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The Module 9 is intended to give you further understanding of how to use prepositions in different contextual communication written and oral

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EXERCISE 66

PREPOSITIONS : supply an appropriate preposition for each of

the following expressions of time.

1. I’ll meet you____in______ the morning.2. I’ll meet you ____in_______ the afternoon.3. I’ll meet you ____in______ the evening.4. I usually stay home ____at_____ night.5. I get out of class ____at_____ noon.6. I’ll call you ____at____ six o’clock.7. She came ____on_____ Monday.*8. She came _____in____ March.9. I was born ____in____ 1970.10. I was born ____on____ March 15th.11. I was born ____on____ March 15th, 1970.12. He played a trick on me ____at____ April Fool’s Day13. I’ll help you ____in____ a minute, just as soon as I finish this work.14. I’ll help you ____in____ a moment, just as soon as I finish this work.**15. ___at____ the moment, I’m doing an exercise.16. Im living in the dorm___in____ present.17. I like to go swimming ____in____ the summer.18. I like to go skiing ___in_____ the winter.

*on in used for a particular day or date. In is used for a month or year.** in a moment means soon. At the moment means at this time (or that time).

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Chapter 2Modal Auxliaries and Similar

Expressions

2-1 INTRODUCTION

• The modal auxiliaries in English are : can, could, had better, may, might, must, ought to, shall, should, will, would.

• Modal auxiliaries generally express a speaker’s attitudes, or “moods”. For example, modals can express that a speaker feels something in necessary, advisable, permissible, possible, or probable, and in addition, they can convey the strength of these attitudes.E h d l h h i

Can do it.Could do it. Had better do it.May do it. Might do it. Must do it.Ought to do it. Shal l l do it. Should do it. Wildo it. Would do it.

IWeyouTheyHeShe it

• Modal do not take a final -s, even when the subject is he, she, or it.

• CORRECT: He can do it.• INCORRECT: he cans do it.

• Modal are followed immendiatelyby the simple form of a verb.

• CORRECT: he can do it.• INCORRECT: he can to do it./He can does it./He

can did it.• The only exception is ought, which is followed by

an infinitive (to + the simple form of a verb).• CORRECT: she ought to go to the meeting.

SIMILAR EXPRESSIONS

Be able to do it.Be going to do itBe supposed to do itBe to do itHave to do itHave got to do itUsed to do it

In (b) is a list of some common expressions whose meaning are similar to those of some of the

modal auxiliaries. For example: be able to in similar to can; be going

to is similar to will.An infinitive (to + the simple form a

verb) is used in these similar expressions.

INCORRECT: She can to see it. correct : she can see it.INCORRECT: She cans see it. correct : she can see it.INCORRECT: She can sees it. correct : she can see it.INCORRECT: She can saw it. correct : she can see it.INCORRECT: Can you please to pass the rice?. correct: can you please pass the rice?INCORRECT: Do you can see it?*. correct : can you see it?INCORRECT: They don’t can go there.**. correct : they can’t go there.

EXERCISE 1ERROR ANALYSIS: all of the following contain errors in the

forms of modals. Point out and correct the errors.

*See appendix 1, Chart B-1 for question form with modals.*See appendix 1, Chart C-1 for negative form with modals.

2-2 POLITE REQUEST WITH “I”AS THE SUBJECT

• MAY I May I (please) borrow your pen?• COULD I Could I borrow your pen (please)?

May I and could I are used to request permission. They are equally polite.*Note in (b): in a polite request, could has a present or future meaning, not a past meaning.

*might is also possible: might I barrow your pen. Might I is quite formal and polite; it is used much less frequently than may I or could I.

CAN I Can I borrow your pen?

Can I is used informally to request permission, expecially if the speaker is talking to someone s/he knows fairly well.Can I is usually not considered as polite as may I or could I.

TYPICAL RESPONSES:certainly. Yes, certainly.Of course. Yes, of course. Sure. (informal)

Often the response to a polite request consists of an action, a nod or shake of head, or simple “uh-huh”.

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2-3 POLITE REQUEST WITH “YOU”AS THE SUBJECT

• WOULD YOU Would you pass the salt (please)?

• WILL YOU Will you (please) pass the salt

The meaning of would you and will you in apolite request is the same. Would you is morecommon and is often considered more polite.The degree of politeness, however, if oftendetermined by the speaker’s tone of voice.

• COULD YOU•• Could you pass the salt?• Basically, could you and would you have the

same meaning. The difference is slight:• Would you = do you ewant to do this please?• Could you = do you want to do this please, and is

it possible for you to do this?• Could you and would you are equally polite.

• CAN YOU• Can you pass the salt?• Can you is often use informally. It usually sounds

less polite than could you or would you.

• TYPICAL RESPONSES:Yes, I’d (I would) be happy to.

• Yes, I’d be glad to.• Certainly. • Sure. (informal)• A person usually responds in the affirmative to a

polite request. If a negative response is necessary, a person might begin by saying, “I’d like to, but . . .” (e.g., “I’d like to pass the salt, but I can’t reach it. I’ll ask Tom to pass it to you.”).

EXERCISE 2

ORAL (BOOKS CLOSED)ask and answerpolite questions.

STUDENT A: make a polite request for the given situation.

STUDENT B: give a typical response.

1. You and (. . .) are sitting at the dinner table. You want the butter.Student A: (anna), would you please pass me the butter?Student B: certainly, I’d be glad to. Here you are.

2. You want to ask your teacher a question.3. You’re at your friend’s apartment. You want to use the phone.4. You’re speaking on the phone to your brother. You want him to pick you up at

the airport whwn you arrive home.5. You want to leave class early. You’re speaking to your instructor.

6. You want (. . .) to meet you in front of the library at three this afternoon.7. You knock on your professor’s half-open door. He’s sitting at his desk. You want

to go in.8. You want to make appointment to see Dr. North. You’re speaking to her

secretary.9. You are at a gas station. You want the attendant to check the oil.10. You are in your chemistry class. You’re looking at your textbook. On page 100

there is a formula which you do not understand. You want your professor to explain this formulato you.

11. You call your friend. Her name (. . .). Someone else answers the phone.12. You want to see (. . .)’s dictionaryfor a minute.13. You want a stranger in an airport to keep her eye on your luggage while you get a

drink of water.14. You want (. . .) to tape something on the VCR tonight while you’re away at a

meeting.

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2-4 POLITE REQUESTS WITH WOULD YOU MIND

• ASKING PERMISSION• Would you mind if I closed the window?• Would you mind if I use the phone?• Notice in (a): would you mind if I is followedby

the simple past.*• The meaning in (a): may I close the window? Is it

all right if I close the window? Will it cause you any trouble or discomfort if I close the window?

• TYPICAL RESPONSES• No. not at all.• No, of course not.• No, that would be fine.• Another typical response might be “uhn-uhn,”

meaning no.•

• ASKING SOMEONE ELSE TO DO SOMETHING• Would you mind closing the window?• Excuse me? Would you mind repeating that?• Notice in (c): would you mind in followed by –ing

(a gerund).• The meaning in (c): I don’t want to cause you any

trouble, but would you please close the window? Would you that cause you any inconvenience?

• TYPICAL RESPONSES• No, I’d be happy to.• Not at all. I’ll be glad to.•

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EXERCISE 3:

using the verb in parentheses, fill in the blank either with if I + the past tense or with the –ing form of the verb. In some of the sentences, either response is possible but the meaning is different.

1. I’m getting tired. I’d like to go home and go to bed. Would you mind (leave) ___if I left___ early?2. I’m sorry. I didn’t understand what you said. Would you mind(repeat) ___repeating______ that?3. A: are you going to the post office?

B: yes.A: would you mind (mail) _____mailing____ this latter for me?B: not at all.

4. A: are you coming with us?B: I know I promised to go with you, but I’m not feeling very good.

Would you mind (stay) _____staying______ home?A: of course not.

5. A: I still don’t understand how to work this algebra problem. Would you mind (explain) __explaining_______ it again ?B: not at all. I’d be happy to.

6. A: it’s getting hot in here. Would you mind (open) _____if i opened_____ the window?B: no.

7. A: this probably none of my business, but would you mind (ask) ________if I asked_______ you a personal question?B: it depends.

8. A: would you mind(smoke) _______smoking_________?B: I’d really rather you didn’t.

9. A: excuse me. Would you mind (speak) ____speaking______ a little more slowly? I didn’t catch what you said.B: I’d be happy to.

10. A: I don’t like this TV program. Would you mind (change)____changed___ the channel?B: uhn-uhn.

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