| \gr`b|zb`hd lgop g| g|ehd`vht`gd hdpumj|j

`d tmj ug|co$ _m`r h qj|p ì~g|thdt ahbt# hdo

`tr rèdà`bhdbj `r ji~mhr`vjo lp tmj rthtjijdtr ga

tm`r rgb`jtp |jeh|o`de tmj ijtmgor g| ijhdr ga `tr

agzdoht`gd$

@d `tr gaa`b`hc m`rtg|p# tm`r R$ \$ @$ H$ rhpr tmht

tmj rgb`jtp uhr –ojrèdjo’ lp \glj|t Ujdtug|tm

C`ttcj# umg –|jrbzjo’ rgij |`tzhcr a|gi tmj rtg|j%

|ggir ga A|jjihrgd‐r Mhcc$ @d gtmj| ~chbjr tmj|j

h|j rthtjijdtr `do`bht`de tmht I|$ C`ttcj agzdo hdo

lg||gujo# g| hr I|$ U h`tj# tmj Ihrgd`b m`rtg|`hd#

rthtjr `t# hlrt|hbtjo bj|th`d ~h~j|r bgdth`d`de \gr`%b|zb`hd |`tzhc `dag|iht`gd ~|jrj|qjo `d tmj E|hdo

Cgoej c`l|h|p ga A|jjihrgd‐r Mhcc# hdo tmht tmjrj

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h \gr`b|zb`hd dhtz|j bgddjbtjo u`tm `t tmhd

tmj ug|o –\gr`b|zb`hd’ um`bm tmjp h|l`t|h|`cp

hog~tjo `d tmj`| t`tcj$ _m`r uhr ~|hbt`bhccp t|zj ga

tmj dht`gdhc mjhoxzh|tj|r ga tmj g|ehd`vht`gd `d

Cgdogd# hdo |jbg|or ga tm`r rgb`jtp rmgu tmht

umjd \gr`b|zb`hdr ljcgde`de tg tmj \gr`b|zb`hd

G|oj| ljbhij haa`c`htjo u`tm tmj R$ \$ @$ H$ g| tmj

R$ \$ @$ Z$ R$# tmjp oò dgt bgdt`dzj tg |jih`d

hbt`qj ag| h qj|p cgde ~j|`go$Hbbg|o`de tg tmj c`tj|htz|j ga tmj l|hdbm jrthl

c`rmjo `d Hij|`bh# I|$ Egzco# umg uhr tmj`| igrt880




`cczrt|`gzr Hij|`bhd ijilj|# ljbhij –tmg|gzemcp

huhkjo tg tmj gi`rr`gd ga tmj |jhc \gr`b|zb`hd

ug|k# hdo mhq`de |jbj`qjo tmj jèmtm oje|jj ga tmj•

rgb`jtp bgdrt`tzt`de mì h ~|gq`db`hc ihezr ga tmj

a|htj|d`tp# jdehejo `d r~jb`hc |jrjh|bm ug|k tg |j

bgqj| tmj g|è`dhc |`tzhcr ga tmj a|htj|d`tp$’ Mj

rzbbjjojo `d bg||jr~gdo`de u`tm rgij \gr`b|zb`hd

gaa`bj|r `d Jz|g~j# hdo tmjd zdoj|tggk tg |jq`qj

tmj Hij|`bhd l|hdbm ga tmj R$ \$ @$ H$# um`bm mho

ljbgij `dg~j|ht`qj ag| h tìj$ @t uhr m`r `dtjdt`gd

tg ihkj tmj R$ \$ @$ Z$ R$ h tp~`bhc \gr`b|zb`hd

g|ehd`vht`gd à mj bgzco rjbz|j tmj ~j|i`rr`gd hdo

hztmg|`tp ga tmj \gr`b|zb`hd G|oj| `d Jz|g~j$

Hbbg|o`de tg tmj |jbg|or ga tmj R$ \$ @$ Z$ R$# tmj

t|hdr`t`gd ga I|$ Egzco gbbz||jo gd Fzcp 80tm#

80>0# ~|jqjdt`de tmj azca`ccijdt ga m`r ~j|rgdhc

hil`t`gdr `d |jeh|o tg tmj rgb`jtp# hdo tmj ug|k ga

|jg|ehd`vht`gd ojqgcqjo z~gd h aju ga tmj gtmj|

ijilj|r umg uj|j rt`cc `dtj|jrtjo$

@t rmgzco lj dgtjo tmht `d tmj qj|p igdtm `d

um`bm I|$ Egzco ~hrrjo tg tmj E|jht Ljpgdo# hd

gtmj| Hij|`bhd ~|gbjjojo tg Jz|g~j tg rjbz|j~j|i`rr`gd tg ~z|rzj tmj \gr`b|zb`hd ug|k ga tmj

`dtj|dht`gdhc \gr`b|zb`hd G|oj|# hdo ihoj m`r8<>




~cjh tg tmj |jezch| G|oj| ga Jz|g~j `drtjho ga

~jt`t`gd`de tmj Ihrgd`b \gr`b|zb`hd rgb`jtp `d

Jdechdo$ _mj rzbbjrr ga tm`r ~cjh uj |jaj| tg `d

h aztz|j rjbt`gd ga tm`r m`rtg|p$

_mgrj umg agccgujo I|$ Egzco# hatj| m`r ~hrr

`de# `d t|p`de tg |jjrthlc`rm tmj R$ \$ @$ Z$ R$ `d

Hij|`bh# a`dhccp g|ehd`vjo h dju lgop u`tm h oà

j|jdt dhij$ Hbbg|o`de tg tmj`| gaa b`hc ~h~j|r#tmjp hog~tjo tmj dhij –Rgb`jthr \gr`b|zb`hdh `d

Hij|`bh#’ um`bm ehqj tmji tmj gco ahi`c`h| `d`

t`hcr –R$ \$ @$ H$’ hr tmj`| gaa b`hc t`tcj$ _mjp

hog~tjo h |jq`rjo bgdrt`tzt`gd zdoj| tm`r dju

dhij `d 8080# um`bm ljbhij jaajbt`qj Fhdzh|p 8rt#

80<>$ _mj`| bgdrt`tzt`gd rthtjr tmht tmjp uj|j `d

bg|~g|htjo zdoj| tm|jj oàaj|jdt bchrrà`bht`gdr6a`|rt# hr h bmz|bm; rjbgdo# hr hd hbhoji`b `drt`tz

t`gd; hdo tm`|o# hr h a|htj|d`tp$ @d tmj`| ejdj|hc

c`tj|htz|j# tmjp rthtjo6 –_mj Rgb`jthr \gr`b|z

b`hdr `d Hij|`bh# tmj|jag|j# `r h bgdt`dzht`gd `d

o`|jbt rzbbjrr`gd a|gi tmj Mèm Bgzdb`cr ga Hd

ec`h$’ @d gtmj| rthtjijdtr t `r rhò tmht tmj rgb`jtp

–ug|kr `d bgi~cjtj mh|igdp hdo bcgrj hrrgb`ht`gdu`tm tmj Ihrgd`b a|htj|d`tp# hdo bgdrt`tzt`gdhccp

`tr ihfg| gaa`bj|r h|j Ihrgdr ga hcc |`tjr hdo oj

8<8




e|jjr$’ Hdo az|tmj|ig|j# –tmj rgb`jtp# oj|`q`de

a|gi tmj Jdec`rm a|htj|d`tp# uhr `dbg|~g|htjo `d

808<# hdo `r tmj|jag|j tmj hbt`qj Hij|`bhd l|hdbm

ga tmj \gr`b|zb`hd a|htj|d`tp$’ _mjrj rthtjijdtr

mhqj ljjd |jaztjo lp ~zlc`rmjo h|t`bcjr `d qh|`gzr

ihehv`djr# hdo ga bgz|rj `t `r ujcc kdgud tg hcc

A|jjihrgdr hdo gtmj|r tmht dg gtmj| g|ehd`vht`gd

ga hdp k`do bhd lj h ~h|t ga A|jjihrgd|p zdcjrr `t

`r g~j|ht`de zdoj| tmj A|jjihrgd`b t`tcj hdo rpi

lgc`ri$ Hdo# rg ah| hr tmj R$ \$ @$ H$ `d tmj

Zd`tjo Rthtjr lj`de oj|`qjo a|gi tmj Jdec`rm a|h

tj|d`tp ga tmj rhij dhij g| bmh|tj|# g| hztmg|`vjo

lp tmj rhij rgb`jtp `d Jdechdo# hd h|t`bcj uhr ~zl

c`rmjo `d tmj –Gbbzct \jq`ju’ ga Jdechdo `d |j

bjdt pjh|r# umj|j`d tmj Rgb`jthr \gr`b|zb`hdh `d H dec`h ojd`jo tmht tmj rgb`jtp `d Hij|`bh uhr

r~gdrg|jo lp `t g| gaa`b hccp |jbged`vjo lp `t$ Hdo

tm`r ojd`hc uhr chtj| hbkdgucjoejo hr bg||jbt lp

tmj Hij|`bhd R$ \$ @$ H$# um`bm cjhqjr tmj Hij|`

bhd g|ehd`vht`gd rthdo`de hr h o`rt`dbtcp rj~h|htj

`drt`tzt`gd g~j|ht`de u`tmgzt hdp bmh|tj| a|gi tmjejdj|hc \gr`b|zb`hd G|oj| ga Jz|g~j# g| hdp Ih

rgd`b \gr`b|zb`hd lgop ga Jdechdo$




_m`r g|ehd`vht`gd mhr# tmj|jag|j# bgdt`dzjo hr

hd `doj~jdojdt lgop# jrthlc`rm`de h aju l|hdbmjr

`d oàaj|jdt b`t`jr# hdo bgdt`dz`de tg ihkj `tr h~

~jhc tg A|jjihrgdr umg jdfgp ~z|jcp ~m`cgrg~m`bhc

o`rbzrr`gdr u`tmgzt hdp ga tmj |`tzhcr g| tjhbm`der

hr zrjo `d tmj qh|`gzr l|hdbmjr ga tmj \gr`b|zb`hd

G|oj| ga Jz|g~j hdo gtmj| chdor$

Higde rjqj|hc gtmj| Hij|`bhd `drt`tzt`gdrzr`de tmj dhij –\gr`b|zb`hd’ `d hlgzt tmj rhij

ihddj| tmht tmj R$ \$ @$ H$ ga Jdechdo hdo Hij|

`bh mhqj hog~tjo `t# `r gdj um`bm mhr hcrg bhzrjo

bgdròj|hlcj bgdazr`gd `d tmj i`dor ga tmgrj umg

httji~t tg t|hbj tmj m`rtg|p hdo hbt`q`t`jr ga tmj

\gr b|zb`hd G|oj|$ R dbj tmj dhij hdo tj|i

–\gr`b|zb`hd’ `r dgt ~|gtjbtjo lp hdp ~htjdtr g|bg~p|èmtr ga hdp k`do# `t ihp lj zrjo `d bgddjb

t`gd u`tm gtmj| ug|or ag| qh|`gzr ~z|~grjr$ Mjdbj

tmj|j ihp lj \gr`b|zb`hd rgb`jt`jr# \gr`b|zb`hd

bczlr# g| \gr`b|zb`hd bmz|bmjr u`tmgzt mhq`de hdp

hztmg|`tp a|gi tmj \gr b|zb`hd G|oj|$ @t `r `dtj|

jrt`de tg dgtj# mgujqj|# tmht gdcp gdj g|ehd`vht`gdtm|gzemgzt tmj ug|co zrjr tmj hdb`jdt t`tcj ga

–\gr`b|zb`hd G|oj|’ hdo tm`r g|ehd`vht`gd ih`d8<2




th`dr `tr hbt`qj l|hdbmjr `d hcc chdor# zdoj| tmj

hll|jq`ht`gd ga HIG\B$

@t h~~jh|r a|gi rgij m`rtg|`bhc |jbg|or tmht h

ihd lp tmj dhij ga O|$ ^$ L$ \hdogc~m# umg uhr

h rtzojdt ga tmj gbbzct hdo iprt`bhc# bhij `d bgd

thbt u`tm rgij \gr`b|zb`hd c`tj|htz|j g| jrrhpr

~|`g| tg tmj pjh| 8=:1 um`cj `d Hij|`bh$ @t h~

~jh|r tmht O|$ \hdogc~m q`r`tjo Cgdogd `d 8=:=hdo tmj|j ijt h rtzojdt ga iprt`b`ri kdgud hr

I|$ U $ E$ ^hce|hqj# umg bchìjo tg lj h ijilj|

ga rgij jrgtj|`b G|oj| `d Jz|g~j# um`bm uhr g~j|

ht`de zdoj| h bmh|tj| `rrzjo lp h –Bgzdb`c ga

Rjqjd$’ _m|gzem tm`r ihd mj uhr `dt|gozbjo tg

I|$ Mh|e|hqj Fjdd`der# Jc`~mhr Cjq`# hdo rjqj|hc

gtmj|r umg jqjdtzhccp ag|ijo tmj Mèm Bgzdb`c ga tmj g|è`dhc R$ \$ @$ H$ `d Jdechdo$ O|$ \hdogc~m

uhr `d`t`htjo `dtg tm`r Ihrgd`b \gr`b|zb`hd lgop

hdo hr hd mgdg|h|p ijilj| bgdt`dzjo m`r tgz|#

hdo |jtz|djo tg Hij|`bh$ Um`cj `d Hij|`bh mj

u|gtj h dzilj| ga lggkr ojhc`de u`tm tmj rzl

fjbtr ga mjhctm# ih||`hej# cgqj# hdo rj} mpe`jdj#

hdo `d gdj ga tmji `dt|gozbjo h rtg|p hlgzt tmjiprt`b \gr`b|zb`hdr# `dtìht`de tmht mj uhr ~chd

d`de tg jrthlc`rm rgij ga tmj \gr`b|zb`hd Ihrgd`b8<?




ug|k `d Hij|`bh gd tmj lhr`r ga tmht um`bm uhr

lj`de bh||`jo gd lp tmj R$ \$ @$ H$

Ljbhzrj ga tmj dhtz|j ga m`r lggkr# ojhc`de `d

zdzrzhccp ~ch`d chdezhej u`tm rzlfjbtr dgt ejdj|

hccp o`rbzrrjo `d Hij|`bhd c`tj|htz|j# hdo bj|th`dcp

mhq`de dgdj ga tmj eggodjrr hdo mèm òjhc`ri ga

tmj R$ \$ @$ H$ -Cgdogd) tjhbm`der# mj uhr t|`jo

`d bgz|tr ag| rzbm ~zlc`bht`gdr# hdo jqjdtzhccphlhdogdjo m`r jdt`|j ug|k ljbhzrj ga tmj bgdoji

dht`gd ga m`r u|`t`der$ I|$ H|tm z| Uh`tj# tmj

ji`djdt Ihrgd`b m`rtg|`hd ga Jdechdo# mhr tm`r tg

rhp |jeh|o`de \hdogc~m‐r ag|i ga –\gr`b|zb`hd’

hbt`q`t`jr hr bgdròj|jo lp mì6

–_mj|j `r dg xzjrt`gd tmht mj uhr m`r gud hdo

m`r a`|rt q`btì# à mj tmgzemt tmht m`r q`jur hdoczbzl|ht`gdr ièmt rthdo ag| hztmjdt`b \gr`b|zb`hd

tjhbm`der$ Lzt `d h fzoeijdt um`bm ihkjr ag| fzr

t`bj# `t izrt lj hoojo tmht mj |jqgkjo m`r gud

bch i gd h qhrt hdt`xz`tp$ $ $ $ @t ogjr dgt h~~jh|

tmht `d tmj ihttj| ga tmj \grp B|grr mj oò ig|j

tmhd e`qj h a|jrm b`|bzcht`gd tg rgij ga tmj gco

|jqj|`jr# tg tmj j}tjdt tmht mj uhr hbxzh`dtjo u`tmtmjrj lp bgiigd |j~g|t hdo gtmj|u`rj$$$$$$$$$$$@d

gtmj| hdo ig|j mjbt`b rtg|`jr# mj ~h|hojo achi`de8<:




hbbgzdtr ga tmj L|gtmj|mggo# `tr ìijig|`hc hd

t`xz`tp# `tr oàazr`gd tm|gzemgzt tmj ug|co# u`tm

rzeejrt`gdr tmht `tr |hià`bht`gdr j}tjdojo tg zd

rjjd r~mj|jr$ $ $ $ @ mhqj ug|kjo tm|gzem rzbm ga

m`r qgczijr hr h|j hqh`chlcj mj|j `d Jdechdo# hdo

mhqj bgdbczojo tmht igzdtjlhdk hr mj uhr# mj

ljc`jqjo `d hcc m`r |hdt hdo uhr dgt cp`de bgd

rb`gzrcp umjd tm`r rtzaa ga rg||p o|jhir uhr ~zt

ag|uh|o zdah`c`decp hr tmj u`rogi ga tmj \grp

B|grr$ _m`r `r mgu `t cggijo `d m`r i`do# hdo tm`r

`r umht `t uhr `d h o|jhi# ag| `t uhr h tm`de ga m`r

gud ihk`de$ Gd tm`r rzlfjbt# mj `r m`r gud |jaz

thlcj u`tdjrr# haa`|i`de tmht Qj|p djh|cp hcc um`bm

@ mhqj e`qjd hr \gr`b|zb`hd g|è`dhtjo `d ip gud

rgzc‐$’

\hdogc~m jqjdtzhccp rèdjo mìrjca `d rgij cjt

tj|r hdo ~h~j|r hr tmj –Rz~|jij E|hdo Ihrtj| ga

Jzc`r ag| tmj ug|co#’ hdo h aju ga m`r a|`jdor t|`jo

tg j}~ch`d hatj| m`r zdag|tzdhtj t|hdr`t`gd tm|gzem

rz`bòj tmht mj ljc`jqjo mìrjca tg lj h E|hdo Ihr

tj| ga tmj –_|`~cj G|oj|$’ _m`r tj|i r dgt hd gaa

b`hc ~h|t ga \gr`b|zb`hd tj|i`dgcgep# hdo tmj|j h|jdg ogbzijdtr g| ~h~j|r tg lj agzdo `d Jz|g~j

`do`bht`de tmht mj uhr jqj| hztmg|`vjo tg jrthlc`rm8<1




hdptm`de ga h \gr`b|zb`hd dhtz|j `d Hij|`bh g|

jcrjumj|j hdo dgdj ga tmj m`rtg|`bhc |jbg|or ga tmj

G|oj| ijdt`gd m`r dhij g| m`r l|hdbmjr hr h ~h|t

ga tmj \gr`b|zb`hd m`rtg|p$

\hdogc~m uhr rzbbjjojo lp h I|$ Oguo# umg

t|`jo tg bgdt`dzj g~j|ht`de rgij ga tmj l|hdbmjr

um`bm \hdogcgm mho jrthlc`rmjo gd tmj ^hbà`b

Bghrt hdo `d rjqj|hc jhrtj|d b`t`jr# lzt# hbbg|o`de tg tmj`| gud |jbg|or# tmjrj l|hdbmjr bgdrthdtcp o`r

lhdojo umjd tmj ijilj|r tmj|jga o`rbgqj|jo tmht

tmj|j uj|j dg |jhc \gr`b|zb`hd tjhbm`der g| |`tzhcr

`d tmj ug|k hdo `dr`rtjo gd u`tmo|hu`de a|gi tmj

\hdogc~m ug|k hdo zd`t`de u`tm tmj |jezch| ag|

jèd l|hdbmjr ga tmj \gr b|zb`hd G|oj|$ I|$ \hd

ogc~m hdo m`r rzbbjrrg|r bchìjo tmht rzbm hbt`gdrbgdrt`tztjo –t|jhrgd#’ hdo ag| ihdp pjh|r tmj|j

uj|j l`ttj| xzh||jcr hdo h|ezijdtr u`tm`d m`r

l|hdbmjr gqj| tm`r ~g`dt# u`tm tmj l|hdbmjr o`r

lhdo`de hdo |jih`d`de `dhbt`qj ag| pjh|r ht h tìj$

I|$ Oguo uhr rzbbjjojo lp h O|$ Jouh|o M$

L|gud# umg c`kju`rj uhr zdhlcj tg rjbz|j hdp ga

tmj \gr`b|zb`hd tjhbm`der# g| ih`dth`d \hdogc~m‐r

rbmjij heh`drt tmj bgiigd b|`t`b`rir hdo tmj lho8<5



»


|j~ztht`gd um`bm m`r u|`t`der mho l|gzemt z~gd

tmj`| hbt`q`t`jr$

@d h rthtjijdt rèdjo lp I|r$ \hdogc~m# hdo

um`bm h~~jh|jo `d h a|htj|dhc% ~zlc`bht`gd hr h

l`ge|h~m`bhc rkjtbm ga tmj càj ga O|$ \hdogc~m `d

8085# `t `r rhò tmht O|$ \hdogc~m uhr lgi `d

Dju Pg|k B`tp gd Gbtglj| =tm$ 8=<:# hdo tmht

m`r t|hdr`t`gd gbbz||jo `d _gcjog# Gm`g# gd Fzcp

<0tm# 8=5:; hdo rmj az|tmj| rthtjo tmht hctmgzem

mj g|ehd`vjo rgij l|hdbmjr hr chtj hr 8=5?# tmjp

–mhqj cgde r`dbj ljbgij j}t`dbt$’

Hbbg|o`de tg Rjo`|# tmj ujcckdgud \gr`b|zb`hd

m`rtg|`hd# tmj ug|k ga \hdogc~m uhr rì~cp h

rgb`jtp ga –jo`t`gdr’‟|jaj||`de tg tmj rèdà`bhdt

~g`dt tmht m`r ug|k uhr igrtcp tmht ga ~zlc`rm`deqh|`gzr jo`t`gdr ga lggSr bchì`de tg lj \gr`b|z

b`hd$ _m`r ~g`dt `r gdj um`bm rmgzco lj ì~|jrrjo

z~gd tmj i`dor ga jqj|p rtzojdt ga \gr`b|zb`hd

m`rtg|p$ _mj \gr`b|zb`hd G|oj| mhr djqj| ljjd

j}bczr`qjcp g| jqjd ~|ìh|`cp h lggk ~zlc`rm`de

lzr`djrr# hdo h bh|jazc j}hi`dht`gd ga tmj m`rtg|`

bhc u|`t`der bgddjbtjo u`tm tmj \gr`b|zb`hd G|oj|rmgur tmht dgdj ga tmj lggkr dgu ahigzr hr \gr`

b|zb`hd ihdzrb|`~tr g| gaa`b`hc ~zlc`bht`gdr jqj|8<=




bgdth`djo h bgi~cjtj gztc`dj ga tmj rjb|jt tjhbm%

`der g| |`tjr ga tmj \gr`b|zb`hdr# hdo umht `r ig|j

ì~g|thdt# djqj| bchìjo tg bgdth`d rzbm tm`der$

@t mhr ljjd h rj|`gzr hdo zd`qj|rhc chu u`tm tmj

\gr`b|zb`hd G|oj| tmht `tr rjb|jt tjhbm`der rmgzco

$djqj| lj ~zlc`rmjo `d lggk ag|i# g| gaaj|jo ag| rhcj

tg tmj ~zlc`b# hdo tmj|j `r dg q`gcht`gd ga tm`r chu

tmht mhr jqj| ljjd l|gzemt tg gz| httjdt`gd$ Gd

tmj gtmj| mhdo# tmj|j mhqj ljjd ihdp umg uj|j

dgt h ~h|t ga tmj \gr`b|zb`hd G|oj| g| jqjd `d`t`%

htjo `d `tr tjhbm`der umg mhqj httji~tjo tg bgi%

ij|b`hc`vj tmj ojr`|jr ga rjjkj|r lp tmj ~|`dt`de

hdo rjcc`de ga lggkr um`bm bchìjo tg lj –\gr`%

b|zb`hd tj}t%lggkr’ g| lggkr ga \gr`b|zb`hd ogb%

t|`djr g| tjhbm`der$ @t `r h dgthlcj ahbt tmht dgdj ga tmjrj lggSr mhqj ihoj hdp qhczhlcj bgdt|`lz

t`gd tg iprt`bhc c`tj|htz|j hdo mhqj ~hrrjo `dtg

glc`q`gd hdo bhd mh|ocp lj agzdo `d tmj ljrt

c`l|h|`jr ga Jz|g~j g| Hij|`bh$ _m`r `r t|zj ga

\hdogc~m‐r lggkr um`bm bchìjo tg lj ugdoj|azc

|jqjcht`gdr ga \gr`b|zb`hd tjhbm`der# lzt um`bm tg%

ohp mhqj dg ~chbj `d tmj |jhc gbbzct`rt‐r c`l|h|p hdomhqj dgt ljjd bgdròj|jo jqjd ug|tmp ga ~|jrj|qh%

t`gd `d tmj e|jht |jaj|jdbj c`l|h|`jr ga tmj ug|co$8<0




Rzbm lggkr hr tmjrj# bhtj|`de tg tmj ezcc`l`c`tp ga

tmj rjjkj|# hdo gatjd i`rcjho`de tmj ug|tmp `d

xz`|j|# h|j lj`de ~zlc`rmjo hdo rgco `d Hij|`bh

tgohp qj|p a|jjcp# um`cj Jz|g~j igrt dhtz|hccp

ah`cr tg rz~~g|t rzbm ~zlc`bht`gdr$ U j mhqj# ag|

`drthdbj# `d Hij|`bh# h lggk bhccjo ”_m j \gr`%

b|zb`hdr hdo _mj`| _jhbm`der$’ _m`r lggk uhr

u|`ttjd lp h Dju _mgzemt cjhoj|# umg mhr u|`t

tjd ihdp gtmj| lggkr gd qh|`gzr rzlfjbtr hdo umg

`r dgt h ijilj| ga tmj \gr`b|zb`hd G|oj|$ _mj

lggk bgdth`dr dgdj ga tmj \gr`b|zb`hd tjhbm`der$

Rzbm lggkr h|j mh|icjrr `d tmjirjcqjr# hdo ~j|

mh~r `dtj|jrt`de tg bhrzhc rtzojdtr ga iprt`b`ri;

lzt tmjp mhqj dg ~chbj `d hdp c`rt ga hztmg|`tht`qj

~zlc`bht`gdr$ @t `r ag| tm`r |jhrgd tmht Rjo`| ihoj

m`r rht`|`bhc |jih|kr |jeh|o`de \hdogc~m‐r rgb`jtp

ga –jo`t`gdr$’ _mj eggo tmht O|$ \hdogc~m oò

hr h Dju _mgzemt ~`gdjj| u`cc c`qj ag| ihdp hejr#

lzt tmj ah`cz|j ga m`r \gr`b|zb`hd igqjijdt uhr

ozj tg h bgi~cjtj chbk ga hztmg|`tp# hdo dg zdoj|

rthdo`de ga tmj \gr`b|zb`hd tjhbm`der$

I|$ \hdogc~m‐r ug|k uhr chtj| thkjd z~ heh`dlp h O|$ \$ R$ Bcpij|# umg bchìjo tg lj tmj

–rzbbjrrg|’ tg \hdogc~m hdo tg mhqj `dmj|`tjo hdo82>




hbxz`|jo tmj \gr`b|zb`hd –hztmg|`tp’ um`bm \hd

ogc~m mho$ Bcpij| agccgujo `d tmj rhij ~chdr

hog~tjo lp \hdogc~m hdo bgdozbtjo hd g|ehd`vh

t`gd bgdr`rt`de umgccp ga lggkr# h dzilj| ga

um`bm ojhc u`tm cgqj# ih||`hej# hdo –rj} |jejdj|

ht`gd#’ tmj chttj| lj`de `d rzbm chdezhej hr tg lj

bgdojidjo `d hdp \gr`b|zb`hd hrrjilcp# à dgt `d

hdp ejdj|hc hrrjilcp ga cho`jr hdo ejdtcjijd$ Mj

~|gbjjojo tg bh||p gd m`r ug|k a`|rt zdoj| tmj

dhij ga h ~zlc`bht`gd bgi~hdp# tmjd zdoj| qh|`

gzr dhijr# hqgò`de tmj zrj ga tmj bgi~cjtj dhij

g| bg||jbt dhij ga tmj \gr`b|zb`hd G|oj|# hdo

ojq`r`de jdt`|jcp dju hdo zd`xzj rpilgcr ag| m`r

\gr`b|zb`hd c`tj|htz|j u`tmgzt `da|`de`de z~gd tmj

bg||jbt rpilgcr d hdp uhp$ O|$ Bcpij| bgdt`dzjr

tg g~j|htj m`r rhcj ga lggkr hdo ~|jrjdtht`gd ga

~j|rgdhc# –\gr`b|zb`hd’ tjhbm`der zdoj| oàaj|jdt

dhijr a|gi m`r mgij `d ^jddrpcqhd`h# u`tmgzt

mhq`de jrthlc`rmjo hdp tp~`bhc \gr`b|zb`hd tji~cjr

hdpumj|j `d Hij|`bh# hdo u`tmgzt mhq`de hdp

bgddjbt`gd u`tm tmj |jezch| \gr`b|zb`hd G|oj|

hdo cgoejr ga Jz|g~j$Ga gtmj| rji`\gr`b|zb`hd igqjijdtr `d Hij|

`bh# uj a`do c`ttcj `d hdp ga tmj \gr`b|zb`hd m`r

828




tgdjr ga Jz|g~j tg rz~~g|t tmj`| bchìr tg \gr`

b|zb`hd hrrgb`ht`gd$ _m ht um`bm uhr igrt ~g~zch|

ag| ihdp pjh|r uhr tmj \gr`b|zb`hd Ajccgurm`~#

jrthlc rmjo lp I|$ I h} Mj`dojc$ I|$ Mj`dojc

uhr ht gdj tìj h rtzojdt ga tmj gbbzct# hdo `d m`r

ojr`|j tg cjh|d ig|j ga tmj \gr`b|zb`hd tjhbm`der

ujdt tg Jz|g~j rjjk`de haa`c`ht`gd u`tm tmj G|oj|$

Mj ljbhij o`rbgz|hejo `d tmj ihdp glrthbcjr ~|j

rjdtjo# hdo a`dhccp ljbhij h ~j|rgdhc rtzojdt ga

I|$ \zogc~m Rtj`dj|# tmj ji`djdt _mjgrg~m`rt#

umg uhr hd zdhaa`c`htjo rtzojdt ga \gr`b|zb`hd

m`rtg|p hdo ~|`db`~cjr$ I|$ Rtj`dj| uhr ht tmht

tìj `dhzez|ht`de tmj ug|k ga h dju g|ehd`vht`gd

ga m`r gud b|jht`gd# hdo I|$ Mj`dojc ljbhij gdj

ga m`r jdtmzr`hrt`b rtzojdtr$ I|$ Mj`dojc bchìr

tmht `d hoo`t`gd tg tm`r rmg|t ~j|`go ga rtzop `d

Jz|g~j# mj mho h –~rpbm`b `d`t`ht`gd’ `dtg tmj

\gr`b|zb`hd G|oj| oz|`de h o|jhi g| h t|hdbj#

umj|jlp mj uhr hztmg|`vjo -() tg ~|gbjjo u`tm

tmj ug|k ga l|`de`de \gr`b|zb`hd`ri tg Hij|`bh#

hdo chtj| uhr e`qjd ~j|i`rr`gd tm|gzem tmj rhij

zddhijo hdo zdkdgud Ihrtj|r tg u|`tj h ~j|

rgdhc gztc`dj ga m`r g~`d`gdr ga tmj Rtj`dj| tjhbm

`der# hdo `rrzj tm`r tg tmj Hij|`bhd ~zlc`b `d |je



zch| lggk ag|i$ Mj |jtz|djo tg Hij|`bh# hdo `d

8088 jrthlc`rmjo m`r ~|`dt`de ~chdt hdo gaa`bjr `d

h qj|p rihcc b`tp ga Rgztmj|d Bhcàg|d`h# hdo lj

ag|j m`r t|hdr`t`gd `d 8080 mho u|`ttjd h dzilj|

ga lggkr ojhc`de u`tm hd gztc`dj ga m`r ~j|rgdhc

–\gr`b|zb`hd’ ljc`jar# um`bm h|j bchìjo tg lj h

ag|i ga –Bm|`rt`hd ~m`cgrg~mp$’ Rg# gdbj heh`d#

Hij|`bh uhr ~|jrjdtjo u`tm h |j~|jrjdtht`gd ga rgbhccjo \gr`b|zb`hd ogbt|`djr tm|gzem bgiij|

b`hc`vjo lggkr# ojhc`de u`tm ihdp rzlfjbtr dgt

thzemt `d tmj |jezch| \gr`b|zb`hd cgoejr ga Jz|g~j

g| jcrjumj|j$ I|$ Mj`dojc ihoj dg httji~t tg

jrthlc`rm cgoejr tm|gzemgzt tmj bgzdt|p# hr `r bzr

tgih|p u`tm tmj \gr`b|zb`hd G|oj| `d jqj|p chdo#

ag| ga bgz|rj mj mho dg hztmg|`tp a|gi tmj G|oj|`d Jz|g~j tg og rg# hdo mj `d dg uhp bgdozbtjo

tmj ug|k hr `t `r bgdozbtjo lp tmj \gr`b|zb`hd

G|oj|$

Zdxzjrt`gdhlcp tmj ug|k ga I|$ Mj`dojc uhr

`dr~`|ht`gdhc hdo hoojo tg tmj `dtj|jrt`de iprt`bhc

c`tj|htz|j ga Hij|`bh# lzt tmj dhij ga m`r ~j|rgdhc

g|ehd`vht`gd hdo tmj ahbt tmht hcc m`r ug|k uhrbgdozbtjo tm|gzem tmj rhcj ga lggkr# ~ch`dcp `do`

bhtjo tg tmj \gr`b|zb`hd rjjkj| tmht tmj ug|k ga 822





I|$ Mj`dojc# c`kj tmht ga rjqj|hc gtmj|r# uhr zdga

a`b`hc a|gi tmj \gr`b|zb`hd ~g`dt ga q`ju# hdo

–\gr`b|zb`hd’ gdcp `d dhij$ M`r uògu httji~tjo

tg bgdt`dzj tmj Ajccgurm`~ hatj| m`r t|hdr`t`gd# lzt

`dtj|dhc oàa`bzct`jr h|grj hdo rmj u`tmo|ju a|gi hcc

bgddjbt`gd u`tm tmj Ajccgurm`~ `d tmj jh|cp ~h|t

ga 802<# um`cj h aju ga `tr ag|ij| rtzojdtr

httji~tjo tg mgco tgejtmj| tmj |jidhdtr ga hd g|

ehd`vht`gd tmht |jozbjo `trjca tg h ij|j ~j|rgdhc

`dtj|~|jtht`gd ga Bm|`rt`hd tjhbm`der$

_mzr uj mhqj u|`ttjd ga tmj qh|`gzr rji`\gr`

b|zb`hd g| zdgaa`b`hc g|ehd`vht`gdr j}`rt`de `d

Hij|`bh# `dbczo`de tmj –Ihrgd`b’ \gr`b|zb`hd

hbt`q`tp um`bm rth|tjo `d Jdechdo hdo ihoj ihdp

httji~tr tg jrthlc`rm `trjca `d tmj Zd`tjo Rthtjr$Hcc ga tmjrj lgo`jr h|j og`de eggo ug|k `d tmj`|

gud ~h|t`bzch| a`jcor# hdo hròj a|gi tmj glfjbt`gd%

hlcj rj} tjhbm`der tmht h|j agzdo `d h aju ga tmj

lggkr `rrzjo lp rgij ga tmjrj g|ehd`vht`gdr# tmj`|

~zlc`bht`gdr zdogzltjocp rth|t ihdp bhrzhc rtz

ojdtr ga gbbzct rb`jdbj gd h ~htm tmht cjhor jqjdtz

hccp tg tmj mèmj| tjhbm`der$

82?



B m h ~ t j | Q@@

_MJ A@\R_ \G R@B\ZB@HDR @D HIJ\@BH

J MHQJ fzrt ljjd r~jhk`de ga rji %

\gr`b|zb`hd lgo`jr `d Hij|`bh# lzt

uj izrt dgt gqj|cggk tmj a |rt ejdz`dj\gr`b|zb`hd lgop tg bgij tg Hij|`%

bhd rmg|jr$ _mj l|`ja ahbtr e qjd mj|ju tm h|j

thkjd a|gi tug j}bjccjdt lggkr$ A`|rt# tmht lp I|$

F$ A$ Rhbmrj# umg uhr hd mj`| hdo ojrbjdohdt ga

tmj a`|rt \gr`b|zb`hdr tg jrthlc`rm hd gaa`b`hc l|hdbm

ga tmj ug|k `d tmj Zd`tjo Rthtjr# hdo rjbgdo#

a|gi I|$ H|tmz| Uh`tj‐r M`rtg|p ga tmj \grjB|grr G|oj|$ Hbbg|o`de tg tmjrj tug lggkr# hdo

tmj ihdp gtmj| lggkr xzgtjo lp tmji `d tmj`| m`r

tg|`jr# h igqjijdt uhr rth|tjo `d Jz|g~j `d 8102#

hr h |jrzct ga ~|jq`gzr ~chdr tg rjdo h bgcgdp ga

cjhoj|r `d tmj \gr`b|zb`hd ug|k a|gi tmj ~|`db`~hc

Jz|g~jhd l|hdbmjr tg Hij|`bh# tg agzdo dgt gdcp

h \gr`b|zb`hd bgcgdp lzt tg jrthlc`rm tmj \gr`b|z%b`hd rb`jdbjr# h|tr# hdo t|hojr$ _mj ~chd mho `tr

`dbj~t`gd `d tmj lggk bhccjo –_mj Dju Htchdt`r’82:




u|`ttjd lp R`| A|hdb`r Lhbgd um`cj mj uhr @i~j|h

tg| ga tmj \gr`b|zb`hd G|oj| `d Jz|g~j# hdo um`bm

~chd uhr chtj| ug|kjo gzt `d ojth`c lp tmj ~|`db`

~hc cgoej ga tmj \gr`b|zb`hd G|oj| `d Cgdogd

kdgud hr tmj ^m`chojc~m`h Cgoej g| tmj ^m`choj

~m`b Cgoej# dhijo hatj| tmj b`tp `d tmj Jhrt umj|j

gdj ga tmj g|è`dhc iprtj|p rbmggcr uhr cgbhtjo$

@d tmj ahcc ga 8102# tmj tgz|`rtr rth|tjo gzt `d h

r~jb`hccp bmh|tj|jo qjrrjc bhccjo tmj –Rh|hm Ih|`h’

zdoj| tmj cjhoj|rm`~ ga E|hdo Ihrtj| Kjc~`zr#

umg uhr bgddjbtjo u`tm tmj Fhbgl Lgmij Cgoej

ga tmj \gr`b|zb`hdr `d Jz|g~j# hdo u`tm gtmj| gaa`

bj|r a|gi tmj E|hdo Cgoej ga tmj \gr`b|zb`hdr `d

Mjòjclz|e$ _mjp |jhbmjo tmj b`tp tmht `r dgu

kdgud hr ^m`chojc~m`h# hdo tg um`bm tmjp ehqjtmht dhij# `d tmj a`|rt igdtmr ga 810?# hdo lz`ct

ihdp lz`co`der `d umht `r dgu kdgud hr Ah`|igdt

^h|k# hdo chtj| tmjp igqjo az|tmj| ujrt `d ^jdd

rpcqhd`h$ Ihdp ga tmj`| gud lggkr hdo ihdz

rb|`~tr ~|j~h|jo `d tmj`| gud ~|`dt`de ~chdt h|j

rt`cc ~|jrj|qjo `d tmj m`rtg|`bhc bgccjbt`gdr ga qh|`

gzr m`rtg|`bhc rgb`jt`jr ga ^jddrpcqhd`h# hdo lp tmjojrbjdohdtr ga jh|cp egqj|dg|r ga tmj Rthtj$ I|$

Rhbmrj hdo I|$ Uh`tj mhqj j}hi`djo ihdp ga 821



tmjrj ihdzrb|`~tr hdo lggkr hdo a`do `d tmji tmj

zdogzltjo bgddjbt`gdr u`tm tmj \gr`b|zb`hd G|

oj|# hdo tmj ~|jrjdtht`gd ga tmj t|zj \gr`b|zb`hd

tjhbm`der$ I|$ Uh`tj o`rbzrrjr ht cjdetm tmj \gr`

b|zb`hd ihdzrb|`~tr zrjo lp tmjrj Hij|`bhd ~`g

djj|r hdo rmgur tmht tmjp uj|j tmj ejdz`dj rjb|jt

tjhbm`der ga tmj G|oj|# hdo tmht tmj hbt`q`t`jr hdo

|jezcht`gdr ga tmj ijd hdo ugijd ag|i`de tmj

bgcgdp bg`dbòjo u`tm tmj rthdoh|o hbt`q`t`jr ga

gtmj| \gr`b|zb`hd l|hdbmjr$ @t uhr mj|j tmht ihdp

ì~g|thdt Hij|`bhd `drt`tzt`gdr uj|j jrthlc`rmjo#

hdo qhczhlcj bgdt|`lzt`gdr tg tmj rb`jdtà`b hdo h|t

agzdoht`gdr ga tmj Zd`tjo Rthtjr uj|j chò$ _mj

c`rt ga ji`djdt Hij|`bhdr umg ljbhij haa`c`htjo

u`tm tmj \gr`b|zb`hd hbt`q`t`jr oz|`de tmj a`|rt bjd

tz|p ga `tr j}`rtjdbj `d ^m`chojc~m`h |jhor c`kj tmj

|grtj| ga Hij|`bhd ~ht|`gtr hdo cjhoj|r$ Ljdfhi`d

A|hdkc`d hdo _mgihr Fjaaj|rgd uj|j lzt tug ga

tmj gztrthdo`de aèz|jr `d tmj hbt`q`t`jr ga tm`r

dht`gdhc mjhoxzh|tj|r ga tmj \gr`b|zb`hdr `d

Hij|`bh$ @t ugzco thkj tgg ihdp ~hejr `d tm`r

m`rtg|p tg jqjd gztc`dj tmj ihdp zd`xzj ag|ir ga hbt`q`t`jr um`bm tmjp b|jhtjo `d h r~`|`t ga hrr`rt`de

tg lz`co z~ h dju dht`gd `d h dju chdo$825





U j izrt bhcc httjdt`gd heh`d tg tmj ahbt tmht

tm`r a`|rt bgcgdp bhij tg Hij|`bh `d hbbg|ohdbj

u`tm tmj |zcjr hdo |jezcht`gdr ga tmj 8>=pjh|

bpbcj ga tmj \gr`b|zb`hd G|oj|$ Mhq`de rth|tjo

tmj`| igqjijdt tguh|o Hij|`bh `d 8102# `t uhr

gdcp dhtz|hc tmht 8>= pjh|r chtj|# g| `d 8=>8# tm`r

a`|rt Hij|`bhd igqjijdt rmgzco bcgrj `tr gztj|

~zlc`b hbt`q`t`jr hdo rth|t `tr bpbcj ga 8>= pjh|r ga

|jt`|jijdt hdo rjb|jt hbt`q`tp$ Rg uj a do# hbbg|o

`de tg tmj |jbg|or# tmht `d 8=>8 tmj ch|ej bgcgdp

ga \gr`b|zb`hdr `d ^m`chojc~m`h o`r~j|rjo hdo ~|g

bjjojo tg qh|`gzr ~h|tr ga tmj Zd`tjo Rthtjr umj|j

rihcc l|hdbmjr mho ljjd ~|j~h|jo jqjd hr ah| ujrt

hr tmj ^hbà b Bghrt$ _mj ~|`db`~hc lz`co`der `d

^m`chojc~m`h uj|j hlhdogdjo# hdo tmj ijilj|r

bgdt`dzjo tg bh||p gd tmj`| ug|k `d r cjdbj$ Bm`c

o|jd uj|j bh|jazccp t|h`djo `d tmj tjhbm`der# hdo

hr tmjp |jhbmjo hozctmggo uj|j `d`t`htjo rjb|jtcp

`dtg tmj g|ehd`vht`gd rg tmht tmj`| ojrbjdohdtr

ièmt hcrg bh||p gd tmj ug|k$

@t uhr ujcc kdgud tmht hr tmj 8>=pjh| bpbcj ga

r`cjdbj hdo rjb|jbp bcgrjo `d tmj pjh| 80>0# tmjG|oj| ugzco heh`d lj hztmg|`vjo hdo bmh|tj|jo `d

h ~zlc`b ihddj| hdo tmj|jag|j# ogbzijdtr# ~h~j|r#82=




rjhcr# hdo fjujcr uj|j bh|jazccp mhdojo ogud a|gi

gdj ejdj|ht`gd tg hdgtmj| `d hdt`b`~ht`gd ga tmj

bgi`de ga tmj pjh| 80>0$ Hdo# fzrt hr I|$ F$ A$

Rhbmrj ljbhij tmj bzrtgo`hd ga ihdp ga tmj ihdz

rb|`~tr hdo fjujcr# rg gtmj| ojrbjdohdtr# dgthlcp

tmgrj umg hrr`rtjo `d tmj |jjrthlc`rmijdt ga tmj

dju G|oj| `d 80>0# ~grrjrrjo bj|th`d ~h~j|r g|

–kjpr’ um`bm uj|j zrjazc `d |jjrthlc`rm`de g|

l|`de`de tg l`|tm heh`d tmj \gr`b|zb`hd G|oj| `d

Hij|`bh# `d `tr dju bpbcj$

_mzr uj bcgrj tm`r rjbt`gd ga tmj m`rtg|p lzt

bhcc httjdt`gd tg tmj ahbt tmht oz|`de tmj pjh|r

8=>> tg 80>> tmj G|oj| `d A|hdbj# Ej|ihdp#

Jdechdo# Ru`tvj|chdo# Mgcchdo# \zrr`h# R~h`d# hdo

`d tmj G|`jdt# uhr bh||p`de gd u`tm `db|jhr`dehbt`q`tp# lzt zdoj| qj|p oàa`bzct bgdo`t`gdr$ @t

uhr agzdo djbjrrh|p# `d igrt ag|jèd chdor# tg bgd

t`dzj tmj j}t|jij r`cjdbj hdo rjb|jbp g|è`dhccp

jrthlc`rmjo ljbhzrj ga tmj ~gc`t`bhc ~j|rjbzt`gd tmht

uhr ihoj tguh|o jqj|p rg|t ga h rjb|jt g|ehd`vh

t`gd ojqgtjo tg tmj ~|gizceht`gd ga hoqhdbjo

kdgucjoej hdo tmj mèmj| chur$ Lzt# ojr~`tj rzbmoàa`bzct`jr# tmj |jbg|or rmgu tmht `d A|hdbj# Jde

chdo# hdo Ej|ihdp jr~jb`hccp# tmj g|ehd`vht`gd820




g~j|htjo h e|jht ihdp l|hdbmjr u`tm jqj|`db|jhr

`de ijilj|rm`~; hdo hr tmj pjh| 80>0 h~~|ghbmjo#

ihdp ijd hdo rgij ugijd fgz|djpjo tg Jz|g~j

tg bgdthbt tmj \gr`b|zb`hd G|oj|$ Higde tmjrj

uj|j h aju ji`djdt A|jjihrgdr# umg rgzemt tg

|jq`qj tmj –Ihrgd`b’ \gr`b|zb`hd rtzo`jr# hdo gtm

j|r umg rgzemt ~j|i`rr`gd g| hztmg|`tp tg hrr`rt `d

tmj dju l`|tm ga tmj 80>0 bpbcj$ _mj rzbbjrr ga

tmj`| i`rr`gdr# hdo tmj |jrzct ga tmj`| hbt`q`t`jr#

u`cc lj |jaj||jo tg `d tmj dj}t rjbt`gd ga tm`r

m`rtg|p$

8?>



B m h ~ t j | Q@@@

_MJ ^\JRJD_ \GR@B\ZB@HD G\OJ\

@D HIJ\@BH

D U \@_@DE tm`r rjbt`gd ga tmj m`r

tg|p# @ a`do tmht @ bhddgt hqgò zr`de

tmj a`|rt ~j|rgd ~|gdgzd ljbhzrj ga

ip gud `dtìhtj bgddjbt`gd u`tm tmj

hbt`q`t`jr tg lj ojrb|`ljo# hdo @ t|zrt tmht tmj

|jhoj| u`cc zdoj|rthdo tm`r hdo gqj|cggk tmj ~j|

rgdhc jcjijdt$

@ mhqj rhò tmht hr tmj pjh| 80>0 h~~|ghbmjo#

ihdp ijd hdo ugijd fgz|djpjo tg A|hdbj g|gtmj| ~h|tr ga Jz|g~j rjjk`de dgt gdcp `d`t`ht`gd

`dtg tmj G|oj|# lzt rgij gaa`b`hc ~j|i`rr`gd tg hò

`d tmj jrthlc`rmijdt ga tmj G|oj| heh`d `d tmj

Zd`tjo Rthtjr# ag| `tr dju bpbcj$

@d A|hdbj# oz|`de tmj pjh|r a|gi 8==> gduh|o#

tmj G|oj| ljbhij qj|p hbt`qj ljbhzrj tmj pjh|

8==> uhr h~~h|jdtcp tmj lje`dd`de ga h dju bpbcjga tmj \gr`b|zb`hd hbt`q`t`jr ag| rjqj|hc ga tmj

bgzdt|`jr# hdo |jbg|or rmgu tmht `d tmj pjh|r 80>>8?8




tg 80>0 tmj \gr`b|zb`hd l|hdbmjr uj|j ihdp# hdo

qj|p hbt`qj `dojjo# jr~jb`hccp `d A|hdbj$ @t uhr

gdcp dhtz|hc# tmj|jag|j# tmht tmgrj rtzojdtr ga

\gr`b|zb`hd m`rtg|p hdo tmgrj umg mho ljjd ~h|

t`hccp `d`t`htjo `dtg tmj ug|k hr ojrbjdohdtr ga jh|

c`j| ijilj|r ga tmj G|oj|# rmgzco cggk tg A|hdbj

hdo `tr mèm ojqjcg~ijdt `d tmj \gr`b|zb`hd hbt`q`

t`jr ag| hò `d tmj`| ~chdr hdo ojr |jr$ Hr `d gtmj|

chdor ht gtmj| ~j|`gor# h dzilj| ga rji`\gr`b|z

b`hd lgo`jr mho bgij `dtg j}`rtjdbj `d A|hdbj oz|

`de tmj jh|cp ~h|t ga tmj tujdt`jtm bjdtz|p# hdo

ihdp ga tmjrj e|hozhccp haa`c`htjo u`tm tmj \gr`

b|zb`hd G|oj| hdo hog~tjo tmj rt|`bt |zcjr hdo

|jezcht`gdr ga tmj hdb`jdt a|htj|d`tp$ H aju ga

tmji# mgujqj|# bgdt`dzjo tg zrj tmj`| ~|jq`gzrt`tcjr jqjd hatj| haa`c`ht`gd u`tm tmj G|oj|# hdo tm`r

bhzrjo rgij bgdazr`gd `d tmj i`dor ga tmgrj umg

fgz|djpjo tg A|hdbj rjjk`de tmj ejdz`dj igqj

ijdt$

Ihdp qj`cjo rtg|`jr |jeh|o`de tmj L|gtmj|mggo

mho h~~jh|jo `d A|hdbj# dgthlcp tmgrj lp Jzejdj

Rzj# hdo Vgch$ _mjrj `dag|ijo tmj rjjkj|r ga tmjj}`rtjdbj ga bj|th`d \gr`b|zb`hd hbt`q`t`jr um`bm

bgdth`djo bczjr tmht jdhlcjo tmj ojtj|i`djo rjjk8?<




j|r tg a`dhccp bgdthbt tmj ~|g~j| gaa b`hcr$ A|gi tmj

rjqjdtjjdtm bjdtz|p gduh|o# tmj G|oj| `d A|hdbjmho hog~tjo tmj A|jdbm tj|i –\grj B|g`}#’ `d

~|jaj|jdbj tg tmj Cht`d tj|i –\grhj B|zb`r$’ U j

a`do jqjd `d Uhrrjdhj|‐r –M`rtg|`rbm %Qj|mhj_

~zlc`rmjo `d 81<2# ijdt`gd ga tmj –G|o|j oj ch

\grj B|g`}’ `d A|hdbj# u`tm bgddjbt`gdr u`tm

ijilj|r hdo gtmj| l|hdbmjr ga tmj G|oj| `d R~h`d#

@thcp# Jdechdo# Ru`tvj|chdo# Ej|ihdp# Achdoj|r#

hdo gtmj| chdor; hdo ihdp ~|gi`djdt ~j|rgdr h|j

ijdt`gdjo `d rjqj|hc A|jdbm m`rtg|`jr hr mhq`de

ljjd hbt`qj `d tmj G|oj| ~|jq`gzr tg tmj dju bpbcj

ga 8==>$ @ |jaj| tg rzbm ~j|rgdr hr Eh|hrrj# Ehzc

t`zr# Dhzoj# \`bmjc`jz# Cgz`r ]@@@# k`de ga A|hdbj;

hdo ihdp gtmj|r# jqjd Ojrbh|tjr$ Gtmj| |jbg|or

rmgu tmht Fhbxzjr \grj g|ehd`vjo ljag|j m`r

t|hdr`t`gd `d 811> gdj ga tmj djujrt hdo ch|ejrt

l|hdbmjr ga tmj \grj B|g`}# hdo ga bgz|rj tmj|j

uj|j rzbm ahigzr cjhoj|r ga tmj ug|k `d A|hdbj

hr tmj cj Bgitj oj Ehlhc`r# hdo Cgz`r Bchzo oj

Rh`dt%Ih|t`d$

_mj qj|p bgi~cjtj m`rtg|p ga tmj \gr`b|zb`hdG|oj| u|`ttjd `d A|jdbm hdo gtmj| chdezhejr lp

L|gtmj| U`ttjihdr# h ijilj| ga tmj Ljce`zi Rjd8?2




htj# hdo hd mgdg|h|p ijilj| ga gz| G|oj| mj|j `d

Hij|`bh# bgdth`dr qj|p `dtj|jrt`de ahbtr |jeh|o`de

tmj hbt`q`t`jr ga tmj G|oj| `d A|hdbj oz|`de tmj

tujdt`jtm bjdtz|p$ Higde tmj `doj~jdojdt g|

ehd`vht`gdr `d A|hdbj hatj| 80>> uj|j h l|hdbm ga

tmj R$ \$ @$ H$ ga Jdechdo# tmj –Ihrgd`b’ \gr`

b|zb`hd rgb`jtp |jaj||jo tg ~|jq`gzrcp# tmj Mj|

ijt`b G|oj| ga tmj Egcojd Ohud agzdojo `d 8==5#

hdo QG|o|j Bhllhc`rt`xzj oj ch \grj%B|g`}$ _mj

chttj| g|ehd`vht`gd bgdth`djo h dzilj| ga gaa`bj|r

bgddjbtjo u`tm tmj |jezch| \gr`b|zb`hd G|oj|#

hdo tm`r bhlhc`rt`b lgop ojqgtjo `trjca tg h cì`tjo

c`rt ga rzlfjbtr ag| rb`jdtà`b |jrjh|bm# hdo oò dgt

bchì tg lj h ~h|t ga tmj |jezch| \gr`b|zb`hd G|oj|

hdo uhr tmj|jag|j djqj| bgdròj|jo hr h bchdojrt`djlgop$ _mj|j uhr hcrg hd `doj~jdojdt g|ehd`vht`gd

kdgud hr ch \grj B|g`} Bhtmgc`xzj# um`bm

htt|hbtjo tmj `dtj|jrt ga ihdp \gihd Bhtmgc`br

umg uj|j i`rcjo `dtg tmj ljc`ja tmht `t uhr h

rj~h|htj g|ehd`vht`gd ag| tmji$ Gd tmj gtmj| mhdo#

tmj|j uhr hcrg h \gr`b|zb`hd e|gz~ xz`tj `doj~jdo

jdt zdoj| tmj cjhoj|rm`~ ga L|gtmj| Bhrtjcgt# umg

uhr# hdo rt`cc `r# h ijilj| ga tmj |jezch| G|oj| `d




A|hdbj# hdo gdj ga tmj mgdg|h|p ijilj|r ga gz|

G|oj| mj|j `d Hij|`bh$ L|gtmj| Bhrtjcgt `r gdj ga

tmj igrt ji`djdt hdo ojh|cp ljcgqjo ug|kj|r `d

tmj h|t ga hcbmjip# hdo mhr ojqgtjo m`r tìj hdo

tmj `dtj|jrtr ga tmj aju umg h|j `d m`r `doj~jdojdt

g|ehd`vht`gd tg tmj rtzop ga hcbmji`bhc ~|glcjir$

Mj mhr ojigdrt|htjo `d tmj`| e|gz~ chlg|htg|p tmj

~grr`l`c`tp ga t|hdriztht`gd `d hbbg|ohdbj u`tm tmj

\gr`b|zb`hd tjhbm`der# hdo mhr rzbbjjojo `d ~|g

ozb`de egco hr tgco `d h rtg|p ~zlc`rmjo lp gz|

G|oj| `d gz| gaa`b`hc ihehv`dj# tmj –\gr`b|zb`hd

Oèjrt$’

Mgujqj| tmj |jhc G|oj| hr jrthlc`rmjo tm|gzem

gzt tmj ug|co# mho rjqj|hc gaa`b`hc l|hdbmjr `d

A|hdbj hr dht`gdhc mjhoxzh|tj|r$ Gdj ga tmjrj uhrtmj –Rjb|jth|`ht’ `d ^h|`r# um`cj hdgtmj| uhr h

Bgccjej ga \`tjr ht Cpgdr# g|è`dhccp jrthlc`rmjo lp

Bhec`grt|g# hdo tmj dht`gdhc Bgzdb`c Bmhilj|r

hdo tji~cj# u`tm tmj dht`gdhc h|bm`qjr `d tmj jd

q`|gdr ga _gzcgzrj# tmj hdb`jdt r`tj ga tmj a`|rt

\gr`b|zb`hdr jrthlc`rmjo `d Jz|g~j$

_mj ijjt`der tmht uj|j mjco `d tmj qh|`gzr r~jb`hc l|hdbmjr ga tmj G|oj| `d ~h|tr ga A|hdbj uj|j

hr rjb|jt hdo qj`cjo hr uj|j tmj hbt`q`t`jr ht tmj8?:




ch|ej| dht`gdhc gaa`bjr# hdo `t uhr hr oàa`bzct `d tmj

pjh| 80>0 hr `t `r tgohp tg cgbhtj h \gr`b|zb`hd

cgoej g| òjdtàp h \gr`b|zb`hd ijilj| hdpumj|j

`d Jz|g~j$

H rz|qjp ga tmj m`rtg|p ga tmj qh|`gzr gbbzct

igqjijdtr tmht a`do ig|hc hdo ~rpbm`b rz~~g|t

a|gi tmj E|jht Um`tj Cgoej rmgur tmht `d tmj

pjh| 80>0 ig|j ga tmj iprt`bhc igqjijdtr ga tmjug|co uj|j |jlg|d# |jq`rjo# g| bmhdejo `d tmj`|

ag|i ga hbt`q`tp tmhd `d hdp gtmj| pjh| ga gbbzct

m`rtg|p$ @t uhr `d tm`r pjh| tmht I|$ Mj`dojc ga

tmj rji`\gr b|zb`hd `doj~jdojdt rgb`jtp `d Hij|

`bh ujdt tg Jz|g~j tg httji~t tg rjbz|j \gr`b|z

b`hd `dag|iht`gd# hdo `drtjho ljbhij h rtzojdt ga

I|$ \zogc~m Rtj`dj|# `d m`r |jq`rjo ag|i ga tmjgrg~mp$ Hdo `t uhr `d tmj pjh| 80>0 tmht I|$

Egzco ~chddjo tg eg tg Jz|g~j tg rjbz|j tmj t|zj

\gr`b|zb`hd |`tzhcr hdo tjhbm`der ag| m`r l|hdbm

ga tmj R$ \$ @$ H$ `d tmj Zd`tjo Rthtjr$ Hdo gtmj|

cjhoj|r ga gtmj| igqjijdtr fgz|djpjo tg Jz|g~j

oz|`de tm`r pjh| g| |jbj`qjo `drt|zbt`gdr a|gi ag|

jèd l|hdbmjr `d tm`r pjh|# tg |jq`rj g| |jdju tmj`|

hbt`q`t`jr$8?1




@t uhr `d 80>0# hcrg# tmht @ ihoj ip q`r`t tg

A|hdbj ag| h r i ch| ~z|~grj$ Ag| ihdp pjh|r @

mho mjco tgejtmj| h qj|p ch|ej lgop ga ijd hdo

ugijd ojqgtjo tg gbbzct hdo ijth~mpr`bhc |j

rjh|bm hcgde \gr`b|zb`hd c`djr$ Hr jo`tg| ga rjq

j|hc gbbzct ihehv`djr @ mho ihoj bgdthbt u`tm

qh|`gzr \gr`b|zb`hd ihdzrb|`~tr hdo mho o`rbgq

j|jo tmht @ uhr |jchtjo tg gdj ga tmj ojrbjdohdtr

ga tmj a`|rt \gr`b|zb`hd lgop `d Hij|`bh‟tmht

um`bm mho jrthlc`rmjo `trjca `d ^m`chojc~m`h `d

810?$ _m`r ehqj ij hbbjrr tg ihdp ga tmj`| gco

~h~j|r# rjb|jt ihdzrb|`~tr# hdo tjhbm`der$ _mjrj

uj o`rbzrrjo# hdhcpvjo# hdo httji~tjo tg ~zt `dtg

~|hbt`bj$ Higde gz|rjcqjr# tmj rgb`jtp# bgi~grjo

ga rjqj|hc mzdo|jo ~j|rgdr `d ~|gajrr`gdhc càj# uhr

kdgud hr –_mj \gr`b|zb`hd \jrjh|bm Rgb`jtp$’

Higde tmj ihdp ~|gi`djdt ~j|rgdr tmjd haa c`htjo

hdo mgco`de hbt`qj ~gr`t`gdr hr gaa`bj|r# uj|j @$ K$

Azdk# ~|jròjdt ga tmj Azdk hdo Uhedhccr ^zl

c`rm`de Bg$# -~zlc`rmj|r ga tmj C`tj|h|p Oèjrt )#

–A|h’ Jclj|t Mzllh|o# ga tmj ahigzr \gpb|gatj|r#

hdo umg uhr ojj~cp `dtj|jrtjo `d tmj ug|k tg tmj

qj|p ohp ga m`r t|hdr`t`gd# hdo Jcch Umjjcj| U`c




bg}# tmj ahigzr iprt`bhc u|`tj|# umg chtj| ljbhij

h ijilj| ga tmj Rz~|jij Bgzdb`c ga HIG\B#um`bm ~gr`t`gd rmj mjco zdt`c tmj tìj ga mj| t|hd

r t`gd$ Gtmj|r ga jxzhc ~|gi`djdbj umg uj|j hb

t`qj ijilj|r h|j rt`cc ijilj|r ga tmj ~|jrjdt

HI G\B `d mèm oje|jjr$ _mj ijjt`der ga tmj

Rgb`jtp uj|j mjco igdtmcp a|gi 80>? tg 80>0 `d

Dju Pg|k B`tp$ \jhc v`de tmht uj uj|j dgt pjt

bmh|tj|jo g| hztmg|`vjo tg zrj tmj dhij \gr`b|z%

ohd# tmj rgb`jtp g~j|htjo ~zlc`bcp zdoj| tmj dhij

ga _m j Dju P g|S @drt`tztj ag| rpbm`bhc \jrjh|bm$

Fzrt ljag|j 80>0 tmj|j h~~c`jo ag| ijilj|rm`~

`d gz| rgb`jtp gdj umg ~|jrjdtjo ~h~j| ~|gq`de

tmj h~~g`dtijdt ga –Cjehtj’ ga tmj \gr`b|zb`hd

G|oj| `d @do`h$ Ihdp ujjkr ga bcgrj hrrgb`ht`gdu`tm tm`r ijilj| |jqjhcjo tmj ahbt tmht @ ièmt

lj rzbbjrrazc `d ip rjh|bm ag| rgij ag|i ga hz

tmg|`tp tg `dt|gozbj tmj t|zj \gr`b|zb`hd ug|k `d

Hij|`bh ht tmj |èmt tìj$ Jqj|p ijhdr ga bgi

izd`bht`gd u`tm hdp gaa`b`hc ga tmj G|oj| `d

ag|jèd chdor uhr ojd`jo tg ij zdt`c jh|cp `d tmj

pjh| 80>0 umjd @ uhr `dag|ijo tmht tmj pjh|

ag| tmj ~zlc`b h~~jh|hdbj ga tmj G|oj| `d Hij|`bh

8?=




uhr ht mhdo hdo tmht oja`d`tj h||hdejijdtr ag|

tmj dju bpbcj mho ljjd bgi~cjtjo$ _mj Cjehtj

a|gi @do`h jdbgz|hejo ij tg agccgu tmj z|ej tmht

mho hbtzhtjo ij ag| r`} g| ig|j pjh|r# |jeh|ocjrr ga

hdp glrthbcjr g| t|`hcr tmht ièmt tjdo tg o`rbgz|

hej ip zdrjca`rm hìr$

_mj|jag|j# @ ujdt tg A|hdbj `d tmj rziij| ga

80>0 hdo hatj| h l|`ja `dtj|q`ju u`tm gdj umg|jazrjo tg bgii`t mìrjca qj|p oja`d`tjcp# @ uhr

o`|jbtjo tg qh|`gzr b`t`jr hdo `d jhbm bhrj |j

o`|jbtjo zdt`c @ a`dhccp h~~|ghbmjo h oja`d`tj bgd

thbt `d _gzcgzrj$ _mj|j @ jqjdtzhccp agzdo tmht

ip ~chdr hdo ojr`|jr mho ljjd hdt`b`~htjo hdo

kdgud ag| rgij tìj# hdo @ uhr ~j|i`ttjo tg ijjt

dgt fzrt gdj ga tmj gaa`bj|r ga tmj A|jdbm \gr`b|zb`hd G|oj|# lzt h dzilj|# hr ujcc hr rgij umg

uj|j ijilj|r ga tmj `dtj|dht`gdhc Bgzdb`c ga tmj

\gr`b|zb`hd lgo`jr ga qh|`gzr Jz|g~jhd dht`gdr$

Ht h |jezch| Bgzdb`c ijjt`de# hdo ht rjqj|hc r~j

b`hc rjrr`gdr ga tmj G|oj| `d gtmj| b`t`jr mjco `d tmj

igdtmr agccgu`de# @ uhr ozcp `d`t`htjo hdo e`qjd

~|jcì`dh|p ~h~j|r ga `drt|zbt`gd tg ~|jrjdt tggtmj|r umgrj dhijr mho ljjd e`qjd tg ij$ @ uhr

hcrg `drt|zbtjo tg h||hdej tg mgco ~|jcì`dh|p8?0




agzdoht`gd ijjt`der ag| tmj ~z|~grj ga g|ehd`v`de

h rjb|jt e|gz~ ga ug|kj|r# umg ugzco |jbj`qj az|

tmj| `drt|zbt`gdr a|gi Cjehtjr ga tmj G|oj| `d

@do`h hdo Ru`tvj|chdo$ _mjrj `drt|zbt`gdr uj|j

rèdjo lp Bgzdt LjccbhrtcjCèdj# tmj rjb|jth|p ga

tmj `dtj|dht`gdhc Bgzdb`c# hdo tmj qjdj|hlcj Ch

rhccj# tmj ujcckdgud hztmg| ga ihdp m`rtg|`bhc

\gr`b|zb`hd ogbzijdtr# hdo E|hdo Ihrtj| ga tmj

G|oj| \grhj B|zb`r g| \grj B|g`} ga A|hdbj$ Lj

ag|j cjhq`de A|hdbj @ mho tmj ~cjhrz|j ga ijjt`de

rjqj|hc ga tmj mèmjrt gaa`bj|r# hdo ijt `d Hij|`bh#

gd ip |jtz|d# tmj Cjehtj a|gi @do`h# umg ~|j

rjdtjo tg ij tmj fjujcr hdo ~h~j|r um`bm mho

ljjd ~|jrj|qjo a|gi tmj jh|cp Hij|`bhd agzdoh

t`gd$_m|gzemgzt tmj pjh|r 80>0 tg 808:# ihdp gaa`

b`hc Bgzdb`c rjrr`gdr uj|j mjco `d ip mgzrj hdo

tmj mgijr ga gtmj|r# u`tm ijd hdo ugijd ~|jrjdt

umg uj|j ojrbjdohdtr ga jh|cp `d`t`htjr ga tmj G|

oj|# hdo h aju ga umgi uj|j `d`t`htjr ga tmj G|oj|

`d A|hdbj oz|`de tmj pjh|r 80>> tg 80>0$ @d 808:#

tmj a`|rt gaa`b`hc ~zlc`b ihdàjrtg uhr `rrzjo `d tm`rbgzdt|p hddgzdb`de tmj l`|tm ga h dju bpbcj ga tmj

G|oj|# hdo ìijo`htjcp tmj|jhatj| tmj a`|rt Rz8:>




~|jij Bgzdb`c ga tmj G|oj| uhr rjcjbtjo a|gi

higde mzdo|jor ga ijd hdo ugijd umg mho ljjd

bh|jazccp rjcjbtjo oz|`de tmj ~|jbjo`de rjqjd pjh|r$

Ht tmj a`|rt gaa`b`hc rjrr`gdr ga tm`r Hij|`bhd Rz

~|jij Bgzdb`c gaa`bj|r uj|j dgi`dhtjo hdo @ uhr

rz|~|`rjo tg a`do tmht tmj Cjehtj a|gi @do`h mho

ljjd `drt|zbtjo tg dgi`dhtj ij hr tmj bm`ja j}jbz

t`qj ga tmj G|oj| ljbhzrj ga tmj ug|k @ mho ogdj

oz|`de tmj rjqjd pjh|r `d g|ehd`v`de tmj dju agzd

oht`gd$ Ujcc xzhcà jo ~j|rgdr uj|j jcjbtjo tg

gtmj| j}jbzt`qj ~gr`t`gdr `d tmj G|oj|# hdo bg~`jr

ga tmj A|jdbm bgdrt`tzt`gd ga tmj G|oj| hdo gaa`b`hc

ogbzijdtr uj|j ~|jrjdtjo tg bgii`ttjjr ag| t|hdr

cht`gd hdo&hog~t`gd `d h ag|i tg a`t Hij|`bhd bgd

o`t`gdr$

_mjrj ijjt`der uj|j agccgujo lp tmj a`|rt `d`t`

ht`gd ga dju ijilj|r# tmj |j~g|t ga um`bm tg tmj

A|jdbm Mèm Bgzdb`c l|gzemt h ogbzijdt ga r~gd

rg|rm`~ ag| tmj Hij|`bhd l|hdbm rèdjo lp tmj

~|`db`~hc A|jdbm gaa bj|r$ Hr u`tm jqj|p dju bpbcj

`d jhbm chdo# tmj a`|rt pjh|r ga `tr hbt`q`tp h|j zdoj|

tmj r~gdrg|rm`~ ga rgij ujccjrthlc`rmjo fz|`ro`b

t`gd# hdo rg ag| h tìj tm`r dju bpbcj ga tmj Hij|

8:8




`bhd G|oj| g~j|htjo zdoj| tmj r~gdrg|rm`~ ga tmj

A|jdbm fz|`ro`bt`gd$

@t izrt lj dgtjo tmht a|gi tmj qj|p rth|t# hdo

u`tm tmj `rrzhdbj ga tmj a`|rt ~zlc`b ihdàjrtg# tmj

bg||jbt dhij ga tmj `dtj|dht`gdhc \gr`b|zb`hd g|

ehd`vht`gd uhr zrjo# dhijcp# tmj Hdb`jdt Iprt`bhc

G|oj| \grhj B|zb`r$ _m`r `r h rcèmtcp hll|jq`htjo

ag|i ga tmj g|è`dhc Cht`d dhij# Hdt`xzho H |jh

dhj G|o`d`r \grhj \zljhj jt Hz|jhj B|zb`r# hdo

tmj `d`t`hcr HIG\B uj|j ìijo`htjcp zrjo hr

ujcc hr tmj t|zj hdo g|è`dhc rpilgc ga tmj \gr`

b|zb`hd G|oj|‟tmj egcojd b|grr u`tm lzt gdj |jhc

|grj `d `tr bjdtj|$ Ht tm`r tìj# hdo jr~jb`hccp oz|

`de tmj pjh|r 808:# 8081# hdo 8085 tmj`%j uj|j `d

j}`rtjdbj `d Hij|`bh rjqj|hc ag|ir ga rji`\gr`

b|zb`hd igqjijdtr# dhijcp# tmj R$ \$ @$ H$# hdo

tmj \gr`b|zb`hd Ajccgurm`~ agzdojo lp I|$ Mj`d

ojc$ Gdj u`cc dgtj tmht tmj R$ \$ @$ H$ uhr zr`de

tmj zd`xzj `doj~jdojdt dhij ga Rgb`jtp ga \gr`

b|zb`hdr# |htmj| tmhd tmj hdb`jdt dhij ga tmj \gr`

b|zb`hdr# um`bm lgop hcuhpr zrjo tmj dhij \gr`%

b|zb`hd G|oj| hr zrjo lp zr; hdo tmj R$ \$ @$ H$

rpilgc uhr qj|p oàaj|jdt a|gi tmj rpilgc zrjo

lp zr$ _mj \gr b|zb`hd Ajccgurm`~ c`kju`rj mho8:<




hog~tjo h dhij tmht uhr dgt tmht ga tmj |jezch|

g|ehd`vht`gd tm|gzemgzt tmj ug|co# hdo ag| `tr

rpilgc mho b|jhtjo h dju hdo `doj~jdojdt ojq`bj

bgdr`rt`de ga h b|grr u`tm h eh|chdo ga rjqjd |grjr

h|gzdo `t `drtjho ga gdcp gdj |grj `d `tr bjdtj|$

Lgtm ga tmjrj g|ehd`vht`gdr uj|j ~tlc`rm`de tmj`|

tjhbm`der `d lggk ag|i# hdo uj|j bh||p`de gd h

ug|k tmht uhr zdogzltjocp ga qhczj tg rtzojdtr ga

ejdj|hc gbbzct`ri$ _mj qj|p jh|ih|kr ga tmj`| g|

ehd`vht`gdr‟tmj`| o`rt`dbt`qj dhijr hdo rpilgcr

‟oàaj|jdt`htjo tmji a|gi tmj hdb`jdt g|ehd`vh

t`gd# hdo tmj ahbt tmht tmjp ~zlc`rmjo hdo rgco

lggkr bchìjo tg bgdth`d tmj \gr`b|zb`hd tjhbm

`der# ~zt tmji `d h oàaj|jdt bhtjeg|p a|gi hdp ga

tmj gtmj| \gr`b|zb`hd l|hdbmjr ga Jz|g~j g|

jcrjumj|j$

_mj|jag|j# tmj HIG\B ~|gbjjojo u`tm tmj

hdb`jdt bzrtgir hdo ~|hbt`bjr lp ~zlc`rm`de dg

lggkr ga tjhbm`der# lzt `dr`rtjo tmht hcc umg oj

r`|jo tg rtzop tmj ug|k ga tmj G|oj| izrt fg`d

u`tm hdo mjc~ ag|i |jezch| cgoejr g| e|gz~r `d

qh|`gzr cgbhc`t`jr$Rg rzbbjrrazc uhr tm`r ag|i ga hbt`q`tp oz|`de

8081 tmht l|hdbmjr uj|j jrthlc`rmjo a|gi bghrt tg8:2




bghrt# hdo a|gi Bhdhoh tg Ij}`bg$ Lp tmj rzi

ij| ga 8085 tmj|j uj|j rg ihdp l|hdbmjr ga

HIG\B `d j}`rtjdbj hdo bh||p`de gd tmj ug|k

u`tm rzbm jdtmzr`hri tmht h Dht`gdhc Bgdqjdt`gd

uhr bhccjo ag| gdj ujjk ht ^`ttrlz|em# ^jdd$

Mj|j mzdo|jor ga ojcjehtjr a|gi tmj l|hdbmjr# hdo

ijilj|r ga tmj G|oj|# hrrjilcjo gaa`b`hccp tg hb

kdgucjoej tmj j}`rtjdbj ga tmj G|oj| hdo hog~t h

Dht`gdhc Bgdrt`tzt`gd$

H bgii`ttjj uhr rjcjbtjo# bgi~grjo ga tjd g|

ig|j ujcckdgud A|jjihrgdr# umg uj|j ji`djdt

`d tmj rb`jdbjr hdo ~|gajrr`gdr hdo umg uj|j

ahi`c`h| u`tm |`tzhc`rt`b hdo a|htj|dhc chu# tg j}hi

`dj tmj t|hdrchtjo hdo |jq`rjo A|jdbm bgdrt`tzt`gd

ga tmj G|oj|# ag| hog~t`gd `d Hij|`bh$ _m`r bgi

i`ttjj |jdoj|jo `tr |j~g|t# hdo tmj Dht`gdhc Bgd

rt`tzt`gd ga HIG\B uhr hog~tjo ht tmj rjrr`gdr

ga tmj bgdqjdt`gd# ~h|he|h~m lp ~h|he|h~m$ _mj

Bgii`ttjj chtj| rèdjo h ogbzijdt rtht`de tmht

tmj`| j}~j|`jdbj u`tm tmj ug|k hr ijilj|r ga tmj

G|oj|# hdo tmj`| ahi`c`h|`tp u`tm tmj bchìr hdo

tjhbm`der ga tmj G|oj|# ~|gqjo tg tmji tmht tmj\gr`b|zb`hd ug|k hr `rrzjo lp tmj HIG\B uhr

o`rt`dbtcp oàaj|jdt a|gi hdptm`de tmht tmjp mho8:?




bgdthbtjo `d tmj`| gtmj| haa`c`ht`gdr# hdo ug|tmp ga

tmj ojj~jrt hdo igrt ~|gagzdo rtzop gd tmj ~h|t

ga jqj|p rjjkj| ag| tmj e|jhtj| cèmt$ Gtmj| iht

tj|r uj|j gaa`b`hccp jrthlc`rmjo lp tm`r e|jht bgd

qjdt`gd# hdo tmj|jhatj| tmj g|ehd`vht`gd bgdt`dzjo

tg e|gu tm|gzemgzt tmj Zd`tjo Rthtjr# Bhdhoh#

hdo Ij}`bg$

_mj |jrzct ga tm`r `db|jhr`de hbt`q`tp |jrzctjo `dh ~|gbchiht`gd lj`de `rrzjo ht tmj @dtj|dht`gdhc

Bgdqjdt`gd ga \gr`b|zb`hdr mjco `d Jz|g~j# jrthl

c`rm`de Dg|tm Hij|`bh hr h bgi~cjtj fz|`ro`bt`gd

ga tmj `dtj|dht`gdhc g|ehd`vht`gd# hdo dg cgdej|

djbjrrh|p tg g~j|htj hr h l|hdbm ga tmj A|jdbm

lgop$

Ji`djdt \gr`b|zb`hd gaa`bj|r ga A|hdbj# dgthlcp

Igdr`jz| Qj|o`j|# tmj bgiihdoj|`dbm`ja ga tmj

@cczi`dht` ga tmj \gr`b|zb`hdr `d A|hdbj# q`r`tjo

tmj G|oj| `d Hij|`bh hdo cjat ~h~j|r ga h~~|gqhc

hdo |jbged`t`gd$ _mjrj uj|j agccgujo chtj| gd lp

h ogbzijdt `rrzjo lp tmj @dtj|dht`gdhc Bgdqjd

t`gd mjco `d Ru`tvj|chdo# h~~g`dt`de tmj dht`gdhcmjhoxzh|tj|r ga tmj G|oj| `d Dg|tm Hij|`bh hr h

l|hdbm ga tmj `dtj|dht`gdhc lgop$ _m`r chttj| ogb

8::




chijdt `r gdj ga tmj igrt ì~g|thdt `d tmj h|bm`qjr

ga tmj Hij|`bhd mjhoxzh|tj|r$

Oz|`de tmj pjh|r 808= tg 80<:# tmj @i~j|htg|

ag| tmj G|oj| `d Hij|`bh uhr mgdg|jo u`tm qh|`

gzr oje|jjr `d tmj A|jdbm g|ehd`vht`gd# hdo `d

80<1 httjdojo tmj dj}t rjrr`gd ga tmj @dtj|dht`gdhc

Bgdqjdt`gdr mjco lgtm `d _gzcgzrj hdo Ru`tvj|

chdo# |jbj`q`de gtmj| h~~g`dtijdtr hdo mgdg|r;

hdo a`dhccp `d ^h|`r oz|`de tmj rhij pjh| ht h mèm

|jbj~t`gd e`qjd lp h Bgde|jrr ga tmj igrt dgthlcj

ga hcc tmj \gr`b|zb`hd gaa`bj|r ga Jz|g~j# mj uhr

hbkdgucjoejo hr gdj ga tmj mèmjrt gaa`bj|r ga tmj

\gr b|zb`hd ug|k$ Ht tmj rhij tìj tmjrj mèm

gaa`bj|r ga tmj A|jdbm G|oj|# umg h|j hcrg mèm

gaa`bj|r ga gtmj| a|htj|dhc g|ehd`vht`gdr `d Jz|g~j#

uj|j ihoj mgdg|h|p ijilj|r ga tmj Hij|`bhd

G|oj|# hdo gaa`b`hc ~h~j|r j}bmhdejo tg qj|àp

tmjrj h~~g`dtijdtr$

_mj G|oj| `d Hij|`bh# kdgud lp tmj ejdj|hc

`dtj|dht`gdhc dhij ga tmj G|oj| hr HIG\B# bgd

t`dzjr tg azdbt`gd rt|`btcp `d hbbg|ohdbj u`tm tmj

hdb`jdt t|ho`t`gdr hdo `d haa`c`ht`gd u`tm hcc gtmj||jbged`vjo l|hdbmjr$ _m j @i~j|htg| ga tmj

HIG\B `d Dg|tm Hij|`bh `r tmj gdcp gaa`b`hc

8:1




Hij|`bhd ojcjehtj tg tmj @dtj|dht`gdhc \gr`b|z%

b`hd Bgdqjdt`gdr$ R dbj tmj E|jht Ug|co Uh|

tmj G|oj| `d qh|`gzr ~h|tr ga Jz|g~j# Hr`h# hdo

Ha|`bh mhr mho tg g~j|htj zdoj| rt|`bt rz|qj`cchdbj

hdo u`tm e|jht rjb|jbp# um`cj mj|j `d Hij|`bh bgd

o`t`gdr h|j ahqg|hlcj tg hd g~jd hdo a|hdk g~j|h

t`gd ga hcc \gr b|zb`hd hbt`q`t`jr$ Mjdbj tmj ~|`d

b`~hc ~|g~hehdoh ga tmj \gr`b|zb`hdr ihp lj bh|

|`jo gd `d tm`r bgzdt|p u`tmgzt `dtj|aj|jdbj; ag|

tm`r |jhrgd tmj ug|k `d Dg|tm Hij|`bh mhr e|gud

tg rzbm hd j}tjdt tmht tmj Hij|`bhd HIG\B tg

ohp `r tmj ch|ejrt ijth~mpr`bhc hdo iprt`bhc g|ehd

`vht`gd `d tmj ujrtj|d ug|co$

Homj|`de tg tmj hdb`jdt t|ho`t`gdr# tmj

HI¤\B ga Dg|tm Hij|`bh rjccr dg lggkr bchì`de tg bgdth`d tmj rjb|jt tjhbm`der hdo ogjr dgt

rjcc `tr rj|q`bjr ht hdp ~|`bj$ Ijilj|rm`~ `r cì

`tjo tg tmgrj umg h|j bh|jazccp j}hi`djo hdo

tjrtjo u`tm ~|jcì`dh|p rtzo`jr ag| ihdp igdtmr

hdo tmjd a`dhccp hoi`ttjo `dtg |jezch| ijilj|rm`~$

_mj tjhbm`der h|j e`qjd a|jjcp tg tmgrj umg h|j

ijilj|r# hdo dg ajjr h|j bmh|ejo ag| oje|jjr g|t`tcjr hr u`tm g|ehd`vht`gdr g~j|ht`de gd h bgi

ij|b`hc lhr`r$ Hd gaa b`hc ihehv`dj bhccjo tmj8:5




–\gr`b|zb`hd Oèjrt’ `r rjdt a|gi tmj dht`gdhc

mjhoxzh|tj|r ga HIG\B tg hcc ijilj|r# tmj|jlp

kjj~`de jqj|p gdj ga `tr ihdp tmgzrhdor ga rtz

ojdtr ujcc hbxzh`dtjo u`tm tmj ejdj|hc hbt`q`t`jr ga

tmj G|oj| `d Hij|`bh hdo gtmj| chdor$ _mj G|oj|

dgu gudr ihdp Jep~t`hd tji~cjr hdo cgoej

|ggir tm|gzemgzt tmj Zd`tjo Rthtjr# Bhdhoh hdo

Ij}`bg# ~grrjrrjr izbm ~|g~j|tp ojqgtjo j}bcz

r`qjcp tg tmj e|jht ug|k# hdo bh||`jr gd h dzilj|

ga mzihd`th|`hd hbt`q`t`jr zdoj| qh|`gzr dhijr rg

hr tmj ljttj| tg hqgò ~zlc`b`tp `d bgddjbt`gd u`tm

rzbm ihttj|r hr h|j ga dg ~zlc`b bgdbj|d$

_mj dht`gdhc mjhoxzh|tj|r uj|j a`|rt cgbhtjo `d

Dju Pg|k B`tp# lzt `d 808= uj|j igqjo tg tmj

^hbà`b Bghrt ljbhzrj ga ~|g~j|tp rjbz|jo tmj|jum`bm mho ljjd g|è`dhccp gudjo lp tmj a`|rt g|

ehd`vht`gd jrthlc`rmjo `d Hij|`bh# hdo um`bm uhr

jqjdtzhccp t|hdraj||jo tg tmj ~|jrjdt G|oj|$ Hatj|

jrthlc`rm`de hoi`d`rt|ht`gd gaa`bjr hdo h Rz~|jij

_ji~cj `d Rhd A|hdb`rbg# tmj j}jbzt`qj gaa`bjr

uj|j igqjo `d 80<: ag| h ~j|`go ga tug pjh|r tg

Acg|òh# `d g|oj| tg mjc~ rt|jdetmjd tmj ug|k `dtmj rgztmjhrtj|d ~h|t ga tmj Zd`tjo Rthtjr$ Hd

he|jjijdt uhr ihoj u`tm tmj ch|ej ijilj|rm`~8:=



gd tmj ^hbà`b Bghrt tmht tmj mjhoxzh|tj|r ugzco

|jtz|d u`tm`d tug pjh|r tg tmj Ujrt# hdo rg `d

gdj ohp cjrr tmhd tug pjh|r tmj dht`gdhc mjho%

xzh|tj|r# u`tm tmj jdt`|j j}jbzt`qj rthaa# |jtz|djo

tg tmj ^hbà`b Bghrt tg gbbz~p `tr gud ~|g~j|tp ht

`tr ~|jrjdt r`tj `d Rhd Fgrj# Bhcàg|d`h# umj|j hd

Hoi`d`rt|ht`gd Lz`co`de# Izrjzi# h ljhztàzc Rz

~|jij _ji~cj `d Jep~t`hd ag|i# hd Jep~t`hd

Rm|`dj _ji~cj# h ch|ej Hzo`tg|`zi lz`co`de hdo

gtmj| joà`bjr bgdrt`tztj tmj hrrjilcp lz`co`der ag|

hcc ga tmj j}jbzt`qj rjrr`gdr hdo Mèm Bgzdb`c

ijjt`der; hdo aztz|j lz`co`der h|j ~chddjo$ Zdc`kj

gtmj| rjb|jt g|ehd`vht`gdr ga h iprt`b dhtz|j# tmj

HIG\B `d Dg|tm Hij|`bh oz|`de `tr jdt`|j m`r

tg|p mhr djqj| mho hdp zdahqg|hlcj djur~h~j|dgtg|`jtp# mhr djqj| ljjd `dqgcqjo `d cjehc g| ~gc`t

`bhc o`r~ztjr# hdo mhr mho dg ojt|ìjdthc g| zd

~cjhrhdt htthbkr ihoj z~gd `t lp jqjd tmj dhtz|hc

jdji`jr ga hcc hoqhdbjo igqjijdtr$


_MJ ^@CE\@IHEJ _G JEP^_

Jh|cp `d 80<=# tmj @i~j|htg| ag| Dg|tm Hij|`bh |jbj`qjo gaa`b`hc dgt`bj ga rjqj|hc ì~g|thdt

dht`gdhc hdo `dtj|dht`gdhc ijjt`der tmht uj|j tg8:0




lj mjco lp tmj qh|`gzr$ \gr b|zb`hd lgo`jr ga

Jz|g~j hdo Jep~t oz|`de tmj r~|`de ga 80<0$ Oj

r`|`de tg mhqj tmj mèmjrt gaa`bj|r ga tmj g|ehd`vh

t`gd `d Dg|tm Hij|`bh ijjt ihdp ga tmj mèm

gaa`bj|r ga tmj G|oj| `d ag|jèd chdor# tmj @i~j|h

tg| ~chddjo h ~`ce|ìhej tg Jep~t# hdo ~|gbjjojo

tg rjcjbt ijilj|r a|gi tmj qh|`gzr e|gz~r hdo

cgoejr tm|gzemgzt Dg|tm Hij|`bh umg bgzco

hbbgi~hdp mì gd m`r t|`~$ _mj ijilj|r a`dhccp

rjcjbtjo |j~|jrjdtjo tm`|tpgdj oàaj|jdt b`t`jr `d

Dg|tm Hij|`bh# bgqj|`de d`djtjjd fz|`ro`bt`gdr#

hdo jqj|p e|hoj hdo oje|jj ga tmj ug|k$ Higde

tmjrj uj|j rjqjdtjjd ga tmj mèmjrt gaa`bj|r ga tmj

G|oj| `d Bhdhoh# Zd`tjo Rthtjr# Ij}`bg# hdo tmj

Cht`dHij|`bhd fz|`ro`bt`gdr# hr ujcc hr h dzilj|

ga gaa`bj|r |j~|jrjdt`de ihdp ga tmj rjb|jt hdo

hcc`jo hbt`q`t`jr ga tmj g|ehd`vht`gd$

_mj ~`ce|ìhej rth|tjo a|gi Rz~|jij Mjho

xzh|tj|r `d Rhd Fgrj# Bhcàg|d`h# gd tmj jqjd`de ga

Fhdzh|p ?tm# hdo ~|gbjjojo `d r~jb`hc bh|r hb|grr

tmj Zd`tjo Rthtjr `d h zd`xzj |gztj um`bm tgzbmjo

tmj rgztmj|d hdo Ij}`bhd b`t`jr hdo ujdt z~ `dtgtmj Bhdho`hd ~|gq`dbjr `d g|oj| tg ~`bk z~ tmj

ijilj|r a|gi qh|`gzr b`t`jr hdo thkj tmji tg81>




Dju Pg|k$ _mj ch|ej ~h|tp tmjd ~|gbjjojo lp

lght tg tmj Ijo`tj||hdjhd hdo hatj| q`r`t`de ihdp

ga tmj hdb`jdt b`t`jr# r~jdt bgdròj|hlcj tìj `d

^hcjrt`dj q`r`t`de tmj mgcp rm|`djr ga tmj Jrrjdjr

hdo tmj E|jht Um`tj L|gtmj|mggo# hdo a`dhccp

|jhbmjo Jep~t# umj|j tmj \gr`b|zb`hd G|oj| ga

tmht bgzdt|p ~|j~h|jo h dzilj| ga `dtj|jrt`de ajh

tz|jr ag| tmj jdtj|th`dijdt hdo `drt|zbt`gd ga tmj

tgz|`rtr# `dbczo`de h rj|`jr ga `d`t`ht`gdr bgdozbtjo

`d tmj hdb`jdt \gr`b|zb`hd ihddj|# lje`dd`de ht

tmj R~m`d} hdo tmj e|jht ^p|hiòr# ~hrr`de

tm|gzem bj|jigd`hcr ht Chkj Igj|`r# hdo bzci`

dht`de `d h r~jb`hc `d`t`ht`gd bj|jigdp h||hdejo lp

tmj gcojrt \gr b|zb`hd cgoejr `d Jep~t `d tmj _ji

~`j ga Cz}g| ht Cz}g| gd tmj D`cj$ A|gi tm`r

~chbj tmj tgz| bgdt`dzjo tm|gzemgzt Jz|g~j# e`q

`de tmj mèmjrt gaa`bj|r hd g~~g|tzd`tp tg q`r`t tmj

\gr`b|zb`hd chdoih|kr `d Ru`tvj|chdo# A|hdbj#

Ej|ihdp# hdo Jdechdo$ _mj gaa bj|r ga tmj Dg|tm

Hij|`bhd fz|`ro`bt`gd mho tmj ~cjhrz|j ga q`r`t`de#

rjb|jtcp hdo ~|`qhtjcp# tmj gcojrt ga tmj \gr`b|z

b`hd tji~cjr `d Jz|g~j hdo ijjt`de u`tm ihdp ga

tmj mèm gaa`bj|r `d r~jb`hc rjrr`gdr$




_m`r zdzrzhc ~`ce|ìhej dgt gdcp haag|ojo tmj

@i~j|htg| hd g~~g|tzd`tp tg httjdo tmj gaa`b`hcrjrr`gdr# lzt `t haag|ojo tmj gaa`bj|r umg uj|j u`tm

mì hd g~~g|tzd`tp tg ihkj bgdthbtr rjcogi ihoj

lp Hij|`bhd iprt`br; hdo tmj `d`t`ht`gd bj|jigdp

`d Jep~t umj|jlp h \gr`b|zb`hd Jep~t`hd cgoej

uhr `drt`tztjo# bgi~grjo rgcjcp ga Hij|`bhd iji

lj|r# uhr tmj a`|rt ga `tr k`do jqj| mjco `d Jep~t

hdo u`cc dgt lj mjco heh`d ag| gdj mzdo|jo hdojèmt pjh|r$

_mj |jrzctr ga tm`r ~`ce|ìhej u`cc ljbgij mèmcp

rèdà`bhdt hr tmj pjh|r ~hrr lp; lzt tmj gdj gzt%

rthdo`de ahbt `r tmht tmj HIG\B `r tgohp tmj

gdcp \gr`b|zb`hd igqjijdt hdpumj|j `d tmj

ug|co umgrj ~|`db`~hc gaa`bj|r hdo hbt`qj |j~|jrjd

tht`qjr `d rg ihdp fz|`ro`bt`gdr hbtzhccp fgz|djpjo

tg Jep~t hr `d tmj ~|jBm|`rt`hd J|h# hdo |jbj`qjo

`d tmj hdb`jdt tji~cj ga Hijdmgtj~ @Q ht Cz}g|#

\gr`b|zb`hd `d`t`ht`gd hdo \gr`b|zb`hd hbSdgu%

cjoeibdt ht tmj mhdor ga gaa`b hcr ga tmj gcojrt \gr`

b|zb`hd cgoejr `d j}`rtjdbj hdpumj|j `d tmj

ug|co$ _m`r e`qjr tmj HI G\B h r~jb`hc ~guj|

hdo hd `dtj|dht`gdhc rthdo`de um`bm dg gtmj|81<




ijth~mpr`bhc g|ehd`vht`gd `d Dg|tm Hij|`bh mhr

jqj| mho g| ~|glhlcp jqj| u`cc mhqj `d tmj aztz|j$

FZ\@RO@B_@GDR GA _MJ G\OJ\

_mj Dg|tm Hij|`bhd fz|`ro`bt`gd `dbczojr dgt

gdcp tmj Zd`tjo Rthtjr hdo `tr oj~jdojdb`jr# lzt

tmj Ogi`d`gd ga Bhdhoh# tmj Ujrt @do`jr# hdo

tmj Bjdt|hc Hij|`bhd rthtjr$ @d tmj Zd`tjo Rthtjr

tmj|j `r h Rz~|jij E|hdo Cgoej# hdo E|hdo Cgoej

mhq`de o`|jbt`gd gqj| hcc rzlg|o`dhtj lgo`jr ga jhbm

rthtj$

Bhdhoh `r rì`ch|cp o`qòjo `dtg ~|gq`db`hc fz|`r

o`bt`gdr# u`tm tmj Bhdho`hd E|hdo Cgoej cgbhtjo

ht Qhdbgzqj|# L|`t`rm Bgczil`h$

@d Ij}`bg# tmj Ij}`bhd E|hdo Cgoej mhr ì

ijo`htj fz|`ro`bt`gd gqj| tmj qh|`gzr rjbt`gdr ga

Ij}`bg# lzt tmj Ij}`bhd E|hdo Cgoej `trjca `r

zdoj| tmj o`|jbt`gd ga tmj R~hd`rmHij|`bhd

E|hdo Cgoej ht Rhd Fzhd# ^g|tg \`bg$

_mj E|hdo Cgoej ga tmj R~hd`rmHij|`bhd fz|`ro`bt`gd# cgbhtjo ht Rhd Fzhd# ^g|tg \`bg# `d

bczojr dgt gdcp Ij}`bg hdo tmj R~hd`rmHij|`812




bhd rjbt`gdr ga Dg|tm Hij|`bh# lzt hcc tmj R~hd`rm

bgzdt|`jr hdo Cht`d r~jhk`de bgzdt|`jr ga Rgztm

Hij|`bh# hdo tmj Hdt`ccjr$

_mj Dg|tm Hij|`bhd fz|`ro`bt`gd `r haa`c`htjo

u`tm tmj G|oj| `d hcc ag|jèd chdor# hdo ih`dth`dr

`dtìhtj |jcht`gdrm`~ u`tm tmj l|hdbmjr ga tm`r g|

ehd`vht`gd `d Jdechdo hdo tmj L|`t`rm tj||`tg|`jr#

tmj Rbhdo`dhq`hd bgzdt|`jr# tmj Djtmj|chdor#A|hdbj# Ej|ihdp# Hzrt|`h# Bm`dh# \zrr`h# @do`h#

Oztbm Jhrt @do`jr# Jep~t# Ha|`bh# L|`t`rm Ez`hdh#

Bgrth \`bg# hdo gtmj| o`rt|`btr$ _m j igdhrtj|p

ag| tmj G|oj| `r ih`dth`djo `d @do`h# hdo hd G|`

jdthc Bgccjej `r hcrg ih`dth`djo `d Rgztm @do`h$

_mj G|oj| `d ag|jèd chdor `r ejdj|hccp kdgud

lp tmj `d`t`hcr ga tmj hll|jq`htjo ag|i ga tmj dhij#H$ I$ G$ \$ B$# g| lp tmj `d`t`hcr ga tmj bgi~cjtj

Cht`d dhij# H$ H$ G$ \$ \$ H$ B$# g| hll|jq`htjo

tg H$ H$ G$# g| H$ G$# g| gtmj|u`rj$ _mj zd`qj|

rhc rpilgc ga tmj G|oj| `r tmj |grp b|grr u`tm h

r`decj |jo |grj `d `tr bjdtj|r# g| hd jxz`chtj|hc t|`%

hdecj u`tm gdj ~g`dt oguduh|o bgdth`d`de h b|grr

u`tm h |jo |grj `d `tr bjdtj|$ _mjrj rpilgcr h|j ~htjdtjo `d tmj Zd`tjo Rthtjr lp HIG\B# hdo

tmj HIG\B `r tmj gdcp \gr`b|zb`hd igqjijdt

81?




`d tmj Zd`tjo Rthtjr mhq`de tmj j}bczr`qj ~htjdt

|je`rt|ht`gd gd tm`r rpilgc `d bgddjbt`gd u`tm tmj

bgi~cjtj dhij ga tmj g|ehd`vht`gd# Hdb`jdt Ipr

t`bhc G|oj| \grhj B|zb`r$

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rj|qj tmht ~z|~grj# hdo dg gdj `r glcèhtjo tg og

tmht um`bm mj bhddgt jhr`cp og g| og u`tmgzt

`dfz|p tg m`r gud ljrt `dtj|jrtr$8=<




Dg$ 1

X$ H|j tmj ijilj|r ga tmj g|ehd`vht`gd lgzdo

`d rzbm a`dhdb`hc ihddj| hr tg ihkj tmji glcèjo

tg ijjt hrrjrrijdtr g| r~jb`hc th}jr ga hdp k`do7

H$ Dg hrrjrrijdtr mhqj jqj| ljjd ihoj hdo

dg glcèht`gdr gtmj| tmhd tmj dgi`dhc igdtmcp

ozjr h|j |jxz`|jo `d jhbm cgoej tg ijjt tmj `db`

ojdthc j}~jdrjr ga |jdt hdo ejdj|hc g~j|ht`dehbbgzdtr$

Dg$ 5

X$ Ump h|j tmj|j hdp igdtmcp ozjr umjd

gdj mhr hcuhpr ljjd tgco tmht tmj mèm r~`|`tzhc

tjhbm`der h|j e`qjd u`tmgzt h ~|`bj7

H$ _m`r xzjrt`gd `r lhrjo z~gd tmj hrrzi~t`gd tmht tmj dgi`dhc ozjr zd`qj|rhccp bmh|ejo lp

jqj|p l|hdbm ga tmj \gr`b|zb`hd g|ehd`vht`gd bgd

rt`tztjr ~hpijdt ag| tmj tjhbm`der$ _m`r `r h i`r

thkj$ _mj ozjr mhqj dgtm`de tg og u`tm tmj `d

rt|zbt`gd ug|k umhtrgjqj|$ Jqj|p l|hdbm ga tmj

g|ehd`vht`gd izrt mhqj ejdj|hc hrrjilcp |ggir `d

um`bm tmj bchrrjr bhd bgij tgejtmj| ag| tmj`| cjbtz|jr# o`rbzrr gdr# hdo ejdj|hc hbt`q`t`jr$ Rgij

ijhdr izrt lj ojq`rjo ag| tmj ~hpijdt ga tmj8=2



igdtmcp |jdt# jcjbt|`b cèmt# hdo ejdj|hc g~j|ht`de

j}~jdrjr$ Umg rmhcc ~hp tmjrj igdtmcp ozjr7

_mj ihrtj| ga tmj bchrrjr# umg `r e`q`de hcc ga m`r

r~h|j tìj tg mjc~`de `d tmj ug|k ljbhzrj ga m`r

jdtmzr`hri# g| tmj rtzojdtr tmjirjcqjr# gd tmj

lhr`r ga hd h~~g|t`gdijdt ga tmj hbtzhc higzdt

`dqgcqjo7 @a hdp cgoej bgzco ijjt `d h ~|g~j| mhcc

g| hrrjilcp ~chbj# ~|g~j|cp jxz`~~jo u`tm djbjr

rh|p ~h|h~mj|dhc`h# u`tmgzt mhq`de mho tg lzp hdp

jxz`~ijdt g| mhq`de mho tg ~hp bh|~jdtj|r# jcjb

t|`b`hdr# ~h`dtj|r# ojbg|htg|r# hdo gtmj|r ag| ihk

`de tmj djbjrrh|p jxz`~ijdt# hdo u`tmgzt ~hp`de

hdp |jdt g| ~hp`de ag| hdp jcjbt|`b tp g| mjht# tmjd

tmj ijilj|r ièmt bgij tgejtmj| hdo u`tmgzt

hdp bgrt tg tmji ht hcc |jbj`qj tmj tjhbm`der$ R dbjtm`r `r dgt ~grr`lcj# ozjr h|j bmh|ejo lp jhbm

l|hdbm hdo tmj higzdtr ga tmj igdtmcp ozjr qh|p

`d hbbg|ohdbj u`tm tmj g~j|ht`de j}~jdrjr ga tmj

`do`qòzhc l|hdbmjr$ R dbj dg rhch|`jr h|j ~hò tg

tmj ihrtj|r# tjhbmj|r# g| rjb|jth|`jr `d tmjrj

l|hdbmjr# tmj ozjr h|j qj|p dgi`dhc$ Ag| tmgrj

umg ojr`|j tmj `drt|zbt`gdr `d h ~j|rgdhc uhp lpbg||jr~gdojdbj# rgij ijhdr mho tg lj ojq`rjo tg

oja|hp tmj bgrt ga ~grthej# rtht`gdj|p# tp~ju|`t`de#8=?




hdo tmj ~|`dt`de ga rzbm ag|ir hdo ~`jbjr ga c`tj|h

tz|j hr h|j djbjrrh|p tg ihkj tmj rjjkj| hbxzh`dtjo

u`tm tmj g|ehd`vht`gd$ @d hoo`t`gd tg tm`r# tmj

`dqjrtijdt `d hztgiht`b ihbm`dj|p ag| tmj ho%

o|jrr`de ga jdqjcg~jr# a`c`de ga |j~g|tr# hr ujcc hr

tmj |jdt hdo cèmt`de ga tmj ihdp gaa`bjr djbjrrh|p

ag| rzbm bg||jr~gdojdbj ug|k# |jxz`|jr rgij ag|i

ga ~|g~g|t`gdhtj o`q`r`gd ga g~j|ht`de j}~jdrjr$

Dgi`dhc igdtmcp ozjr bgdrt`tztj tmj gdcp cge`bhc

ihddj| tg thkj bh|j ga tm`r ihttj|$ Lzt heh`d#

rzbm ozjr og dgt ~hp ag| tmj tjhbm`der$ @a tmgrj

umg ojr`|j ~j|rgdhc `drt|zbt`gd bgzco t|hqjc a|gi

tmj qh|`gzr ~h|tr ga tmj Zd`tjo Rthtjr tg tmj dh

t`gdhc mjhoxzh|tj|r ga tmj g|ehd`vht`gd# hdo

tmj|jlp rhqj tmj djbjrr`tp ga ~grthej hdo rtht`gdj|p# hdo à tmjp ugzco lj u`cc`de tg ijjt gzt `d

hd g~jd qhccjp umj|j tmj gaa`bj|r hdo tjhbmj|r

bgzco bgij u`tmgzt hdp j}~jdrj ag| t|hqjcc`de#

hdo à hcc gtmj| `dbòjdthc j}~jdrjr bgzco lj

hqgòjo `d tm`r uhp um`cj tmj tjhbmj|r ehqj ~j|

rgdhc `drt|zbt`gd tg tmj rjjkj|r# tmj|j ugzco lj

dg djbjrr`tp ag| igdtmcp ozjr `d bgddjbt`gd u`tm~j|rgdhc `drt|zbt`gd$ E|hdt`de tmht tmj cjrrgdr hdo

tjhbm`der h|j hlrgcztjcp a|jj# tmj|j rt`cc |jih`dr tmj8=:





~|glcji ga ejtt`de tmjrj `drt|zbt`gdr a|gi tmj qh|`

gzr bjdt|hc ~g`dtr tg tmj rtzojdtr$ Mj|j`d hcrg c jr

hd jcjijdt ga bgrt$

Dg$ =

X$ Og dgt rgij g|ehd`vht`gdr j}tjdo ijilj|

rm`~ gd h ~z|jcp qgczdth|p ogdht`gd lhr`r# ~j|

i`tt`de tmj ijilj| tg ~hp hr c`ttcj g| hr izbm hr

mj bmggrjr7

H$ Pjr# tmj|j h|j rjqj|hc gbbzct g|ehd`vht`gdr

`d Hij|`bh um`bm bchì tmht tmjp h|j g~j|ht`de

rgcjcp z~gd h qgczdth|p ogdht`gd lhr`r$ Hd `dqjr

tèht`gd ga tmjrj igqjijdtr |jqjhcjo# mgujqj|# hd

jdt`|jcp oàaj|jdt rprtji tmhd tmht zrjo lp tmj

\gr b|zb`hd G|oj|$ _mjrj gtmj|r j}tjdo ijilj|

rm`~ z~gd h ~z|jcp qgczdth|p lhr`r# hdo tmht ijhdr

tmht tmj ijilj| ihp ogdhtj hdptm`de a|gi tujd

tpa`qj bjdtr h igdtm tg a`qj ogcch|r h igdtm$ Lzt#

`d j}bmhdej ag| tm`r qgczdth|p ogdht`gd# tmj iji

lj| |jbj`qjr dgtm`de lzt haa`c`ht`gd u`tm tmj g|

ehd`vht`gd# u`tm hd gbbhr`gdhc igdtmcp cjttj| ga

e|jjt`der um`bm `r h rtj|jgtp~jo cjttj| rjdt tg hccijilj|r# hdo |jho`de òjdt`bhccp tmj rhij ag| hcc$

@a rzbm ijilj|r ojr`|j tg thkj z~ tmj rtzo`jr hdo8=1




tjhbm`der ga tmj g|ehd`vht`gd tg um`bm tmjp ljcgde#

tmjp a`do `t djbjrrh|p tg lzp tmj ihdp lggkr ~zl

c`rmjo lp tmj g|ehd`vht`gd# hdo tmjp a`do tmht tmjrj

lggkr h|j dgt e`qjd g| gaaj|jo gd h qgczdth|p ogdh

t`gd lhr`r# lzt rgco ht h oja d`tj ~|`bj$ U j rjj#

tmj|jag|j# tmht tmj qgczdth|p ogdht`gd ij|jcp

bgqj|r ijilj|rm`~ um`cj tmj `drt|zbt`gdr hdo

tjhbm`der izrt lj ~hò ag| lp tmj ~z|bmhrj ga

lggkr$ _mj \gr`b|zb`hd G|oj| `rrzjr dg lggkr hdo

rjccr dg lggkr bgdth`d`de tr ~|`qhtj tjhbm`der$ _mj

qj|p dgi`dhc igdtmcp ozjr# um`bm h|j mh|ocp ig|j

tmhd hdp r`dbj|j ijilj| ugzco qgczdth|`cp gaaj|

hr h ogdht`gd# bgqj| jqj|p ljdja`t ga ijilj|rm`~#

um`bm ijhdr ig|j tmhd ij|jcp h igdtmcp cjttj|$

_mj ihehv`dj `r rjdt igdtmcp tg jqj|p ijilj|#

hdo tm|gzemgzt tmj pjh| mzdo|jor ga ~j|rgdhc cjt

tj|r ga hoq`bj hdo `drt|zbt`gd# jr~jb`hccp o`bthtjo#

hdo r~jb`hccp u|`ttjd# h|j `dbczojo `d tmj ejdj|hc

ijilj|rm`~ ljdja`tr# hr ujcc hr tmj ~|`q`cjej ga ht

tjdohdbj ht cgoejr hdo haa`c`ht`gd u`tm tmj qh|`gzr

hbt`q`t`jr ga tmj g|ehd`vht`gd$ @d hoo`t`gd tg hcc

tmjrj ljdja`tr# tmj ujjkcp ~|`qhtj `drt|zbt`gdr hdotjhbm`der h|j e`qjd tg tmj ijilj|r u`tmgzt hdp

bgrt g| ~|`bj hdo u`tmgzt |jxz`|`de tmj ~z|bmhrj




ga hdp lggkr g| ~hi~mcjtr$ @t `r h ahbt ojigd

rt|htjo tg ~|hbt`bhccp jqj|p ijilj| ga tmj G|oj|

tmht tmj higzdt ga igdjp ~hò `d h pjh| hr ozjr

tg tmj g|ehd`vht`gd `r cjrr tmhd umht tmj hqj|hej

rjjkj| r~jdor `d tmj ~z|bmhrj ga lggkr# hdo pjt tmj

g|ehd`vht`gd gaaj|r ihdp ljdja tr `d hoo`t`gd tg tmj

tjhbm`der# um`bm bgzco dgt lj j}~jbtjo g| hrkjo

ag| à tmj rtzojdt uj|j ij|jcp tmj ~z|bmhrj| ga

lggkr a|gi h ~zlc`rm`de bgi~hdp$

Dg$ 0

X$ Mhr tmj g|ehd`vht`gd jqj| t|`jo tg g~j|htj

gd h qgczdth|p ogdht`gd lhr`r7

H$ Hatj| tmj G|oj| `d Dg|tm Hij|`bh mho

ljjd g~j|ht`de ag| h dzilj| ga pjh|r u`tm dgi`dhcigdtmcp ozjr# tmj ihttj| ga hog~t`de qgczdth|p

ogdht`gdr hr h lhr`r ag| rz~~g|t`de tmj ejdj|hc g~

j|ht`de j}~jdrjr uhr rzli`ttjo tg jqj|p l|hdbm

ga tmj g|ehd`vht`gd hdo tg jqj|p ijilj| `d jqj|p

l|hdbm$ _mj qgtj rmgujo tmht d`djtprjqjd ~j|

bjdt ga tmj ijilj|r ljc`jqjo tmht tmj oja`d`tj

igdtmcp higzdt ojb|jjo lp tmj `do`qòzhc cgoejruhr tmj ljttj| rprtji# `d hr izbm hr `t ~zt jqj|p

ijilj| z~gd hd jxzhc lhr`r `d rmh|`de tmj j}8==




~jdrj ga tmj g~j|ht`de j}~jdo`tz|jr# hdo oò dgt

tm|gu tmj lz|ojd ga h igdtmcp oja`b`t z~gd tmj

rjqj|hc cjhoj|r `d jhbm e|gz~ g| l|hdbm$ _mj iji

lj|r tmjirjcqjr ~|gbchìjo tmht tmj kdgucjoej tmht

tmj`| qgczdth|p ogdht`gdr uj|j dgt rzaa`b`jdt jhbm

igdtm# hdo cjat h oja`b`t tg lj ijt lp tmgrj umg

uj|j e`q`de rg a|jjcp ga tmj`| rj|q`bjr `d hoo`t`gd

tg h ~|g~g|t`gdhtj ogdht`gd tg tmj ejdj|hc azdor#

ugzco ihkj tmji ajjc zdjhrp hdo ez`ctp ga h chbk

ga oztp hdo h~~|jb`ht`gd$ @t uhr agzdo a|gi tmj

|jbg|or hdo |j~g|tr ga gtmj| g|ehd`vht`gdr tmht

tmgrj umg `dr`rtjo z~gd tmj qgczdth|p ogdht`gd

uj|j tmgrj umg rgzemt tg thkj hoqhdthej ga tmj

c`lj|hc ijtmgo tg bgdt|`lztj cjrr tmhd uhr tmj`|

~|g~j| ~|g~g|t`gd$ @a `t uj|j dgt ag| tmj rhcj ga lggkr hdo tmj rhcj ga ~h|h~mj|dhc`h lp ihdp ga

tmj g|ehd`vht`gdr tmht g~j|htj gd h qgczdth|p og

dht`gd lhr`r# tmjp ugzco dgt lj hlcj tg bh||p gd

tmj`| ug|k u`tm hdp rprtji g| hdp oje|jj ga

jaa`b`jdbp$

Dg$ 8>

X$ H|j tmj ijilj|r |jxz`|jo tg lzp |gljr#

~h|h~mj|dhc`h# g| ojq`bjr ga hdp k`do78=0




H$ _mj ejdj|hc ijilj|r h|j dgt |jxz`|jo tg

lzp |gljr# jxz`~ijdt# ojq`bjr# `drt|zbt`gdr# g| ih

tj|`hc tm`der ga hdp k`do$ Jqj|ptm`de tmht `r djbjr

rh|p ag| tmj rtzop ga tmj tjhbm`der# hdo tmj ~|g~j|

ojqjcg~ijdt `d tmj ug|k# `r rz~~c`jo u`tmgzt bgrt

lp tmj g|ehd`vht`gd$ Umj|j tmj|j h|j cgoejr bh||p

`de gd tmj Jep~t`hd |`tzhc bj|jigd`jr# hdo tmj

ojigdrt|ht`gdr ga tmj dhtz|hc hdo O`q`dj chur# tmj

gaa`bj|r ujh| G|`jdthc |gljr um`bm tmjp az|d`rm

tmjirjcqjr qgczdth|`cp# hdo tmj jxz`~ijdt `r ejd

j|hccp rz~~c`jo lp qgczdth|p ogdht`gdr gd tmj ~h|t

ga tmgrj igrt `dtj|jrtjo `d tmj ug|k$

Dg$ 88

X$ Umg ~|j~h|jr tmj tjhbm`der hdo tmj cjr

rgdr e`qjd lp tmj g|ehd`vht`gd7

H$ R dbj tmj tjhbm`der h|j dgt tmj o`rbgqj|p

ga rgij rjcah~~g`dtjo cjhoj| g| agzdoj| ga tmj

g|ehd`vht`gd# hdo r`dbj tmjp h|j dgt tmj ~j|rgdhc

g~`d`gd ga rgij ~m`cgrg~m`b `do`qòzhc# tmj cjrrgdr

h|j ì~j|rgdhc hdo ~|j~h|jo dgt lp h r`decj `d

o`qòzhc# lzt lp e|gz~r ga `do`qòzhcr `d tmj mèmjrt e|hojr ga tmj tjhbm`der `d tmj qh|`gzr l|hdbmjr

ga tmj G|oj| tm|gzemgzt tmj ug|co$ _mj tjhbm`der80>



h|j# tmj|jag|j# dgt rtj|jgtp~jo g| `d ~|`dtjo ag|i#

lzt bgdt`dzhccp jqgcq`de hdo ljbgi`de jdch|ejo

hdo ì~|gqjo tm|gzem djuj| o`rbgqj|`jr# djuj|

tjrtr# hdo djuj| ojigdrt|ht`gdr `d tmj ihdp

l|hdbmjr$ _m`r e`qjr zr hdgtmj| j}bjccjdt j}~ch

dht`gd ump tmj G|oj| mhr djqj| ~j|i`ttjo `tr

tjhbm`der tg lj ~zt `dtg lggk ag|i g| ~|`dtjo

ag|i$ Rzbm lggkr ugzco rggd ljbgij glrgcjtj# rg

ah| hr tmj |jq`rjo tjhbm`der h|j bgdbj|djo# hdo

bgzco dgt ~grr`lcp lj kj~t z~ tg tmj i`dztj `d

rzbm ihttj|r hr h|j ga tmj ztigrt ì~g|thdbj tg

tmj `do`qòzhc rtzojdt$ Dht`gdhc bgdqjdt`gdr hdo

`dtj|dht`gdhc bgdqjdt`gdr o`rbzrr tmj e|jht ~|gl

cjir ga tmj tjhbm`der# hr ujcc hr tmj e|jht ~|glcjir

ga tmj haah`|r ga ihd# hdo l|`de ag|tm hoo`t`gdhc`drt|zbt`gd hdo hoq`bj tg lj hoojo tg tmj cjbtz|jr

ag| tmj ljdja t ga hcc$ \jrjh|bm oj~h|tijdtr hdo

lz|jhzr `d jqj|p fz|`ro`bt`gd bgdt|`lztj a|jjcp tg

tmj tjhbm`der hdo tmj j}tjdr`gd ga qh|`gzr rprtjir

ga mjc~ hdo hoq`bj$ _mj tjhbm`der hr e`qjd# tmj|j

ag|j# `d jqj|p l|hdbm h|j zdàg|i ag| tmj tìj ga

tmj ~|jrjdtht`gd# hdo h|j a|jj a|gi ~j|rgdhc g~`d

`gd hdo ~j|rgdhc l`hr$ _mj|j `r ~|glhlcp dg gtmj|808





rprtji ga `drt|zbt`gd hr acj}`lcj# hr igoji# hdo hr

~|ge|jrr`qj hr tm`r$

Dg$ 8<

X$ @r `t djbjrrh|p ag| tmj ijilj|r tg ijig|`vj

h e|jht ihdp chur hdo ~|`db`~cjr hr ujcc hr tmj

ihdp cjrrgdr7

H$ J}bj~t ag| tmj |`tzhc`rt`b ~h|tr# o|hiht`vjo

lp tmj gaa`bj|r `d tmj qh|`gzr cgoejr# tmj|j `r dgtm

`de tg lj ijig|`vjo lp hdp ijilj|$ _mj cjbtz|jr

hdo cjrrgdr h|j rg ug|ojo hdo rg `dtj|jrt`decp ~|j

rjdtjo u`tm h|ezijdtr# ojigdrt|ht`gdr# hdo `cczr

t|ht`gdr# hdhcge`jr# hdo rì`cjr# tmht tmj rtzojdt‐r

`dtj|jrt `r mjco u`tmgzt bgdrb`gzr jaag|t hdo mj zd

bgdrb`gzrcp hlrg|lr tmj kdgucjoej um`bm ljbgijr

h ~h|t ga m`r ijig|p u`tmgzt tmj ~|gbjrr ga iji

g|`v`de$ _mj \gbkjajccj| Jozbht`gd Agzdoht`gd

mhr rthtjo tmht tm`r rg|t ga `drt|zbt`gd `r tmj igrt

òjhc# hdo tp~à`jr tmj ~j|ajbt ijtmgo ga bgdqjp`de

kdgucjoej a|gi gdj i`do tg hdgtmj|$ Dgtjlggkr

h|j kj~t lp ijilj|r umg u`rm tg hò tmj`| iji

g|p hdo `d tmji dgtht`gdr h|j ihoj ga ì~g|thdt~|`db`~cjr hdo chur hr tmjp h|j e`qjd# hdo |jaj|

jdbj `r ihoj tg tmji ht tìjr umjd ~|glcjir ga

80<




gz| oh`cp haah`|r bhcc ag| tmj h~~c`bht`gd ga tmj

~|`db`~cjr thzemt lp tmj g|ehd`vht`gd$

Dg$ 82

X$ Og tmj \gr`b|zb`hdr tjhbm hrt|gcgep g| hdp

gtmj| ijtmgo ga ag|tzdj tjcc`de7

H$ _mj \gr`b|zb`hd g|ehd`vht`gd ogjr dgt

tjhbm hrt|gcgep g| hdp gtmj| ijtmgo ga ~|gedgrt`

jht`de tmj aztz|j$ @t bgdròj|r tmj h|t ga hrt|gcgep

hr hd ì~j|ajbt rb`jdbj# lj`de jqgcqjo tm|gzem

hejr ga j}~j|ìjdtht`gd hdo tjrt`de# hdo ht tmj

~|jrjdt tìj ah| a|gi lj`de jaa`b`jdt `d ~|jo`bt`de

hcc tmj haah`|r ga càj$ _mj azdohijdthc ~|`db`~cjr

`dqgcqjo `d hrt|gcgep h|j |jaj||jo tg `d qh|`gzr

cjbtz|jr hdo cjrrgdr ~j|th`d`de tg tmj dhtz|j ga tmj~chdjtr hdo tmj dhtz|j ga gz| thcjdtr hdo og|ihdt

tjdojdb`jr# lzt tmj ihk`de ga mg|grbg~jr g| tmj

rtzop ga hrt|gcgep `r dgt `dbczojo `d tmj ug|k

ljbhzrj tmj hlrgcztjdjrr ga tmj h|t `r dgt ojigd

rt|hlcj# hdo tmj \gr`b|zb`hdr og dgt tjhbm g| `d

bczoj hdptm`de `d tmj`| tjhbm`der tmht bhddgt lj

ojigdrt|htjo lp tmj `do`qòzhc ijilj|r hr hlrgcztj hdo oj~jdohlcj$ G|ehd`vht`gdr bchì`de tg lj

\gr`b|zb`hd g| iprt`bhc# hdo um`bm `dbczoj hrt|gc

802




gep hr h ~|j|jxz`r`tj g| hr hd ì~g|thdt ~h|t ga

tmj`| ug|k# h|j ij|jcp thk`de hoqhdthej ga tmj

ahrb`dht`gd um`bm hrt|gcgep mgcor ag| rg ihdp# hdo

ga tmj mjc~ `t e`qjr `d ijjt`de tmj a`dhdb`hc djbjrr`

t`jr ga tmj g|ehd`vht`gd$ _mj \gr`b|zb`hd G|oj|

ogjr dgt ojhc u`tm b|prthc ehv`de g| hdp gtmj| ag|i

ga djb|gihdbp$

Dg$ 8?

X$ Og tmj \gr`b|zb`hdr ojhc u`tm r~`|`tzhc`rt`b

ojigdrt|ht`gdr g| ijhdr ga bgiizd`bht`gd u`tm

r~`|`tr7

H$ _mj \gr`b|zb`hdr og dgt tjhbm hdptm`de

tmht ~j|th`dr tg r~`|`tzhc`rt`b ojigdrt|ht`gdr g|

ogbt|`djr hr bgiigdcp zdoj|rtggo$ @d ahbt tmj

\gr`b|zb`hd G|oj| oj~cg|jr tmj ~g~zch| tjdojdbp

tg mgco rjhdbjr hdo oh|k |ggi rjrr`gdr# hdo hoq`rjr

heh`drt tmj rprtjiht`b g| gbbhr`gdhc httji~tr tg

jdtj| tmj t|hdbj rthtj g| hdp gtmj| rthtj ga hd hl

dg|ihc dhtz|j ag| tmj ~z|~grj ga t|p`de tg bgi

izd`bhtj u`tm rgbhccjo r~`|`tr$

Dg$ 8:

X$ Og tmj \gr b|zb`hdr ljc`jqj tmht ihd mhrihdp ag|ir ga r~`|`tzhc lgo`jr hdo tmht mj c`qjr `d

tmjrj qh|`gzr lgo`jr ht qh|`gzr tìjr7

80?




H $ _mj \gr`b|zb`hdr tjhbm tmht tmj|j h|j tug

~chdjr ga j}`rtjdbj z~gd um`bm ihd c`qjr# dhijcp6tm`r jh|tm ~chdj u`tm `tr ihtj|`hc jh|tmcp ~|glcjir

hdo hbt`q`t`jr# hdo hdgtmj| ~chdj um`bm `r dgt tm`r

gdj$ @t ogjr dgt httji~t tg j}~ch`d mgu uj c`qj

g| mgu uj azdbt`gd gd tmj gtmj| ~chdj# `t mhr

dg kdgucjoej tg gaAj| |jeh|o`de h dzilj| ga

jtmj|jhc# r~`|`tzhc# ~rpbm`b lgo`jr ~grrjrrjo lp ihd

um`bm azdbt`gd gd qh|`gzr ~chdjr# hdo `t ogjr dgt

httji~t tg o`qòj tmj dgdihtj|`hc g| r~`|`tzhc

~chdj `dtg qh|`gzr rzlo`q`r`gdr hdo mp~gtmjt`bhc#

rz~j| rzlo`q`r`gdr# hr thzemt lp qh|`gzr bgi~cj}

iprt`bhc rprtjir um`bm h|j ojqgtjo tg tmj o`rrji`

dht`gd ga ~zvvc`de ~m`cgrg~m`jr$

Dg$ 81

X$ Og tmj \gr b|zb`hdr ljc`jqj tmht tmj|j h|j

r~`|`t jdt`t`jr# ch|ej g| rihcc# um`bm mgqj| `d r~hbj

hdo um`bm ihp thkj ~grrjrr`gd ga hd jh|tmcp `do`

qòzhc hdo `daczjdbj mì ag| eggo g| lho7

H$ _mj \gr b|zb`hdr mhqj djqj| thzemt tmj

j}`rtjdbj ga jcjijdthc jdt`t`jr g| jq`c r~`|`tr tmht

ihp thkj ~grrjrr gd ga mzihd lj`der$ _mjrj tjhbm

`der h|j h |jidhdt ga hdb`jdt G|`jdthc rz~j|rt`

80:




t`gdr# hdo h|j |jq`qjo `d tmjrj igoji ohpr lp

rbmggcr ga tmgzemt um`bm bhtj| tg tmj b|jozcgzr

hdo tmj zdcjh|djo$

Dg$ 85

X$ Og tmj \gr`b|zb`hdr ljc`jqj `d lchbk ihe`b

g| tmj hl`c`tp ga gdj i`do tg `dfz|j hdgtmj| ht h

o`rthdbj7

H$ _mj \gr`b|zb`hdr mhqj rhò `d hcc hejr tmht

tmj gdcp ~guj| tmht lchbk ihe`b mhr `r tmj ajh|

um`bm tmj zdcjh|djo mhqj ga `t $ _mj \gr b|zb`hd

tjhbm`der ihkj igrt ~ch`d tmj azdohijdthc ahbt

tmht tmj Bgri`b r~hbj tmht `dtj|qjdjr ljtujjd tug

mzihdr ht h o`rthdbj a|gi jhbm gtmj| u`cc dgt

bh||p ojrt|zbt`qj tmgzemt q`l|ht`gdr# r`dbj rzbm

q`l|ht`gdr h|j `dmh|igd`gzr hdo `dbgde|zgzr tg

`tr gud bgdrt|zbt`qj# O`q`dj dhtz|j$ Jq`c tmgzemtr

o`|jbtjo tguh|o hdgtmj| ~j|rgd og dgt cjhqj tmj

i`do ga tmj `do`qòzhc bgdbj`q`de tmji# hdo h|j

|jhbt`qj z~gd tmj `do`qòzhc httji~t`de tg |ho`htj

tmji$ _mj tjhbm`de ga tmj ~grr`l`c`tp ga lchbk

ihe`b lp rgij igoji rbmggcr mhr b|jhtjo h ajh|ga `t `d tmj i`dor ga tmgrj umg og dgt zdoj|rthdo

tmj t|zj Bgri`b chur# hdo tm`r ajh| bhzrjr izbm

801




rzaaj|`de hdo o`rbgiag|t um`bm `r ìijo`htjcp

htt|`lztjo tg tmj lchbk ihe`b tmgzemtr ga gtmj|r$

Dg$ 8=

X$ Og tmj \gr`b|zb`hdr rt`cc ~|hbt`bj tmj h|t

ga hcbmjip g| t|hdriztht`gd ga lhrj ijthcr `dtg

egco7

H$ @d rgij ga tmj mèmj| cgoejr ga tmj g|ehd`vht`gd umj|j bgi~cjtj chlg|htg|`jr h|j ih`dth`djo

ag| tjrt`de hdo ~|gq`de ihdp ga Dhtz|j‐r azdoh

ijdthc chur# tmj h|t ga t|hdriztht`gd mhr ljjd

tjrtjo hdo h rihcc higzdt ga egco ihoj a|gi lhrj|

ijthcr hatj| h e|jht ihdp mgz|r ga o`cèjdt ug|k#

hdo ht h t|jijdogzr bgrt# gzt ga ~|g~g|t`gd tg

tmj qhczj ga tmj egco ihdzahbtz|jo$ @d A|hdbj#gdj ga tmj e|jht chlg|htg|`jr ga tmj G|oj| mhr ljjd

qj|p rzbbjrrazc `d ojigdrt|ht`de tg tmj rb`jdtà`b

ug|co tmj ajhr`l`c`tp ga tmj \gr`b|zb`hd ~|`db`~cjr

ga hcbmjip$ _mj \gr`b|zb`hdr mhqj hcuhpr ljjd

hbbzrjo ga lj`de tmj ihkj|r ga egco ljbhzrj

tm|gzemgzt tmj m`rtg|p ga tmj g|ehd`vht`gd `t h~

~jh|r tmht `tr ijilj|r hdo `tr l|hdbmjr h|j hcuhprujcc xzhcà`jo tg ijjt tmj`| a`dhdb`hc glcèht`gdr

hdo tg jdfgp ihdp ga tmj cz}z|`jr ga càj$ _mj

805




~|ge|jrr hdo hoqhdbjijdt um`bm tmj ijilj|r

ihkj hr tmjp eg tm|gzem tmj mèmj| tjhbm`der ga

tmj G|oj| ì~|jrr rt|hdej|r u`tm tmj òjh tmht

rgij ijhdr ga rjbz|`de ihtj|`hc ujhctm `r e`qjd

tg tmj rtzojdtr ga tmj g|ehd`vht`gd$ _mj |jhc h|t

ga hcbmjip ~|hbt`bjo lp jqj|p \gr`b|zb`hd g|ehd`

vht`gd hdo jqj|p ijilj| ga tmj g|ehd`vht`gd bgd

r`rtr ga t|hdrizt`de tmj lhrj| ijthcr ga h ihtj|`hc#ijdthc# hdo r~`|`tzhc dhtz|j `dtg tmj ~z|j egco

~|gozbtr ga jaa`b`jdbp `d hbt`gd# ~|gr~j|`tp `d |j

rzct# hdo mh~~`djrr `d htth`dijdt$ _m `r `r tmj

e|jhtjrt ga hcc tmj ~|gbjrrjr ga t|hdriztht`gd hdo

jdhlcjr jhbm ijilj| tg rzbbjrrazccp ihrtj| m`r

gud ~|glcjir hdo l|`de hlgzt rzbm |jhc`vht`gdr ga

m`r o|jhir hr ihp rjji i`|hbzcgzr g| iprtj|`gzrtg tmj zd`d`t`htjo$

Dg$ 80

X$ Og tmj \gr b|zb`hdr bgdrt`tztj h lgop ga

mjhcj|r g| h mjhc`de g|ehd`vht`gd7

H$ _m|gzemgzt hcc tmj hejr# ihdp ga tmj cjho

j|r ga tmj \gr`b|zb`hd ug|k mhqj ljjd qhczhlcjbgdt|`lztg|r tg tmj h|t ga ~mpr`br hr `t uhr g|è

`dhccp bhccjo# g| tg tmj rb`jdbj ga tmj|h~jzt`br hr uj

80=




zdoj|rthdo `t tgohp$ Ihdp ga tmjrj ji`djdt ijd

uj|j o`rbgqj|j|r ga azdohijdthc ~|`db`~cjr `d bgd

djbt`gd u`tm ~mpr`gcgep hdo hdhtgip# hr ujcc hr

bmji`rt|p# tmj|jlp mjc~`de tg jrthlc`rm tmj ihdp

e|jht azdohijdthc ~|`db`~cjr ga mjhc`de# hr ujcc hr

|jqjhc`de tmj |jhc dhtz|j ga o`rjhrj hdo mjhctm$ _mj

G|oj| tgohp tjhbmjr `tr ijilj|r mgu tg ~|jqjdt

o`rjhrj tm|gzem ~|g~j| c`q`de# hdo mgu tg bz|j hdo

bg||jbt tmj q`gcht`gdr ga dhtz|j‐r chur um`bm ejd

j|hccp |jrzct `d o`rjhrj g| rzaaj|`de hdo ~h`d$ Ihd p

ga tmj ijilj|r ga tmj g|ehd`vht`gd ljbgij rg ahr

b`dhtjo u`tm tmjrj ~|`db`~cjr ojhc`de u`tm mjhctm

hdo tmj bz|j ga o`rjhrj tmht tmjp ihkj h r~jb`hc

rtzop ga tm`r l|hdbm ga tmj tjhbm`der hdo thkj `t

z~ `d hoo`t`gd tg tmj`| |jezch| ~|gajrr`gd$ Rzbm

~j|rgdr ejdj|hccp h|j ~mpr`b`hdr ga gtmj| rbmggcr#

hdo hoo tmj \gr`b|zb`hd ~|`db`~cjr tg tmj`| |jez

ch| ~|hbt`bj# rg hr tg rjbz|j ig|j chrt`de |jrzctr

hdo ig|j ìijo`htj bmhdejr `d hdp ~mpr`bhc bgd

o`t`gd$ Lzt tmj g|ehd`vht`gd ogjr dgt httji~t tg

r~jb`hc`vj `d tmj mjhc`de ug|k lp httji~t`de tg

ihkj mjhcj|r ga hcc ga `tr ijilj|r hdo jdbgz|hejtmji tg eg gzt `dtg tmj ug|co hr mjhcj|r g| ~|hb

t`t`gdj|r$ _m|gzemgzt tmj jdt`|j rtzo`jr# tmj iji



lj|r h|j hoq`rjo tg bgdrzct gdcp tmj qj|p ljrt

~mpr`b`hdr `d |jeh|o tg hdp ~mpr`bhc ~|glcji$

Dj`tmj| ijo`b`dj dg| rz|ej|p `r bgdojidjo lp tmj

\gr`b|zb`hd tjhbm`der# lzt e`qjd tmj`| ~|g~j| ~chbjr

`d tmj ug|co ga tmj|h~jzt`br$ _mj \gr`b|zb`hd

G|oj| |jhc`vjr tmht h |jhc mjhcj| izrt lj lgi# hdo

izrt lj t|h`djo `d tmj qh|`gzr rprtjir ga tmj|h

~jzt`br tg lj mèmcp jaa`b`jdt# hdo tmht rzbm ~mpr`b`hdr zr`de tmj \gr`b|zb`hd ~|`db`~cjr `d hoo`t`gd

tg tmj`| gtmj| ~|`db`~cjr u`cc ljbgij tmj qj|p ljrt

~mpr`b`hdr$

Dg$ <>

X$ Ogjr tmj g|ehd`vht`gd gaaj| `tr mjhc`de rj|q

`bjr tg `tr ijilj|r7H$ Ag| tmgrj ijilj|r umg bhddgt bgij `d

bgdthbt u`tm ~mpr`b`hdr ga tmj |jezch| rbmggcr umg

h|j bgddjbtjo u`tm tmj cgbhc l|hdbmjr ga tmj g|

ehd`vht`gd# tmj g|ehd`vht`gd `trjca gaaj|r tg zrj tmj

ijth~mpr`bhc ~|`db`~cjr thzemt lp `t tg mjc~ tmgrj

umg h|j `d ijdthc g| ~mpr`bhc djjo$ Rzbm ug|k `r

ogdj e|htz`tgzrcp# hdo hcuhpr `d h rb`jdtà`b ihddj|# hdo u`tmgzt hdp b|`t`b`ri g| hdthegd`ri tg

uh|o tmj |jezch| rbmggcr ga ijo`b`dj hdo rz|ej|p$

<>>





@t `r h dgthlcj ahbt# mgujqj|# tmht tmj ijilj|r

ga tmj g|ehd`vht`gd ejdj|hccp bgdt`dzj tg ì~|gqj

`d mjhctm hr tmjp eg tm|gzem tmj qh|`gzr cjbtz|jr

hdo cjrrgdr# hdo a`dhccp |jhbm h ~g`dt umj|j tmj

djjo ag| r~jb`hc t|jhtijdtr ga hdp k`do `r qj|p

|h|j$ _mj g|ehd`vht`gd ogjr mhqj uhpr hdo ijhdr

ga og`de tmgrj tm`der um`bm rb`jdbj ièmt bhcc i`|

hbcjr hdo ga mjc~`de `d rzbm bhrjr umj|j hcc gtmj|rprtjir rjji tg mhqj ah`cjo g| umj|j tmj ~|glcji

`r dgt zdoj|rtggo `d `tr |èmt tj|ir$ Rzbm rj|q`bj

`r e`qjd a|jjcp# hdo tmgzrhdor ga ijilj|r `d hcc

~h|tr ga tmj bgzdt|p thkj hoqhdthej ga `t `d jij|

ejdb`jr ag| tmjirjcqjr g| ag| ijilj|r ga tmj`|

ahi`c`jr$ _m `r rj|q`bj `r gdj ga tmj gztrthdo`de

ljdja`tr e`qjd tg tmj ejdj|hc ijilj|rm`~$

Dg$ <8

X$ Og tmj \gr`b|zb`hdr `dr`rt tmht tmj iji

lj|r rmhcc |ja|h`d a|gi jht`de ijht hdo ljbgij

qjejth|`hdr# hdo |ja|h`d a|gi rigk`de hdo o|`dk

`de7

H$ _mj \gr b|zb`hdr og dgt httji~t tg bmhdejtmj mhl`tr hdo ijtmgor ga c`q`de gd tmj ~h|t ga

tmj`| ijilj|r lp |jqgczt`gdh|p |jag|ir g| hztg

<>8




b|ht`b ojb|jjr$ _m j tjhbm`der e|hozhccp ihkj ~ch`d

tg jhbm ijilj| tmj dhtz|j ga m`r gud mjhctm hdo

~mpr`bhc bgdo`t`gd# hdo |jqjhc tg mì umht `r ljrt

ag| mì tg jht zdoj| hdp g| hcc b`|bzirthdbjr$

Jhbm ijilj| rggd o`rbgqj|r umjtmj| mj g| rmj

ihp# u`tm hdp bgdr`rtjdbp# jht h o`jt j}bczr`qjcp

ga qjejthlcjr g| h o`jt bgi~grjo ga qjejthlcjr hdo

ijht$ Umjd h ijilj| o`rbgqj|r tmj jaajbt tmht

m`r o`jt mhr z~gd m`r `do`qòzhc bgdrt`tzt`gd# hdo

z~gd m`r `do`qòzhc rthej ga ojqjcg~ijdt# mj u`cc

lj ljttj| ~|j~h|jo tg hofzrt m`r ijtmgo ga c`q`de#

hdo u`cc og `t u`tm e|jhtj| jaa`b`jdbp tmhd à rgij

zd`qj|rhc# h|l`t|h|p |zcj uhr jrthlc`rmjo ag| hcc

ijilj|r# |jeh|ocjrr ga `do`qòzhc djjor$ _mj rhij

ihp lj rhò `d |jeh|o tg ahrt`de# rigk`de# o|`dk%`de# g| `dozce`de `d hdp ga tmj gtmj| htt|hbt`gdr

g| rjji`de djbjrr`t`jr ga tmj i`do# lgop# g| rgzc$

Dg$ <<

X$ @r `t t|zj tmht tmj jht`de ga hdìhc acjrm

hoor cguj| q`l|ht`gdr tg tmj mzihd rprtji7

H$ Rzbm hd òjh `r ~z|jcp tmjg|jt`bhc# hdotmj|j `r dgtm`de `d tmj rb`jdbjr g| tmj gbbzct chur

tmht rmgur tmht tmj jht`de ga bggkjo ijhtr hoor

<><




q`l|ht`gdr ga h cguj| k`do tmhd tmj jht`de ga

umjht# |pj# jeer# g| i`ck$ I`ck bgdth`dr hr izbm

ga tmj hdìhc dhtz|j hr bggkjo ijht$ Hd o tmj

rhij ihp lj rhò ga lzttj| hdo ga bmjjrj$ Ihd p

~j|rgdr umg ljc`jqj tmj tmjg|p tmht ijht cguj|r

tmj |htj ga q`l|ht`gdr ga tmj mzihd lgop# og dgt

mjr`thtj tg o|`dk i`ck hdo tg jht bmjjrj g| tg jht

jeer$ _m `r rmgur tmj `dbgdr`rtjdbp ga tmj`| |jhrgd`de$ @t `r t|zj# a|gi h bmji`bhc ~g`dt ga q`ju# tmht

tmj jht`de ga |hu ijht g| tmj jht`de ga ijht tmht

`r qj|p |h|j# u`tm izbm zdbggkjo lcggo# u`cc hoo

h e|jht ojhc ga tmj bmji`bhc dhtz|j ga tmj hdìhc

lcggo tg tmj mzihd lcggo$ Lzt tm`r `r dgt t|zj ga

ujccbggkjo ijhtr$

Dg$ <2

X$ @r `t t|zj tmht tmj jht`de ga ijht `dtj|aj|jr

u`tm tmj r~`|`tzhc q`l|ht`gdr ga tmj mzihd lgop7

H$ Rgij igoj|d rbmggcr ga tmgzemt mhqj

hoojo tm`r ojh tg tmj`| tjhbm`der d g|oj| tm ht tmjp

ihp mhqj hdgtmj| ~jbzc`h| òjh tg ~|jrjdt tg tmj`|

rtzojdtr$ Ihd p ga tmjrj igoj|d rbmggcr mhqj mhotg `dqjdt h bgi~cjtj rjt ga dju òjhr hdo dju

tjhbm`der `d g|oj| tg ihkj tmj`| rprtjir xz`tj o`r

<>2




t`dbt`qj hdo zd`xzj$ @d tmj`| hil`t`gd tg lj qj|p

g|è`dhc u`tm tmj`| tjhbm`der# tmjp mhqj ~|gizc%

ehtjo òjhr tmht h|j dgt gdcp zdrgzdo# lzt |ò`bz

cgzr hdo bgdt|h|p tg dhtz|hc chu$ Mgujqj|# tmj

qj|p zd`xzjdjrr ga rzbm rprtjir htt|hbtr tmj ht

tjdt`gd ga tmgrj ~j|rgdr umg h|j jqj| rjjk`de

dju òjhr# hdo jr~jb`hccp ~jbzc`h| òjhr# hdo ga

bgz|rj uj a`do rzbm ~j|rgdr zrzhccp ahdht`bhc hdo

`||ht`gdhc `d izbm ga tmj`| tm`dk`de hdo hbt`de$

_mj t|ztm ga tmj ihttj| `r tmht ihd `r lgi jrrjd

t`hccp r~`|`tzhc# u`tm hr izbm O`q`dj jrrjdbj `d m`r

rgzc hr mj u`cc jqj| hbxz`|j$ _mj|j `r dg uhp lp

um`bm tmj rgzc jrrjdbj `d tmj mzihd lgop bhd lj

hoojo tg g| rzlt|hbtjo a|gi `d hdp uhp$ _m j rgzc

ga ihd `r rgijtm`de rg `da`d`tj# rg ìig|thc# hdorg rz~j|`g| tg bgdo`t`gdr hdo jcjijdtr ga tm`r jh|tm

~chdj# tmht dgtm`de ga h ihtj|`hc dhtz|j bhd haajbt

`t$ Dj`tmj| o`rjhrj dg| r d haajbtr tmj rgzc hr ah| hr

`tr jrrjdt`hc o`q`dj jrrjdbj `r bgdbj|djo$ Ihd‐r

bgdrb`gzrdjrr hdo ihd‐r bmh|hbtj| ihp lj bgdthi`

dhtjo lp r`d hdo lp o`rjhrj ga tmj i`do g| lgop#

lzt tmjrj tm`der bhddgt haajbt tmj `da`d`tj rgzcu`tm`d mì; ag| tm`r `da`d`tj rgzc `r jqj| hdo bgd

t`dzgzrcp h ~h|t ga tmj O`q`dj Rgzc ga tmj zd`qj|rj#

<>?



hdo h ~h|t ga Ego# Mìrjca$ _mj|jag|j# tmj rthtj%

ijdt tmht bj|th`d j}j|b`rjr g| bj|th`d hbt`gdr u`cc

hoo tg tmj –ojqjcg~ijdt’ ga tmj rgzc# `d j`tmj|

jrrjdbj g| xzhdt`tp# `r hlrz|o# hr hcrg `r tmj

rthtjijdtr tmht hdptm`de uj jht g| hdptm`de uj

o|`dk ihp rzlt|hbt a|gi g| bmh|ej g| igoàp tmj

O`q`dj jrrjdbj ga um`bm tmj rgzc `r bgi~grjo$ _mj

ojqjcg~ijdt ga r~`|`tzhc`tp `d h ihd g| ugihd `r

tmj ojqjcg~ijdt ga m`r bgi~|jmjdr`gd# zdoj|rthdo%

`de# hdo ogi`dht`gd ga mìrjca hdo m`r |jcht`gd%

rm`~ tg tmj zd`qj|rj$ @t `r dgt h ojqjcg~ijdt ga

tmj rgzc jrrjdbj$ _mj|jag|j# aggo bhddgt haajbt

tm`r O`q`dj jrrjdbj# hdo gdcp tmgrj cjhoj|r# tjhbm%

j|r g| rbmggcr um`bm h|j rjjk`de tg thkj hoqhdthej

ga tmj i`rbgdbj~t`gd ga tmjrj ahbtr gd tmj ~h|t ga

rjjkj|r ag| tmj |jhc t|ztm# u`cc tjhbm rzbm hd òjh

hr tm`r$ Az|tmj|ig|j# pgz| r~`|`tzhc ojqjcg~ijdt

u`cc lj `do`bhtjo tg gtmj|r ig|j rz|jcp lp umht

bgijr gzt ga pgz| igztm tmhd lp umht egjr `dtg

`t# hr tmj qj|p t|zj rthtjijdt `d tmj L`lcj j}~ch`dr#

umj|j uj h|j |ji`dojo tmht ig|j ì~g|thdt tmhd

tmj aggo tmht ~hrrjr tm|gzem tmj igztm h|j tmj

j}~|jrr gdr tm ht bgij gzt ga tmj igztm$ _mjd

<>:





heh`d uj mhqj tmj ug|or ga tmht ahigzr rj|igd

gd tmj igzdt# um`bm ihp lj |jho hr6

–Lj dgt hd}`gzr ag| pgz| càj#

U mht pgz rmhcc jht hdo o|`dk#

G| umj|ju`tcqhcc pgz rmhcc lj bcgtmjo;

@r dgt tmj càj ig|j tmhd tmj ijht# hdo tmj lgop

ig|j tmhd tmj |hìjdt7,

Dg$ <?

X$ Og tmj \gr b|zb`hdr ljc jqj tmht tmj|j h|j

i`cc`gdr ga `do`qòzhc rgzcr `d tmj zd`qj|rj g| fzrt

gdj rgzc7

H$ _mj \gr`b|zb`hdr ljc jqj hdo mhqj hcuhpr

ljc`jqjo tmht tmj|j `r lzt gdj rgzc `d tmj zd`qj|rj#

hdo tmht `r tmj zd`qj|rhc rgzc g| tmj zd`qj|rhc bgd%

rb`gzrdjrr ga Ego$ Az|tmj|ig|j# tmj \gr`b|zb`hdr

mhqj hcuhpr thzemt tmht h rjeijdt ga tmht zd`qj|%

rhc rgzc |jròjr `d jhbm lj`de tmht ~grrjrrjr rgzc$

Hdo tm`r rjeijdt `r djqj| rj~h|htjo a|gi tmj zd`%

qj|rhc rgzc g| `r djqj| hd jdt`tp `d rzbm h rjdrj hr

tg ihkj `t `doj~jdojdt hdo `do`qòzhc$ _m j rgzc

j}~|jrr`gd ga jhbm ~j|rgd# g| `d gtmj| ug|or# tmj

j}~|jrr`gd ga tmj rgzc `d jhbm ga zr# tm|gzem tmj

ijo`zi ga tmj ~mpr`bhc lgop hdo tm|gzem tmj

<>1




bmhddjc ga gz| jozbht`gd hdo bgi~|jmjdr`gd ga

tm`der# ihp lj xz`tj oàaj|jdt hdo tmj|jlp e`qj zr

tmgrj bmh|hbtj|`rt`br g| t|h`tr ga ~j|rgdhc`tp um`bm

uj `dtj|~|jt hr `do`qòzhc`tp$ Lzt tmjrj o`rt`db

t`qj t|h`tr h|j dgt ga tmj rgzc# lzt ga tmj bmh|hb

tj|`rt`br g| t|h`tr ga ~j|rgdhc`tp tmht ihdàjrt

tm|gzem tmj ~mpr`bhc lgop hdo um`bm uj `dtj|~|jt

hr `do`qòzhc`tp$ @d tm`r rjdrj# ihdk`do `r gdj zd`

qj|rhc l|gtmj|mggo# lj`de Rgdr hdo Ohzemtj|r ga

Ego tm|gzem tmj Ahtmj|mggo ga Ego$ _m`r `r tmj

azdohijdthc ~|`db`~cj z~gd um`bm zd`qj|rhc

l|gtmj|mggo `r zdoj|rtggo lp tmj \gr`b|zb`hdr$

Hdo hcc igoji iprt`b tjhbm`der# g| jqjd rgij

~g~zch| ~j|rgdhc bgdbj~t`gdr ga tmj \gr`b|zb`hd

tjhbm`der um`bm bchì tmht ihd mhr hd `do`qòzhcrgzc# h|j `dbgdr`rtjdt u`tm tmj |jhc hdo g|è`dhc

tjhbm`der ga tmj \gr`b|zb`hdr$

Dg$ <:

X$ Mhr ihd gdcp gdj lgop hdo gdj rgzc7

H$ Hr mhr ljjd `dtìhtjo# tmj \gr`b|zb`hdr

mhqj hcuhpr ljjd |ht`gdhc hdo rb`jdtà`b `d tmj`|

~grtzcht`gdr# hdo tmjp rhp tmht rg ah| hr hbtzhc

<>5




kdgucjoej ga bgdo`t`gdr `r bgdbj|djo# tmjp kdgu

ga gdcp gdj lgop hdo tmht `r tmj ~mpr`bhc lgop$

U j ihp rt|jtbm tmj zrj ga h tj|i hdo bhcc tmj rgzc

h r~`|`tzhc lgop u`tm`d ihd à uj bmggrj tg og rg#

g| uj ihp bhcc `t tmj ~rpbm`b lgop g| hrt|hc lgop$

@d tm`r bhrj# ihd ugzco ~grrjrr tug lgo`jr# tmj

~mpr`bhc lgop hdo tmht um`bm `r dgt ~mpr`bhc$ Lzt

tg rhp tmht ihd mhr h ~mpr`bhc lgop# hd hrt|hc

lgop# h ojr`|j lgop# h ijdthc lgop# hdo rjqj|hc

gtmj|r `r rì~cp tg rthtj h tmjg|jt`bhc ~grtzcht`gd

ojq`rjo rgcjcp tg bgdagzdo tmj ahbtr ga càj hdo

~|jrjdt h qj|p ~zvvc`de hdo iprtj|`gzr rprtji ga

iprt`b`ri um`bm kjj~r tmj rtzojdt jqj| t|p`de tg

ahtmgi tmj zdahtmgihlcj# hdo bgdt`dzgzrcp lchi

`de m`r chbk ga bgi~|jmjdr`gd ga tmj tjhbm`der ag|

m`r chbk ga ihrtj|rm`~$ Dgdj ga tmj tjhbmj|r ga

tm`r rg|t ga bgi~cj} j}`rtjdbj mhr jqj| ljjd hlcj

tg ojigdrt|htj m`r hl`c`tp tg azdbt`gd j}bcz

r`qjcp g| ~h|t`hccp `d hdp gdj ga tmjrj dzij|gzr

lgo`jr# dg| mhr mj ljjd hlcj tg tjhbm m`r rtz

ojdtr tg azdbt`gd `d gdj ga tmjrj lgo`jr rzbbjrr

azccp jdgzem tg jdhlcj tmj rtzojdtr tg ~|gqj tg

tmj`| gud rht`rahbt`gd tmht tmj|j h|j rzbm lgo`jr$

_mj \gr`b|zb`hdr mgco ahrt tg tmj rhdj hdo |ht`gdhc

<>=





chu ga bmhdej$ @t `r ì~grr`lcj ag| ihd tg c`qj

bgdt`dzgzrcp g| jtj|dhccp `d tmj rhij ~mpr`bhc

lgop$ @d ahbt# tmj ~mpr`bhc lgop um`bm ihd dgu

gbbz~`jr `r dgt tmj rhij ~mpr`bhc lgop `d hcc ga `tr

jcjijdtr um`bm mj mho a`qj pjh|r heg# g| tjd pjh|r

heg$ Jqj|p ~h|t ga tmj lgop `r lj`de |jihoj tg

|j~chbj tmht um`bm `r ug|d gzt g| o`rbh|ojo hdo

rggdj| g| chtj| tmj l|jhk`de ogud ~|gbjrrjr ga tmj

mzihd lgop ug|k ig|j |h~òcp tmhd tmj bgdrt|zb

t`qj ~|gbjrrjr# hdo jqjdtzhccp tmj ~mpr`bhc lgop `r

bhrt gaa hdo |jfjbtjo$ _m `r `r hd `djq`thlcj chu ga

Dhtz|j# hdo tmj|j `r hlrgcztjcp dg |jbg|o tg lj

agzdo `d hdp ga tmj rhb|jo iprt`bhc gbbzct g| rb`jd

tà`b tjhbm`der ga tmj ug|co um`bm o`r~|gqj `t$

Ihdp ga tmj ~g~zch| tjhbmj|r umg# tujdtp g|

tm`|tp pjh|r heg# ~|gizcehtjo tmj òjh ga tmj ~gr

r`l`c`tp ga qj|p cgde càj `d tmj rhij ~mpr`bhc lgop#

mhqj ~hrrjo tm|gzem t|hdr`t`gd hdo h|j egdj a|gi

tm`r ~chdj$ Igrt ga tmji j`tmj| rgco rjb|jt# ~|`qhtj

bgz|rjr ga `drt|zbt`gd um`bm uj|j bchìjo tg tjhbm

gdj mgu tg c`qj u`tmgzt t|hdr`t`gd# g| tmjp rgco

rjb|jtcp hdo ~|`qhtjcp tg tmj`| rtzojdtr |jijo`jrum`bm tmjp bchìjo tg mhqj `dqjdtjo# hdo um`bm

uj|j rz~~grjo tg ~|jqjdt gco hej$ _mgrj igoj|d

<8>





tjhbmj|r g| cjbtz|j|r umg hoqgbhtj tm`r òjh ht tmj

~|jrjdt tìj h|j rì~cp bhtj|`de tg tmj ezcc`l`c`tp

ga ~j|rgdr umg ljc`jqj `t `r ~grr`lcj tg ~|jqjdt gco

hej g| t|hdr`t`gd$ Dg \gr b|zb`hd ga tmj t|zj

rbmggc# u`tm m`r tmg|gzem zdoj|rthdo`de ga dh

tz|j%r ihdp chur# bgzco ~grr`lcp hbbj~t rzbm rthtj

ijdtr$

Dg$ <5

X$ Og tmj \gr b|zb`hdr ljc`jqj tmht r`dbj t|hd

r`t`gd `r `djq`thlcj# o`rjhrj `r h dhtz|hc tm`de$

H$ Dg# tmj \gr`b|zb`hdr og dgt ljc`jqj tmht

o`rjhrj `r h dhtz|hc tm`de$ Um`cj `t `r h ahbt tmht

t|hdr`t`gd `r `djq`thlcj# gd tmj gtmj| mhdo# o`rjhrj#

~h`d# hdo rzaaj|`de ga tmj ~mpr`bhc lgop h|j dgt`djq`thlcj$ @t `r ~grr`lcj hdo `t `r òjhc# ag| ihd

g| ugihd tg c`qj tg rzbm h |`~j gco hej u`tmgzt

o`rjhrj g| ~h`d tmht jqjdtzhccp tmj lgop fzrt e|ho

zhccp ujhkjdr hdo ht rgij ~|g~`t`gzr tìj `d tmj

rbmjij ga tm`der egjr tg rcjj~# djqj| tg huhkjd

heh`d `d jh|tmcp bgdrb`gzrdjrr$ _m ht `r tmj òjhc

jdo`de ga jh|tm cp càj$ @t `r tmj uhp tmht tmj t|hdr`t`gd ga tmj ihdp hoqhdbjo ihrtj|r hdo tjhbmj|r

ga tmj g|ehd`vht`gd mhqj gbbz||jo# hdo `t `r tmj

<88




uhp tmht tmj g|ehd`vht`gd ugzco mhqj t|hdr`t`gd

gbbz| `d tmj c`qjr ga hcc ga `tr ijilj|r$ _mj|jag|j#

tmj ~|g~j| uhp tg c`qj tg ~|jqjdt o`rjhrj hdo ~h`d#

hdo tmj ~|g~j| uhp tg dhtz|hccp hdo ~|g~j|cp |ji

jop tmj bhzrj ga hdp o`rjhrj g| ~h`d `r tmg|gzemcp

thzemt lp tmj g|ehd`vht`gd$

Dg$ <=

X$ Ogjr tmj g|ehd`vht`gd rjcc hdp |jijo`jr g|

ojq`bjr um`bm `t bchìr u`cc mjc~ tg ~|gcgde càj

g| ~|jqjdt o`rjhrj7

H$ _mj t|zj \gr`b|zb`hd g|ehd`vht`gd mhr

djqj| rgco tm`der ga tm`r k`do# dg| ogjr `t r~gdrg|

g| tgcj|htj tmj zrj ga ojq`bjr ga tm`r k`do$ Ihdp

gbbzct g| iprt`bhc rbmggcr bchì`de tg lj G|`jdthchdo |j~|jrjdtjo `d Hij|`bh lp rgij ag|jèd

tjhbmj| mhqj t|`jo tg `dt|gozbj `d Hij|`bh zdoj|

e|jht rjb|jbp hdo tm|gzem `drò`gzr ijtmgor tmj

rhcj ga bmji`bhc bgil`dht`gdr# o|ze ~|j~h|ht`gdr#

g| iprt`bhc bmh|ir g| thc`rihdr um`bm h|j ~z|

~g|tjo tg e`qj ìizd`tp heh`drt o`rjhrj hdo gco

hej$ _mj c`tj|htz|j ga rzbm tjhbmj|r g| g|ehd`vht`gdr `r a`ccjo u`tm i`rcjho`de rthtjijdtr |jeh|o

`de tmj òjhr lj`de ~|gizcehtjo# hdo `t `r zdag|




tzdhtj `dojjo tmht Hij|`bh mhr ~|gqjo tg lj tmj

mh~~p mzdt`de e|gzdo ga rzbm bmh|chthdr$

Dg$ <0

X$ Og tmj \gr`b|zb`hdr ga tgohp httji~t tg

~|hbt`bj g| tjhbm tmj Pge` ~|`db`~cjr g| tmj gtmj|

M`doz g| G|`jdthc tjhbm`der7

H$ _mj \gr`b|zb`hd G|oj| mhr djqj| thzemttmj Pge` ~|`db`~cjr j}bj~t ~grr`lcp `d rgij l|hdbm

ga tmj G|oj| cgbhtjo `d @do`h bjdtz|`jr heg$ _mj

Pge` tjhbm`der h|j o`rt`dbtcp tmj tjhbm`der ga h

r~jb`hc hdo cì`tjo rjbt ga gdj ~h|t ga tmj G|`jdt#

hdo uj|j djqj| bgdròj|jo zd`qj|rhc tjhbm`der#

h~~c`bhlcj tg hcc dht`gdr# dg| h|j tmjp ga hdp qhczj

`d tmj Gbbòjdthc ug|co tg igoj|d ~jg~cj$ _mjahbt ga tmj ihttj| `r tmht tmj Pge` tjhbm`der uj|j

hlhdogdjo cgde heg hr ga dg qhczj j}bj~t tg tmgrj

~j|rgdr c`q`de `d tmht ~h|t ga tmj ug|co umj|j

tmjp g|è`dhtjo$ _m ht `r ump tmj httji~t gd tmj

~h|t ga rgij rbmggcr g| igqjijdtr tg `dt|gozbj

tmj Pge` ~|`db`~cjr `d igoj|d chdor `d igoj|d

tìjr mhr ~|gqjd azt`cj$ _g oj|`qj hdp ljdja ta|gi tmj Pge` ~|`db`~cjr ht hcc# tmj G|`jdthc oj

qgtjj mho tg r~jdo ihdp mgz|r ga jhbm ohp r`tt`de

<82



S

`d bj|th`d ~grtz|jr `d hlrgcztj |jch}ht`gd hdo ~|g

agzdo ijo`tht`gd z~gd tm`der zdbgddjbtjo u`tmm`r ihtj|`hc j}`rtjdbj hdo zdhrrgb`htjo u`tm tmj

~|hbt`bhc ozt`jr hdo glcèht`gdr ga jqj|pohp càj$

Jqjd tmj bhrzhc rtzojdt ga rzbm tjhbm`der `d igo

ji chdor a`dor `t ì~|hbt`bhc tg e`qj tm`r izbm

tìj tg tmj ojqjcg~ijdt ga h ròj ga m`r dhtz|j

tmht u`cc lj ga dg ~|hbt`bhc hoqhdthej `d m`r oh`cp

càj$ _mj aju ljdja`tr tg lj oj|`qjo a|gi l|jhtm

`de j}j|b`rjr um`bm uj|j `dbòjdthc tg tmj Pge`

tjhbm`der mhqj agzdo ljttj| j}~|jrr`gd hdo ljttj|

h~~c`bht`gd `d ig|j igoj|d tjhbm`der# hdo h bh|j

azc j}hi`dht`gd ga rzbm Pge` l|jhtm`de j}j|b`rjr

rmgur tmht tmjp h|j tp~`bhc ga tmj l|jhtm`de j}j|

b`rjr thzemt tg tmj hqj|hej lgp hdo e`|c `d tmj

rbmggc epidhr zi$ @d tmj`| ohp hdo `d tmj`| tìj

tmjrj tjhbm`der uj|j djbjrrh|p hdo uj|j zd

ogzltjocp h e|jht rtj~ ag|uh|o# lzt tmjp h|j ga

dg qhczj dgu a|gi tmj \gr`b|zb`hd ~g`dt ga q`ju#

um`bm `r jqj| ~|ge|jrr`qj hdo ~|hbt`bhc$ _mj rhij

ihp lj rhò ga ihdp gtmj| hdb`jdt# hdt`xzhtjo#

hdo cì`tjo ag|ir ga G|`jdthc tjhbm`der$

<8?





Dg$ 2>

X$ @r tmj \gr`b|zb`hd g|ehd`vht`gd `d hdpuhp bgddjbtjo u`tm tmj \gihd Bhtmgc`b bmz|bm

g| u`tm tmj \gihd Bhtmgc`b Fjrz`t igqjijdt7

H$ _mj \gr b|zb`hd G|oj| mhr djqj| ljjd

bgddjbtjo `d hdp uhp# gztuh|ocp g| `duh|ocp#

~zlc`bcp g| rjb|jtcp# u`tm hdp bmz|bm$ _mj \gr`

b|zb`hd g|ehd`vht`gd `r dgt h |jcè`gzr bzct dg| h

|jcè`gzr rjbt `d tmj rjdrj tmht `t tjhbmjr hdp rjb

th|`hd tmjgcgep g| g~j|htjr hr h bmz|bm `d hdp

rjdrj$ @d tmj ~hrt rgij \gihd Bhtmgc`br mhqj

ljcgdejo tg tmj g|ehd`vht`gd$ _mj m`rtg|`bhc |jb

g|or ga tmj g|ehd`vht`gd rmgu tmht ht gdj tìj

gdj ga tmj ^g~jr# hdo `d qh|`gzr ~j|`gor ihdp

ga tmj Fjrz`tr# uj|j rtzojdtr ga tmj \gr`b|zb`hd

ug|k; hdo ljbhzrj rgij ga tmj e|jht ^|gtjrthdt

cjhoj|r uj|j hcrg rtzojdtr ga tmj ug|k# `t mhr gatjd

ljjd bchìjo tmht tmj \gr`b|zb`hd G|oj| uhr#

oz|`de tmj |jag|iht`gd ~j|`go# h ~h|t ga tmj ^|gtjr

thdt ~|g~hehdoh$ Dhtz|hccp# hd g|ehd`vht`gd

bgzco dgt lj |jcè`gzrcp l`hrjo `d lgtm o`|jbt`gdr$

_mj g|ehd`vht`gd mhr kj~t `trjca a|jj a|gi |j

cè`gzr hdo ~gc`t`bhc |jqgczt`gdr hdo bhi~hèdr$

<8:




Dg$ 28

X$ Mhr tmj \gr`b|zb`hd g|ehd`vht`gd jqj|ljjd b|`t`b`vjo g| ~|grjbztjo lp hdp ga tmj e|jht

|jcè`gzr g|ehd`vht`gdr7

H$ Ljbhzrj tmj g|ehd`vht`gd mhr djqj| rmgud

~h|t`hc`tp `d |jcè`gzr g| ~gc`t`bhc ihttj|r hdo ogjr

dgt httji~t# tm|gzem `tr tjhbm`der# tg l|jhk ogud

tmj ah`tm ga hdpgdj `d m`r g| mj| |jcè`gzr bgdq`b

t`gdr# tmj g|ehd`vht`gd mhr djqj| ljjd gaa`b`hccp g|

zdgaa`b`hccp bgdojidjo lp j`tmj| tmj \gihd Bhtm

gc`br# ^|gtjrthdtr# g| tmj Fjur$ @t ihp lj rhò `d

~hrr`me tmht tmj \gr`b|zb`hd g|ehd`vht`gd `r ~j|

mh~r tmj gdcp a|htj|dhc g| rji`rjb|jt rgb`jtp tmht

mhr djqj| ljjd r`decjo gzt ag| hdp r~jb`hc b|`t`b`ri

gd tmj ~h|t ga tmj qh|`gzr |jcè`gzr igqjijdtr$

Dg$ 2<

X$ Mhqj tmj \gr b|zb`hdr jqj| ljjd ~zlc`bcp

bgdojidjo g| ~|grjbztjo ag| hdp ga tmj`| hbt`q`

t`jr7

H$ Dj`tmj| fzrtcp dg| zdfzrtcp mhr tmj g|ehd`

vht`gd jqj| ljjd ~zlc`bcp g| ~|`qhtjcp bgdojidjo

ag| `tr tjhbm`der g| hbt`q`t`jr$ _mj g|ehd`vht`gd

mhr ljjd ~jbzc`h|cp a|jj a|gi ~zlc`b bjdrg|rm`~#

<81




hdo mhr jdfgpjo bjdtz|`jr ga j}`rtjdbj u`tmgzt tmj

um`r~j|`der ga rbhdohc g| tmj `do`btijdt ga tmj

bgz|tr ga chu$ Jqjd `d igoji tìjr# umjd rg

ihdp g|ehd`vht`gdr ga h iprt`bhc# ijth~mpr`bhc# g|

gbbzct dhtz|j mhqj ljjd |ò`bzcjo lp tmj djur

~h~j|r g| lp ihehv`dj h|t`bcjr# tmj \gr`b|zb`hd

G|oj| mhr ljjd mèmcp |jr~jbtjo hdo mèmcp

~|h`rjo$ Ihdp u|`tj|r ga h|t`bcjr hdo ~hi~mcjtr

ojhc`de u`tm h |jq`ju ga tmj ahor hdo ahdb`jr ga

tmj mzihd i`do hcgde gbbzct c`djr mhqj oja`d`tjcp

rthtjo tmht dgtm`de rhò lp tmji uhr `dtjdojo tg

|jacjbt z~gd tmj hbt`q`t`jr hdo tjhbm`der ga tmj

\gr`b|zb`hdr$ _mj g|ehd`vht`gd mhr# tmj|jag|j# hd

zdrzcc`jo m`rtg|p hdo h |jbg|o ga um`bm jhbm

ijilj| ihp lj fzrtcp ~|gzo$

Dg$ 22

X$ @r `t t|zj tmht rgij ga tmj ~|`db`~hc gaa`bj|r

ga tmj \gr`b|zb`hdr `d Hij|`bh tgohp h|j hrrg

b`htjo u`tm tmj \gihd Bhtmgc`b bmz|bm7

H$ Rg ah| hr tmj \gr`b|zb`hd G|oj| ga

HI G \B `r bgdbj|djo# tmj bm`ja gaa`bj|r ag|Dg|tm Hij|`bh h|j `d dg uhp bgddjbtjo u`tm tmj

\gihd Bhtmgc`b bmz|bm# dg| mhqj tmjp jqj| ljjd

<85




ga tmht |jcè`gzr ojdgi`dht`gd$ _mj @i~j|htg| ag|

Dg|tm Hij|`bh uhr |h`rjo hdo jozbhtjo hr h

Ijtmgo`rt# hdo m`r bgddjbt`gdr u`tm tmj bmz|bm

h|j ujcc kdgud$ M`r uàj uhr |h`rjo `d tmj ^|jr

lptj|`hd bmz|bm hdo bgdt`dzjr mj| bgddjbt`gdr

u`tm tmht g|ehd`vht`gd$ _mj Rz~|jij Rjb|jth|p `r

hcrg h ijilj| ga tmj ^|gtjrthdt |jcè`gd# hdo tmj

E|hdo Ihrtj|r ga tmj qh|`gzr fz|`ro`bt`gdr h|j

ejdj|hccp ga tmj ^|gtjrthdt ojdgi`dht`gdr$ Rgij

h|j ijilj|r ga tmj Fju`rm bmz|bmjr# u`tm ~j|mh~r

hd gbbhr`gdhc gaa`bj| umg uhr g|è`dhccp |h`rjo g|

jozbhtjo `d tmj \gihd Bhtmgc`b bmz|bm$ _mj

E|hdo Ihrtj| ga Bhdhoh hdo m`r rthaa h|j iji

lj|r ga tmj J~`rbg~hc bmz|bm ga Jdechdo# um`cj

tmgrj ga tmj R~hd`rm r~jhk`de l|hdbmjr h|j ga qh|`

gzr |jcè`gzr ojdgi`dht`gdr$ Rgij ga tmj tjhbmj|r

gd tmj rthaa ga tmj Rz~|jij Bgzdb`c# lj`de ga

ag|jèd l`|tm# h|j ga tmj Lzoom`rt`b g| M`doz |j

cè`gdr# g| gtmj| |jcè`gdr ga tmj G|`jdt$

Dg$ 2?

X$ @ mhqj ljjd tgco tmht tmj L`lcj bgdojidr

tmj thk`de ga ghtmr hdo tmj fg`d`de ga rjb|jt rg

b`jt`jr$ @r tm`r t|zj7

<8=



H$ _mj `dfzdbt`gd `d tmj L lcj heh`drt tmj

thk`de ga ghtmr ~j|th`dr tg ihk`de rug|d rthtj

ijdtr `d um`bm tmj dhij ga Ego `r zrjo tg e`qj

ji~mhr r tg tmj rthtjijdtr ihoj$ U j h|j |j

i`dojo lp tm`r `dfzdbt`gd tmht uj rmgzco dgt

zrj tmj dhij ga Ego `d tm`r uhp# lzt tg cjt gz|

hpj lj hpj hdo gz| dhp lj dhp$ _mj|j `r dg

`dfzdbt`gd heh`drt tmj fg`d`de ga ~|`qhtj rgb`jt`jr

ga cjh|d`de hdpumj|j `d tmj Llcj$ Hdo `d ahbt

uj a`do a|gi h bh|jazc |jho`de ga tmj Bm|`rt`hd

L`lcj tmht ~|`qhtj rgb`jt`jr ga cjh|d`de j}`rtjo `d

tmj L`lcj ohpr g| `d tmj jh|cp Bm|`rt`hd ohpr# hdo

uj|j dgt bgdojidjo$ _mj ahbt ga tmj ihttj| `r

tmht Fjrzr# hr ujcc hr tmj gtmj| e|jht tjhbmj|r ga

cjh|d`de# h~~|jb`htjo tmj ahbt tmht dgt jqj|pgdj

`r |jhop g| xzhcà`jo tg |jbj`qj hcc tmj ahbtr hdo

kdgucjoej ga càj# hdo tmht tmgrj umg h|j |jhop

rmgzco lj e`qjd ig|j ~|`qhtj hdo rj~h|htj `drt|zb

t`gd tmhd tmht e`qjd tg tmj ihrr$ @d Ihttmju#

Bmh~tj| ]@@@# uj a`do tmht Fjrzr ehqj M`r e|jht

tjhbm`der `d tug oàaj|jdt ijtmgor$ _g tmj ihrr

Mj |jqjhcjo tmj ~|`db`~cjr `d rì~cj rtg|`jr hdo~h|hlcjr# um`cj tg M`r o`rb`~cjr `d ~|`qhtj Mj j}

~ch`djo tmj chur hdo ~|`db`~cjr ig|j ~|gagzdocp<80





hdo `d ojth`c$ M`r o`rb`~cjr |jhc`vjo tmht tmj|j uhr

h |jhrgd ag| tm`r# hdo rg uj a`do tmj tug agccgu`de

qj|rjr qj|p `dtj|jrt`de6

–Hdo tmj o`rb`~cjr bhij# hdo rhò zdtgMì6 Ump r~jhkjrt _mgz zdtg tmji `d ~h|hlcj7

–Mj hdruj|jo hdo rhò zdtg tmji6 Ljbhzrj `t `r e`qjd zdtg pgz tg kdgu tmj ipr%

tj|`jr ga tmj K`deogi ga Mjhqjd# lzt tg tmji`t `r dgt e`qjd$’

I`d`rtj|r# bcj|epijd# ~|`jrtr# hdo |hll`r ga tmj

qh|`gzr |jcè`gzr ojdgi`dht`gdr hdo bmz|bmjr ga

tmj ug|co mhqj ljjd ijilj|r ga tmj \gr`b|zb`hd

G|oj| hdo h|j tgohp$ Dgdj ga tmjrj mhqj agzdo

hdptm`de `d tmj ug|k ga tmj g|ehd`vht`gd g| `d `tr

tjhbm`der um`bm ugzco lj `dbgdr`rtjdt u`tm tmj

mèm òjhcr ga Bm|`rt`hd`tp# g| tmj ~|`db`~cjr hdo

tjhbm`der ga hdp gtmj| |jcè`gd$

Dg$ 2:

X$ Ump `r tmj \gr b|zb`hd G|oj| ljc`jqjo

tg lj h rjb|jt g|ehd`vht`gd7

H$ Ljbhzrj tmj hqj|hej ijilj| ihkjr `t rg$Lp tm`r# uj ijhd tmht tmj g|ehd`vht`gd `trjca mhr

djqj| httji~tjo tg ihkj tmj L|gtmj|mggo h rjb|jt<<>




higde ~jg~cjr# dg| mhr `t jqj| httji~tjo tg bgd

bjhc `trjca rg bgi~cjtjcp tmht `t bgzco lj ~|g~j|cp

bchrrà`jo hr h rjb|jt rgb`jtp$ Bj|th`dcp `tr òjhcr

hdo ~z|~grjr h|j dgt rjb|jt# dg| hdp ga `tr ~cjoejr

tg tmj ijilj|r g| ~cjoejr ga tmj ijilj|r tg tmj

g|ehd`vht`gd$ @t mhr dg e|jht rjb|jt ghtmr um`bm

ijilj|r izrt hbbj~t g| ihkj um`bm mhqj dgt

ljjd ~zlc`bcp ~|`dtjo hdo ojhct u`tm ht cjdetm `d

m`rtg|`jr hdo gtmj| lggkr# dg| um`bm bhddgt lj

~|`dtjo g| j}~grjo tg ~zlc`b j}hi`dht`gd jqjd

tgohp$ @t ogjr dgt ug|k tm|gzem rjb|jt bmhddjcr#

dg| mhqj hdp rjb|jt g| zctj|`g| igt`qjr$ @tr ijjt%

`de ~chbjr h|j dgt rjb|jt# hdo `tr ~|g~hehdoh `r dgt

rjb|jt$ Dg| og `tr gaa`bj|r hdo ijilj|r mòj `d

rjb|jbp$ @a tmj \gr b|zb`hd g|ehd`vht`gd bgzco

mhqj `tr uhp g| mhqj `tr o|jhir ihtj|`hc`vjo# `t

ugzco e`qj `tr tjhbm`der hdo hcc `t mhr tg gaaj|

a|jjcp hdo u`tmgzt cì`tht`gd tg jqj|p ihd#

ugihd# hdo bm`co `d tmj ug|co$ @t `r bgdrthdtcp

rjjk`de uhpr hdo ijhdr ga r~|jho`de `tr tjhbm`der

tg tmj ihrrjr$ _mj oàa`bzctp um`bm tmj g|ehd`vh

t`gd mhr tg ahbj `r tmht gdcp tmgrj umg mhqj bgijtg h kjjd |jhc`vht`gd ga tmj djjo ga umht tmj \gr`%

b|zb`hdr mhqj tg gaaj| h|j |jhccp |jhop tg hbbj~t




tmj mjc~ tmht `r hqh`chlcj tm|gzem tmj ihdp hbt`q`

t`jr `dbczojo `d tmj \gr b|zb`hd ug|k$ _mj hqj|

hej ijilj| `r rg bgdrb`gzr ga tmj ahbt tmht dgt

hcc h|j |jhop g| u`cc`de tg e`qj h c`ttcj tìj hdo

tmgzemt tg tmj`| gud ì~|gqjijdt hdo tmj ihr

tj|rm`~ ga tmj`| gud haah`|r `d càj# tmht mj `r bh|j

azc hdo bgdrj|qht`qj `d m`r |jih|kr hdo `d m`r

`dq`tht`gdr tg gtmj|r tg hbbj~t tmj \gr`b|zb`hd

gaaj|`der$ _m`r htt`tzoj gd m`r ~h|t tjdor tg ihkj

tmj g|ehd`vht`gd ig|j g| cjrr ~|`qhtj g| rjb|jt# hdo

bgdrt`tztjr tmj gdcp |jhrgd ag| tmj rjji`de rjb|jbp

ga tmj g|ehd`vht`gd$

Dg$ 21

X$ Ump `r `t rhò tmht pgz izrt lj `dq`tjo

tg fg`d tmj \gr`b|zb`hd G|oj| hdo bhddgt hrk ag|

ijilj|rm`~ ga pgz| gud qgc`t`gd7

H$ @t `r h t|ho`t`gdhc bzrtgi u`tm tmj \gr b|z

b`hd g|ehd`vht`gd# ag| tmj g|ehd`vht`gd g| `tr iji

lj|r tg `dq`tj h rjjkj| g| h ug|tmp ~j|rgd tg bgij

`dtg tmj b`|bcj ga `tr hbt`q`t`jr hdo rmh|j `d `tr

zdzrzhc ljdja tr$ @d ag|jèd chdor# ag| ihdp hejr#`t mhr ljjd bgdròj|jo h e|jht mgdg| tg |jbj`qj h

ag|ihc g| `dag|ihc `dq`tht`gd tg zd`tj u`tm tmj<<<



g|ehd`vht`gd$ @d tmj ohpr ga cgde heg# `t ugzco

mhqj rjjijo ~|jrzi~tzgzr ag| hdpgdj tg mhqj

ihoj qgczdth|p h~~c`bht`gd g| ~jt`t`gd tg fg`d tmj

g|ehd`vht`gd$ @d Hij|`bh tgohp tmj hdb`jdt rpr

tji `r |jr~jbtjo hdo h~~c`jo u`tm rgij igoà`bh

t`gd$ _mj|jag|j# `t `r dgu bzrtgih|p ag| tmj g|

ehd`vht`gd g| gdj ga `tr ijilj|r tg `dq`tj tmj

rjjkj| g| `dxz`|j| tg ihkj h~~c`bht`gd ag| ijilj|rm`~ hdo mhqj m`r h~~c`bht`gd j}hi`djo hdo

~hrrjo z~gd$ _mj|jag|j# hcc ga tmj ~|g~hehdoh

ug|k `r bh||`jo gd `d tmj ag|i ga `dq`tht`gdr lj`de

rjdt tg tmgrj umg mhqj ihdàjrtjo ug|tm`djrr# `d

tj|jrt# r`dbj|`tp# r~jb`hc xzhcà`bht`gdr# g| h |jhc

ojr`|j tg rtj~ hmjho ga tmj dgd~|ge|jrr`qj gdjr `d

càj hdo ljbgij h |jhc ihrtj| ga m`r haah`|r$ _m`rijtmgo ogjr dgt ~|jqjdt tmj rjjkj| g| `dtj|jrtjo

gdj a|gi u|`t`de tg hdp ga tmj l|hdbmjr g| tg tmj

dht`gdhc mjhoxzh|tj|r hdo hrk`de ag| az|tmj| `dag|

iht`gd |jeh|o`de tmj \gr`b|zb`hd tjhbm`der hdo

hbt`q`t`jr$ @a tmj `dxz`|j|‐r cjttj| rmgur h r`dbj|j

`dtj|jrt# mj `r ìijo`htjcp `dq`tjo tg ihkj h~~c`

bht`gd ag| ijilj|rm`~# hdo h xzjrt`gd rmjjt rjdttg mì tg a cc gzt hdo rèd$ _mj hdruj|r tg tmj

xzjrt`gdr tmj|jgd h|j bh|jazccp bgdròj|jo lp h<<2





bgii`ttjj# hdo à `t `r agzdo tmht tmj `dxz`|j| `r

ig|j tmhd bhrzhccp `dtj|jrtjo `d tmj ug|k hdo

|jhccp ga h ~|ge|jrr`qj t|jdo ga i`do# mj g| rmj

`r ht gdbj hbbj~tjo `dtg tmj djg~mptj g| ~|glh

t`gdh|p ag|i ga ijilj|rm`~$

Dg$ 25

X$ H|j hcc dju ijilj|r ~chbjo `d tmj ~|glh

t`gdh|p g| djg~mptj bchrrà`bht`gd u`tmgzt |jeh|o

tg hdp ga tmj`| ~|jq`gzr rtzo`jr g| tmj`| `dtjccjbtzhc

bgi~|jmjdr`gd hdo htth`dijdtr hcgde rì`ch| c`djr7

H$ Hcc dju ijilj|r h|j ~chbjo `d tmj rhij

bhtjeg|p ag| h rmg|t ~j|`go# oz|`de um`bm tìj

bj|th`d azdohijdthc ~|`db`~cjr h|j e`qjd tg tmji

hdo hd g~~g|tzd`tp haag|ojo jhbm ijilj| tg`do`bhtj m`r g| mj| r~jb`hc a`tdjrr ag| tmj rtzo`jr#

hdo tmj|jhatj| tmj ijilj| a`dor tmht hoqhdbj

ijdt `r `d hbbg|ohdbj u`tm m`r gud hl`c`tp hdo

m`r gud xzhcà`bht`gdr$ Dg tug ijilj|r u`cc a do

tmj ug|k òjdt`bhc `d tmj`| bgi~|jmjdr`gd hdo

zdoj|rthdo`de# hdo qj|p rggd hatj| zd`t`de u`tm

tmj g|ehd`vht`gd# jhbm ijilj| ojqjcg~r hcgde c`djr~h|t`bzch|cp rz`tjo tg m`r `do`qòzhc djjor hdo

~|jq`gzr jozbht`gd hdo t|h`d`de$<<?




Dg$ 2=

X$ @r hdp r~jb`hc jozbht`gd g| t|h`d`de djjojo

tg bgdrt`tztj xzhcà`bht`gdr ag| ijilj|rm`~7

H$ _mj hl`c`tp tg |jho hdo u|`tj# hdo tg bgd

bjdt|htj tmj i`do ag| h igijdt g| tug z~gd jhbm

~h|he|h~m g| rjdtjdbj hr `t `r |jho h|j tmj ~|jcì`

dh|p jozbht`gdhc |jxz`r tjr$ Hdp ihd g| ugihdu`tm g|o`dh|p rbmggc jozbht`gd u`cc lj hlcj tg

bgi~|jmjdo hdo ihrtj| jqjd tmj igrt ~|gagzdo

~h|tr ga tmj \gr`b|zb`hd tjhbm`der$ Mèm rbmggc

g| bgccjej jozbht`gd u`cc dgt lj ga hdp ihtj|`hc

ljdja`t `d tmj ejdj|hc bgi~|jmjdr`gd ga tmj ug|k$

_mj igrt rì~cj chdezhej# hdo tmj igrt rì~cj

ijtmgor ga ~|jrjdtijdt h|j zrjo `d hcc ga tmj cjbtz|j ug|k# hdo tmj j}~j|ìjdtr e`qjd tg tmj iji

lj|r tg t|p# umj|jlp tmjp bhd ojigdrt|htj hdo

~|gqj bj|th`d chur hdo ~|`db`~cjr tg tmjirjcqjr h|j

ga tmj igrt rì~cj ag|i# rg tmht tmj hqj|hej ihd

g| ugihd u`cc mhqj dg oàa`bzctp umhtjqj| `d ~j|

ag|i`de tmjrj j}~j|ìjdtr$ Dg ijig|`v`de# dgoàa`bzct ijdthc tjrtr# h|j |jxz`|jo hdpumj|j

tm|gzemgzt tmj ug|k$

<<:




Dg$ 20

X$ H|j ~j|rgdr ~hrt iòocj hej tgg gco tg

thkj z~ tmj ug|k7

H$ Ihdp umg h|j ah| ljpgdo iòocj hej mhqj

zd`tjo u`tm tmj g|ehd`vht`gd hdo agzdo `d `t tmj

rth|t ga h dju càj# tmj lje`dd`de ga h dju bh|jj|#

hdo tmj g~jd`der ga bmhddjcr hdo ~htmr tg mh~~`

djrr# ~|gr~j|`tp# hdo mjhctm# um`bm tmjp mho ljc`jqjo uj|j bcgrjo tg tmji$ @t `r dgt zdbgiigd

tg a`do `d tmj qh|`gzr l|hdbmjr ga gz| g|ehd`vht`gd

ijd hdo ugijd umg h|j rjqjdtp# jèmtp# g|

d`djtp pjh|r ga hej# hdo umg mhqj ljjd `d tmj

g|ehd`vht`gd lzt h pjh| g| tug$ _mj|j h|j ihdp

ijilj|r `d tmj g|ehd`vht`gd izbm gcoj| tmhd tm`r$

_mj zrzhc rthtjijdt ihoj lp tmjrj ~j|rgdr `r tmhttmjp |je|jt tmht tmjp mho dgt bgdthbtjo tmj g|

ehd`vht`gd aàtp pjh|r jh|c`j| `d tmj`| c`qjr$ @t `r

dg ig|j oàa`bzct ag| hd jcoj|cp ~j|rgd tg zdoj|

rthdo hdo ihrtj| tmj tjhbm`der tmhd `t `r ag| h

pgzde ~j|rgd# hdo tmj|j h|j fzrt hr ihdp g~~g|

tzd`t`jr `d càj ag| tmj jcoj|cp ~j|rgd tg l|`de h

dju ug|co ljag|j m`r bgi~|jmjdr`gd hdo jdfgptmj zdkdgud ih|qjcr ga càj hr tmj|j h|j ag| tmj

pgzde ~j|rgd$<<1




Dg$ ?>

X$ Umht `r tmj i`dìzi hej ag| ijilj|rm`~

`d tmj \gr`b|zb`hd G|oj|7

H$ _mj|j djqj| mhr ljjd h oja d`tj i`dìzi

hej jrthlc`rmjo `d h zd`qj|rhc rjdrj# hdo jhbm bgzd

t|p g| jhbm fz|`ro`bt`gd mhr bj|th`d |zcjr `d tm`r

|jeh|o um`bm `t mhr agzdo bgi~ht`lcj u`tm tmj

bgdo`t`gdr tg lj ojhct u`tm$ @d igrt chdor# hdojr~jb`hccp `d Dg|tm Hij|`bh# pgzde ~jg~cj umg

h|j ljcgu tmj cjehc hej ihp ljbgij ijilj|r gdcp

u`tm tmj h~~|gqhc ga tmj`| ~h|jdtr g| ezh|o`hdr#

hdo hatj| lj`de bh|jazccp j}hi`djo hr tg tmj`| r`d

bj|`tp hdo rj|`gzr htt`tzoj ga i`do$ ^j|rgdr hlgqj

tujdtpgdj pjh|r ga hej a`do tmj ug|k `dtjdrjcp

`dtj|jrt`de ljbhzrj ga tmj dju rth|t `t e`qjr tmji`d càj$

Dg$ ?8

X$ Umht mhr tmj \gr`b|zb`hd g|ehd`vht`gd

ogdj tguh|o tjhbm`de hdo `drt|zbt`de bm`co|jd `d

tmj |èmt uhp ga c`q`de hdo tmj |èmt uhp ga

tm`dk`de7H$ @d h aju fz|`ro`bt`gdr ga tmj G|oj|# tmj|j

h|j fzd`g| cgoejr ga tmj g|ehd`vht`gd# jr~jb`hccp<<5




ojrèdjo hdo bgdozbtjo ag| bm`co|jd |hde`de a|gi

tujcqj tg tujdtp pjh|r ga hej$ _mjrj cgoejr h|j

bgdozbtjo c`kj bczlr g| rgb`jtp hrrjilc`jr# u`tm h

rjt ga gaa`bj|r rjcjbtjo a|gi tmj fzd`g| ijilj|r#

hdo u`tm r~jb`hccp ~|j~h|jo cjbtz|jr g| cjrrgdr#

bgdr`rt`de ga `drt|zbt`gdr `d cgoej g| rgb`hc oj

bg|zi# hdo `cczrt|ht`gdr ga tmj ~|g~j| uhpr tg

htth`d h bzctz|hc hdo jtm`bhc zdoj|rthdo`de ga càj`d tmj igrt r i~cj ihttj|$ Umj|j rzbm fzd`g|

cgoejr h|j dgt bgdozbtjo# tmj bm`co|jd ga ijilj|r

g| bm`co|jd ga tmgrj umg h|j dgt ijilj|r h|j

e`qjd r~jb`hc h|t`bcjr g| ihdzrb|`~t `drt|zbt`gdr tg

|jho ht mgij# hdo ag| qj|p pgzde bm`co|jd tmj

g|ehd`vht`gd bgdozbtr h rzlrò`h|p lgop kdgud hr

tmj Bm`co Bzctz|j @drt`tztj# um`bm bh||`jr gd r~jb`hc bgz|rjr ga `drt|zbt`gd ag| igtmj|r umg h|j

httji~t`de tg e`qj bzctz|hc hdo jtm`bhc t|h`d`de ht

mgij tg bm`co|jd ljtujjd tmj hejr ga r`} hdo aà

tjjd$ _mj|j h|j hcrg bgz|rjr ga `drt|zbt`gd ag|

j}~jbthdt igtmj|r# hdo h rj|`jr ga `dtj|jrt`de

rtg|`jr `d ihdzrb|`~t ag|i tg lj |jho tg pgzde bm`c

o|jd rg hr tg hbxzh`dt tmji u`tm tmj ì~g|thdtijth~mpr`bhc# jtm`bhc# hdo bzctz|hc chur ga Dhtz|j

hdo ihd$




Dg$ ?<

X$ Izrt h ijilj| fg`d h cgoej hdo httjdo

cgoej ijjt`der `d g|oj| tg |jbj`qj tmj `drt|zbt`gdr

hdo tjhbm`der ga tmj \gr`b|zb`hdr7

H$ Pjh|r heg tm`r xzjrt`gd ljbhij hd ì~g|t%

hdt gdj `d Dg|tm Hij|`bh ljbhzrj ga tmj e|jht

o`rthdbjr ljtujjd tmj b`t`jr umj|j tmj ~|`db`~hc

cgoejr uj|j cgbhtjo$ Lp h r~jb hc qgtj ga tmj dh

t`gdhc bgdqjdt`gd ga tmj g|ehd`vht`gd# h dht`gdhc

cgoej tg bgqj| tmj jdt`|j Dg|tm Hij|`bhd bgzdt|p

uhr g|ehd`vjo hdo uhr ji~guj|jo tg gaaj| h r~j

b`hc rj|`jr ga e|hojo `drt|zbt`gdr `d ihdzrb|`~t

ag|i ag| mgij rtzop$ R dbj tmj g|ehd`vht`gd djqj|

~|`dtr `tr tjhbm`der `d lggkr tmht h|j ~zlc`bcp rgco#

g| ogjr dgt ~zt `tr tjhbm`der `d ~|`dtjo ag|i ga h~j|ihdjdt dhtz|j `d hdp uhp# tmj cjrrgdr gaaj|jo

lp tmj bg||jr~gdojdbj rprtji h|j jr~jb`hccp ~|j

~h|jo a|gi tìj tg tìj hdo h|j bgdrthdtcp kj~t

z~ tg tmj igoj|d rthdoh|o ga tmj ~|ge|jrr`qj ug|k

`d tmj |jezch| cgoej$ _mgzrhdor ga ijilj|r `d

Dg|tm Hij|`bh tgohp h|j ~z|rz`de tmj \gr`b|z

b`hd rtzo`jr ht mgij `d tm`r ihddj|# u`tm hr e|jhtrzbbjrr hdo u`tm hr izbm jaa`b`jdbp `d ihrtj|rm`~

hr tmgrj umg httjdo tmj |jezch| cgoejr$ Ihdp<<0



ijilj|r `d tmj |jezch| cgoejr h|j hcrg ~z|rz

`de tmj bg||jr~gdojdbj ug|k ht mgij$ @d mzd

o|jor ga bgiizd`t`jr umj|j tmj|j `r dg cgoej# tmj

ch|ej dzilj| ga bg||jr~gdojdbj ijilj|r mhqj lj

bgij hbxzh`dtjo hdo mhqj ag|ijo e|gz~r um`bm

ijjt gbbhr`gdhccp ht gdj hdgtmj|‐r mgijr g| `d

r~jb`hc mhccr tg o`rbzrr tmj tjhbm`der# u`tm xzjr

t`gdr hdruj|jo lp gdj ga tmj igrt hoqhdbjo iji

lj|r; tmjp hcrg bh||p gd ojigdrt|ht`gdr hdo tmj

h~~c`bht`gd ga bj|th`d ~|`db`~cjr$ H igdtmcp ihe

hv`dj `rrzjo lp tmj dht`gdhc# rz~|jij bgzdb`c ga

tmj g|ehd`vht`gd egjr jhbm igdtm tg hcc ga tmj

bg||jr~gdojdbj ijilj|r# hr ujcc hr tg tmj |jezch|

cgoej ijilj|r hdo `d tm`r uhp jqj|p bg||jr~gdo

jdbj ijilj| `r kj~t `dag|ijo ga hcc tmj dht`gdhc

hdo `dtj|dht`gdhc hbt`q`t`jr hdo e`qjd tmj chtjrt

a`do`der hdo hoo`t`gdr tg tmj tjhbm`der$ Hr u`tm

|jezch| cgoej ijilj|rm`~# tmj bg||jr~gdojdbj

ijilj|r og dgt mhqj tg lzp hdp hoo`t`gdhc lggkr

g| lzp hdp r~jb`hc ~h|h~mj|dhc`h a|gi tmj g|ehd`

vht`gd# g| eg `dtg hdp mjhqp j}~jdrjr ga hdp k`do#

hdo tmj tjhbm`der h|j e`qjd fzrt hr a|jjcp tg tmji

hr tg tmj cgoej ijilj|r$ @d gtmj| ug|or# dg bgi

<2>





ij|b`hc ajhtz|jr dg| tp~`bhc bg||jr~gdojdbj rbmggc

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bg||jr~gdojdbj ijilj| `r h ijilj| ga tmj g|ehd`

dht`gd `d tmj rhij rjdrj hr h cgoej ijilj|# hdo

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ljdja`tr a|jjcp gaaj|jo lp tmj g|ehd`vht`gd# hdo

tmjp ihp q`r`t g| httjdo e|gz~r g| cgoejr umjd

jqj| tmjp h|j `d hdp b`tp g| cgbht`gd umj|j rzbm

h|j tg lj agzdo$

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X$ Og tmj tmgzemtr ga jq`c i`dojo ~j|rgdr

b|jhtj rzbm ~guj|r g| jdj|e`jr hr u`cc ljbgij

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`de Ojho#’ `t `r rthtjo tmht ièmtp rtg|i u`dor

h|j ihoj z~ ga tmj jilgo`jo jq`c hdo ihcèdhdt

tmgzemt ag|bjr ejdj|htjo lp ihdk`do# um`bm lj

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gd u`tm t|jijdogzr ~guj|$ @r tm`r t|zj7

H$ Rzbm hd òjh hr pgz xzgtj a|gi tmj lggk

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bpbcgdjr hdo mz||`bhdjr# tmzdoj| hdo cèmtd`de#<28



hdo hcc rzbm ihdàjrtht`gdr ga dhtz|j hdo tmj

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j}`rtjdbj# hdo gtmj| ag|ir ga c`q`de tm`der ihp

mhqj bmhdejo tmj`| dhtz|j# lzt `t uhr hcc ag| eggo$

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`de bhd ihd bgij tg tmj bgdbczr`gd tmht tmjrj

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a|gi jq`c# jh|tmcp i`dor g| jq`c ~guj|r ga tmj

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uj ihp lj z~rjt `d gz| ~chdr# o`rtz|ljo `d gz|

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t`qjcp# tg ljc`jqj tmht gz| fzoeijdt ga umht `r

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cgrjr g| rzaaj|r tm|gzem h dhtz|hc chu# tmj chu `r

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ga jq`c$ Umht `r cgrr tg gdj `r eh`d tg hdgtmj|$

Umht `r h rzaaj|`de tg gdj izrt lj h lcjrr`de tg

rgij gdj jcrj# à tmj bhzrj ga tmjrj tm`der `r h

dhtz|hc bhzrj o`|jbtjo lp tmj ljdjqgcjdt# ij|bàzc#

gid`~gtjdt I`do ga tmj B|jhtg| ga hcc tm`der$

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X$ U mht ~gr t`gd og tmj \gr`b|zb`hdr thkj `d

|jeh|o tg tmj Bm|`rt`hd ogbt|`djr7

H$ Bgccjbt`qjcp# hr hd `dtj|dht`gdhc g|ehd`vh

t`gd# bgi~grjo ga ijilj|r ga jqj|p |jcè`gzr<22




tmgzemt hdo ojdgi`dht`gd# tmj G|oj| thkjr dg

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ga hdp bmz|bm g| |jcè gzr igqjijdt$ Dhtz|hccp#

tmj|j `r dgtm`de `d tmj |jhc tjhbm`der ga tmj \gr`

b|zb`hdr um`bm ugzco ihkj h ojqgzt Bm|`rt`hd

zdmh~~p `d m`r g|tmgog}p# dg| `r tmj|j hdptm`de

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tmj Igmhiijohd zdmh~~p$ _mj |jhc tjhbm`der

ga tmj \gr`b|zb`hdr bhd lj bgi~cjtjcp rtzo`jo# hr

rì`chtjo# hdo ~zt `dtg ~|hbt`bhc h~~c`bht`gd u`tm

gzt `d hdp uhp `dtj|aj|`de u`tm tmj |jcè`gzr lj

c`jar ga hdpgdj$ @t mhr ljjd rthtjo lp tmgzrhdor

ga rtzojdtr ga gz| tjhbm`der tmht tmj bgdt`dzhc

|jaj|jdbj tg O`q`dj ~|`db`~cjr# hdo tmj j}~gr`t`gd

ga ihdp òjhr j}~|jrrjo `d L`lc`bhc c`tj|htz|j# mhr

bhzrjo tmj rtzojdtr tg og ig|j L`lcj |jho`de hdo

ig|j |jho`de ga tmj rhb|jo c`tj|htz|j ga tmj`| ~h|

t`bzch| ojdgi`dht`gd tmhd hdp gtmj| ag|i ga

rtzop$

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X$ Ump `r `t tmht rgij u|`tj|r ga rgbhccjo\gr`b|zb`hd c`tj|htz|j ~|jrjdt tmj \gr`b|zb`hd

tjhbm`der hr h qj|r`gd ga Bm|`rt`hd iprt`b`ri7<2?




H$ Ag| tmj rhij |jhrgd tmht rg ihdp bzctr

hdo igqjijdtr# ~h|t`bzch|cp `d Hij|`bh# zrj rgijga tmj tj|ir ga tmj Bm|`rt`hd |jcè`gd `d bgddjbt`gd

u`tm tmj`| ug|k$ Umjdjqj| ~j|rgdhc ~|g~gzdoj|r

ga h dju ag|i ga ~m`cgrg~mp u`rm tg htt|hbt bgd

ròj|hlcj httjdt`gd hdo rjbz|j h ch|ej agccgu`de `d

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|jcè`gd hdo ejdj|hccp ihkj `t h~~jh| tg lj h

|jqjcht`gd ga Bm|`rt`hd ~|`db`~cjr$ _m`r hrrz|jr

tmji ga h ch|ej hdo ~|ga`thlcj lzr`djrr$ _mj|j `r

dg |jhrgd ag| tm`r# rg ah| hr tmj \gr`b|zb`hd tjhbm

`der h|j bgdbj|djo# hdo lggkr g| ~hi~mcjtr bchì

`de tg lj \gr`b|zb`hd# hdo um`bm ~|jrjdt h ag|i

ga Bm|`rt`hd iprt`b`ri lhrjo z~gd rgij `do`qò

zhc# ~j|rgdhc `dtj|~|jtht`gd# h|j dgt t|zcp \gr`b|z

b`hd `d hdp rjdrj# hdo h|j rì~cp ojrèdjo tg

h~~jhc tg Bm|`rt`hdr u`tmgzt e`q`de tmji tmj qj|p

ì~g|thdt hdo qhczjo `drt|zbt`gdr ga tmj \gr`b|z

b`hd L|gtmj|mggo$

Dg$ ?1

X$ Bhd rt|`btcp g|tmgog} Bm|`rt`hdr ljcgde tg

tmj \gr`b|zb`hd g|ehd`vht`gd u`tmgzt bgi~|gi`r

`de tmj`| ~gr`t`gd `d tmj Bm|`rt`hd bmz|bm7<2:




H$ G|tmgog} Bm|`rt`hdr ga tmj igrt ojqgzt

k`do bhd bgdr`rtjdtcp ljcgde tg tmj \gr`b|zb`hd

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ztigrt eggo tg tmj`| c`qjr hdo ~j|rgdhc haah`|r# fzrt

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t`gd `d tmj Bm|`rt`hd bmz|bm$ Gz| |jbg|or rmgu

tmht dgt gdcp h|j tmj|j hr ihdp Bm|`rt`hdr `d gz|

g|ehd`vht`gd hr tmj|j h|j ijilj|r ga gtmj| ojdgi`

dht`gdr# lzt ihdp ga tmj cjho`de Bm|`rt`hd O`q`djr

hdo ji`djdt |j~|jrjdtht`qjr ga tmj Bm|`rt`hd bmz|bm

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hlgzt tmj \gr`b|zb`hd tjhbm`der# hdo gtmj|r mhqj

~|jrjdtjo ihdp ga tmj \gr`b|zb`hd ~|`db`~cjr `d

tmj`| Rzdohp hdo gtmj| rj|q`bjr$

Dg$ ?5

X$ @a tmj \gr b|zb`hdr ~|jrjdt dg tjhbm`der

tmht h|j bgdt|h|p tg tmj Bm|`rt`hd tjhbm`der# g| tmj

tjhbm`der ga hdp gtmj| bmz|bm# tmjd ump rmgzco

tmj G|oj| bchì tg mhqj dju kdgucjoej7

H$ _mj tjhbm`der ga tmj \gr b|zb`hdr ojhc

u`tm tmj ~|hbt`bhc tm`der ga càj# hdo O`q`dj ~|`d<21



b`~cjr h|j `dbczojo ljbhzrj tmjp ihkj ~ch`d tg ihd

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g| hdp gtmj| L`lcj$ @d tmj tjhbm`der ga tmj qh|`gzr

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t`gdr hr uj ihp ~grrjrr# hdo um`bm u`cc jdhlcjzr tg ihrtj| tmj glrthbcjr `d gz| ~htm hdo htth`d

tmj mèmjrt oje|jj ga zrjazcdjrr hdo rzbbjrr$ _mj<25





\gr`b|zb`hd tjhbm`der og dgt ~m`cgrg~m`vj# dg| j}&

~gzdo h~mg|`rir hdo hlrt|hbt ~|`db`~cjr# lzt rthtj

oja`d`tj chur hdo tmjd e`qj r~jbà`b `drt|zbt`gdr ag|

tmj h~~c`bht`gd ga tmjrj chur tg gz| oh`cp djjor$

_m`r `r ump tmj \gr`b|zb`hd tjhbm`der h|j o`r

t`dbtcp oàaj|jdt a|gi tmj hlrt|hbt tjhbm`der ga tmj

ihdp bzctr hdo ~m`cgrg~m`bhc igqjijdtr um`bm

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t`gdr ag| hbbgi~c`rm`de tmj ojr`|jo jdo$

Dg$ ?=

X$ H|j tmj \gr b|zb`hd tjhbm`der ga tgohp

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qh|`gzr rbmggcr ga iprtj|p7

H$ Dgt ht hcc$ H bgi~`cht`gd ga tmj hdb`jdt

iprtj|p tjhbm`der mhr ljjd httji~tjo `d ihdp

lggkr hdo ihdp jdbpbcg~jo`hr# hdo mhr djqj|

ihoj h rt|gde H~~jhc j}bj~t tg tmj rbmgch|cp# hdh

cpt`bhc i`dor umg cgqj tg |jho ga tmj hdb`jdt hb

bgi~c`rmijdtr u`tmgzt hdp tmgzemt ga a`tt`de

tmji `dtg tmj rbmjij ga tm`der tgohp$ _mj \gr`b|zb`hd tjhbm`der mhqj ljjd jqgczt`gdh|p `d tmj`|

ojqjcg~ijdt hdo ~|ge|jrr`qj `d tmj`| r~`|`t$ _mjp

<2=






hdo gtmj| G|`jdthc chdor u`tmgzt igoà`bht`gd g|

igoj|d`vht`gd# mhqj ah`cjo tg |jdoj| ~|hbt`bhc rj|q%

`bj# jr~jb`hccp `d tmj Gbbòjdthc ug|co$

Dg$ ?0

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`d g|oj| tg ihrtj| tmj tjhbm`der hdo ~|`db`~cjr ga

tmj \gr`b|zb`hdr7

H$ Dg gdj `r hrkjo tg ljc`jqj `d hdp hlrt|hbt

g| ~gr`t`qj ~|`db`~cj `d g|oj| tg bgdt`dzj u`tm tmj

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ojigdrt|htjo tg lj h t|ztm$ _mj ogbt|`dj ga |j`d%bh|dht`gd j}~ch`dr ihdp ga tmj iprtj|`jr ga càj#

lzt tmj ogbt|`dj `trjca djjo dgt lj hog~tjo lp hdp

rtzojdt ga tmj \gr`b|zb`hd tjhbm`der zdcjrr mj g|

rmj mhr agzdo a|gi ~j|rgdhc j}~j|`jdbj tmht tmj

ogbt|`dj `r t|zj$ Hròj a|gi tm`r ogbt|`dj# tmj

gtmj| tjhbm`der ga tmj g|ehd`vht`gd u`cc lj agzdo

ga rzbm ~|hbt`bhc mjc~ hdo ga rzbm cge`bhc hdo|jhrgdhlcj ~|jrjdtht`gd tmht tmj ogbt|`dj ga |j`d%

bh|dht`gd ihp lj rjt hròj lp tmj rtzojdt u`tmgzt

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`dtj|aj|`de u`tm m`r ~|ge|jrr g| ihrtj|rm`~$

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tm`dk`de$

Dg$ :>

X$ Og tmj \gr`b|zb`hdr tjhbm tmht ihd

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c`qj ~|g~j|cp mj ihp lj lg|d heh`d `d rgij hdìhc

ag|i7

H$ _mj \gr`b|zb`hdr tjhbm dg rt|hdej ~m`%

cgrg~mp ga tm`r k`do$ _mj \gr`b|zb`hdr kdgu tmht

tmj rgzc ga ihd `r jqj| ~|ge|jrr`de hdo jqj| jqgcq%

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cguj| hdìhc$ Rzbm tjhbm`der hr tm`r h|j |ji%

dhdtr ga hdb`jdt rz~j|rt`t`gdr hdo h|j jhr`cp o`r%

~|gqjo lp rb`jdtà`b hdo lp Bgri`b |jqjcht`gdr$

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Ihd ihp lj ~zd`rmjo `d qh|`gzr uhpr ag| m`r

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tg h mèmj| rthdoh|o$ _g bhrt tmj rgzc ga h r`ddj|

lhbk `dtg h cguj| ag|i ga hdìhc càj# ièmt rj|qj

hr h ~zd`rmijdt# lzt `t ugzco dgt bgdt|`lztj tg

m`r jqgczt`gd hdo ~|ge|jrr hdo ojqjcg~ijdt tg h

mèmj| r~`|`tzhc lj`de$ _mj Bgri`b# bh||p`de gzt

tmj u`cc ga Ego# ogjr dgt rjjk tg ~zd`rm zr ag| gz|

r`dr `doj~jdojdtcp ga `tr ojr`|j tg ihkj zr ljttj|

hdo ig|j ~j|ajbt `d gz| c`q`de$ _mj|jag|j# rzbm

|jt|ge|jrr`gd ga tmj rgzc hr `r `do`bhtjo lp tmj

hlgqj xzjrt`gd ugzco ijhd h ojajht ga tmj qj|p

~z|~grj ga tmj Bgri`b ~|`db`~cjr$

Dg$ :8

X$ @ mhqj |jho `d rgij gbbzct lggkr tmht tmj|j

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hdo rg ag|tm# hdo h|j bchrrà`jo hr o|phor# dh`hor#

jcqjr# hdo rg ag|tm$ @t `r rhò lp rjqj|hc u|`tj|r

tmht tmjrj jcjijdthc r~`|`tr bhd rj`vj mgco ga mz%

ihdr hdo ihkj rchqjr ga ijd hdo ugijd# g|

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haajbt tmj`| c`qjr$ U mht og tmj \gr`b|zb`hdr rhp

hlgzt tm`r7

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ijdthc r~`|`tr `d tmj`| tjhbm`der$ Rg ahdthrt`b# hc

cz|`de# hdo htt|hbt`qj uhr `t tg rgij Gbbòjdthc

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agzdoht`gd ag| tmht rg|t ga ~|g~hehdoh kdgud hr

–ajh| ~|g~hehdoh$’ Hd o tm`r `r hcuhpr ~|ga`thlcj

tg tmgrj umg `dtjdo tg u|`tj h dzilj| ga lggkr$

@d gdj ga rzbm lggkr# tmj hztmg| `dtìhtjr tmht

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lj| tmht tmj|j h|j ag|izchr hdo ijtmgor umj|jlp

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uhpr tmj|j tmht lp az|tmj| `dxz`|p g| tmj lzp`dega ig|j lggkr# tmj e|jht ~|gtjbt`qj kdgucjoej

ihp lj glth`djo$ _m`r `r umht ièmt lj bhccjo

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mèm ~|jrrz|j rhcjrihdrm`~# g| rjozbt`qj hoqj|t`r

`de `d tmj iprt`bhc c`tj|htz|j ga tmj Gbbòjdt$ _mj

\gr`b|zb`hdr kdgu tmht umjd Ego b|jhtjo tmj

mzihd hr tmj mèmjrt ihdàjrtht`gd ga M`r gud

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~|jrr`gdr ga bgdrb`gzrdjrr um`bm ugzco mhqj tmj

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tmht Ego mhr e`qjd ihd h ~h|t ga M`r gud ~|g

tjbt`qj Bgdrb`gzrdjrr# hdo tmht tmj i`do ga ihd

hdo tmj u`cc ga ihd# c`kj zdtg tmj I`do hdo U`cc

ga Ego# bhd hdo ogjr ~|gtjbt ihd heh`drt jqj|p

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tg bgg~j|htj u`tm tmji g| zrj tmji$ Hd o igrtbj|th`dcp tmj|j ugzco lj dg djjo tg t|p tg a`do

ag|izchr g| ijtmgor tg ~|gtjbt gdj‐r rjca heh`drt

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tmjrj `dq`r`lcj r~`|`t jcjijdthcr# r`dbj tmjp ugzco

mhqj tmj hoqhdthej tm|gzem tmj`| `dq`r`l`c`tp#

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c`jar `d tmj Gbbòjdt u`cc e`qj ig|j tmhd h ~hrr`de

tmgzemt tg rzbm tmjg|`jr# hdo tmjd ri`cj u`tm

tgcj|ht`gd ht tmj ahbt tmht h aju u|`tj|r bhd tz|d

rzbm ajh|azc òjhr `dtg ijhdr hdo ijtmgor ag|

a`cc`de tmj`| bgaaj|r$

Dg$ :<

X$ U mht `r tmj |jcht`gdrm`~ ljtujjd tmj

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G|oj|7

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qj|p rjb|jt ~chbjr ag| tmj ~z|~grj ga l|`de`de

tgejtmj| tmj igrt `cczrt|`gzr i`dor ga tmj ~j|`go#hdo ag| tmj o`rbzrr`gd hdo bchrrà`bht`gd ga rzbm

zdzrzhc kdgucjoej hr mho ljjd o`rbgqj|jo

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|jqjcht`gd$ _mj mèm igt`qj `d i`do uhr tg ~|j

~h|j tjhbmj|r hdo ug|kj|r tg rjb|jtcp o`rrji`dhtj

rzbm rjjor higde tmj rjjk`de i`dor ga tmj ~g~z

chbj hr ugzco thkj |ggt hdo mhqj h qj|p ljdja`b`hc

jaajbt z~gd tmj bzctz|hc t|jdo ga tmj`| tm`dk`de$

Hr tìj ~hrrjo# ji`djdt Hqhth|r lg|d `d tmj g|

ehd`vht`gd g| bgi`de `dtg `t ht hd jh|cp hej hdo

lj`de ~|g~j|cp ~|j~h|jo uj|j rjdt ag|tm `dtg gtmj|

chdor tg xz`bkjd tmj |jbj~t`gd ga h dju bpbcj hdo

huhkjd tmj i`dor ga tmj ~jg~cj `d tmj mèmj|

tm`der ga c aj$ _g ljttj| bh||p gd tmj ug|couòj

hbt`q`t`jr# qh|`gzr ag|ir ga igqjijdtr uj|j g|

ehd`vjo lp tmj E|jht Um`tj L|gtmj|mggo zdoj|

qh|`gzr dhijr# hdo tmjrj igqjijdtr `d rjqj|hc

chdor uj|j umgccp hdo jdtmzr`hrt`bhccp rz~~g|tjo

lp tmj E|jht Um`tj L|gtmj|mggo# um`bm hr h egq

j|d`de lgop |jih`djo rjb|jt `d `tr bjdt|hc cgbht`gd$

Higde tmjrj g|ehd`vht`gdr tmzr r~gdrg|jo lp

tmj E|jht Um`tj L|gtmj|mggo uj|j tmj Jrrjdj

L|gtmj|mggo hdo chtj| tmj \gr`b|zb`hd L|gtmj|

mggo um`bm jqgcqjo gzt ga tmj Jrrjdj hdo _mj|h

~jzt` igqjijdtr$ Ihd p ga tmj ji`djdt Hqhth|r

lg|d `d qh|`gzr ~h|tr ga tmj ug|co umg uj|j



bgdrb`gzr ga tmj `dr~`|ht`gd e`qjd tg tmji tg l|`de

cèmt tg tmj ihrrjr bhij zdoj| tmj glrj|qht`gd ga

tmj E|jht Um`tj L|gtmj|mggo# hdo tm|gzem tmj

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i`ttjo tg g|ehd`vj igqjijdtr ga tmj`| gud lj

a`tt`de tmj tìj hdo ojqjcg~ijdt ga tmj ~jg~cj

u`tm umgi tmjp uj|j ojhc`de$ Gdj tp~`bhc `d

rthdbj ga tm`r `r tmj ug|k ga Ihohij Mjcjd Lch

qhtrkp# umg tm|gzemgzt mj| bm`comggo uhr h rzl

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~mp ljbhzrj ga `tr h~~jhc tg tmj bchrr ga ~jg~cj

u`tm um`bm rmj ljc`jqjo rmj ugzco mhqj tg ojhc$Hr rmj ig|j bgi~cjtjcp httzdjo mj|rjca u`tm tmj

Bgri`b# rmj jqjdtzhccp bhij `d bgdthbt u`tm tmj

Ihrtj|r ga tmj E|jht Um`tj L|gtmj|mggo# hdo `d

tmj chtj| ~h|t ga mj| càj mj| ug|k uhr r~gdrg|jo

lp tmj E|jht Um`tj L|gtmj|mggo hr gdj ga `tr

bmhddjcr ga g~j|ht`gd$ H t mj| t|hdr`t`gd mj| ug|k

uhr bgi~cjtjo hr hd Hqhth| ga tmj E|jht Um`tj

L|gtmj|mggo$ Ihohij Lchqhtrkp‐r u|`t`der hdo

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tjhbm`der u`cc |jih`d hr h igdzijdt tg mj| bgd

thbt u`tm tmj L|gtmj|mggo hdo tg tmj e|jht eggo

tmht rzbm gtmj| hbt`q`t`jr bhd hbbgi~c`rm$ _mj

g|ehd`vht`gd rmj mho agzdojo mho hbbgi~c`rmjo

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ag| `tr bgdt`dzhdbj zdoj| tmj dhij hdo ag|i zrjo

lp mj|$ @d ahbt# tmj qj|p |h~ò e|gutm ga tmj \gr`%

b|zb`hd G|oj| tm|gzemgzt tmj ug|co ehqj tmj

E|jht Um`tj L|gtmj|mggo jqj|p ~grr`lcj bmhddjc

hdo jqj|p g~~g|tzd`tp `t bgzco zt`c`vj ag| tmj

o`rrji`dht`gd ga `tr ~guj| hdo kdgucjoej$ U `tm

tmj E|jht Um`tj Cgoej hdo `tr Hrm|hihr hdo

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c`qjr tg tmj `ddj| ug|k ga tmj L|gtmj|mggo# tmj|j

uhr dg |jhrgd ag| tmj ih`dtjdhdbj ga ihdp igqj

ijdtr g| rbmggcr zdoj| qh|`gzr dhijr o`qòjo

heh`drt tmjirjcqjr zdoj| g~~gr`de cjhoj|r$ _mzr

tmj \gr`b|zb`hd G|oj| tm|gzemgzt tmj ug|co tgohp|j~|jrjdtr tmj ejdj|hc# `ddj| hdo gztj| hbt`q`t`jr ga

tmj E|jht Um`tj L|gtmj|mggo hdo tmj igrt j}tjd

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r`qj ujrtj|d ug|co bmhddjc ag| tmj o`rrji`dht`gd ga

tmj rjb|jt ogbt|`djr hdo tjhbm`der ga tmj e|jht

Ihrtj|r$

Dg$ :2

X$ U mht `r tmj djbjrr`tp ag| `d`t`ht`gd bj|j

igd`jr7

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gatjd rzbm ~j|rgdr mhqj `d i`do hd jchlg|htj |`t

zhc# lgilhrt`b `d `tr rjtt`der# hdo ~|jtjdt`gzr `d

tmj ag|ihc`t`jr hdo j}~|jrr gdr$ _|zj `d`t`ht`gd `r

|htmj| ga tmj `ddj| rjca tmhd ga tmj gztj| rjca$

Bj|jigd`hc`ri ihp lj o`qòjo `dtg tug bchrrà`bh

t`gdr6 A`|rt# tmht um`bm `r `dbòjdt tg ~|j~h|ht`gd#ag| bj|th`d oja`d`tj rtj~r hlgzt tg lj thkjd; g|#

rjbgdo# h o|hiht`vht`gd hdo `cczrt|ht`gd ga ~|`d

b`~cjr hdo òjhcr `duh|ocp h~~|jmjdojo lzt gzt

uh|ocp `dbgi~|jmjdr`lcj$ @d |jeh|o tg tmj a`|rt ga

tmjrj# uj ihp rhp tmht hdp ~|jcì`dh|p rtj~r thkjd

ljag|j lje`dd`de h oja`d`tj bgz|rj ièmt lj bgd

ròj|jo hr `d`t`htg|p rtj~r# hdo hdp ~|gbjoz|j

umj|j`d bgdo`t`gdr h|j h||hdejo hdo tmj `do`qòzhc

~|j~h|jo tg hofzrt mìrjca tg tmj bgdo`t`gdr ihp

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lj ~|g~j|cp bhccjo hd `d`t`ht`gd$ @d tm`r rjdrj# à h

rtzojdt ga tmj mèmj| tjhbm`der |jbj`qjr m`r a`|rt cjr

rgd# hdo ojbòjr tmht `d g|oj| tg og fzrt`bj tg tmj

ug|k ht mhdo# hdo |jbj`qj tmj ztigrt a|gi tmj

cjrrgd tg lj rtzo`jo# mj rmgzco mhqj ~|`qhbp# xz`jt%

djrr# hdo tmj ahb`c`t`jr ag| bgdbjdt|ht`gd# mj `r

bcgrjcp agccgu`de tmj ~|gbjoz|j ga `d`t`ht`gd$ @a mj

thkjr mìrjca gaa tg h xz`jt |ggi ga m`r mgij# hdo

h||hdejr h bgiag|thlcj rjht hdo hofzrtr h ~|g~j|

cèmt tg |jho lp hdo rgatjdr gtmj| cèmtr `d tmj

|ggi g| |jigqjr tm`der tmht ugzco o`rt|hbt m`r

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`dtj||z~t`gd# uj ihp ~|g~j|cp rhp tmht `d og`de

tmjrj tm`der mj `r `d`t`ht`de mìrjca `dtg tmj ug|k

g| chlg| ht mhdo$ @a `d og`de tmjrj tm`der mj ogjrtmji u`tm h rjdrj ga tmj rhb|jodjrr# ì~g|thdbj#

hdo `daczjdbj tmht tmjp u`cc mhqj `d m`r càj# hdo

|jqj|jdtcp r`tr ogud `d m`r |ggi hdo ~|gbjjor tg

ijo`thtj hum`cj ljag|j rth|t`de tmj cjrrgd `d g|oj|

tg bcjh| m`r i`do ga `dt|zo`de ì~|jrr`gdr hdo

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bj|jigd`hc `d bgddjbt`gd u`tm m`r `d`t`ht`gd$ @t `rhlrgcztjcp djbjrrh|p tmht tmj rtzojdt ga tmj mèmj|

chur hdo ~|`db`~cjr umg `r rjjk`de tg mhqj tmjrj




tm`der ljbgij h ~h|t ga m`r `ddj| rjca rmgzco ~|g

bjjo u`tm h |jhc`vht`gd tmht tmj glfjbt`qj g| gztj|

rjca# u`tm `tr lz|ojd ga ug||`jr# tmgzemtr# hdo

bgdbj|dr |jeh|o`de tmj ihtj|`hc tm`der `d càj# izrt

lj xz`jtjo hdo ihoj ~jhbjazc `d g|oj| tmht `t ihp

dgt `dtj|aj|j u`tm tmj httzdjijdt gd tmj ~h|t ga

tmj `ddj| rjca$ _mj t|zj qhczj ga `d`t`ht`gd c`jr `d

tmj httzdjijdt `t l|`der tg tmj `ddj| rjca u`tm tmj

Bgri`b I`do hdo tmj Zd`qj|rhc @dtjccèjdbj$ Hd p

bj|jigdp g| |`tzhc tmht hòr tmj rtzojdt g| tmj

Hoj~t tg l|`de tmj `ddj| rjca tg h mèmj| ~mhrj ga

h~~|jmjdr`gd hdo bgi~|jmjdr`gd `r ga zdxzjrt`gd%

hlcj qhczj hdo mhr `tr ~chbj `d tmj bgz|rj ga rtzop

hdo ojqjcg~ijdt$ ^|gbjrrjr g| |`tzhcr bhccjo `d`

t`ht`gdr um`bm og dgt og tm`r# lzt ij|jcp jchlg|htjgd tmj ì~g|thdbj ga tmj ug|k tg lj hbbgi~c`rmjo#

h|j ga c`ttcj qhczj `dojjo$ _mj|jag|j# tmj \gr b|z

b`hdr mhqj gdcp rzbm bj|jigd`jr g| ag|ir ga `d`t`h

t`gd `d tmj`| ug|k hr jdhlcj tmj rtzojdt tg httzdj

mìrjca u`tm tmj Bgri`b hdo xz`bkjd m`r `ddj|

bgi~|jmjdr`gd$ Rzbm bj|jigd`jr h|j ~jhbjazc

xz`jt# hdo qj|p gatjd bgdozbtjo ~|`qhtjcp# hdou`tmgzt jchlg|htj |`tzhc`ri# lp tmj rtzojdt mì

rjca$




Dg$ :?

X$ H| j tmj \gr`b|zb`hd hbt`q`t`jr |jchtjo `d

hdp uhp tg tmj qh|`gzr |jcè`gdr g| |jcè`gzr%

a|htj|dhc igqjijdtr ga tmj M`dozr# ^j|r`hdr# g|

gtmj|r7

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htjo u`tm hdp gtmj| gztj| g| `ddj| igqjijdtr

hrrgb`htjo u`tm |jcè`gzr hbt`q`t`jr# hdo `r o`rt`dbtcp

oàaj|jdt a|gi rzbm igqjijdtr hr h|j `do`bhtjo `d

tmj xzjrt`gd$ _mj|j h|j h dzilj| ga g|ehd`vht`gdr

ojqgtjo tg tmj zdà`bht`gd ga |jcè`gdr hdo |jcè`gzr

òjhr rzbm hr tmj Lhmh` igqjijdt# lzt tmj \gr`b|z

b`hd G|oj| `r ojqgtjo j}bczr`qjcp tg tmj o`rrji`dh%

t`gd hdo ojigdrt|ht`gd ga rzbm ~|`db`~cjr hdo chur

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qgtjo tg tmj r~|jho ga tmj òjh ga h zd`qj|rhc

l|gtmj|mggo# u`tm tmj hct|z`rt`b ~z|~grj ga l|`de%

`de hcc |hbjr hdo hcc ljc`jar tgejtmj| zdoj| gdj

rpilgc ga bgg~j|ht`qj tm`dk`de hdo hbt`de# tmj

\gr`b|zb`hdr h|j xz`jtcp hdo jaa`b`jdtcp eg`de

hlgzt tmj zdà`bht`gd ga tmj |hbjr ga ihd# hdo tmji`dor ga ihd# lp tjhbm`de rzbm ~|hbt`bhc ~|`db`~cjr

hr jdhlcj ijd hdo ugijd tg c`qj h ig|j zrjazc

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càj `d mh|igdp u`tm gtmj|r jqj|pumj|j$ _mgrj

g|ehd`vht`gdr um`bm og dgt httji~t tg tjhbm rzbm

~|hbt`bhc tm`der h|j rì~cp mgco`de hd òjhc ljag|j

tmj i`dor ga ijd hdo `dr~`|`de tmji tg ug|k tg

uh|o tmht òjhc$ _mj \gr`b|zb`hd G|oj|# gd tmj

gtmj| mhdo# `r rmgu`de hcc ijd tmj qj|p ~|hbt`bhc

uhpr tg l|`de tm`r hlgzt$ @d tm`r uhp# tmj \gr`%

b|zb`hd g|ehd`vht`gd `r o`rt`dbtcp oàaj|jdt `d ~z|

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tjihc lgop `d tmj ug|co$

Dg$ ::

X$ U mp `r tmj rzlfjbt ga iprt`b`ri ga `dtj|jrt

tg ~|ge|jrr`qj i`dor7

H$ Ljbhzrj tmj|j `r hd `dmj|jdt ojr`|j `d tmjbgdrb`gzrdjrr ga jqj|p ~|ge|jrr`qj tm`dkj| tg `d

xz`|j `dtg tmj g|è`d ga tm`der# tmj iprtj|p ga càj#

hdo tmj zctìhtj ~z|~grj ga gz| j}`rtjdbj$ @d tmj

jh|cp m`rtg|p ga b`q`c`vht`gd# rzbm `dxz`|`jr hr tmjrj

bgdrt`tztjo tmj ojcq`de `dtg tmj iprt`bhc ròj ga

gz| j}`rtjdbj# hdo iprt`b`ri ljbhij hd ji`djdt

hdo ~|gagzdo rbmggc ga tmgzemt$ @d tmj zdcjh|djoi`dor# iprt`b`ri tgohp `r j||gdjgzrcp hrrgb`htjo

u`tm igoj|d iprtj|`jr hdo u`tm ihe`b; lzt tmj|j

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`r dg ihe`b `d iprt`b`ri# hdo tmj gdcp iprtj|p

tmj|j`d `r tmht um`bm `r zdhdruj|jo hdo zdrgcqjo$

Iprt`b`ri |j~|jrjdtr tmj mèmjrt j}~|jrr`gdr ga

_|ztm# hdo tmj rtzop ga iprt`b`ri `r h rtzop ga

_|ztm `d hcc ga `tr ~|`rt`dj ~z|`tp hdo zdbgdthi`

dhtjo ihdàjrtht`gdr$ Iprt`b`ri `r dgt h |jcè gd#

hctmgzem `t |jqjhcr hdo j}~ch`dr tmj e|jhtjrt hdo

igrt ~|gagzdo ga tmj |jcè`gzr iprtj|`jr; `t `r dgt

hd zdrb`jdtà`b rtzop# hctmgzem `t ogjr dgt oj~jdo

z~gd tmj a`do`der ga rb`jdbj ag| `tr kdgucjoej# hdo

hbbj~tr hr ihdp ga `tr _|ztmr tm|gzem Bgri`b

\jqjcht`gdr hr `t ogjr tm|gzem tmj hdhcpt`bhc gl

rj|qht`gd ga tmj glfjbt`qj i`dor zt`c`v`de jqj|p

rb`jdtà`b ~|gbjrr kdgud tg ihd; `t `r dgt h ~m`cgrg

~mp# ag| `t o`|jbtr tmj i`do tg tmj ~|hbt`bhc h~~c`

bht`gd ga `tr ~|`db`~cjr# hr z|ejdtcp hr `t ji~mh

r`vjr tmj djjo ga `dr~`|ht`gdhc ijo`tht`gd$ @t `r

ejdj|hccp bgdbjojo lp jqj|p ji`djdt tmjgcge`hd

tmht tmj jrrjdbj ga |jcè`gd `r `tr iprt`b`ri; hdo `t

`r c`kju`rj bgdbjojo lp jqj|p h|t`rt# izr`b`hd#

h|bm`tjbt# `dqjdtg|# g| b|jht`qj h|t`rhd tmht iprt`

b`ri `r tmj ahl|`b gzt ga um`bm mj ujhqjr tmj `d

r~`|jo ì~|jrr`gdr ag| glfjbt`qj bgi~|jmjdr`gd$

@d tm`r uj rjj tmht iprt`b`ri `r tmj qj|p jrrjdbj




ga gz| mèmj| tmgzemtr hdo mèmj| c`q`de# hdo u`tm

gzt `t hr hd jcjijdt ga dhtz|j# hdo h rbmggc ga

`drt|zbt`gd# ihd `r gdcp ~h|t`hccp jozbhtjo hdo dgt

umgccp bged`vhdt ga tmj ljhzt`jr# ~guj|r# hdo

lcjrr`der ga j}`rtjdbj$

Dg$ :1

X$ @d umht uhp ogjr h iprt`bhc bgi~|jmjd

r`gd ga tmj tm`der ga càj jdhlcj ihd tg jdfgp càj7

H$ _mj iprt`bhc zdoj|rthdo`de ga hcc tm`der

tmht j}`rt l|`der tg ihd h bcgrj| httzdjijdt u`tm

tmj dhtz|hc chur ga tmj zd`qj|rj# hdo |jigqjr a|gi

m`r bgdrb`gzrdjrr tmj ajh| ga tmj zdkdgud hdo tmj

ajh| ga tmj i`rzdoj|rtggo$ _m`r |jrzctr `d e|jhtj|

~jhbj tg m`r rgzc hdo i`do# e|jhtj| ~guj| ga u`cc#

hdo e|jhtj| ojtj|i`dht`gd tg bgg~j|htj u`tm tmj

chur mj kdgur tg gqj|bgij tmj glrthbcjr hdo cì`

tht`gdr ga m`r càj mj|j gd jh|tm$ _mj rtzop e`qjr

mì h l|ghoj| q`ju ga càj hdo `tr i`|hbcjr hdo

iprtj|`jr# hdo jdch|ejr m`r mg|`vgd ga bgi~|jmjd

r`gd hr ujcc hr uòjdr m`r |jhci ga rpi~htmp hdo

httzdjijdt$ @t jdhlcjr mì tg hdt`b`~htj tmj `djq`thlcj |jrzctr ga bj|th`d hbt`gdr `d m`r càj# hdo

tg ~|j~h|j ag| tmji$ @t |jigqjr tmj ogzlt |jeh|o

<::




`de tmj bgdrjxzjdbjr ga gtmj| hbtr# hdo e`qjr mì

tmj ~guj| tg ~|gbjjo u`tm e|jhtj| rz|jdjrr hdorjbz|`tp$ @t httzdjr tmj mh|igdp ga tmj ~mpr`bhc

lgop tg tmj b|jht`qj ~|`db`~cjr# hdo tmj|jlp l|`der

ljttj| mjhctm hdo h e|jhtj| a|jjogi a|gi tmj `d

aczjdbjr ga o`rjhrj hdo bgdthi`dht`gd$ @t xz`bkjdr

ihd‐r ~j|bj~t`qj ahbzct`jr# huhkjdr hdo ojqjcg~r

tmj `dtz`t`qj azdbt`gd`der ga m`r bgdrb`gzrdjrr#

hdo ihkjr mì ag|tà`jo `d ihdp uhpr tg ihrtj|

tmj t|`hcr hdo r`tzht`gdr ga m`r jqj|pohp haah`|r#

l|`de`de e|jhtj| rzbbjrr hdo mh~~`djrr$ _mj

iprt`b `r jqj| hcj|t tg tmj a`dj| tm`der# tmj mèmj|

tm`der# tmj ljttj| tm`der# hdo tmj ig|j |jhc tm`der

ga càj# hdo mj a`dor jdfgpijdt# ~cjhrz|j# bgd

tjdtijdt# hdo ~jhbj `d bgdo`t`gdr hdo b`|bzi

rthdbjr umj|j hdgtmj| `r oj~|jrrjo# o`rt|hbtjo# hdo

o`rbgz|hejo$

Dg$ :5

X$ H|j dgt tmj e|jht t|ztmr ga gz| j}`rtjdbj

glth`dhlcj tm|gzem \jqjcht`gd |htmj| tmhd tm|gzem

rtzop7

H$ Jqjd à tm`r uj|j rg# `t ugzco lj djbjrrh|p

ag| tmj hqj|hej ~j|rgd tg cjh|d mgu tg ~|j~h|j

<:1




mìrjca ag| tmj \jqjcht`gdr# hdo zdxzjrt`gdhlcp

tmj `dacz} ga Bgri`b \jqjcht`gdr ugzco djbjrr`

thtj tmj `dqjdt`gd ga rgij rprtji ag| tmj ~|g~j|

bchrrà`bht`gd hdo hdhcpr`r ga tmj kdgucjoej tmzr

|jqjhcjo$ E|jht t|ztmr mhqj zdogzltjocp ljjd |j

qjhcjo tg tmj zd~|j~h|jo i`dor `d tmj ~hrt# hdo

tm|gzem tmj ~h|t`hc bgi~|jmjdr`gd ga tmjrj \jqj

cht`gdr# ihd mhr ljjd hlcj tg hoqhdbj b`q`c`vht`gd

hdo tg ì~|gqj tmj bgdo`t`gdr zdoj| um`bm tmj

|hbjr ga ihd mhqj c`qjo$ @t `r hcrg t|zj# mgujqj|#

tmht tmgrj \jqjcht`gdr um`bm mhqj bgij tg tmj ~|j

~h|jo i`dor mhqj ljjd ig|j bgi~|jmjdr`lcj hdo

ig|j ~j|ajbtcp t|hdriztjo `dtg ljdja`tr hdo lcjrr

`der$ _mj umgcj ~z|~grj ga tmj \gr`b|zb`hd G|oj|

`r tg hbxzh`dt tmj rjjk`de i`do u`tm hd zdoj|

rthdohlcj j}~chdht`gd hdo hdhcpr`r hr ujcc hr h

cge`bhc bchrrà`bht`gd ga hcc tmj \jqjcht`gdr tmht

mhqj ljjd ihoj tg ihd `d tmj ~hrt# rg tmht rzbm

hr ihp bgij tg tmj rjjkj| `d tmj aztz|j ihp lj

`drthdtcp hdo ~|g~j|cp |jchtjo tg tmj kdgud t|ztmr#

hdo ~|g~j|cp h~~|jb`htjo hdo bgi~|jmjdojo$ _mj

tjhbm`der ga tmj g|ehd`vht`gd h|j dgt ~|jrjdtjo hrogeiht`b ogbt|`djr um`bm izrt lj hbbj~tjo gd

ah`tm# lzt hr zdoj|rthdohlcj ~|`db`~cjr rzrbj~t`lcj




tg h~~c`bht`gd hdo hdhcpr`r# u`tm rzbm ojigdrt|h

t`gdr hr l|`de bgdq`bt`gd hdo |jigqj tmj djbjrr`tp

ag| ah`tm$ _mj hbxz`|jijdt ga tm`r kdgucjoej dht

z|hccp hdo e|hozhccp httzdjr tmj rtzojdt ag| tmj

|jbj~t`gd ga az|tmj| kdgucjoej tm|gzem m`r gud

j}~j|ìjdtht`gd hdo rtzop# g| tm|gzem Bgri`b

\jqjcht`gd$

Dg$ :=

X$ U mp `r dgt rzbm kdgucjoej ~zlc`rmjo `d

lggkr hdo o`rrji`dhtjo a|jjcp tg tmj ~zlc`b `d

rtjho ga lj`de mjco ag| cì`tjo o`rrji`dht`gd higde

ijilj|r ga h ~|`qhtj g|ehd`vht`gd7

H$ Dj`tmj| tmj \gr b|zb`hd g|ehd`vht`gd dg|

hdp gtmj| ug|couòj igqjijdt `d tmj ~hrt g|

~|jrjdt tmht mhr ~grrjrrjo h kdgucjoej ga tmj

e|jht t|ztmr ga càj mhqj httji~tjo tg cì`t tmj

o`rrji`dht`gd ga rzbm kdgucjoej$ _mj e|jht ~|gl

cji hdo rj|`gzr rt|zeecj gd tmj ~h|t ga hcc rzbm

igqjijdtr mhr ljjd tg o`rbgqj| uhpr hdo ijhdr

ag| tmj uòjrt ~grr`lcj o`rt|`lzt`gd ga tmj tjhbm

`der g| `dag|iht`gd ht tmj`| o`r~grhc$ @a tmj ~|jrjdtohp \gr`b|zb`hd g|ehd`vht`gd bgzco og rg# `t

ugzco mhqj tmj tjhbm`der `dt|gozbjo `dtg hcc ga tmj

<:=




~zlc`b rbmggcr umj|j tmj agzdoht`gd ga jozbht`gd

`r chò `d tmj i`dor ga pgzde ijd hdo ugijd# hdo

tmj tjhbm`der ugzco lj j}~gzdojo hr ~h|t ga tmj

~|jhbmijdtr `d jqj|p bmz|bm$ @d ahbt# à tmj E|jht

Um`tj L|gtmj|mggo bgzco |jhc`vj `tr o|jhi ga zd`

qj|rhc o`rrji`dht`gd ga tm`r kdgucjoej# tmj|j

ugzco lj dg djjo ag| tmj \gr`b|zb`hd g|ehd`vh

t`gd g| hdp ga tmj rbmggcr ga iprt`b`ri g| iprt`bhc

~m`cgrg~mp$ Lzt tmj ihrr ogjr dgt uhdt tm`r rg|t

ga jozbht`gd ht tmj ~|jrjdt tìj# hdo tm`r `r ~|gqjo

lp tmj ahbt tmht gdcp gdj ~j|rgd gzt ga ihdp

tmgzrhdor `r `dtj|jrtjo jdgzem `d tmj ì~|gqjijdt

ga m`r gud ujcah|j hdo tmj ojqjcg~ijdt ga m`r

ljrt `dtj|jrtr tg ~hzrj h igijdt `d tmj iho |zrm

ga ihtj|`hc haah`|r tg |jho h ~hi~mcjt g| cjrrgd g|c`rtjd tg h aju ug|or r~gkjd lp hd jdcèmtjdjo gdj

`d tmj`| iòrt$ _m`r bgdo`t`gd djbjrr thtjr tmj o`r

rji`dht`gd ga tmj kdgucjoej `d h cì`tjo uhp# hdo

`d h ihddj| tmht u`cc h~~jhc tg tmgrj umg h|j

rjjk`de ag| `t# dgt tmj ~|gfjbt`de ga `t `dtg tmj

haah`|r ga tmgrj umg mhqj dg tìj ag| `t# hdo umg

ugzco hbt`qjcp ~|gtjrt heh`drt `tr o`rrji`dht`gd# hrhd zddjbjrrh|p bgdrzi~t`gd ga qhczhlcj tìj hdo

jaag|t$ _mj \gr`b|zb`hd G|oj| ogjr dgt g~j|htj

<:0




hr h rjb|jt g|ehd`vht`gd# lzt ij|jcp hr h ~|`qhtj

g|ehd`vht`gd hdo ogjr jqj|ptm`de u`tm`d `tr ~guj|

tg l|`de `tr ug|k hdo `tr gaaj|`der ljag|j tmj httjd

t`gd ga tmj ~zlc`b `d h oèdà`jo hdo jaa`b`jdt

ihddj|$ Jqj|p ag|i ga jtm`bhc ~|gbjoz|j `r zrjo

tg h~~cp tmj kdgucjoej ~grrjrrjo lp tmj g|ehd`vh

t`gd tg tmj ljttj|ijdt ga ihdk`do# `d hoo`t`gd tg

tmj o`rrji`dht`gd ga tmj tjhbm`der; hdo ag| tm`r

|jhrgd ihdp ~|`qhtj ag|ir ga mzihd`th|`hd hdo

hct|z`rt`b hbt`q`t`jr h|j bgdozbtjo lp tmj g|ehd`vh

t`gd zdoj| qh|`gzr dhijr rg tmht e|jht eggo ihp

bgij tg ihdp u`tmgzt mhq`de `t h~~jh| tmht `t `r

ag| tmj ~z|~grj ga ~|gizceht`de tmj tjhbm`der g|

h~~jh|`de tg lj h rzltcj ag|i ga ~|grjcpt`de$ _mgz

rhdor ga ogcch|r h|j r~jdt hddzhccp lp jqj|p

l|hdbm ga tmj g|ehd`vht`gd `d bgdozbt`de ~zlc`b

ijjt`der bgdr`rt`de ga j}bjccjdt izr`b# `dtj|jrt`de

cjbtz|jr# hdo `cczi`dht`de o`rbzrr`gdr# `d g|oj| tg

rbhttj| hr uòjcp hr ~grr`lcj rzbm rjjor hr ihp ahcc

`dtg tmj aj|t`cj i`dor ga rjjkj|r# g| ~j|mh~r

huhkjd hd `dtj|jrt `d tmjrj ihttj|r `d tmj og|

ihdt i`do ga h ~gtjdt`hc rjjkj|$ Ch|ej rzir ga igdjp h|j hcrg r~jdt `d tmj o`rrji`dht`gd ga c`t%

j|htz|j# `d tmj ~|jrjdtht`gd ga igt`gd%~`btz|jr hdo




~chpr tmht tjhbm hd jtm`bhc g| iprt`bhc ~|`db`~cj#

hdo `d tmj o`rrji`dht`gd ga lggkr g| ihehv`djr

bgdth`d`de mjc~azc `drt|zbt`gd$ Dgtm `de `r cjat zd

ogdj# ga h oèdà`jo dhtz|j# tg ~|g~hehtj tmj tjhbm

`der ga tmj g|ehd`vht`gd `d hr jaa`b`jdt# jbgdgi`

bhc# hdo ì~|jrr`qj h ihddj| hr ~grr`lcj; hdo dh

t`gdhc bgde|jrrjr h|j mjco jqj|p pjh| ag| tmj ~z|

~grj ga o`rbzrr`de uhpr hdo ijhdr ga r~|jho`detmj ug|k hr uòjcp hdo hr a|jjcp hr `r bgdr`rtjdt

u`tm tmj huhkjd`de ga tmj ihrr bgdrb`gzrdjrr$

Dg$ :0

X$ U mp og uj dgt mjh| ig|j hlgzt tmj \gr

b|zb`hd g|ehd`vht`gd `d tmj r~jjbmjr hdo u|`t`der

ga ji`djdt ~j|rgdr7H$ _mj hdruj| tg tm`r xzjrt`gd `r agzdo `d

tmj |jczbthdbj gd tmj ~h|t ga ~|gi`djdt ~j|rgdr

tg r~jhk ga tmj`| ~j|rgdhc haa`c`ht`gdr ag| ajh| ga

h~~jh|`de tg lj j`tmj| lghrtazc g| rjji`de tg l|`de

tmj`| ~j|rgdhc# ~m`cgrg~m`bhc bgddjbt`gdr `dtg iht

tj|r tmht mhqj dg bgddjbt`gd tmj|ju`tm$ Gd tmjgtmj| mhdo# ihdp ga tmj igrt ji`djdt u|`tj|r hdo

~zlc`b ug|kj|r `d Hij|`bh hdo gtmj| chdor tgohp

<18



h|j ijilj|r ga tmj g|ehd`vht`gd$ @d tmj`| u|`t`der#

r~jjbmjr# g| ejdj|hc hbt`q`t`jr tmjp h~~cp tmj \gr`

b|zb`hd ~|`db`~cjr# hdo `d ihdp uhpr ihkj tmji%

rjcqjr kdgud tg tmj zdoj|rthdo`de gdjr hr rtz%

ojdtr ga tmj \gr`b|zb`hd ug|k$ @d gdj bhrj `d tmj

Dg|tm Hij|`bhd fz|`ro`bt`gd# tmj ejdj|hc ihd%

hej| hdo bgdt|gccj| ga gdj ga tmj ch|ejrt djur%

~h~j|r hdo jqj|p gdj ga tmj mjhor ga tmj ì~g|thdt

jo`tg|`hc hdo ~|gozb`de oj~h|tijdtr ga tmj ~h~j|

h|j ijilj|r ga tmj \gr`b|zb`hd g|ehd`vht`gd$ Hdp

\gr`b|zb`hd |jho`de tmht ~h~j| hdhcpt`bhccp ugzco

o`rbgqj| `d jhbm `rrzj mzdo|jor ga jh|ih|kr `do`%

jht`de tmht tmj jtm`bhc òjhcr hdo rpi~htmjt`b zd%

oj|rthdo`de ga h |jhc iprt`b jdtj|jo `dtg tmj

ihkj%z~ hdo jo`tg|`hc ~gc`bp ga tmht ~h~j|$ _mj

ahbt tmht tmj cjho`de jo`tg|`hc h|t`bcjr hdo tmj djur

ga tmj hbt`q`t`jr ga tmj bmz|bmjr hdo tmj qh|`gzr

jozbht`gdhc `drt`tzt`gdr hdo mzihd`th|`hd lgo`jr

hcuhpr e`qj ji~mhr`r tg tmj jtm`bhc hdo iprt`bhc

ròj ga tmj tm`der ga càj# hdo tmht tmj hoqj|t`rj%

ijdtr hdo gaaj|`der h|j a|jj a|gi hcc glrbjdj g|

oj~|jrr`de ~`btz|jr hdo rthtjijdtr# ugzco `do`bhtjtmht tmj ~h~j| uhr bh|jazccp jo`tjo hdo o`|jbtjo

lp tmgrj umg zdoj|rtggo tmj ~|`db`~cjr lj`de

<1<





thzemt lp tmj \gr b|zb`hdr$ Jqjd tmj lzr`djrr

~gc`bp ga tm`r djur~h~j|# ojhc`de u`tm `tr hoqj|

t`rj|r hdo u`tm `tr rzlrb|`lj|r bgdth`dr ihdp zd

zrzhc ajhtz|jr tmht mhqj htt|hbtjo httjdt`gd tg tmj

~h~j| hr gdj mhq`de ~m`cgrg~m`bhc òjhcr ga h qj|p

mèm rthdoh|o$ Hdo pjt gdcp gbbhr gdhccp ogjr

tmj|j h~~jh| h rtg|p g| h djur `tji hlgzt tmj

\gr`b|zb`hdr# hdo hcuhpr u`tmgzt hdp |jaj|jdbjtg tmj ahbt tmht tmj djur~h~j| kdgur hdptm`de

ig|j hlgzt tmj \gr`b|zb`hdr tmhd `r bgdth`djo `d

tmj `tji$ H dzilj| ga ji`djdt ajhtz|j u|`tj|r

umgrj h|t`bcjr h~~jh| `d ihehv`djr hdo Rzdohp

jo`t`gdr ga tmj djur~h~j|r h|j ijilj|r ga tmj

g|ehd`vht`gd# hdo tmj`| u|`t`der h|j gatjd bc`~~jo

hdo ~|jrj|qjo lp gz| ijilj|r umg |jbged`vj `dtmj rtg|`jr g| `d tmj h|t`bcjr j}t|hbtr g| ~|`db`~cjr

a|gi gz| tjhbm`der# bh|jazccp ~|jrjdtjo rg hr tg

rgu rjjor ga tmgzemt u`tmgzt tmj glfjbt`gdhlcj

ajhtz|j ga h~~jh|`de tg lj rgij ag|i ga ~|g~h

ehdoh$ @d bgz|tr ga chu# fzoejr umg h|j ijilj|r

ga tmj g|ehd`vht`gd homj|j tg tmj ~|`db`~cjr thzemt

lp tmj \gr`b|zb`hdr `d tmj hoi`d`rt|ht`gd ga fzrt`bj hdo `d tmj tgcj|hdt# rpi~htmjt`b bgdròj|ht`gd

ga tmj bhrjr l|gzemt ljag|j tmji$ Ihdp ~mpr`



ohdr# rb`jdt`rtr# ~|gajrrg|r `d bgccjejr# hdo tztg|r

`d rbmggcr umg h|j ijilj|r ga tmj g|ehd`vht`gd

h|j ojqgztcp ojigdrt|ht`de tmj ~|hbt`bhc dhtz|j

ga gz| ug|k# hdo rgu`de rjjor tmht izrt jqjdtz

hccp ~|gozbj o`rt`dbt |jrzctr$ Gd tmj gtmj| mhdo#

ig|j hdo ig|j ga tmj ~g~zch| lggkr gd |jcè`gd#

~m`cgrg~mp# ig|hcr# hdo jtm`br og ihkj |jaj|jdbj

tg tmj \gr`b|zb`hdr; hdo tmj \gr`b|zb`hd G|oj| `d

tmj Zd`tjo Rthtjr mhr mho `d tmj chrt a`qj pjh|r

ig|j uòjr~|jho ~zlc`b`tp `d tmj ag|i ga ajhtz|j

h|t`bcjr tjcc`de ga `tr hbt`q`t`jr# `tr tjhbm`der# hdo

tmj c`qjr ga `tr ~|`db`~hc ug|kj|r tmhd hdp gtmj|

mzihd`th|`hd igqjijdt ga `tr k`do$ _mj g|ehd`

vht`gd mhr hcuhpr t|`jo tg hqgò rzbm ag|ir ga

lgilhrt`b ~|g~hehdoh hr ugzco ihkj `t h~~jh| tglj h bzct g| h rjbt h~~jhc`de ag| ijilj|r umg h|j

ojr`|jo tg fg`d `d rgij zd`xzj |jag|iht`gd g|

rbmggc ga ahdht`b`ri$ @tr zdzrzhc `db|jhrj ga iji

lj|r hdo rtzojdtr `r ig|j tmj |jrzct ga tmj ~j|

rgdhc |jbgiijdoht`gd gd tmj ~h|t ga jdtmzr`hrt`b

ijilj|r tmhd tmj |jrzct ga hdp ga `tr gztj| ag|ir

ga ~|g~hehdoh$ H \gr b|zb`hd `r ejdj|hccp kdgudlp tmj càj mj c`qjr hdo tmj mh~~p# bgdtjdtjo# rzj

bjrrazc ihddj| `d um`bm mj jdfgpr m`r càj hdo

<1?





bh||`jr gd u`tm m`r haah`|r tmhd lp hdp gtmj| rèd;

hdo gatjd h dzilj| ga \gr`b|zb`hdr ihp lj zd`tjo

`d gdj bmz|bm g| `d gdj rj|q`bj bczl g| b`q`b lgop

ag| ihdp pjh|r ljag|j hdp ga tmji o`rbgqj| tmht

tmj|j h|j gtmj| ijilj|r ga tmj \gr`b|zb`hd g|ehd

\ht`gd u`tm tmji$

Dg$ 1>

X$ Mgu og tmj \gr`b|zb`hdr ojhc u`tm tmj

rzlfjbt ga mp~dgt`ri7

H$ \gr`b|zb`hd tjhbm`der og dgt ojhc u`tm

mp~dgt`ri hr h rb`jdbj g| hd h|t$ @d j}~ch`d`de

hdo ~|jrjdt`de hcc ga tmj chur tmht ~j|th`d tg qh|`

gzr ~rpbmgcge`bhc rthtjr ga bgdrb`gzrdjrr# `t `r lzt

dhtz|hc tmht |jaj|jdbj ugzco lj ihoj tg rcjj~#umjtmj| `dozbjo g| dhtz|hc# hdo `d tm`r ihddj|

tmj rgbhccjo rthtj ga mp~dgr`r `r j}~ch`djo rb`jd

tà`bhccp hdo ~|g~j|cp$ C`kju`rj# tmj ~grr`lcj g|

~|glhlcj ljdja`tr |jrzct`de a|gi hdp `dozbjo rthtj

ga rji`bgdrb`gzrdjrr h|j azccp ojhct u`tm hr ujcc

hr tmj ahcrj bchìr ihoj ag| tmj rgbhccjo rthtj ga

mp~dgr`r$ _mj|j uhr h tìj# h aju pjh|r heg#umjd `t ugzco mhqj ljjd djbjrrh|p tg j}~gzdo

bgdròj|hlcp gd tmj ohdej|r ga j}~j|ìjdt`de u`tm

<1:



tmj ~g~zch| ag|izchr ag| httji~t`de tg ~|gozbj

tmj rthtj ga mp~dgr`r# lzt tmgrj ohpr mhqj ~hrrjo#

hdo tmj |jhc ohdej|r hrrgb`htjo u`tm rzbm j}~j|`

ijdtht`gd h|j ga c`ttcj bgdrjxzjdbj hr h |jrzct ga

tmj ig|j ~g~zch| zdoj|rthdo`de ga gtmj| chur hdo

~|`db`~cjr ga h rz~j|`g| jaa`b`jdbp$ _mj ~g~zch|

b|hvj ag| tmj rtzop ga mp~dgt`ri |èmtazccp ~hrrjo

`dtg glc`q`gd hr ijd hdo ugijd bhij tg zdoj|

rthdo tmj |jhc ~|`db`~cjr ga ~rpbmgcgep hdo tmj

h~~c`bht`gd ga tmji tg gz| ijdthc hdo ~mpr`bhc

|jxz`|jijdtr$ ^j|mh~r tmj e|jhtjrt ohdej| tmht

uhr hrrgb`htjo u`tm tmj òjh ga mp~dgt`ri uhr tmj

ajh| ga `t tmht j}`rtjo `d tmj i`dor ga tmj zd

cjh|djo$ Dgtm `de ga h mp~dgt`b dhtz|j bgzco ~gr

r`lcp lj `dbczojo `d tmj ug|k ga tmj \gr`b|zb`hd

G|oj| ljbhzrj `t ugzco lj zdrb`jdtà`b# ì~|hbt`

bhc# hdo zdrgzdo# a|gi tmj \gr`b|zb`hd ~g`dt ga

q`ju$

Dg$ 18

X$ @a tmj ogbt|`djr ga |j`dbh|dht`gd h|j t|zj#

hdo hcc lj`der `d tmj ug|co tgohp h|j `dbh|dht`gdrga gdcp tmgrj umg mhqj c`qjo ~|jq`gzrcp# mgu og

pgz hbbgzdt ag| tmj `db|jhr`de ~g~zcht`gd7

<11




H$ _m`r xzjrt`gd hrrzijr tmht hr tmj ug|co

ejtr gcoj| igdtm lp igdtm hdo pjh| lp pjh|# tmj

~g~zcht`gd `r `db|jhr`de lp tmgzrhdor ga lj`der#

hdo tmht tmj|j h|j ig|j ~j|rgdr c`q`de gd jh|tm

tgohp tmhd uj|j c`q`de gdj mzdo|jo# a`qj mzdo|jo#

h tmgzrhdo# g| tjd tmgzrhdo pjh|r heg$ _m`r hr

rzi~t`gd# mgujqj|# `r dgt lhrjo z~gd hdp hbtzhc

ahbtr tmht h|j o`rbgqj|jo lp rb`jdbj$ \jeh|ocjrrga umht tmj ~g~zcht`gd ga tmj jh|tm ihp lj tgohp#

uj mhqj dg |jhrgd tg hrrzij tmht `t `r hdp ch|ej|

`d dzilj| tmhd `t uhr tjd tmgzrhdo pjh|r heg$

_mj hrrzi~t`gd tmht tmj jh|tm‐r ~g~zcht`gd `r `d

b|jhr`de `r lhrjo z~gd tmj ljc`ja tmht `d |jbjdt

bjdtz|`jr dju chdor mhqj ljjd o`rbgqj|jo um`bm

uj|j zd~g~zchtjo hdo mhqj r`dbj ljjd ~g~zchtjou`tmgzt ojb|jhr`de tmj ~g~zcht`gd ga gtmj| chdor$

@t uhr ljc`jqjo# ag| `drthdbj# tmht umjd Bgczilzr

o`rbgqj|jo Hij|`bh tm`r bgdt`djdt uhr ~g~zchtjo

lp gdcp h aju tmgzrhdo @do`hdr$ @a tm ht hrrzi~

t`gd uhr bg||jbt# tmjd `t ugzco h~~jh| tmht tmj

mzdo|jo i`cc`gd ~g~zcht`gd dgu j}`rt`de `d tmj

Zd`tjo Rthtjr ijhdr h bgdròj|hlcj hoo`t`gd tgtmj jdt`|j ~g~zcht`gd ga tmj ug|co$ Gd tmj lhr`r

ga rzbm |jhrgd`de# `t ugzco h~~jh| tmht tjd tmgz

<15





rhdo g| ig|j pjh|r heg# tmj|j uj|j gdcp h aju

bgzdt|`jr `d tmj ug|co um`bm mho hdp ~g~zcht`gd#

hdo tmht tgohp tmgrj rhij bgzdt|`jr mhqj hd `d%

b|jhrjo ~g~zcht`gd# um`cj tmj dju chdor tmht mhqj

ljjd g~jdjo tg b`q`c`vht`gd mhqj hoojo i`cc`gdr ga

dju lj`der tg tmj jh|tm‐r ~g~zcht`gd$ _mj a`do

`der ga rb`jdbj# mgujqj|# h|j bgdrthdtcp |jqjhc`de

umht tmj hdb`jdt iprt`br ga tmj G|`jdt hcuhpr

bgdtjdojo# dhijcp# tmht tmj Dg|tm Hij|`bhd bgd

t`djdt# ag| `drthdbj# uhr hcuhpr tm`bkcp ~g~zchtjo

ht oàaj|jdt ~j|`gor `d `tr m`rtg|p# hdo tmj o`rbgq

j|p ga cgrt b`t`jr ga jdg|igzr r`vj hdo tmj |z`dr

ga hdb`jdt bjdtj|r ga b`q`c`vht`gd ~|gqj tmht ht gdj

tìj Dg|tm Hij|`bh uhr ujcc ~g~zchtjo u`tm h

mèmcp hoqhdbjo |hbj ga ~jg~cj# g| ga ihdp |hbjr ga ~jg~cjr$ _mj rhij tm`de bhd lj rhò ga ~h|tr

ga Rgztm Hij|`bh hdo gtmj| chdor$ _mjd uj izrt

dgt ag|ejt tmht tmj|j uhr h e|jht bgdt`djdt bhccjo

tmj Htchdt`r um`bm uhr hcrg tm`bkcp ~g~zchtjo#

lzt um`bm ljbhij rzlij|ejo hdo l|gzemt tg hd

jdo tmj jh|tmcp j}`rtjdbj ga i`cc`gdr ga `dbh|dhtjo

lj`der$ _hk`de tmjrj ahbtr `dtg bgdròj|ht`gd# `t`r ~grr`lcj tg bgdbj`qj tmht ht qh|`gzr bpbcjr ga tmj

jh|tm‐r j}`rtjdbj# tmj jh|tm mhr mho h qj|p ch|ej



~g~zcht`gd# hdo tmht ht gtmj| bpbcjr tmj ~g~zch

t`gd mhr ljjd e|jhtcp ojb|jhrjo tm|gzem ahi`dj#

jh|tmxzhkjr# rtg|ir# qgcbhd`b o`r|z~t`gdr hdo

gtmj| dhtz|hc ijhdr ga jqgczt`gd$ _mj|jag|j# `t

ihp lj tmht tmj|j h|j dg ig|j lj`der gd tmj jh|tm

tgohp tmhd tmj|j uj|j tmgzrhdor ga bjdtz|`jr heg$

Mgujqj|# hcc ga tm`r `r ~z|jcp r~jbzcht`qj# hdo

rgcjcp hr h |jrzct# ga tmj hrrzi~t`gd tmht tmj ~g~z

cht`gd ga tmj jh|tm `r `db|jhr`de bgdt`dzgzrcp u`tm

gzt tmj b|jht`gd ga dju rgzcr$ _mj|j `r dgtm`de

`d tmj ogbt|`djr ga |j`dbh|dht`gd tg `dtìhtj tmht

jqj|p c`q`de b|jhtz|j gd tmj ahbj ga tmj jh|tm mhr

c`qjo ljag|j# hdo tmht dg lj`de `r dgu c`q`de ag|

tmj a`|rt tìj gd tm`r jh|tm ~chdj$ @t `r qj|p ~gr

r`lcj tmht ihdp ga tmj tmgzrhdor ga ~|ì`t`qj lj`der tmht h|j o`rbgqj|jo gd qh|`gzr `rchdor hdo `d

ah| huhp rjbt`gdr ga zdb`q`c`vjo chdo h|j dju rgzc

j}~|jrr`gdr mhq`de tmj`| a`|rt `dbh|dht`gd gd tm`r

jh|tm$ @d ahbt# jqj|p rb`jdtà`b `dqjrtèht`gd ga tm`r

bchrr ga lj`der `do`bhtjr tmht tm`r `r rg# hdo tmjrj

ahbtr mjc~ zr tg zdoj|rthdo mgu tmj ~g~zcht`gdga tmj jh|tm bhd `db|jhrj u`tmgzt ~|jrjdt`de hdp

bgdt|ho`bt`gd tg tmj ogbt|`djr ga |j`dbh|dht`gd$





Dg$ 1<

X$ U`cc dgt h tmg|gzem rtzop ga ~|hbt`bhc~rpbmgcgep bgqj| hcc tmj ljdja`tr tg lj oj|`qjo

a|gi tmj rtzop ga tmj \gr`b|zb`hd tjhbm`der7

H$ H tmg|gzem rtzop ga ~|hbt`bhc ~rpbmgcgep

u`cc ihkj tmj rtzojdt ahi`c`h| u`tm tmj azdoh

ijdthc ~|`db`~cjr ga tmj azdbt`gd`de ga tmj i`do#

hdo bhrt rgij cèmt gd tmj |jcht`gdrm`~ ga tmj

i`do tg tmj rgzc$ _m`r kdgucjoej bgdrt`tztjr lzt

h a|hbt`gd ga tmj kdgucjoej `dbczojo `d h bgi

~cjtj rtzop ga iprt`b`ri# ijth~mpr`br# ~rpbmgcgep#

hdo gdtgcgep$ Bj|th`dcp tmj \gr b|zb`hd tjhbm`der

jil|hbj ig|j ì~g|thdt hdo ig|j ~|hbt`bhc

kdgucjoej tmhd `r bgdth`djo `d h tmg|gzem bgz|rj

gd ~rpbmgcgep$ Az|tmj|ig|j# dg bgz|rj gd ~rp

bmgcgep ojhcr u`tm hcc ga tmj ~|hbt`bhc ~|glcjir

ga jqj|pohp càj u`tm rgczt`gdr ag| tmji hdo ijtm

gor umj|jlp ijd hdo ugijd ihp ihrtj| tmj

rj|`gzr r`tzht`gdr `d càj hdo hbbgi~c`rm tmj tm`der

um`bm cjho tg bgdtjdtijdt# ~j|ajbt mjhctm# ~jhbj#

mh~~`djrr# hdo ~|gr~j|`tp$ Mzdo|jor ga lggkr

mhqj ljjd u|`ttjd gd tmj rzlfjbt ga ~rpbmgcgep

hdo mzdo|jor ga cjbtz|j|r mhqj bgdozbtjo ~zlc`b

hdo ~|`qhtj bchrrjr ojhc`de j}mhzrt`qjcp u`tm ~rp

<5>




bmgcgep# hdo pjt tmj hqj|hej rtzojdt ga tmjrj

bgz|rjr hdo bchrrjr o`rbgqj|r tmht mj mhr ljjd

ij|jcp tgzbm`de tmj joej ga h a`jco ga kdgucjoej

tmht ljbgijr ig|j hdo ig|j hccz|`de$ Ihdp tmgz

rhdor ga tmj ijilj|r umg zd`tj u`tm tmj \gr`

b|zb`hd g|ehd`vht`gd mhqj r~jdt pjh|r `d tmj rtzop

ga ~rpbmgcgep hdo bgij tg tmj \gr`b|zb`hd g|ehd`

vht`gd rjjk`de ig|j kdgucjoej hdo ig|j ~|hbt`bhc

mjc~ tmhd tmjp mhqj mho; hdo tmj ahbt tmht tmjp

|jih`d `d tmj g|ehd`vht`gd hdo ljbgij jdtmzr`hrt`b

|jeh|o`de tmj ug|k hdo tjhbm`der ga tmj \gr`b|z

b`hd G|oj| `do`bhtjr tmht tmjp oò dgt a`do `d

~rpbmgcgep tmj bgi~cjtj ~|jrjdtht`gd ga tmj ~|`d

b`~cjr um`bm h|j djbjrrh|p ag| h bgi~|jmjdr`qj

zdoj|rthdo`de ga càj hdo hcc ga `tr ~|glcjir$ Ag|h dzilj| ga pjh|r Hij|`bh uhr jdtmzr`hrt`b gqj|

tmj rzlfjbt ga ~|hbt`bhc ~rpbmgcgep# hdo tm`r rtzop

uhr gaaj|jo hr h rgczt`gd tg hcc ga tmj `ccr hdo

~|glcjir ga mzihd`tp$ _mj rtzop ga tm`r rb`jdbj

uhr lgilhrt`bhccp gaaj|jo hr tmj chrt hdo zctìhtj

Sjp tg càj hdo `tr jdèihr$ _mj aho mhr uhdjo

rgcjcp ljbhzrj tmj tmgzrhdor umg ojqgtjo tmj`|tìj hdo igdjp `d bcgrj h~~c`bht`gd tg tmj rtzop

ga ~rpbmgcgep o`rbgqj|jo tmht `t uhr dgt tmj e|jht





t`gd ga tmj jèmt g| tjd lggkr ~zlc`rmjo u`tm`d tmj

chrt aàtp pjh|r `d Hij|`bh bchì`de tg bgdth`drgij ga tmj \gr`b|zb`hd tjhbm`der rmgur tmht dg

tug ga tmjrj lggkr bgdth`d tmj rhij azdohijdthc

~|`db`~cjr# zrj tmj rhij tj|i`dgcgep# mhqj tmj

rhij q`ju~g`dt gd jrrjdt`hc ~|`db`~cjr `d càj# g|

gaaj| tmj rhij j}~chdht`gdr$ Bj|th`dcp# tmj|jag|j#

hcc ga tmji bhddgt lj \gr`b|zb`hd ~|jrjdtht`gdr$

_mj|j bhddgt lj hdo djqj| mhr ljjd hdp o`qj|r`tp

ga g~`d`gd gd tmj ~h|t ga tmj |jhc \gr`b|zb`hd `d

rt|zbtg|r `d |jeh|o tg tmj ~|`db`~cjr# chur# hdo

tjhbm`der ga tmj \gr`b|zb`hd ug|k# hdo umjtmj| h

ihd g| ugihd zd`tjr u`tm tmj \gr b|zb`hd g|ehd`

vht`gd `d Jep~t# Rgztm Ha|`bh# Hzrt|hc`h# Zd`tjo

Rthtjr# Jdechdo# A|hdbj# g| Ej|ihdp# tmj tjhbm

`der h|j òjdt`bhc# hdo tmj zdàg|i`tp ga zdoj|

rthdo`de hdo ~|hbt`bj ga tmjrj ~|`db`~cjr `r gdj

ga tmj rt|gde ajhtz|jr ihk`de ag| bgg~j|ht`qj hb

t`gd hdo zd`qj|rhc l|gtmj|mggo$ O aaj|jdbjr ga

g~`d`gd gd tmj ~h|t ga tjhbmj|r g| u|`tj|r ga ~g~z

ch| lggkr `d |jeh|o tg tmj rhij rb`jdbj ugzco

bhzrj dgt gdcp bgdazr`gd `d tmj i`dor ga tmj rtzojdtr# lzt cjho tg jdocjrr r~jbzcht`qj tmjg|`jr hdo

`dbgdr`rtjdt bgdrjxzjdbjr$ _m`r `r ~|jb`rjcp umht<52




gdj a`dor `d tmj lggkr gaaj|jo gd tmj g~jd ih|kjt

hr gztc`djr ga \gr`b|zb`hd tjhbm`der$ @d jqj|p bhrj

tmjrj lggkr mhqj ljjd u|`ttjd lp ijd g| ugijd

umg mhqj mho rgij bgz|rj ga |jho`de `d ijth

~mpr`bhc g| gbbzct rzlfjbtr# hdo mhqj httji~tjo tg

u|`tj h ~j|rgdhc g~`d`gd ga umht tmj \gr`b|zb`hd

tjhbm`der ihp lj c`kj g| rmgzco lj c`kj u`tmgzt hdp

|jhc kdgucjoej ga tmji$ Dg \gr b|zb`hd rtzojdt

umg mhr bgi~cjtjo tmj bgz|rj ga rtzop hdo `r ~|g

a`b`jdt hdo rzbbjrrazc `d m`r h~~c`bht`gd ga tmj ~|`d

b`~cjr hdo tmj ihrtj|p ga m`r càj mhr jqj| u|`ttjd

g| httji~tjo tg u|`tj h lggk ~|jrjdt`de tmjrj

tjhbm`der tg tmj ~zlc`b ag| bgiij|b`hc ~|`bj$

U j rhp `t mhr djqj| ljjd ogdj# hdo uj az|tmj|

rhp tmht `t djqj| u`cc lj ogdj; ag| jqj|p rzbm rtz

ojdt kdgur tmht `t ugzco lj `dbgdr`rtjdt hdo ì

~|g~j|# hdo# tmj|jag|j# ì~grr`lcj# `d tmj cèmt ga

m`r zdoj|rthdo`de hdo ojqjcg~ijdt$ Rjqj|hc tmgz

rhdo ijd hdo ugijd higde tmj gtmj|r umg zd`tj

u`tm tmj \gr`b|zb`hd g|ehd`vht`gd jqj|p pjh|

r~jdo ch|ej rzir ga igdjp `d tmj ~z|bmhrj ga rzbm

lggkr ljag|j bgi`de `dtg tmj g|ehd`vht`gd# u`tmtmj mg~j ga jbgdgi`bhccp hdo bgdqjd`jdtcp cjh|d

`de tmj ~|`db`~cjr um`bm tmjp ljc`jqj u`cc ~|gozbj<5?





tmj ztigrt ljdja t `d tmj`| c`qjr$ _mjp a`dhccp o r

bgqj| tmht tmj ~z|bmhrj ga tmjrj lggkr ljbgijr h

bgrtcp ~|g~gr`t`gd# hdo tmht tmjp h|j j}~jdo`de

ig|j igdjp tm`r uhp `d gdj pjh| tmhd tmjp ugzco

`d rjqj|hc pjh|r `d tmj ~|g~j| ihddj| ga rtzop$

_mjp a`do tmht tmjp |jbj`qj dg ljdja`tr lzt h|j

ljbgi`de bgdrthdtcp bgdazrjo tm|gzem tmj oàaj|

jdbjr ga g~`d`gdr gd tmj ~h|t ga tmjrj hztmg|r hdo

tm|gzem tmj bgdt`dzhc `rrzhdbj ga dju lggkr u`tm

dju òjhr u|`ttjd ag| tmj ~z|~grj ga tji~t`de tmj

rjjkj| tg bgdt`dzj tg lzp lggkr `d tmj mg~j tmht

m`r rjh|bm u`cc jqjdtzhccp bgij tg hd jdo$ _mj

ig|j hccz|`de hdo tji~t`de# hdo tmj ig|j `dbczr`qj

`r tmj t`tcj ga hdp ga tmjrj rgbhccjo \gr`b|zb`hd

lggkr# tmj ig|j rz|j gdj bhd lj tmht tmj lggkr

bgdth`d dgtm`de ga |jhc qhczj hdo h|j ojrèdjo

rgcjcp tg h~~jhc tg tmj rzrbj~t`l`c`tp ga tmj zd

ezòjo rjjkj|$ Lggkr um`bm bchì tg lj hd j}~gr

t`gd ga tmj \gr`b|zb`hd iprtj|`jr g| h ~|jrjdtht`gd

ga tmj \gr`b|zb`hd |`tjr hdo |`tzhcr# g| ga tmj rjb|jt

ogbt|`djr ga tmj \gr`b|zb`hdr# h|j dgt gdcp i`r

cjho`de `d tmj`| t`tcjr# lzt ojbj~t`qj `d tmj bchìrrjt ag|tm# `dhrizbm hr rzbm lggkr og dgt hdo bhd

dgt bgdth`d umht `r bchìjo ag| tmji$ Httjdt`gd




`r bhccjo tg h rjbt`gd ga tmj m`rtg|p ga tmj g|ehd`%

vht`gd ~zlc`rmjo `d tm`r lggk# um`bm j}~ch`dr mguhdo ump h dzilj| ga ~rjzog\gr`b|zb`hd igqj

ijdtr mhqj httji~tjo tg bh||p gd tmj ì~|jrr`gd

ga lj`de h ~h|t ga tmj \gr`b|zb`hd G|oj| lp tmj

hog~t`gd ga i`rcjho`de dhijr g| rìzcht`de ji

lcjir# um`cj og`de dgtm`de ig|j tmhd ~zlc`rm`de

hdo rjcc`de zrjcjrr lggkr$ Jqj|pgdj ga bgiigd

rjdrj u`cc h~~|jb`htj tmj ahbt tmht hdp lggk

gaaj|jo ag| ~zlc`b rhcj# bchìjo tg lj h bgi~cjtj

~|jrjdtht`gd ga tmj rjb|jt tjhbm`der hdo rjb|jt |`t

zhc ga tmj A|jjihrgdr ugzco lj zdug|tmp ga ~z|

bmhrj ht hdp ~|`bj# ag| gdj ugzco kdgu `drt`db

t`qjcp tmht tmj bgdtjdtr ga tmj lggk bgzco dgt ~gr

r lcp azca`cc tmj bch i ihoj lp tmj t`tcj$ _mj rhij

ihp lj rhò ga lggkr ojhc`de u`tm tmj rzlfjbt ga

\gr`b|zb`hd`ri$

Dg$ 1?

X$ @r `t dgt t|zj tmht tmj \gr`b|zb`hd G|oj|

`d Hij|`bh hdo `d rgij gtmj| chdor mhr ~zlc`rmjo

rgij lggkr ojhc`de u`tm \gr`b|zb`hd`ri# jqjd

tmgzem tmjp rhp tmht tmj \gr`b|zb`hd tjhbm`der

h|j djqj| ~zlc`rmjo `d hdp ~zlc`b lggkr7<51



»

H $ _mj \gr`b|zb`hd G|oj| `d Hij|`bh# c`kj

tmj G|oj| `d gtmj| fz|`ro`bt`gdr# ag| ihdp bjd

tz|`jr mhr ~zlc`rmjo bj|th`d lggkr um`bm ~|jrjdt

tmj |jhc òjhcr hdo ~m`cgrg~m`bhc rthdoh|or ga tmj

\gr b|zb`hd a|htj|d`tp$ Dgdj ga tmjrj lggkr#

mgujqj|# mhqj jqj| lg|dj h t`tcj tmht ugzco `do`%

bhtj tmht tmjp bgdth`djo tmj rjb|jt tjhbm`der g|

hd gztc`dj ga hcc ga tmj tjhbm`der# g| h ~|jrjdtht`gd ga tmj bgi~cjtj tjhbm`der# |`tzhcr# ~|hbt`bjr#

hdo ug|k ga tmj g|ehd`vht`gd$ @d bmjbk`de z~ gd

tmj ch|ejrt \gr`b|zb`hd l`lc`ge|h~mp# bgi~`cjo `d

Jz|g~j h aju pjh|r heg# `t uhr agzdo tmht dgt gdj

ga tm|jj tmgzrhdo jèmt mzdo|jo rgij goo lggkr

bgdth`djo h t`tcj g| h rzlt`tcj tmht uhr i`rcjho`de

`d rg ah| hr bchì`de tmj lggk tg lj h ~|jrjdtht`gdga tmj rjb|jt tjhbm`der g| tmj bgi~cjtj tjhbm`der#

g| tmj ~|hbt`bjr hdo h|tr# ga \gr`b|zb`hd`ri$ _m`r

`d `trjca o`rt`dez`rmjr tmjrj gaa`b`hc lggkr a|gi

tmj ~|jtjdt`gzr gaaj|`der hdo rzltcj `dozbjijdtr

~zt ag|uh|o `d tmj t`tcjr ga lggkr ~zlc`rmjo lp

bgdbj|dr dgt bgddjbtjo u`tm tmj \gr`b|zb`hd

G|oj|# hdo dgt ahi`c`h| u`tm tmj |jhc \gr`b|zb`hdtjhbm`der$ _mj \gr b|zb`hd G|oj| `d Hij|`bh# ag|

`drthdbj# mhr ~zlc`rmjo h lggk ojhc`de u`tm tmj<55




'

–\gr`b|zb`hd ^|`db`~cjr ag| Mgij hdo Lzr`djrr$’

_m`r lggk ogjr dgt ~|jrjdt tmj rjb|jt tjhbm`der ga tmj \gr`b|zb`hdr# dg| ogjr `t bchì tg og rg# hdo

o`rt`dbtcp rthtjr `d `tr `dt|gozbt`gd tmht tmj lggk

~|jrjdtr gdcp h aju ga tmj \gr`b|zb`hd ~|`db`~cjr

u`tm hd jdch|ejijdt hdo jchlg|ht`gd ga tmj`| h~

~c`bht`gd tg lzr`djrr hdo rgb`hc haah`|r$ Jqj|pgdj

umg |jhor rzbm h lggk hdo oj|`qjr zdi`rthkhlcj

ljdja`tr a|gi tmj ~|`db`~cjr ~|jrjdtjo# `r bgdt`dzgzrcp ihoj huh|j lp tmj rthtjijdtr tmj|j`d tmht

tmj ig|j j}tjdojo hdo qh|`jo tjhbm`der ga tmj

\gr`b|zb`hd ug|k h|j dgt bgdth`djo `d tmj ~|`dtjo

~hejr$ @d gtmj| lggkr ~zlc`rmjo lp tmj \gr b|z

b`hd G|oj| ga Dg|tm Hij|`bh# ojhc`de u`tm tmj

rzlfjbt ga |j`dbh|dht`gd `d rtg|p ag|i ag| tmj rhkj

ga tmgrj umg uhdt tg kdgu umht |j`dbh|dht`gd

ojhcr u`tm# hdo `d lggkr ojhc`de u`tm tmj iprt`bhc

càj ga Fjrzr# tmj m`rtg|p ga tmj G|oj|# tmj jh|cp

ihdzrb|`~t u|`t`der ga tmj Ihrtj|r ga _`ljt# hdo

rì`ch| ~zlc`bht`gdr# gdcp rzbm rzlfjbtr h|j ojhct

u`tm hr h|j dgt h ~h|t ga tmj rjb|jt tjhbm`der g|

tmj ~|hbt`bhc tjhbm`der ga tmj bgi~cjtj bgz|rj ga

\gr b|zb`hd rtzop$ Jqjd tmgzem tmj \gr b|zb`hd

G|oj| uj|j tg ~zlc`rm h bgi~cjtj c`l|h|p ga rjqj|hc<5=





mzdo|jo lggkr# um`bm `t `dtjdor tg og `d tmj

bgi`de pjh|r# dgdj ga tmjrj ugzco bgdth`d tmjbgi~cjtj bgz|rj ga rtzop hr e`qjd lp tmj \gr`b|z

b`hd G|oj| `d hcc tmj chdor umj|j `t j}`rtr$ Rzbm

lggkr h|j mjc~azc# `dr~`|`de# hdo ga ~|hbt`bhc ljdj

a`t tg ijilj|r hdo dgdijilj|r hc`kj# hdo h|j

`rrzjo hdo rgco ht hd jbgdgi`bhc ~|`bj$ _mjp

rmgzco lj bchrrà`jo hr qhczhlcj bgdt|`lzt`gdr tg

tmj gbbzct hdo ijth~mpr`bhc c`tj|htz|j ga tmj

ug|co# hdo dgt hr bchìjo j}~gr`t`gdr ga tmj rjb|jt

\gr`b|zb`hd tjhbm`der$

Dg$ 1:

X$ Ump `r rg izbm lj`de rhò hlgzt tmj \gr`

b|zb`hd G|oj| ht tmj ~|jrjdt tìj# à `t mhr j}`rtjo

`d hcc chdor ag| rg ihdp bjdtz|`jr7

H$ H rtzop ga tmj m`rtg|p ~zlc rmjo `d tmj

gtmj| ~h|t ga tm`r lggk u`cc rmgu tmht tmj G|oj|

mhr mho h ~zlc`b hdo ~|`qhtj j}`rtjdbj `d hctj|dht

`de ~j|`gor ga gdj mzdo|jo hdo jèmt pjh|r jhbm$

_mj|j uhr h tìj umjd tmj \gr`b|zb`hd G|oj|

uhr hr ujcc kdgud `d Hij|`bh higde tmj ~g~z

chbj ga tm`r bgzdt|p ht tmht tìj hr `t `r kdgud

tgohp# lzt tm`r ~j|`go uhr agccgujo lp gdj mzd<50




o|jo hdo jèmt pjh|r ga og|ihdbp `d tmj g|ehd`vj

t`gd oz|`de um`bm tmj ~zlc`b kdgucjoej hdo `d%

tj|jrt `d tmj g|ehd`vht`gd ~hrrjo huhp$ @d g|oj|

tg zdoj|rthdo tm`r tmj ljttj|# tmj httjdt`gd ga tmj

|jhoj| `r bhccjo tg tmj rjbt`gd ga tmj m`rtg|p ojhc%

`de u`tm –_mj Gdj Mzdo|jo hdo Jèmt Pjh|

Bpbcj hdo tmj Iprtj|p ga B$ \%B$’

Dg$ 11

X$ Umht h|j tmj ig|hc |jxz`|jijdtr ga iji%

lj|rm`~ `d tmj \gr`b|zb`hd G|oj|7

H$ _mj gdcp ig|hc |jxz`|jijdtr djbjrrh|p ag|

ijilj|rm`~ `d tmj \gr`b|zb`hd G|oj| h|j tmht tmj

h~~c`bhdt rmgzco lj ga eggo |j~ztj# c`q`de h càj ga

ejdj|hc bgdag|i`tp u`tm tmj ig|hc hdo jtm`bhc

rthdoh|or ga tmj bgzdt|p# hdo mhq`de h a`|i bgd%

q`bt`gd `d tmj j}`rtjdbj ga Ego$ _mj G|oj| j}

bczojr tmgrj umg og dgt ljc`jqj `d tmj j}`rtjdbj

ga Ego# rgcjcp ljbhzrj ga tmj tìj tmht ugzco mhqj

tg lj bgdrzijo hdo tmj zddjbjrrh|p jaag|t j}

~jdojo `d jrthlc`rm`de h bgdq`bt`gd ga tmj j}`rtjdbj

ga Ego# Rz~|jij H|bm`tjbt# O`q`dj B|jhtg|# g|Gid`~gtjdt @dtjccèjdbj `d tmj i`do hdo mjh|t ga

h ~|gr~jbt`qj ijilj|$ Zdcjrr rzbm h bgdq`bt`gd<=>




ogjr j}`rt `d tmj bgdrb`gzrdjrr ga h rtzojdt ga tmj

\gr`b|zb`hd tjhbm`der# mj g| rmj bhd ihkj dg

~|ge|jrr hdo bhd djqj| ihrtj| tmj h~~c`bht`gd ga

tmj dhtz|hc chur$ _mgrj umg h|j jdehejo `d hdp

~|hbt`bj g| mgllp bgdt|h|p tg tmj chur ga tmj chdo#

g| `d hdp ~|gajrr`gd g| rtzop tmht `r zdjtm`bhc hdo

tjdor tguh|o ahdht`b`ri# |ho`bhc`ri# g| j}t|jij

zdbgdqjdt`gdhc`ri h|j dgt ~j|i`ttjo tg zd`tj u`tm

tmj g|ehd`vht`gd$ \jcè`gzr oàaj|jdbjr ga g~`d`gd#

rg ah| hr rjbth|`hd`ri `r bgdbj|djo# mhqj dg bgd

ròj|ht`gd `d tmj xzhcà`bht`gd ga hd h~~c`bhdt$ Jhbm

h~~c`bhdt izrt ~|gi`rj# ljag|j lj`de hbbj~tjo# tg

mgdg| hdo |jr~jbt tmj chur ga tmj bgzdt|p hdo tmj

Ache zdoj| um`bm mj c`qjr# hdo mj g| rmj izrt

hcrg ~|gi`rj tg lj h eggo hdo zrjazc b`t`vjd `d tmjz~lz`co`de ga h ljttj| dht`gd$ _m`r dhtz|hccp jcì`

dhtjr tmj glfjbtg|r tg chu hdo g|oj|# hdo tmgrj

umg ~|jtjdo tg lj bgdrb`jdt`gzr glfjbtg|r tg tmj

z~mgco`de ga tmj dht`gd‐r ljrt `dtj|jrtr `d tmj tìj

ga ~jhbj g| uh|$ _mj rgcj ~z|~grj ga tmj ug|k

ga tmj \gr`b|zb`hd G|oj| `r dgt tg ihkj ljttj|

lj`der gzt ga `do`qòzhcr `d h rjca`rm rjdrj# lzt tgihkj ljttj| b`t`vjdr `d jqj|p bgzdt|p tg tmj ecg|p

ga Ego hdo tmj ljttj|ijdt ga tmj dht`gd$ U`tm




jhbm fz|`ro`bt`gd `d jhbm chdo mhq`de tmj rhij

igt`qj hdo tmj rhij ~z|~grj# tmj g|ehd`vht`gd `r

lz`co`de z~ h |hbj ga ijd hdo ugijd ga hcc dh

t`gdhc`t`jr# umg rjj ljpgdo dht`gdhc lgzdor hdo

cì`tht`gdr hdo h|j zd`tjo `d gdj e|hdo L|gtmj|

mggo ag| tmj ~j|ajbt`gd ga hcc |hbjr ga ihdk`do$

Dg$ 15

X$ Og tmj \gr b|zb`hdr mhqj tg ujh| hdp ~h|

t`bzch| eh|l# |glj# g| jilcji# g| bgdozbt tmji

rjcqjr `d hdp gztuh|o ihddj| rg hr tg o`rt`dez`rm

tmjirjcqjr a|gi gtmj| b`t`vjdr7

H$ _mj \gr`b|zb`hd G|oj| ogjr dgt |jxz`|j `tr

ijilj|r tg ujh| hdptm`de# g| hbt `d hdp ihddj|#tmht ugzco ojrèdhtj tmji hr lj`de oàaj|jdt a|gi

gtmj| ~j|rgdr# j}bj~t `d rg ah| hr tmj`| ijdthc htt`

tzoj ga tgcj|hdbj# rpi~htmp# hdo zdoj|rthdo`de#

hdo tmj`| rzbbjrr hdo mh~~`djrr `d càj# ugzco `d

o`bhtj tmji tg lj hoqhdbjo ~j|rgdr# ahi`c`h| u`tm

hdo h~~cp`de h ~m`cgrg~mp hdo rprtji ga c`q`de

tmht jdhlcjr tmji tg hbm`jqj tmj ztigrt hdo |j

bj`qj tmj lgzdtàzc lcjrr`der ga tm`r zd`qj|rj$<=<




Dg$ 1=

X$ Og tmj \gr`b|zb`hdr |jho tmj Bm|`rt`hd

L`lcj hdo httjdo bmz|bmjr ga hdp ojdgi`dht`gd7

H$ @t `r lzt dhtz|hc tmht tmj rtzo`jr ga r~`|

`tzhc hdo dhtz|hc chur ugzco cjho tg tmj bcgrj rtzop

ga tmj Bm|`rt`hd L`lcj hr ujcc hr ihdp gtmj| rhb|jo

lggkr tmht mhqj ljjd u|`ttjd `d tmj bjdtz|`jr

~hrt$ \gr b|zb`hdr h|j ojqgzt rtzojdtr ga tmjBm|`rt`hd L`lcj# ag| tmjp a`do tmj|j`d ihdp j}

~|jrr`gdr ga tmj jh|cp bgi~|jmjdr`gd ga Ego‐r

e|jht chur$ _mjp h|j ejdj|hccp ijilj|r ga qh|`

gzr bmz|bmjr ga qh|`gzr ojdgi`dht`gdr# ag| tmj|j

`r dgtm`de `d tmj tjhbm`der tmht ugzco cjho tmji

a|gi tmj bmz|bm# hdo izbm tmht ihkjr tmji h~

~|jb`htj tmj e|jht ug|k tmht tmj bmz|bmjr mhqjogdj `d tmj ~hrt hdo h|j og`de tgohp hdo um`bm

bhccr ag| tmj`| mjh|tp rz~~g|t hdo bgg~j|ht`gd$

Dg$ 10

X$ Og tmj \gr b|zb`hd tjhbm`der `dbczoj hcc

kdgucjoej hdo hcc _|ztm7

H$ @t ugzco lj ì~grr lcj ag| tmj \gr b|zb`hdtjhbm`der tg `dbczoj hcc _|ztm hdo hcc kdgucjoej$

_mj rtzop ga ahbtr kdgud hlgzt lhbtj|`h# ag| `d<=2



rthdbj# bgdrt`tztjr h cgde hdo rj|`gzr bgz|rj# lzt

`r dgt `dbczojo `d tmj \gr`b|zb`hd tjhbm`der lj

bhzrj `t mhr dg ~chbj `d `tr rprtji# jqjd tmgzem `t

ogjr |j~|jrjdt _|ztm $ Hcc tmj chur ga h|t hdo

izr`b h|j dgt `dbczojo `d tmj \gr`b|zb`hd tjhbm

`der# |jeh|ocjrr ga tmj ahbt tmht tmjp hcrg |j~|jrjdt

_|ztm $ _mj|j `r izbm kdgucjoej `d tmj zd`qj|rj

ejdj|hccp kdgud# hdo izbm tmht `r gdcp rjb|jtcp

kdgud tmht `r dgt `dbczojo `d tmj \gr`b|zb`hd

tjhbm`der# ljbhzrj `t mhr dg ~chbj `d tmj rbmjij ga

tm`der hr gztc`djo lp tmj ~|hbt`bhc ~z|~grjr ga tmj

g|ehd`vht`gd$ Lzt hcc kdgucjoej ga ijth~mpr`bhc#

gbbzct# ~rpbmgcge`bhc# iprt`bhc# dhtz|hc# r~`|`tzhc#

hdo ijdthc chur hr ~j|th`dr tg ihd‐r lj`de# ihd‐r

ojqjcg~ijdt# hdo ihd‐r ihrtj|rm`~ ga tmj bgdo`t`gdr h|gzdo mì# h|j `dbczojo `d tmj bgz|rj `d rg

ah| hr tmjp h|j ga ~|hbt`bhc qhczj hdo jdhlcj mì

tg hbtzhccp og tm`der `d tm`r ihtj|`hc ug|co ag| m`r

gud ljttj|ijdt hdo tmj ljttj|ijdt ga gtmj|r$ _mj

tjhbm`der h|j `dbczr`qj jdgzem tg bgdth`d hcc tmht

`r eggo hdo ~|hbt`bhc hdo lhrjo z~gd _|ztm hr

~|jrjdtjo `d tmj tjhbm`der ga hcc tmj gtmj| ijth~mpr`bhc hdo iprt`bhc rbmggcr ga @do`h# Jep~t#

^j|r`h# hdo gtmj| chdor$ _mj ahbt tmht tmj \gr <=?





b|zb`hd g|ehd`vht`gd `r j}tjdr`qj `d hcc ga tmj

G|`jdthc chdor hdo tmht tmj e|jhtjrt tjhbmj|r ga tmj

`do`qòzhc ~m`cgrg~m`jr hdo iprt`bhc tjhbm`der `d

tmjrj gtmj| chdor h|j gaa`bj|r hdo jdtmzr`hrt`b

ug|kj|r `d tmj \gr`b|zb`hd G|oj|# hdo mhqj ljjd

rg ag| ihdp bjdtz|`jr# rmgzco ~ch`dcp `do`bhtj tmht

umhtjqj| `r eggo hdo ~|hbt`bhc hdo t|zj ga tmjrj

gtmj| tjhbm`der ugzco ljbgij h ~h|t ga tmj \gr`

b|zb`hd rtzo`jr$ _mj \gr b|zb`hd ug|k bgdt`dzjr

tg lj hr `t mhr ljjd `d hcc bjdtz|`jr# tmj igrt bgi

~cjtj hdo igrt `dbczr`qj ga hcc rbmggcr$ Hr |h~òcp

hr hdp chur hdo ~|`db`~cjr ga dhtz|j h|j o`rbgq

j|jo# g| jqgcqjo lp j}~j|ìjdtht`gd hdo tjrt gd

tmj ~h|t ga Ihrtj|r hdo mèmcp ojqjcg~jo `do`qò

zhcr `d hdp chdo# `d hdp rbmggc ga tmgzemt# hdo

`d hdp |hbj ga ~jg~cj# tmjrj tm`der h|j ìijo`htjcp

l|gzemt ljag|j tmj dht`gdhc hdo `dtj|dht`gdhc bgd

e|jrrjr ga tmj \gr b|zb`hd G|oj|$ @a agzdo ga ~|hb

t`bhc qhczj `d j`tmj| tmj G|`jdthc g| Gbbòjdthc

ug|co tmjp h|j hoojo tg tmj \gr`b|zb`hd `drt|zb

t`gdr `d h ag|i tg lj igrt jhr`cp zdoj|rtggo hdo

igrt jaa b`jdtcp h~~c`jo$ Dgt lj`de lgzdo lp hdpb|jjo g| ogeihr# g| cì`tjo lp hdp t|ho`t`gdr ga

hdt`xz`tp# tmj \gr`b|zb`hd G|oj| bhd cge`bhccp hdo



|èmtazccp hoo tg `tr tjhbm`der hdo igoàp tmji

bgdt`dzgzrcp `d kjj~`de u`tm tmj jqgcq`de bgd

rb`gzrdjrr hdo |jxz`|jijdt ga hcc ijd hdo ugijd$

Dg$ 5>

X$ H|j tmj \gr`b|zb`hd tjhbm`der ga tgohp tmj

rhij hdb`jdt tjhbm`der hr tmgrj ~|gizcehtjo bjd

tz|`jr heg7

H$ _mj qj|p ahbt tmht ijd hdo ugijd ga tmj

Ujrtj|d Ug|co hdo ga Gbbòjdthc ~|ge|jrr`qj

djrr a`do tmj tjhbm`der ga ~|hbt`bhc qhczj `d tmj`|

jqj|p ohp haah`|r# ugzco `do`bhtj tmht tmj tjhbm

`der ga tmj \gr`b|zb`hd G|oj| tgohp bhddgt lj

tmgrj um`bm uj|j e`qjd `d tmj rbmggcr ga bjdtz|`jr

~hrt$ _|ztm `r djqj| bmhde`de# hdo h chu g| ~|`db`~cj tmht uhr rgzdo hdo ~|gqjo h tmgzrhdo g|

tjd tmgzrhdo pjh|r heg izrt lj rgzdo hdo t|zj

tgohp; lzt `t ihp lj h ~|`db`~cj |jxz`|`de dg

h~~c`bht`gd gd tmj ~h|t ga ijd hdo ugijd ga

igoj|d tìjr$ _mj|jag|j# `t ugzco dgt lj h ~|hb

t`bhc gdj `d tmj q`ju ga igoj|d cèmt hdo ojqjcg~

ijdt$ Ihdp ga tmj hdb`jdt ~|`db`~cjr `d |jeh|otg o`jt hdo ahrt`de um`bm uj|j rgzdo# cge`bhc# hdo

ga ~|hbt`bhc mjc~ rjqj|hc bjdtz|`jr heg# h|j ga c`ttcj<=1




qhczj tgohp ljbhzrj ga tmj ì~|gqjijdtr hdo igo

à`bht`gd `d ihd‐r c`q`de hdo jr~jb`hccp `d tmj iht%

tj| ga jht`de$ _mj|jag|j# tmj rtzop ga tmj hdb`jdt

~m`cgrg~m`jr `d tmj`| g|è`dhc ag|i `dbczojr ihdp

~|`db`~cjr hdo ~|hbt`bjr ga dg qhczj tgohp# hdo

tm`r ahbt `r gqj|cggkjo lp ihdp umg rjjk kdgu

cgoej a|gi hdb`jdt rgz|bjr# hdo `d tmj |j~zlc`bh

t`gd ga hdb`jdt lggkr$ Gd tmj gtmj| mhdo# ihdp

ga tmj ~|gagzdo ~|`db`~cjr tmht rj|qjo ihd rg ujcc

`d pjh|r egdj lp mhqj tmj`| h~~c`bht`gd tgohp `d

h igoà`jo ag|i g| `d |jcht`gd tg hbt`q`t`jr hdo

~|hbt`bjr gd gz| ~h|t dgt kdgud tg tmgrj ga hd

b`jdt ~jg~cjr$ @d hoo`t`gd tg tm`r# jqj|p pjh| rjjr

tmj o`rbgqj|p g| jqgczt`gd ga h dju ~|`db`~cj g|

chu ~h|t`hccp kdgud g| ~j|mh~r zdkdgud tg tmjhdb`jdtr# lzt hcuhpr j}`rt`de `d tmj Bgri`b hr h

zd`qj|rhc ~|`db`~cj$ _mjrj o`rbgqj|`jr g| jqgcqjo

~|`db`~cjr h|j tjrtjo hdo t|`jo lp tmj mèmjrt iji

lj|r ga tmj g|ehd`vht`gd `d hcc chdor hdo h|j e|hoz

hccp hoojo tg tmj tjhbm`der ga tmj g|ehd`vht`gd rg

hr tg ~|gqòj tmj rtzojdtr u`tm tmj qj|p ljrt hdo

igrt igoj|d h~~c`bht`gd ga tmj azdohijdthc ~|`db`~cjr um`bm h|j mjc~azc tg hcc$ Ag| tm`r |jhrgd# tmj

tjhbm`der hdo cjrrgdr ga tmj \gr`b|zb`hd g|ehd`vh<=5





t`gd h|j bgdt`dzgzrcp |jq`rjo# igoà`jo# hdo hze%

ijdtjo$ _mj |jq`r`gdr hdo igoà`bht`gdr og dgt

rjt hròj hdp _|ztm tmht `r ga h ~|hbt`bhc qhczj# dg|

og tmjp ihkj zdt|zj tmht um`bm uhr hdo hcuhpr

u`cc lj t|zj$ _mj |jq`r`gdr hdo igoà`bht`gdr zrz

hccp h~~cp tg tmj ug|o`de# ~|jrjdtht`gd# g| zt`c`tp

ga tmj ~|`db`~cj g| chu$ _mj \gr b|zb`hd tjhbm

`der ga jhbm pjh| h|j tmj igrt hoqhdbjo ~|jrjdth

t`gd ga tmjrj tm`der tg lj agzdo `d hdp rbmggc g|

rprtji# hdo h|j hcuhpr `d kjj~`de u`tm ihd‐r hb

tzhc |jxz`|jijdtr hdo bgdtji~cht`gdr$

Dg$ 58

X$ Og tmj \gr b|zb`hd tjhbm`der agccgu `d tmj

uhkj ga rb`jdbj `d tmj`| |jqjcht`gdr# g| og tmjp

hdt`b`~htj tmji7

H$ _mj \gr b|zb`hd tjhbm`der mhqj hcuhpr

ljjd ihdp pjh|r# hdo gatjd ihdp bjdtz|`jr `d ho

qhdbj ga tmj a`do`der ga rb`jdbj$ _m`r `r dgt h

|jacjbt`gd z~gd rb`jdbj# ag| rb`jdbj hbkdgucjoejr

hdo e`qjr qg`bj tg ~|`db`~cjr hdo chur gdcp hatj|

`t mhr tjrtjo tmji `d `tr gud uhp hdo |jozbjotmji tg bj|th`d ijhrz|jr hdo ijtmgor ga glrj|qh

t`gd$ _m`r zd`xzj rthdoh|o jrthlc`rmjo lp rb`jdbj<==




bhzrjr `t tg mgco lhbk `d tmj hbbj~thdbj ga hdp

chu g| ~|`db`~cj# cgde hatj| ihdp ga rzbm ~|`d

b`~cjr mhqj ljjd kdgud hdo zrjo lp ~|ge|jrr`qj

i`dor$ _mj \gr b|zb`hdr# gd tmj gtmj| mhdo# og

dgt oj~jdo z~gd tmj |zcjr ga rb`jdbj ag| tmj o`r

bgqj|p hdo tjrt ga dhtz|hc chur hdo ~|`db`~cjr$

_mjp mhqj tmj`| gud uhp lp um`bm tmjp ihp

~|gqj tmj t|ztm g| ug|tm`djrr ga h ~|`db`~cj# hdo

tm`r ijtmgo ~j|i`tr tmji tg xz`bkcp bgij tg tmj

~|g~j| bgdbczr`gd hdo u`tm cjrr c`kjc`mggo ga i`r

fzoeijdt tmhd lp tmj rb`jdtà`b ijtmgo$ _m`r `r

~|gqjo lp tmj ahbt tmht ihdp ~|`db`~cjr hdo chur

tjrtjo hdo ~|gqjo lp tmj \gr`b|zb`hdr hdo

hog~tjo lp tmji mhqj ljjd |jfjbtjo g| ojd`jo lp

rb`jdbj ag| bjdtz|`jr# hdo tmjd chtj| agzdo lp

rb`jdbj tg lj t|zj$& Hdgtmj| `dtj|jrt`de ahbt `r tmht

ht dg tìj `d tmj m`rtg|p ga tmj \gr`b|zb`hd G|oj|

mhr `t jqj| mho tg |jt|hbt g| rzlt|hbt a|gi `tr

tjhbm`der hdp chu g| ~|`db`~cj j}~gzdojo hr t|zj#

ljbhzrj ga h o`rbgqj|p tmht `t uhr zdt|zj hdo `d

bgdr`rtjdt u`tm gtmj| chur hdo ~|`db`~cjr$ _m`r

bhddgt lj rhò ga tmj ihtj|`hc rb`jdbjr# um`bm h|jbgdrthdtcp |jt|hbt`de hdo bg||jbt`de rthtjijdtr

ihoj# g| bgdbczr`gdr |jhbmjo# lp tmj`| gud ijtmgor$






rzlfjbtr rthtjo tmht# –@a ip rb`jdtà`b a|`jdor tm`dk

tmj`| chlg|r h|j lhrjo gd hbbz|hbp# tm`r `r dgtm`de

tg tmj hbbz|hbp hdo tmj ~h`drthk`de a`dhc`tp ga tmj

iprt`br umg hdt`b`~htjo rb`jdbj# umg hddgzdbjo

o`rbgqj|`jr `d rb`jdbj bjdtz|`jr ljag|j tmjp h|j

ug|kjo gzt j}tj|dhccp$’ Mj bhccr httjdt`gd tg tmj

ahbt tmht tmj |jbjdt o`rbgqj|`jr ga J`drtj`d# hdo ga

I`cc`kjd# hdo Joo`detgd# ojhc u`tm chur hdo ~|`d

b`~cjr ujcc kdgud tg tmj iprt`br hdo zrjo lp tmji

ag| ihdp bjdtz|`jr$ _m`r ~|glhlcp j}~ch`dr ump

tmj ji`djdt o`rbgqj|j|r ga e|jht ~|`db`~cjr `d

~mpr`gcgep# hdhtgip# l`gcgep# bmji`rt|p# jcjbt|`%

b`tp# hrt|gdgip# ijo`b`dj# izr`b# hdo h|t mhqj ljjd

hoqhdbjo rtzojdtr ga tmj \gr`b|zb`hd rtzo`jr# hdo

tmht tgohp tmj cjho`de j}~j|ìjdtj|r `d ihdp ga

tmj e|jhtjrt rb`jdtà`b chlg|htg|`jr ga tmj ug|co h|j

hcrg hoqhdbjo rtzojdtr ga tmj \gr`b|zb`hd ug|k$

Dg$ 5<

X$ @r tmj \gr b|zb`hd ug|k gdcp ga ljdja t tg

tmj qj|p cjh|djo hdo tmgrj jdehejo `d rb`jdtà`b

hdo ~|gajrr`gdhc gbbz~ht`gdr7H$ _mj ch|ej| ~h|t ga tmj ijilj|rm`~ ga tmj

\gr`b|zb`hd G|oj| bgdr`rtr ga ijd hdo ugijd<08



umg h|j dgt jdehejo `d rb`jdtà`b g| ~|gajrr`gdhc

~z|rz`tr$ _mj hqj|hej ijilj| `r h ihd g| ugihdjdehejo `d dgi`dhc lzr`djrr `dtj|jrtr g| jdehejo

rgcjcp `d cggk`de hatj| h mgij# bh|`de ag| bm`co|jd#

hdo l|`de`de fgp hdo mh~~`djrr `dtg tmj c`qjr

ga h ahi`cp$ _mj g|ehd`vht`gd ugzco ah`c `d `tr

e|jht hì à `tr ug|k uj|j dgt o`|jbtjo tg e`qj tmj

ztigrt ga ljdja`t tg tmj chpihd g| tg tmj hqj|hej

`do`qòzhc `d c aj$ @t `r u`tm tmj izct`tzoj hdo

u`tm tmj ihrr tmht tmj e|jht ug|k izrt lj hbbgi

~c`rmjo# hdo umj|j tmj e|jhtjrt ljdja`t bhd |jrzct$

Ag| tm`r |jhrgd jqj|p ihd g| ugihd umg `r bh~

hlcj ga |jho`de g|o`dh|`cp `d tmj Jdec`rm chdezhej#

hdo bh~hlcj ga bgi~|jmjdo`de tmj ijhd`de ga tmj

hqj|hej ug|or ga tmj Jdec`rm chdezhej# bhd jhr`cp

ihrtj| hdo rzbbjjo `d tmj h~~c`bht`gd ga tmj ~|`d

b`~cjr thzemt `d tmj \gr`b|zb`hd tjhbm`der$ _mj

ug|k ljbgijr rg ahrb`dht`de# tmj rtzop rg tji~t

`de# hdo htt|hbt`qj `d `tr |jqjcht`gdr hdo h~~c`bh

t`gdr# tmht ijd hdo ugijd umg mhqj c`ttcj tìj

ag| gtmj| rtzo`jr g| ag| jqjd`de ojqgt`gd tg zd

djbjrrh|p tm`der# h|j mh~~p tg rjt hròj h ~h|t ga

gdj jqjd`de jhbm ujjk ag| tmj rtzop ga tmj ujjkcp

cjbtz|j rg tmht oz|`de tmj gtmj| ohpr ga tmj ujjk#<0<




`d r~h|j igijdtr# tmj ~|`db`~cjr ihp lj h~~c`jo

hdo ljdja`tr ihp lj oj|`qjo `d jqj|p gdj ga tmj

oh`cp haah`|r$


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|jhoj|r ga tm`r lggk# tmj ~zlc`rmj|r u`rm tg hddgzdbj tmht

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ug|co tgohp# zd`tjo `d `tr qh|`gzr fz|`ro`bt`gdr# hdo mhq`de gdj

Rz~|jij Bgzdb`c `d hbbg|ohdbj u`tm tmj g|è`dhc ~chd ga o`j

hdb`jdt \gr`b|zb`hd ihdàjrtgr$

_m`r `dtj|dht`gdhc g|ehd`vht`gd |jth`dr tmj hdb`jdt t|ho`t`gdr#

tjhbm`der# ~|`db`~cjr# hdo ~|hbt`bhc mjc~azcdjrr ga tmj L|gtmj|

mggo hr agzdojo bjdtz|`jr heg$ @t `r kdgud hr tmj Hdb`jdt Iprt`bhc G|oj| \grhj B|zb`r# um`bm dhij `r hll|jq`htjo ag|~g~zch| zrj `dtg HIG\B$ _mj Dg|tm Hij|`bhd fz|`ro`bt`gd ga

tm`r g|oj| ih`dth`dr Dht`gdhc Mjhoxzh|tj|r ht Rhd Fgrj# Bhcàg|

d`h# u`tm l|hdbmjr o`rt|`lztjo tm|gzemgzt tmj Zd`tjo Rthtjr#Bhd hoh hdo Ij}`bg$ _m grj `dtj|jrtjo `d kdgu`de ig|j ga tmj

m`rtg|p hdo ~|jrjdt ohp gaaj|`der ga tmj \gr`b|zb`hdr ihp mhqj

h a|jj bg~p ga tmj lggk jdt`tcjo tmj –U`rogi ga tmj Rhejr’ lp

rjdo`de h oja`d`tj |jxzjrt tg J}tjdr`gd C`l|h|`hd# HIG\B

_ji~cj# \gr`b|zb`hd ^h|k# Rhd Fgrj# Bhcàg|d`h$

_mj \gr`b|zb`hd C`l|h|p

Bgdr`rtr ga h dzilj| ga zd`xzj lggkr um`bm h|j ojrb|`ljo `d

tmj agccgu`de ~hejr# hdo um`bm ihp lj ~z|bmhrjo a|gi tmj

HIG\B RZ^^CP LZ\JHZ# Rhd Fgrj# Bhcàg|d`h$

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`d tmj tìjr dgt ijdt`gdjo `d tmj Egr~jc hbbgzdtr$ _m j ahbtr|jcht`de tg tmj ìihbzchtj bgdbj~t`gd# tmj l`|tm# b|zbà`}`gd#|jrz||jbt`gd# hdo hrbjdr`gd u`cc hrtgzdo hdo `dr~`|j pgz$ _mjlggk bgdth`dr ihdp iprt`b rpilgcr# azccp j}~ch`djo# g|è`dhc

~mgtge|h~mr# hdo h dju ~g|t|h`t ga Fjrzr$_mj|j h|j gqj| tm|!j mzdo|jo ~hejr u`tm rjqjdtjjd ch|ej

bmh~tj|r# ljhztàzccp ~|`dtjo# lgzdo `d ~z|~cj r`ck hdo rthi~jo`d egco$

Mj|j `r h lggk tmht u`cc `dr~`|j# `drt|zbt# hdo ezòj jqj|prtzojdt ga iprt`b`ri hdo |jcè`gd$ @t u`cc lj tmj igrt thckjohlgzt lggk ga tmj pjh| $ \jho `t hdo lj ~|j~h| jo ag| tmj o`rbzrr`gdr ga `t tmht pgz u`cc mjh| higde ijd hdo ugijd ga cjh|d`de$

Rjdt lp ih`c# ~grt~hò# ag| /<$<:$

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Mj|j `r h lggk tmht uhr u|`ttjd tug tmgzrhdo pjh|r heg#hdo uhr mòojd `d ihdzrb|`~t ag|i a|gi tmj jpjr ga tmj ug|cohdo e`qjd gdcp tg tmj `d`t`htjr ga tmj tji~cjr `d _`ljt tgrtzop ~|`qhtjcp$

Gzt ga tmj iprtj|p ga tmj ~hrt bgijr tm`r hdt`xzj lggk bgdth`d`de tmj |h|jrt u|`t`der hdo tjhbm`der kdgud tg ihd u`tmtmj j}bj~t`gd ga tmj L`lcj$ Mz do| jor ga lggkr m hqj ljjdu|`ttjd hlgzt tmj tjhbm`der hdo ~|hbt`bjr ga tmj I hrtj|r ga tmj Ah| Jhrt hdo tmj Hoj~tr ga _`ljt# lzt dgdj ga tmji mhr jqj|bgdth`djo tmj rjb|jt tjhbm`der agzdo `d tm`r lggk$ _m `r lggk `ro`qòjo `dtg ihdp ~h|tr# jhbm ~h|t bgdth`d`de h ch|ej dzilj|ga rjbt`gdr g| o`q`r`gdr hdo bmh~tj|r$

_mj lggk ojhcr u`tm ihd‐r ~hrr`gdr# cgqjr# ojr`|jr# ujhkdjrrjr# r dr# rt|jd etmr# ag|t`tzojr# hil`t`gdr# hdo mg~jr$ Hcc h|j

t|jhtjo `d ojth`c u`tm `cczi`dht`de rì~c`b`tp$ _m j lggk `r ljhz tàzccp ~|`dtjo hdo lgzdo `d cjhtmj|jttj# hdo bgdth`dr hcrg tmjrt|hdej iprt`b rtg|p ga tmj j}~jo`t`gd `dtg _`ljt tg rjbz|j tm`rih|qjcgzr ihdzrb|`~t$

^|`bj# ~j| bg~p# ~grthej ~|j~hò# gdcp /8$<:$

<05





c`qjr# hdo `t c`kju`rj ~g`dtr gzt tmgrj ~j|`gor um`bm h|j dgt ahqg|&hlcj ag| ihdp ga tmj tm`der uj t|p tg hbbgi~c`rm$ @t ogjr dgt ojhcu`tm hrt|gcgep g| hdp rprtji ga ag|tzdj tjcc`de# lzt ~|jrjdtr hrprtji cgde zrjo lp tmj Ihrtj| Iprt`br `d G|`jdthc chdor hdo

um`bm `r rt|`btcp rb`jdtà`b hdo ojigdrt|hlcj$ Gd j |jho`d e ga tmj lggk u`tm `tr bmh|tr hdo thlcjr u`cc jdhlcj tmj |jhoj| tg rjjtmj bgz|rj ga m`r càj ht h echdbj$ @t m jc~r jqj|pgdj tg jcì`%dhtj –bmhdbj’ hdo –czbk#, tg bhrt hròj –ahtj, hdo |j~chbj tmjrju`tm Rjca Ihrtj|p$

Mj|j `r h lggk pgz u`cc zrj ujjkcp tg ezòj pgz| haah`|rtm |gz emgzt tmj pjh|r$ _mj|j `r dg ihe`b `d `tr rprtji# lzt `tg~jdr h q`rth ga tmj bpbcj ga tmj càj ga jhbm lj`de `d h |jih|k%hlcj ihddj|$

Ujcc ~|`dtjo# lgzdo `d r`ck bcgtm# hdo rthi~jo `d egco tgihtbm gtmj| qgczijr ga tmj \gr`b|zb`hd C`l|h|p$ ^|`bj# ~grthej~hò# /<$>>$

Q g c z i j Q @ @@ $

\gr`b|zb`hd Ihdzhc

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Bgdrt`tzt`gd ga tmj G|oj| ga \gr`b|zb`hdr# lzt h bgi~cjtjgztc`dj hdo j}~chdht`gd ga hcc ga tmj bzrtgir# mhl`tr# hdo

tj|i`dgcgep ga tmj \gr`b|zb`hdr# u`tm o`he|hir hdo j}~chdht`gdrga tmj rpilgcr zrjo `d tmj tjhbm`der# hd gztc`dj ga tmj rzlfjbtrthzemt# h o`bt`gdh|p ga tmj tj|ir# h bgi~cjtj ~|jrjdtht`gd ga tmj ~|`db`~cjr ga Bgri`b Bgdrb`gzrdjrr# hdo l`ge|h~m`bhcrkjtbmjr ga ì~g|thdt bmh|hbtj|r bgddjbtjo u`tm tmj ug|k$ _mj|jh|j hcrg r~jb`hc h|t`bcjr gd tmj E|jht U m `tj Cgoej hdo `trj}`rtjdbj# mgu tg htth`d ~rpbm`b `cczi`dht`gd# tmj \gr`b|zb`hdBgoj ga Càj u`tm tm`|tp chur hdo |jezcht`gdr# hdo h dzilj| ga ~g|t|h`tr ga ~|gi`djdt iprt`br `dbczo`de Ihrtj| K$ M$# tmj@cczrt|`gzr$

_mj tjbmd`bhc ihttj| bgdth`djo `d tmj tj}t hdo `d tmj mzdo|jog| ig|j o`he|hir ihkjr tm`r lggk h |jhc jdbpbcg~jo`h ga \gr`b|zb`hd j}~chdht`gdr# hròj a|gi tmj bgi~cjtj o`bt`gdh|p `t

bgdth`dr$_mj –\gr`b|zb`hd Ihdzhc, `r ga ch|ej r`vj# ujcc ~|`dtjo#

ljhztàzccp lgzdo `d |jo r`ck bcgtm# hdo rthi~jo `d egco$ _mjagz|tm jo`t`gd mhr ljjd jdch|ejo hdo ì~|gqjo `d ihdp uhpr$^|`bj# ~grthej ~|j~hò# /<$>>$

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Iprt`br ht ^|hpj|

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|jdgudjo iprt`br hdo hoj~tr ga hcc hejr$ Lp I H D PB8M CH\# A$ \$B$# H zrt|`hd ^m`cgrg~mj| hdo I prt`b$

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~gu j| ga ~|hp j|$ ^| hpj | `r ihd ‐r |èmtazc mj| `thej$ @t `r tmjo`|jbt ijhdr ga ihd‐r bgiizd`gd u`tm tmj `da`d`tj ag|bj ga o`q`d`tp$

–Iprt`br ht ^|hpj|’ `r ujcc lgzdo# jilgrrjo `d egco# ~|`dtjogd h|t ~h~j| `d tug bgcg|r# u`tm ojbkcjo joej hdo t`~~jo ~hejr#rjdt hdpumj|j# ~grt~hò /8$>>

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tm|gzem tmj i`dor hdo mjh|tr ga rtzojdtr# iprt`br# hdo tm`dkj|rmhqj hcuhpr ljjd tmj ug|or6 –U mp H|j Uj M j|j7, \j`dbh|%dht`gd mhr ljjd b|`t`b`vjo lp rgij hr bgdac`bt`de u`tm rhb|joc`tj|htz|j hdo u`tmgzt qj|à`bht`gd$ _m`r lggk |jqjhcr# mgujqj|#`d hd hrtgzdo`de ihddj| tmj ihdp ahbtr tg rz~~g|t |j`dbh|dht`gd$

Xzgtht`gdr a|gi ji`djdt hztmg|`t`jr# a|gi L`lc`bhc hdo Rhb|joug|kr rzlrthdt `htj |j`dbh|dht`gd$ _m`r qgczij ^\G QJR |j`d%bh|dht`gd$ @t ~chbjr `t mèm hlgqj ij|j r~jbzcht`gd$ _m`r lggk `ru`tmgzt j}heej|ht`gd tmj igrt bgi~cjtj# `dr~`|`de# jdcèmtjd`delggk jqj| u|`ttjd gd tm`r rzlfjbt$ @t `r dgt h a`bt`gd rtg|p lzt h

2>>



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_mj Bgri`b Bgdbj~t`gd; _mj ^j|rgdhc`tp ga tmj Rgzc; Ogjr ^j|rgdhc tp Rz|q`qj _ |hd r`t`gd7; Mj|jo`tp hdo @dm j|`thdbj; Kh|ih

hdo ^j|rgdhc Jqgczt`gd; \jcè`gd hdo L`lc`bhc Q `ju ~g`d tr; Bm|`rt`hd \jaj|jd bjr; Ljtujjd @dbh|dht`gdr; Rgzcr ga Hd ìhcr hdo tmj –Zdlg|d;’ \jbgccjbt`gdr ga tmj ^hrt$

_mj lggk bgdth`dr gqj| tm|jj mzdo|jo ~hejr# ljhztàzccp~|`dtjo# djhtcp lgzdo# rthi~jo `d egco; `t `r h qhczhlcj hrrjt tgpgz| c`l|h|p# jbgdgi`bhccp ~|`bjo$ ^|`bj ~j| bg~p# ~grthej ~|j&~hò# gdcp /<$<>$

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Cjiz|`h‟_mj Cgrt Bgdt`djdt

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ug|d huhp lp tj||à`b ~|jrrz|j h|j tmj |jidhdtr ga h bzctz|j c`ttcjkdgud tg gz| her ga tgohp$ Umj|j tmj ièmtp ^hbà`b dgu |gccr`d h ihfjrt`b rujj~ ga tmgzrhdor ga i`cjr# tmj|j uhr gdbj h qhrt

bgdt`djdt$ _m`r chdo uhr kdgud hr Cjiz| `h# hdo `tr ~jg~cj hrCjiz|`hdr$

U j ~| òj gz|rjcqjr z~gd tmj `dqjdt `gdr# bgdqjd`jdbjr# hdo oj&qjcg~ijdtr ga tgohp$ U j bhcc tmji igoj|d# lzt tmjrj hdb`jdtrhdo cgde%ag|egttjd ~jg~cj j}bjccjo zr$ _m `der uj r~jhk ga hraztz|j ~grr`l`c`t`jr# tmjp kdju hr jqj|pohp |jhc`t`jr$ Rb`jdbjmhr e|hozhccp ~`jbjo tgejtmj| tmj jqòjdbjr ga tm`r cgrt |hbj# hdo`d tm`r lggk pgz u`cc a`do tmj igrt hrtgzdo`de# jdtm|hcc`debmh~tj|r pgz mhqj jqj| |jho$ Mgu tmjrj ~jg~cj bhij tg ljruj~t a|gi tmj ahbj ga tmj jh|tm# j}bj~t ag| rz|q`qg|r umg mhqjc`q`de ojrbjdohd tr tgohp# `r j}~ch`djo$ @cczrt|ht `gdr hdo j}~chd h%t`gdr ga tmj`| iprt`b rpilgcr# ih~r ga tmj bgdt`djdt# hdo ihdphdb`jdt t|ztmr hdo chur h|j bgdth`djo `d tm`r zdzrzhc lggk$

@a pgz h|j h cgqj| ga iprtj|p# ga tmj zdkdgud# tmj uj`|o‟|jho tm`r lggk‟|jijilj|# mgujqj|# tm`r lggk `r dgt a`bt`gd# lztlhrjo gd ahbtr# tmj |jrzct ga j}tjdr`qj |jrjh|bm$ Ogjr b`q`c`vht`gd|jhbm h bj|th`d mjèmt# hdo tmjd |jt| ge|hoj7 @r tmj bzctz|j hdo~|ge|jrr ga ihdk`do `d bpbcjr# |jhbm`de bj|th`d ~jhkr# hdo tmjd

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AMORC - Rosicrucian Questions and Answers (1932). 2nd edition