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The Middle EastThe Cradle of Civilization
The Middle EastWhat will we be examining?- Where and What: The Middle East- The Difference: Arab and Muslim- The Difference: Sunni and Shia - The aftermath of the Soviet invasion of Afghanistan, the Persian Gulf War and the rise of Osama bin Laden- What we knew about 9.11- The Attacks on 9.11- Afghanistan & Iraq- ISIS
The Middle EastWhat and Where?
QUESTION.
What is the difference between someone who is Arab and someone who is Muslim?
The Arab World
Differentiating TermsArabs and Muslims
Muslim - Religious FollowerArab - Ethnic Group
A Muslim is a follower of Islam
What are the two major branches of Islam?
Sunni and Shia (Shi’ite)
Lives in, or is from, an Arab country (does NOT include Iran, Israel, or Turkey.).
Although MOST Arabs are Muslim, it IS possible to be a Arab and Christian or Jewish.
However, MOST Muslims are NOT Arab.
Differentiating TermsSunni and Shia
Shia (Shi’ite)From “Shiat Ali” meaning party of Ali
Sunni (“Ahl al-Sunna” meaning people of tradition)
Believed the successor should remain within the prophets family (mainly Ali, his son-in-law)
Iraq and Iran are major Shia nations
Orthodox and traditionalist (self-proclaimed)
Constitutes roughly 85% to 90% of the Muslim population
When the prophet Muhammad dies in 632 CE, the Islamic splits.
The prophet Muhammad is the last and only ruler… until the new one emerges.
The ruler is from the bloodline of Ali.
QUESTION.
The Soviet invasion of Afghanistan (1979)
During the Cold War, what event got America involved in the Middle East?
What doctrine during the Cold War promised that the USA would protect interests in the Middle East?
The Aftermath of AfghanistanThe Mujahedeen (coalition of tribes in jihad) fought the Soviets from 1979 to 1989.
What happened in Afghanistan after the Soviets retreated and fell?Civil War breaks out from 1992 to 1996.
One of the groups involved were refugees from Saudi Arabia and Pakistan known “Talibs”.
The Aftermath of Afghanistan
Many of the Taliban were already trained by the CIA.
By 1996, the Taliban would be in control of Kabul, and thus Afghanistan and would welcome Osama bin Laden.
He would become the head of Al-Qaeda.
“I bear witness that there is no deity other than Allah and that Muhammad is his servant and Messenger”
QUESTION.
What event in 1991 would cause even more tension between the United States and Middle East?
Shifting Sands Reading (1991)
Saddam Hussein and Iraq invaded Kuwait in 8.1990.42 day long conflict.
The Persian Gulf War
While America SleptInside 9.11
While America Slept“[In 2001], America was more concerned about summer vacation than terror attacks. The big movie at the mall was "American Pie II”… and Beyonce was thinking about ditching her band for a solo career… By the summer of 2001, Americans had become all too familiar with "hanging chads," but few had ever heard of al Qaeda or Osama bin Laden.”
While America SleptWhile the nation drifted through the dog days, however, a group of terrorists was in the final stages of planning a series of attacks that would kill 3,000 people on September 11th. Much of the federal government seemed to have been in a summer daze as well, missing the warning signs of what would become the deadliest act of terrorism on U.S. soil. While some in the intelligence community raised red flags, the White House had brushed off warnings of an impending attack and the CIA was failing to share information with the FBI about the terrorists' travels.
On the following pages, [we will examine] what America was doing and what the hijackers were doing, day-by-day, in August and September 2001. In daily updates, we track the hijackers as they go to flight school. We shadow them as they buy… airline tickets and knives. We also watch as CIA analysts and FBI agents try to sound the alarm about the rising threat, and are ignored. With fresh entries each day from August 11th to September 10th.”
NOTE:
Some information regarding the purchasing of weapons, plane tickets, or other minor details have been left out to make the lesson concise.
August 6th, 200136 Days Before the Attack
While vacationing in Crawford, Texas, President George W. Bush receives an intelligence report from the CIA titled:
The report goes on to state that a phone call to the United States embassy in the United Arab Emirates reported that “a group of bin Laden supporters was in the U.S. planning attacks with explosives.”
“Bin Laden Determined to Strike in U.S.”
All 19 hijackers are already within the United States using visas that they obtained using their real names.
August 11th, 200131 Days Before the Attack
Osama bin Laden approves the final details for the attack, what he called “The Planes Operation”, on the United States.
The only detail left is the exact date which will be determined sometime later.
August 11th, 200131 Days Before the Attack
Zacarias Moussaoui, an Al Qaeda recruit, arrives in Minnesota to partake in a flight training school program.
Meanwhile, the FBI has more than 70 “full field investigations” going on related to bin Laden and his activities worldwide.
None of them mention that the 19 eventual hijackers that are already present within the United States.
August 12th, 200130 Days Before the Attack
Mohammed Atta, a team leader, flies to Las Vegas where he meets with two other hijackers. He will leave the following day.
Marwan al-Shehhi, a hijacker who would be on UA flight 175, purchases two four inch pocket knives (the maximum size allowable by regulations at the time), in Florida.
August 13th, 200129 Days Before the Attack
Zacarias Moussaoui begins training on a flight simulator at his flight school in
Minnesota.
Moussaoui raises suspicions after telling instructors he wants to learn how to fly a 747 airplane, but does not want to learn how to land, and
has no intentions of earning a pilot’s license.
August 13th, 200129 Days Before the Attack
Counter Terrorism official Richard Clarke requests a meeting with national security advisor Condoleezza Rice to reiterate the potential threat that al-Qaeda posed to the United States.
I
August 14th, 200128 Days Before the Attack
An FBI investigation is opened on Zacarias Moussaoui after his flight instructor reports him as a possible
terrorist.
CIA counter-terrorism chief, Cofer Black, warns the Department of Defense “We are going to be struck soon, many Americans
are going to die, and it could be in the U.S.”
August 15th, 200127 Days Before the Attack
Hani Hanjour, a hijacker on AA flight 77, takes flight training in Maryland.
Zacarias Moussaoui is arrested by the FBI in Minnesota due to growing suspicion over his
reasoning for taking flight training.
August 16th, 200126 Days Before the Attack
Mohamed Atta is heard shouting “allahu akbar”
over flight radio by a flight instructor in
Florida.
August 19th, 200123 Days Before the Attack
A Jordanian prisoner suspected of terrorist ties admits to FBI
agents that an impending attack against buildings in New York and
Washington, D.C. is imminent, saying, "Something big is going
to happen."
His credibility is questioned as he cannot provide details of time
and place.
August 21st, 200121 Days Before the Attack
FBI agents demand to know why they were not notified by the CIA of the arrival in the U.S. of two known al Qaeda operatives, Khalid al-Mihdhar and Nawaf al-
Hazmi, in January 2000.
A search begins for both, but it is labeled: “unhurried”
Two days later, both men would finally be placed on the FBI’s Terror Watch List.
August 22nd, 200120 Days Before the Attack
The attack date is finalized for September 11th.Osama bin Laden will learn of the date on September 6th.
Fayez Banihammad purchases his ticket from UA flight 175 from Boston to San Francisco.
August 24th, 200118 Days Before the Attack
One day after his name is added to the FBI's terror watchlist, Khalid al-Mihdhar uses his Yahoo email account to book a seat on AA flight 77 for September 11th.
Lack of discussion and sharing of intelligence between the FBI and CIA allows certain operatives to go unnoticed during the lead up to the attacks.
August 25th, 200117 Days Before the Attack
Mohamed Atta meets with the soon-to-be AA flight 77 hijack team at the Valencia Motel in Laurel, Maryland.
The visa for Khalid al-Mindhar is revoked after investigation by the FBI, but nothing is done to locate him or his associates.
August 27th, 200115 Days Before the Attack
Labor Day, 2001.None of the hijackers have been detected.
Egyptian President Hosni Mubarak warns the United States of a possible attack involving airplanes or an embassy.
September 3rd, 20018 Days Before the Attack
Counter Terrorism official Richard Clarke finally meets with national security advisor Condoleezza Rice.Clarke tells Rice to imagine “hundreds dying” because of negligence.
September 4th, 20017 Days Before the Attack
In Paris, FBI and CIA officials attend an emergency session at the French
Ministry of the Interior.
France gives America information on Zacarias Moussaoui and his ties to Osama bin Laden.
Despite this information, Moussaoui and his case remain on the “back burner”.
September 5th, 20016 Days Before the Attack
Several of the American Airlines flight 77 hijackers empty their bank accounts, giving the money to American Airlines flight 11 hijacker Mohamed Atta.
Atta wires $7,860 to the Wall Street Exchange Center in Dubai from the Giant and Safeway stores in Laurel, Maryland.
September 8th, 20013 Days Before the Attack
The National Security Agency picks up conversations between two suspected Al Qaeda leaders.
The first?"The match begins tomorrow”.
The next?"Tomorrow is zero day."
The conversations will not be translated and transcribed until September 12th.
September 10th, 20011 Days Before the Attack
Tuesday, September 11th, 2001The Day of the Attack
September 11th, 2001“On Florida's Gulf coast, the motorcade carrying President George W. Bush was en route from the scenic sandbar resort island of Longboat Key to a school in Sarasota for a routine visit.
At the White House, staffers were going into their regular morning briefings, while in the Pentagon, defense secretary Donald Rumsfeld was lobbying for increased funds for the military at a breakfast meeting with members of Congress.
And in New York, it was a beautifully cloudless morning when a plane swooped down out of the blue skies at 8:46am and smashed into the North Tower of the World Trade Center. The mobile phones and pagers of the Administration's top aides were soon buzzing in Washington and Florida. But none imagined then this would be the day that would transform the world, define the Bush presidency and set the stage for a war that is still claiming American and British lives in Afghanistan a decade later.”
AA Flight 11
UA Flight 175
CNN 9.11 Attacks
8:46am10:28am
9:03am9:59am
15:001.10:00
September 11th, 2001North Tower (WTC 1) South Tower (WTC 2)American Airlines Flight 11 would hit between the 93rd and the 99th floors moving at roughly 466mph.
87 passengers would be killed.
Impact would cut through the building severing the three staircases leaving the remaining 17 floors cut off with no chance of escaping.
Firefighters freed at least 28 people who had been trapped by mangled and distorted steel frames and jammed doors. With more time, and simple tools like crowbars and sledgehammers, firefighters might have been able to free even more people who were trapped on the floors above.
United Airlines Flight 175 would hit between the 77th and 85th floors moving at roughly 590mph.
60 passengers would be killed.
Impact would knock out all but one staircase leaving it intact from top to bottom. The New York Times identified 18 people who had found and used it to escape successfully.
However, 200 people or more would use that staircase to climb to the roof believing they would be airlifted out.
The hatches to the roof would be sealed and locked. No one is known to have climbed to the roof hatch and lived.
The TowersRoughly 1,100 people survived the initial impact of the planes on both towers (roughly 800 in the North Tower and 300 in the South Tower), but would be killed upon the towers collapsing. The North Tower presented less opportunity for escape as all staircases had been severed. The North Tower also had roughly three times the people trapped with half as much space to move.
The South Tower would provide better chances for escape, but many would perish trying to escape to the roof instead of taking the stairs to the lobby.
The TowersIn professional and amateur video footage taken from the incident…
around 37 people can be seen jumping or falling from the North Tower. Smoke around the South Tower makes it difficult to know how many jumped or fell to their death.
It is estimated that anywhere from 100 to 250 people fell to their deaths before the towers collapsed.
September 11th, 2001In the South Tower, roughly 600 people would die at or above the planes impact.
In the North Tower, with no chance of escape, every person believed to be above the 91st floor died: 1,344.
One of them… was Thomas H. McGinnis.
Thomas H. McGinnis1960 to 2001 (41 y/o)Lived in NYC for 37 years of his life
Married his middle and high school sweetheart, Illiana, in 1986 and had a daughter, Caitlin, in 1997.
Graduated from SUNY Fredonia in Buffalo, NY
Moved to Oakland, NJ after Caitlin was born
Worked for Carr Futures as a commodities broker at the New York Mercantile Exchange (half mile away from the WTC)
On September 11th, Carr Futures had an “impromptu” meeting at WTC1. Thomas was called to attend that meeting.
Thomas H. McGinnisThe meeting was scheduled to begin at 8:00am on Tuesday, September 11th.
At 8:46:30am American Airlines Flight 11 from Boston to Los Angeles would crash into the North Tower between the 93rd and 99th floors.
Thomas and 66 others associated with Carr Futures were on the 92nd floor.
Unknown to anyone at the time, the three stairwells in the North Tower were severed at the 91st floor as drywall and twisted steel blocked all forms of escape.
Thomas was trapped.
Fighting to Live as the Towers DiedOn May 26th, 2002:The New York Times published an article titled:
The article chronicles the final 102 minutes from inside WTC1 and WTC2 from the time of impact in the North Tower through the events unraveling in the South Tower, ending with the north tower collapsing.
Using phone records, the NYT was able to paint a vivid picture of what it was like to be inside the Twin Towers as they deteriorated.
“Fighting to Live as the Towers Died”.
The last phone call on record from inside either tower?10:18am11 minutes until the North Tower collapses.
Thomas McGinnis reached his wife, Illiana, as she emerges from the Lincoln Tunnel on her way to work.
Fighting to Live as the Towers Died
10:00The North Tower, which had been hit 16 minutes before the south, was still standing. It was dying, more slowly, but just as surely. The calls were dwindling. The number of people falling from windows accelerated.
That morning, the office of Carr Futures on the 92nd floor was unusually busy. A total of 68 men and women were on the floor that morning, 67 of them associated with Carr.
About two dozen brokers for Carr's parent company had been called to a special 8 a.m. meeting. When the building sprang back and forth like a car antenna, door frames twisted and jammed shut, trapping a number of them in a conference room.
The remaining Carr employees, about 40, migrated to a large, unfinished space along the west side. Jeffrey Nussbaum called his mother, and shared his cellphone with Andy Friedman. In all, the Carr families have counted 31 calls from the people they lost, according to Joan Dincuff, whose son, Christopher, died that morning.
Carr was two floors below the impact, and everyone there had survived it; yet they could not get out. Between 10:05 and 10:25, videos show, fire spread westward across the 92nd floor's north face, bearing down on their western refuge.
At 10:18, Tom McGinnis, one of the traders summoned to the special meeting, reached his wife, Iliana McGinnis. The words are stitched into her memory.
"This looks really, really bad," he said.
"I know," said Mrs. McGinnis, who had been hoping that his meeting had broken up before the airplane hit. "This is bad for the country; it looks like World War III."
Something in the tone of her husband's answer alarmed Mrs. McGinnis.
"Are you O.K., yes or no?" she demanded.
"We're on the 92nd floor in a room we can't get out of," Mr. McGinnis said.
"Who's with you?" she asked. Mr. McGinnis mentioned three old friends:
Joey Holland Brendan Dolan Elkin Yuen
"I love you," Mr. McGinnis said. "Take care of Caitlin." Mrs. McGinnis was not ready to hear a farewell.
"Don't lose your cool," she urged. "You guys are so tough, you're resourceful. You guys are going to get out of there.”
"You don't understand," Mr. McGinnis said. "There are people jumping from the floors above us.”
It was 10:25. The fire raged along the west side of the 92nd floor. People fell from windows. Mr. McGinnis again told her he loved her and their daughter, Caitlin.
"Don't hang up," Mrs. McGinnis pleaded.
"I got to get down on the floor," Mr. McGinnis said.
With that, the phone connection faded out.
It was 10:26…
Two minutes before the tower crumbled.
The World Trade Center had fallen silent.
Portraits RedrawnThomas McGinnis’ remains would be found in early November while crews searched and cleaned up what remained of the World Trade Centers.His gold chain and Celtic Cross had remained intact around his neck.
What We LostOn 9/11, almost 3,000 people lost their lives at the hands of nineteen individuals in
four different planes.
If we examine each life that was taken from us that day we will see that we lost much more than what we normally think.
We lost fathers and mothers, sons and daughters, brothers and sisters, aunts and uncles, and even cousins. We lost unborn children, firefighters, police officers, EMT’s,
Port Authority officers, and many other brave emergency responders who rushed towards and into burning buildings as everyone rushed out and away from them.
What We Got?The War on Terror
The Afghanistan War and the Invasion of Iraq
What We Got?The Patriot Act.
The PATRIOT Act Explained
QUESTION.In your opinion, is the PATRIOT Act needed?
What We Got?A letter.
The Two Towers of Lebanon (2004)
The Islamic StateISIS
QUESTION.
Why?
The Charlie Hebdo attacks were almost immediately blamed on Islam.
So, what is ISIS?
Trail of Terror Reading
