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The Middle AgesGlobal AIS Unit 6
MAP AND TIMELINEFor your reference
THE DARK AGES
Basic TermsDark Ages (Middle Ages)
◦Began with the fall of the Roman Empire in 476 AD
◦Lasted until 800 AD (when Charlemagne is crowned)
◦Happened in Western EuropeMedieval
◦Another name for the Middle Ages
Barbarian TribesConsidered uncivilized and
uneducated◦Barbarian: Roman term for people who
didn’t speak LatinMade of Germanic people from
northern and eastern EuropePushed westward by the Huns from
Asia and Vikings from the far north◦Huns: fierce, savage fighters (Mulan)
Ruined most of what the Roman Empire had created
Effects of the “Fall of Rome” on Western EuropeNo more centralized government
◦No protection◦Roads crumbled◦Trade declined◦Communities couldn’t communicate
Different languages emerged, like French, Spanish and Italian
Roman Catholic Church became the ONLY common organization in Europe
Conditions in Europe during the Dark AgesUnorganized
◦No centralized governmentUneducated
◦No formal schoolingPoor
◦No organized trade
CHAOS
EXCEPT Charlemagne’s KingdomFrankish Kingdom: a German
tribe in FranceLeader: Charles the Great aka
CharlemagneSuccessful for three reasons
◦Ties to the Roman Catholic Church Remember: the only uniting body
◦Supported education◦Began feudalism in France
FEUDALISM
FeudalismA “type of government”Organized but not centralizedLocally-run system based on
landownership (the manor)
How Feudalism WorkedEveryone belonged to a social
class and got what they neededBased on allegiance (loyalty) to a
lord
The Manor◦Self-sufficient◦All Land owned by the lord
Includes the lord’s house, farms, fields, forest, village, church, and peasant’s homes
The Feudal Manor
ManorialismEconomic relationship between
the lord and the people who work for him
Giving and receiving of goods and services
King
Nobles:Lord, Knight
Titles:Duke/BaronEarl/Marquis
Peasants:Priests
Craftsmen (freemen: could move)
Serfs (bound to the land)
Provides: Work (service)Food
Provides:LandProtection
More Manor TermsLord
◦Anyone above you in the feudal system◦Made rules◦Ex. Knight is a lord to a priest
Vassal◦Anyone below you in a feudal system◦Followed the Lord’s rules◦Ex. Priest is a vassal to a knight
Serf◦Belongs to the manor and is not allowed to
move◦“Bound to the land”
More Manor TermsKnights
◦Noble warriors: protectors of the kingdom◦Called “sir”◦Highly trained and well-respected
Chivalry◦Moral code of conduct that required
knights to possess: Bravery Loyalty Courtesy Generosity Charity
Why Feudalism is a Political System
◦Lords are leaders, lawmakers, judges◦Complaints/ disputes resolved by the
lordSocial System
◦People ranked according to social class
Economic System◦Ensured everyone got what they
needed◦Everyone could survive
ROLE OF THE ROMAN CATHOLIC CHURCH
An Organizing ForceOnly organized institution in Europe
◦Main tool for communication Spread news and ideas
◦Gave the church GREAT powerEducation (Monastic System)
◦Monks lived in monasteries◦Monks read/wrote fluently
Often only ones who could in a community
◦Monks copied books and kept knowledge preserved Copied by hand, word for word
More Organizing ForceInfluence on the people
◦Spiritually taught people how to get to heaven
◦Politically had great influence Even had some power over kings
◦Economically: people had to pay a tithe (tax) of 10% of their income/crops to the church
Structure of the Church◦Hierarchy: instructions from God to the
pope to the people through the clergy
Church Hierarchy
Pope (in Rome)Archbishops (cardinals)BishopsPriestsPeople
Influence on Art and ArchitectureGothic Architecture
◦Very detailed and beautifulCathedrals
◦Huge churches◦Dedicated to the glory of God◦Used as a visual tool to understand
ChristianityUse of art in the Church
◦Taught people, mostly illiterate, about Christianity
◦Art was based on religious themes
Gothic Cathedrals
Art in Churches
Jesus’ Crucifixion
The Last Supper
Jesus’ Birth
Important Church TermsHeresy
◦Major crime during those days◦Speaking out against the Church◦Disagreeing with the Church’s
teachingsExcommunication
◦Being forced to leave the Church◦Cut you off from all the good stuff
that came with the church (literacy, unification, charity)
THE CRUSADES
The Crusades1100s-1200sA series of “Holy Wars”European Christians vs. Muslims
Causes (All Christian)Wanted to take back the Holy
Land (Jerusalem)Church wanted more powerThe fighters believed their sins
would be forgiven and they would go to heaven
Church wanted to gain landSerfs hoped to escape feudalism
Impact of the CrusadesChristians did not retake the Holy
LandChristians gained things through
cultural diffusion that changed their culture ◦Learned from Muslims
Math, science, literature, art, medicine
◦Reintroduced to Greek and Roman ideas Art, philosophy, literature Remember: The ideas had been preserved by
the Byzantine and Muslim Empires
Impact of the Crusades cont’d
Crusaders brought back new products◦Silk, spices, cotton, fruits, dyes,
medicines◦Demand for new products improved
trade
Demand for products started new markets growth of towns
Impact of the Crusades (cont’d)
Overall Impact on Europe◦Learning increased◦“Beginning of the end” for Feudalism◦Economy improved◦Set up a base for the Renaissance◦Created lasting religious tensions
between Christians and Muslims
Important People During the CrusadesPope Urban II: initiated the First
CrusadeRichard the Lion-Hearted (King of
England): led the Third CrusadeSaladin (1100s): Great
warrior/leader of Turkish Muslims◦Reunited the Muslim world against
the Christian advances
OTHER IMPORTANT EVENTS OF THE MIDDLE AGES
The Hundred Years WarWhat It Was
◦England vs. FranceWhen
◦1300s-1400sWhy
◦England claimed the throne of FranceEffects on European Culture
◦New weapons invented Longbow: ended knights fighting in armor Cannon (gunpowder): ended castles as a
defense
Joan of ArcHeretic or Saint?Biography
The PlagueWhat It Was
◦A disease with no cure (at the time)◦Also called the Bubonic Plague or
Black DeathWhen
◦Began in the 1340sHow It Spread
◦By fleas on rats◦Brought from Asia by traders◦Worse in crowded cities
Impact on EuropeSocially
◦ Killed 1/3 of Europeans◦ People began to question the power of the
ChurchEconomically
◦ Survivors gained wealth from what victims left behind
◦ People could demand higher wages because of the lack of workers
Politically◦ End of feudalism (peasants revolted)◦ Growth of new political systems (monarchs got
more power)
The PlagueHollaback Girl Song Parody