The Making Modern America - Warren County Public SchoolsIn the twenty-first century, the world faces great challenges. Acts of terrorism present a threat to freedom and security. Although

554

The Making of

Modern America1929–Present

Why It MattersDuring the twentieth century, Americans suffered through wars and economic and

political unrest. The end of the Cold War brought about communism’s fall in manyparts of the world and the triumph of democracy. A new world was at hand—or

so it seemed. Long-hidden national and ethnic rivalries flared into violence in various parts of the world. The threats to peace included acts of terrorism.

Its Impact TodayIn the twenty-first century, the world faces great challenges. Acts of terrorism present

a threat to freedom and security. Although most nations condemn such acts, terror-ism is likely to remain a global concern.

The American Republic to 1877 Video The chapter 19 video,“America Responds to Terrorism,” focuses on how Americans united after the events of September 11, 2001.

1933• President Roosevelt

proposes New Deal

1933• Hitler comes

to power inGermany

1939• World War II

begins

1945• World War II ends

1941• U.S. enters

World War II

1954• Supreme Court

outlaws segrega-tion in schools

CHAPTER 19 The Making of Modern America

1930 1955

Eisenhower1953–1961

F. Roosevelt1933–1945

Truman1945–1953

1953• Korean War ends

1961 • Berlin Wall

erected

Kennedy1961–1963

Johnson1963–1969

Nixon1969–1974

1969• Astronaut Neil

Armstrong walks on moon

555

1974• President Nixon

resigns

1981• Scientists

identify AIDS

HISTORY

Chapter OverviewVisit and click on Chapter 19—Chapter Overviews to pre-view chapter information.

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Guarding Against Terrorism At the beginning of the twenty-first century,international terrorism became a major U.S. concern.


1980 2005

1991• Persian Gulf

War begins

1998• President

Clintonimpeached

2000• George W. Bush

elected president

2001• Terrorists kill thousands

in attack on America

1989• Communism

begins to fall in Eastern Europe

1991• Breakup of

Soviet Union

2000• Millions celebrate

new millenium

Step 1 Fold one sheet of paper in half fromside to side.

Step 2 Fold it again, 1 inch from the top.(Tip: The middle knuckle of your index fingeris about 1 inch long.)

Step 3 Open and label as shown.

Fold the sheetvertically.

Draw linesalong thefold lines.

Important

EventResult

Cause-Effect Information Study FoldableMake this foldable to help you organize eventsand facts about the history of modern Americafrom 1929 to the present.

Reading and Writing As you read this chapter,write down important events in the first columnof your foldable. Then, in the second column, listsome major results of each event listed in thefirst column.

Ford1974–1977

Carter1977–1981

Reagan1981–1989

G. Bush1989–1993

Clinton1993–2001

G. W. Bush2001–

2003• War in Iraq

begins

2004• Bush reelected

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1929Stock market crashes, trig-gering Great Depression

1939World War II beginsin Europe

1941Japanese attack Pearl Harbor;U.S. enters the war

1945World War IIends

Main IdeaThe United States maintained its freeenterprise system during the GreatDepression and won victory in aglobal conflict at great cost.

Key Terms dictator, genocide, Holocaust,island hopping

Reading StrategyOrganizing Information Re-createthe diagram below to identify threecauses of World War II.

Read to Learn• how President Roosevelt responded

to the Great Depression.• what actions led to the outbreak of

World War II.

Section ThemeGlobal Connections The UnitedStates joined with allied nations tofight a world war to protect rights andfreedoms.

Depression and aSecond World War

During the early years of the Great Depression, the number of homeless people inthe United States skyrocketed. One woman described her amazement when she firstsaw how people had to live outside one Midwestern city: “Here were all these peopleliving in old, rusted-out car bodies. There were people living in shacks made of orangecrates. . . . This wasn’t just a little section, this was maybe ten miles wide and ten mileslong. People living in what ever they could junk together.”

The Great DepressionThe severe economic crisis of the 1930s was called the Great Depression. It

marked the longest, deepest, and most devastating economic depression everexperienced by the United States.

The bubble of American prosperity burst when the New York stock marketcollapsed in October 1929. Thousands of investors lost all their savings. WallStreet—the nation’s financial center—was in a state of shock. In the booming

556 CHAPTER 19 The Making of Modern America

Preview of Events

Guide to Reading

✦1925 ✦1935 ✦1945

Causes

World War II

Unemployed manseeking work

economy of the 1920s, many people investedmoney in the stock market. As the value of stocksrose, people began borrowing to buy stocks.

In October 1929, stock prices fell dramatically.Investors panicked and began selling theirstocks. Many could not pay back their loans,which weakened the banks. Millions of peoplelost their savings and their jobs.

The Economy CrumblesThe stock market crash shook people’s confi-

dence in the economy. Other factors, workingtogether, sent the economy into a long tailspin.

Farm income shrank. For many farmers, yearsof dry weather made the situation even worse. Inparts of the Great Plains a long drought turnedfertile land into a Dust Bowl. Many farmers hadto give up their land. Many industries declined.In the months before the stock market crash, theautomobile and construction industries sufferedfrom lagging orders. As a result, employers cutwages and laid off workers. With their incomesslashed, many Americans could no longer affordthe consumer goods that the nation’s industrieshad been churning out.

Borrowed money had fueled much of the econ-omy in the 1920s. Farmers, plagued by low pricessince the end of World War I, bought land, equip-ment, and supplies on credit. Consumersused credit to buy cars. Investors borrowed tobuy stocks. Many small banks suffered whenconsumers defaulted, or failed to meet loanpayments. Large banks, which had boughtstocks as an investment, suffered huge lossesin the stock market crash. These losses forcedthousands of banks across the nation to closebetween 1930 and 1933, and many depositorslost their money.

Weaknesses also sapped the strengths offoreign economies. During the late 1920s,bank funds for loans dried up. Interna-tional trade slowed down because, withoutAmerican loans, other nations had lessmoney to spend.

Joblessness and PovertyAs the Depression tightened its grip on

the United States, millions lost their jobs. In1932, about one out of every four workers

were out of work. The unemployed felt devas-tated. One out-of-work man wrote aboutdeveloping:

“a feeling of worthlessness—and loneliness; I began to think of myself as a freak and misfit.”

Long lines of hungry people snaked throughthe streets of cities, waiting for hours to receivea slice of bread or a bowl of soup donated bylocal government or charities.

Those who had lost their homes built sheltersout of old boxes and other debris. Some referredto these shantytowns as Hoovervilles after Pres-ident Hoover. As the Depression dragged on,many Americans lost faith in their government.They blamed President Hoover for their hardtimes because none of his policies eased the suf-fering of massive unemployment.

Roosevelt’s New DealDuring the 1932 presidential election,

Franklin Delano Roosevelt promised a “newdeal for the American people.” With the nation’seconomy crumbling, the American peopleelected Democrat Franklin Delano Roosevelt aspresident. Roosevelt sent Congress proposals tofight the Depression that collectively becameknown as the New Deal.

CHAPTER 19 The Making of Modern America 557

Dorothea Lange photographed a homeless Oklahomafamily during Dust Bowl days.

The New Deal created the Civilian Conserva-tion Corps (CCC). The CCC put about 3 millionyoung men to work on projects such as plantingtrees and building levees to prevent floods. Italso established the Public Works Administra-tion (PWA). The PWA provided jobs by buildinghuge public works, such as roads, hospitals, andschools. The New Deal’s Agricultural Adjust-ment Administration (AAA) raised farm pricesand controlled farm production.

Roosevelt then asked Congress to pass theSocial Security Act. This created a tax paid byall employers and workers that was used to paypensions to retired people. Another tax fundedunemployment insurance—payments to peo-ple who lost their jobs.

Americans seemed better off in 1936 than theyhad been when Roosevelt took office in 1933.Even so, when FDR began his second term, theGreat Depression had not ended. He continuedto push for more reform. In 1937 businessslowed and another recession hit the nation.

This time Americans blamed Roosevelt and theNew Deal. When FDR proposed numerous pro-grams after this, Congress would not cooperatewith the President.

Although reform under Roosevelt ended,the New Deal produced lasting effects. Itgreatly increased the power of the presidencyand the size of the federal government. It alsoestablished the idea that the federal govern-ment is responsible for the welfare of needyAmericans. By the late 1930s, the economy hadalmost recovered. Just as the domestic prob-lems seemed to be ending, however, WorldWar II began.

Explaining What was the New Deal?

World War IILess than 25 years after World War I, the

United States found itself at war again. This war,though, was different from World War I. It was a


The plight of flood victims standing in a relief line contrastssharply with the family shown on the billboard.

559CHAPTER 19 The Making of Modern America

fight for survival, and, before it was over, itinvolved almost every country in the world. Bythe end of 1941, 22 countries had alreadydeclared their support for the Allies—theUnited States, Great Britain, France, China, andthe Soviet Union. The Axis Powers—Germany,Italy, and Japan—were also supported by Roma-nia, Bulgaria, and Hungary.

The Road to WarThe events leading to World War II began in

the 1920s. Several dictators—leaders who con-trol their nations by force—seized power byplaying on the fear and anger people felt afterWorld War I and during the Great Depression.

The first dictator to take power was BenitoMussolini in Italy. In Germany, many peoplerallied around Adolf Hitler—leader of theNational Socialist Worker’s Party, or Nazi Party.The Depression also brought military leaders topower in Japan. In 1940, Germany, Italy, andJapan signed a pact and became allies.

In September 1939, Hitler sent his armies intoPoland. Two days later, Britain and Francedeclared war on Germany. World War II hadbegun. Germany’s armed forces quickly overranPoland. The following spring, Hitler’s troopsinvaded France, which surrendered a few weekslater. Then, in June 1941, Hitler ordered a mas-sive attack on the Soviet Union.

Japan Attacks Pearl HarborAmericans watched the war in Europe with

concern, but did not want to become involved.Roosevelt promised to stay neutral. He askedCongress to pass the Lend-Lease Act, allowingAmerica to sell, lease, or lend weapons tonations whose security was vital to America’sdefense. Britain and the Soviet Union beganreceiving lend-lease aid.

While Roosevelt tried to help Britain, Japan-ese troops seized France’s colony of Indochinaand threatened nearby British colonies. TheUnited States tried to stop Japan by applyingeconomic pressure. Desperate for resourcesand confident of Japan’s military might, theJapanese government began planning an attackon the United States.

On December 7, 1941, Japanese warplanesattacked the American naval base at Pearl Har-bor, Hawaii. The attack enraged Americans. Thenext day, Roosevelt went before Congress. Call-ing December 7 “a day which will live in infamy,”he asked for a declaration of war on Japan. OnDecember 11, Germany and Italy declared war onthe United States. The United States then joinedthe Allies—Great Britain, France, and the SovietUnion—against the Axis powers.

On the Home FrontBy the time the United States entered the war,

the fighting had already been going on for morethan two years, and it was to continue for almostfour more. The war years had a deep effect onAmericans and on the nation as a whole. Out ofthe war came new technology, a new prosperity,and a new sense of power and strength.

Franklin D. Roosevelt, who was paralyzed bypolio as a young man, is shown with Ruth Bie,the daughter of the caretaker at FDR’s estate.Through what two of the nation’s greatcrises did Roosevelt serve as president?

History

The war also created new opportunities forAfrican Americans—in the armed forces and inthe nation’s war factories. Although manyminority groups made gains during the war,Japanese Americans experienced discriminationafter the attack on Pearl Harbor. Worried abouttheir loyalty, the government forced JapaneseAmericans on the West Coast to relocate tointernment camps.

The War in Europe and the MediterraneanUntil late in 1942, the Axis held the upper hand

in Eastern and Western Europe and in NorthAfrica. In November, British and American


Sp.

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Aral Sea

RedSea

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Nov. 8, 1942

Aug. 15, 1944

July 10, 1943

D-DayJune 6, 1944 FINAL SOVIET DRIVE

July-Aug., 1944

1942 - The Britishdefeat the German

tank division atEl Alamein.

Sicily

ICELAND

NORWAYSWEDEN FINLAND

IRELANDUNITED

KINGDOM

PORTUGAL

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EGYPTLIBYA

NETH.BELG.

SWITZ.

ALGERIA

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RIO DE ORO

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AFRICAANGLO-EGYPTIAN

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THETRUCIALSTATES

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ADEN PROTECTORATE

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Vienna

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El Alamein Cairo

Allied Forces

Major Axis powers

Greatest extent ofAxis control

Allied or Ally-controlled

Neutral nations

World War II in Europe and Africa

After Pearl Harbor, millions of Americansrushed to enlist in the armed forces. Those whoremained at home had to provide food, shelter,training, and medical care for all those in uniform.

During the war, industry expanded rapidly.Incomes rose and unemployment fell. For thefirst time, a large number of women—about350,000—served in the military. At the sametime, far more women than ever before enteredthe work force.

1. Place Where did the Allied forces land on D-Day?2. Analyzing Information When did Allied forces invade

Sicily?

MotionIn


troops landed in North Africa, which was thenunder German control. After driving the Ger-mans out of North Africa, the British and Amer-icans made plans to invade southern Europe.The Axis also suffered severe defeat in EasternEurope in early 1943. Soviet forces freed theRussian city of Leningrad and forced the Ger-man army at Stalingrad, exhausted by monthsof heavy fighting, to surrender.

Italian CampaignIn the summer of 1943 the Allies took control of

the island of Sicily and landed on the Italian main-land in September. As the Allies advanced, the Ital-ians overthrew dictator Benito Mussolini and sur-rendered. However, German forces in Italy contin-ued to fight.

The Allies encounteredbitter resistance at MonteCassino in central Italy andat Anzio, a seaport nearRome. German forceskept the Allies pinneddown on the beaches atAnzio for four months.The Allies finally brokethrough the Germanlines and liberated Romein June 1944.

Air War Over GermanyWhile fighting raged in North Africa and

Italy, the Allies launched an air war against Ger-many. The bombing caused massive destructionin many German cities and killed thousands ofGerman civilians. Yet the attacks failed to crackGermany’s determination to win the war.

D-DayAs the Soviets pushed toward Germany from

the east, the Allies were planning a massiveinvasion of France from the west. GeneralDwight Eisenhower, the commander of Alliedforces in Europe, directed this invasion, knownas Operation Overlord.

On June 6, 1944—D-Day—Allied ships landedthousands of troops on the coast of Normandy.After wading ashore the troops faced land mines

and fierce fire from the Ger-mans. From Normandy, theAllies pushed across France.On August 25, French andAmerican soldiers marchedthrough joyful crowds andliberated Paris.

Victory in EuropeGermany fought for survival on two fronts. In

the east the Soviets pushed the Germans out ofeastern Europe. In the west the British andAmericans approached the German border.

In December 1944, the Germans mounted alast desperate offensive. In the Battle of theBulge the Germans at first drove troops andartillery deep into a bulge in the Allied lines.After several weeks the Allies pushed the Ger-mans back. The battle, resulting in at least100,000 casualties, marked the end of seriousGerman resistance.

By April 1945, Soviet troops had reachedBerlin, and British and American forces weresweeping across western Germany. On April 30,1945, Adolf Hitler committed suicide. One weeklater, Germany surrendered.

President Roosevelt did not share in theAllied victory celebration. Less than four weeksearlier, he had died. His vice president, Harry STruman, succeeded him.

The HolocaustAs the Allies liberated Germany and other

parts of Europe, they found horrifying evidenceof Nazi brutality. The Nazis hated Jews andcommitted genocide—the killing of an entiregroup of people. They built death camps wherethey killed thousands of Jews every day in gaschambers. As many as 6 million Jews died inwhat became known as the Holocaust.

War in the PacificSoon after the attack on Pearl Harbor, Japan-

ese forces landed in the Philippines. Filipino andAmerican troops commanded by General Douglas MacArthur were forced to retreat tothe rugged Bataan Peninsula west of Manila andthe small island of Corregidor. After months of

HISTORY

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Audie Murphy, most decorated soldier of WWII


fierce fighting, the exhausted Allied troops theresurrendered. The Japanese forced their Bataanprisoners—many sick and near starvation—tomarch to a prison camp more than 60 milesaway. Many died on the way.

With Japan’s string of quick victories, Ameri-can morale was low. In May 1942 American andJapanese fleets clashed in the Coral Sea north-east of Australia. American ships were heavilydamaged, but the Japanese suffered cripplinglosses. The Battle of the Coral Sea halted theJapanese advance on Australia.

An even greater victory followed in June. Inthe Battle of Midway, northwest of Hawaii, theAmerican navy destroyed four Japanese aircraft

carriers and hundreds of airplanes. This was thefirst major Japanese defeat.

The United States then adopted a strategyknown as island hopping—seizing an islandand using it as a base to attack the next island.

Between August 1942 and February 1943, Amer-ican forces engaged in one of the most fierce cam-paigns of war for control of Guadalcanal, one ofthe Solomon Islands. With superior air and navalpower, the Americans finally secured the island.

Taken in June 1944, Guam and other nearbyislands provided a base for launching bombingstrikes on Japan. In October, American shipsdestroyed most of the Japanese fleet at the Battle of Leyte Gulf in the Philippines.


Pearl HarborDec. 7, 1941

MidwayJune 4–7, 1942

Coral SeaMay 4–8, 1942

Leyte GulfOct. 23–26, 1944

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(THAILAND)

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MALAYA

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Nagasaki

Manila

Dorie Miller won theNavy Cross for braveryat Pearl Harbor.

World War II in the Pacific

Japanese Empire, 1936

Extent of Japanese control, 1942

Allied troop movements

Major battle

Atomic bomb explosions

1. Region What parts of China were under Japanese controlin 1942?

2. Analyzing Information What two cities weredestroyed by atomic bombs?

MotionIn

American forces now closed in on Japan itself.In March 1945 they seized the island of Iwo Jimaand in June the island of Okinawa, the last stopbefore invading Japan itself. Before the invasiontook place, however, the United States decidedto use a new weapon—the atomic bomb.

At the urging of Albert Einstein, PresidentRoosevelt had begun the Manhattan Project, atop-secret attempt to build an atomic bomb.After the bomb was ready, President Trumandemanded that Japan surrender. When Japanrefused, Truman ordered the use of the bomb.

The United States dropped two atomic bombsin August 1945. The first destroyed the city ofHiroshima. The second destroyed the city ofNagasaki. After the bombings, Japan agreed tosurrender. August 15—V-J Day, for “Victoryover Japan”—marked the end of World War II.

After the WarWorld War II was the costliest and most

destructive war ever. At least 50 million soldiersand civilians died—more than during any otherwar. The war devastated billions of dollarsworth of property. Life in some countries wouldnot return to normal for many years.

Hitler had appealed to national pride andracial hatred in Germany, using force to silenceall opposition. Hitler’s Nazi party blamed Ger-

Checking for Understanding1. Key Terms Write a short paragraph

in which you use all of the followingkey terms: dictator, genocide, Holo-caust.

2. Reviewing Facts Who was presidentof the United States when World WarII began? Who was president when itended?

Reviewing Themes3. Global Connections What did the

Lend-Lease Act, supported by Roosevelt, provide?

Critical Thinking4. Determining Cause and Effect How

did the role of government in Ameri-can democracy change as a result ofthe Depression and the New Deal?

5. Organizing Information Create adiagram like the one shown here andidentify three causes of the GreatDepression.

Analyzing Visuals6. Geography Skills Examine the maps

on page 560 and page 562. What arethe topics of the maps? Did Japanesecontrol in 1942 include the PhilippineIslands? The Hawaiian Islands? WasFinland under Axis control at onetime or another? Was France? Howcan you tell?


Language Arts Write newspaperheadlines about three importantevents covered in Section 1.

Great Depression

Raising the flagat Iwo Jima

many’s economic problems on its Jewish popu-lation and killed nearly 6 million Jews and mil-lions of other people in concentration camps.

People from all over the world looked forways to prevent such a terrible conflict fromhappening again. Many believed that an inter-national organization dedicated to freedom andcooperation could ensure peace. The Americanpeople looked forward to a future in whichpeace would be preserved. However, theywould soon be disappointed.

Identifying What event occurredon December 7, 1941? What did this event lead to?

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564

1950Korean Warbegins

1959Fidel Castro takesover Cuba

1963President Kennedyis assassinated

1973U.S. ends rolein Vietnam


The three most powerful men in the world met around a conference table in Yalta todiscuss the fate of the postwar world. President Roosevelt hoped to promote his visionof postwar cooperation. Prime Minister Churchill spoke elegantly and forcefully. Sovietleader Stalin remained stubbornly opposed to much of what was proposed. Stalin saidto his aides: “They want to force us to accept their plans on Europe and the world. Well,that’s not going to happen.” As the Allies discovered, Stalin had his own plans.

The Cold War EraAs World War II ended, a bitter rivalry developed between the United States

and the Soviet Union. It was known as the Cold War. The problems leading tothe Cold War began when Stalin refused to allow promised free elections in East-ern Europe. Instead, the Soviets set up communist governments. In response, the new American president, Harry S Truman, announced a new policy in 1947.The Truman Doctrine was a commitment to help nations resist communism.

In June 1948, the United States, Great Britain, and France united the zones ofGermany they controlled to form a new nation, which became West Germany.To protest this decision, the Soviet Union sealed off Berlin, which was in the East

Main IdeaDuring the second half of the twenti-eth century, Americans struggled withcommunism abroad and civil rights athome.

Key Termsstalemate, affluence, segregation,civil disobedience, feminist

Reading StrategySequencing Information Create atime line like the one below and iden-tify key events in the postwar world.

1948 1953 1954 1964 1973

Read to Learn• how the United States attempted to

stop the spread of communism.• what actions African Americans

took to secure their rights.

Section ThemeCivic Rights and ResponsibilitiesAmerican minorities and womenintensified their efforts to secure theirfull rights as citizens.

Turning Points

Big Three at Yalta

Preview of Events

Guide to Reading

✦1945 ✦1955 ✦1965 ✦1975


German sector. President Truman respondedwith an airlift to bring food, fuel, and other sup-plies to Berlin. In April 1949, the United States,Canada, and the countries of Western Europecreated the North Atlantic Treaty Organization(NATO)—a mutual defense pact.

The Korean WarThe Cold War was not

limited to Europe. In 1949,Mao Zedong formed anew communist govern-ment in China. Shortlyafterward, Americantroops found themselvesfighting Mao’s forces inKorea.

In June 1950, the com-munist nation of NorthKorea invaded SouthKorea. American andUnited Nations (UN) forcescame to South Korea’sdefense. As they pushed the North Koreans back,China intervened. Huge numbers of Chinesetroops drove the UN troops back into South Korea.

The UN forces eventually stopped the Chi-nese, then pushed them back to the borderbetween North and South Korea. The war then

became a stalemate—a situation in which nei-ther side could win. A cease-fire agreement wasfinally reached in July 1953. After years of fight-ing, Korea remained divided. By fighting inKorea, the United States showed that it wouldwillingly fight to halt communist expansion.

Eisenhower’s AdministrationAlthough international relations between the

United States and the Soviet Union remainedtense in the 1950s, the American economy gen-erated a new level of prosperity.

In 1952, Republican Dwight D. Eisenhowerwon the presidential election. Eisenhowerwanted to make the federal government smaller,but he believed that the government should pro-tect the basic welfare of all Americans. Heexpanded Social Security and approved greaterfunding for public housing for poor people.

The Nation ExpandsThe greatest domestic program of the Eisen-

hower presidency involved building a networkof interstate highways. In June 1956 Congresspassed the Federal Highway Act to provide easytransportation for military forces in case of anattack. The law funded the construction of morethan 40,000 miles of highways that tied thenation together.

Korean ServiceMedal

Rural dwellers Central city dwellers Suburban dwellers

Where Americans Lived, 1901–1960

Source: Bureau of the Census.

Perc

enta

ge o

f pop

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ion

grow

th

1901–10 1911–20 1921–30 1931–40 1941–50 1951–60

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0

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Many Americans moved to the suburbs during the 1950s.

Comparing How did the percentage of suburbandwellers change from 1920 to 1960?

MotionIn

566

The nation itself also grew during Eisen-hower’s presidency. In 1959 Alaska and Hawaiientered the Union, bringing the number ofstates to 50.

1950s ProsperityAfter World War II, the American economy

began to grow very rapidly. This rapid growthincreased Americans’ affluence, or wealth, andalso led to the baby boom—a dramatic increasein the nation’s birthrate.

During the 1950s, many new homes werebuilt in the suburbs. Usually located on thefringes of major cities, suburban housing devel-opments appealed to many Americans. In addi-tion to affordable homes, they offered privacy,space, and a sense of belonging to a community.

Identifying What does NATO standfor? What is its purpose?

The Civil Rights EraAfter World War II, many African Americans

began to fight for equal opportunity in jobs, hous-ing, and education, and for an end to segrega-tion—the separation of people of different races.

The Civil Rights MovementThe modern civil rights movement began in

the early 1950s. Thurgood Marshall, an AfricanAmerican lawyer, brought a case to the Supreme

Court challenging segregation in schools. In1954, in the case of Brown v. Board of Education,the Supreme Court ruled that segregation inschools was unconstitutional.

In December 1955, a woman named RosaParks was arrested in Montgomery, Alabama,for refusing to leave a section of a bus reservedfor white people. Shortly afterward, AfricanAmericans in Montgomery began to boycott—to refuse to use—the city’s buses. Finally, in1956, the Supreme Court ruled that all segre-gated buses were unconstitutional.

At the meeting to organize the boycott, ayoung minister named Dr. Martin Luther King,Jr., emerged as one of the leaders of the civilrights movement. King believed that AfricanAmericans should use nonviolent protests andcivil disobedience, or the refusal to obey lawsthat are considered unjust.

Kennedy and JohnsonAs the civil rights movement grew, Americans

prepared for the 1960 presidential election. TheRepublicans nominated Vice President RichardNixon, the Democrats Senator John F. Kennedy.The election was close, but Kennedy won.

Dr. MartinLuther King, Jr.

The Supreme Court ruled that it was unconstitutionalto separate schoolchildren by race, but African Amer-ican students faced difficulties trying to attend previ-ously all-white schools. What Court ruling said thatsegregated schools were against the law?

History


Kennedy proposed more government spend-ing on education and a program to help poorpeople get jobs. Congress refused to pass mostof Kennedy’s proposals, believing they cost toomuch money. On November 22, 1963, during avisit to Dallas, Texas, President Kennedy wasshot and killed. Vice President Lyndon Johnsonbecame president.

Lyndon Johnson outlined a set of programscalled the “Great Society.” Perhaps the mostimportant laws passed as part of the Great Soci-ety were those establishing Medicare and Med-icaid. Medicare helped pay for medical care forsenior citizens. Medicaid helped poor peoplepay their hospital bills.

The Struggle ContinuesDuring Kennedy’s and Johnson’s administra-

tions, the civil rights movement continued togrow. In February 1960, four African Americanstudents refused to leave a lunch counter inGreensboro, North Carolina, that was reservedfor white people. This was the beginning of thesit-in movement. Protestors would show upwhere they were excluded and refuse to leave.

In 1963, Dr. Martin Luther King, Jr., led amarch in Birmingham, Alabama. After policeattacked the marchers, President Kennedy sent acivil rights bill to Congress to outlaw segrega-tion. To rally support for the bill, many civilrights organizations organized a march onWashington, D.C., in August 1963. Late in theafternoon, King spoke to the crowd in ringingwords of his desire to see America transformed:

“I have a dream that one day this nation willrise up and live out the true meaning of itscreed: ‘We hold these truths to be self-evident;that all men are created equal.’…”

Southern Democrats blocked Kennedy’s civilrights bill. Johnson eventually persuaded Con-gress to pass the Civil Rights Act of 1964, whichoutlawed discrimination in hiring and bannedsegregation. The next year, African Americansorganized a march in Selma, Alabama, todemand the right to vote. Police again attackedthe marchers, and President Johnson asked Con-gress to pass the Voting Rights Act of 1965.

Other Voices By the mid-1960s the civil rights movement

had won many victories. Yet a growing numberof African Americans grew tired of the slowpace of change.

Malcolm X, a leader in the Nation of Islam (orBlack Muslims), emerged as an important newvoice. He criticized integration, declaring thatthe best way to achieve justice was for AfricanAmericans to separate themselves from whites.Later, instead of racial separation, Malcolm Xcalled for “a society in which there could existhonest white-black brotherhood.” He was shotand killed in February 1965.

Riots broke out in many major cities duringthe mid-1960s. In the summer of 1965 violentconflict broke out in the Watts section of LosAngeles. In a week of rioting 34 people died andmuch of Watts burned to the ground. Between1965 and 1967 riots broke out in many Americancities, including San Francisco and Chicago. InJuly 1967 urban riots devastated neighborhoodsand buildings in Newark, New Jersey, andDetroit, Michigan.

On April 4, 1968, racial tension took anothertragic turn. An assassin shot and killed Dr. Mar-tin Luther King, Jr. King’s assassination set offangry rioting in more than 100 cities.

Other Groups Seek RightsWomen, Hispanics, and Native Americans

found inspiration in the struggle of AfricanAmericans for equal rights. In 1966, feminists—activists for women’s rights—formed theNational Organization for Women. NOW foughtfor equal rights for women in all aspects of life.They campaigned for an Equal Rights Amend-ment (ERA) to the Constitution, but were unableto get the states to ratify it.

Despite the defeat of the ERA, women didmake progress. In 1972 the federal governmentoutlawed discrimination against women in edu-cational programs receiving federal funds.

In the 1960s the rapidly growing Hispanicpopulation sought equal rights. The term His-panic American refers to those Americans whohave come, or are descended from others whohave come, to the United States from the nations

of Latin America and Spain. In the early 1960s,migrant workers formed unions to fight for bet-ter wages and working conditions. Their leader,César Chávez, organized thousands of farm-workers into the United Farm Workers (UFW).The efforts of Chávez called attention to themigrant workers’ cause. Others besides Chávezworked to secure equal rights for HispanicAmericans. Hispanic men and women organ-ized to fight discrimination and to elect Hispan-ics to government posts.The League of UnitedLatin American Citizens won suits in federalcourt to guarantee Hispanic Americans the rightto serve on juries and to send their children tounsegregated schools.

Native Americans In the 1960s Native Americans demanded

political power. In 1968 Congress passed theIndian Civil Rights Act, which formally pro-tected the constitutional rights of all NativeAmericans. At the same time, the new law rec-ognized the right of Native American nations tomake laws on their own reservations.

Believing the process of change too slow,some Native Americans began taking strongeraction. In February 1973 members of the Ameri-can Indian Movement (AIM) seized WoundedKnee, South Dakota, the site of the 1890 mas-sacre of the Sioux by federal troops. WoundedKnee was part of a large Sioux reservation. Thepeople there suffered from terrible poverty andill health. After several months, the siege ended,but it focused national attention on the terribleliving conditions of many Native Americans.

Americans With DisabilitiesPeople with disabilities also sought equal

treatment in the 1960s and 1970s. Congressresponded by passing a number of laws. Onelaw concerned the removal of barriers that pre-vented some people from gaining access to pub-lic facilities. Another law required employers tooffer more opportunities for disabled people inthe workplace. Yet another asserted the right ofchildren with disabilities to equal educationalopportunities.

Analyzing What did the SupremeCourt rule in Brown v. Board of Education?

The Vietnam EraEven as the civil rights movement tried to

remake American society at home, the UnitedStates continued to struggle against commu-nism abroad, particularly in Vietnam.

Kennedy’s Foreign PolicyIn 1959, Fidel Castro seized power in Cuba.

The following year, Castro allied with the SovietUnion. In April 1961, President Kennedyallowed approximately 1,500 Cubans, trained bythe Central Intelligence Agency, to land in Cuba


The Americans with Disabilities Act of 1990 requiresinstitutions to provide disabled people with easieraccess to public transportation.


at the Bay of Pigs. Their mission to overthrow Castro’s government failed.

Two months later, Soviet leader NikitaKhrushchev told Kennedy that the West mustget out of Berlin. Kennedy refused. Shortly after-ward, the East German government, with Sovietsupport, built a wall dividing East Berlin fromWest Berlin. The Berlin Wall became a symbolof communist repression.

In October 1962, Kennedy decided to block-ade—or close off—Cuba, until the Sovietsremoved the nuclear missiles they wereinstalling there. As Soviet ships headed towardthe blockade, the world waited to see if nuclearwar would break out. Abruptly, the Soviet shipsturned back. After days of negotiations, theSoviets agreed to pull their missiles out of Cuba.

War in VietnamIn the late 1950s, President Eisenhower had

sent military supplies and advisers to SouthVietnam. President Kennedy continued this pol-icy. Despite American aid, the Vietcong—thecommunist forces in South Vietnam—grewstronger. The Vietcong received weapons andsupplies from North Vietnam.

The War EscalatesIn August 1964, North Vietnam allegedly

attacked American ships in the Gulf of Tonkin.In response, Congress authorized the presidentto use force to defend Americans against attack.Gradually, the American troops shifted fromdefending their bases to trying to find anddestroy the Vietcong. In mid-February 1965,Johnson ordered sustained bombing of NorthVietnam. Then, on March 8, the first UnitedStates combat troops landed in Vietnam. Next,in April Johnson decided to increase Americanforces in South Vietnam and to use combattroops for offensive actions.

As the war escalated, North Vietnamincreased its support of the Vietcong. To meetthe situation, American commander GeneralWilliam Westmoreland asked for additionaltroops and a commitment to a land war. By theend of 1965, there were more than 180,000 Amer-ican troops in Vietnam. By the end of 1968, thetotal had increased to more than 500,000.

Opposition to the WarThe American people disagreed sharply over

the Vietnam War. Many young people opposedthe war, especially the draft. However, opposi-tion to the war was not limited to the young.Members of Congress and the news mediabecame critical of Johnson’s policies, too.

My Lai massacre,March 16, 1968

Invasion of Cambodia,May 1–June 29, 1970

December 1972 Giant B-52 bombers,powered by jet engines, were among the

aircraft used to fly more than 2,000 missions againstNorth Vietnam in the "Christmas" bombing. It was themost concentrated bombing of the war—and in history.

Invasion of Laos,Feb. 8–March 1971

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200 kilometers0Miller Cylindrical projection

200 miles0

110°E100°E

20°N

17°N

10°N

Gulf ofTonkin

RedR.

Mekong

R.

South ChinaSea

MekongDelta

Gulf ofThailand

HO CHI MINH TRAIL

SOUTHVIETNAM

NORTHVIETNAM

CHINA

LAOS

THAILAND

CAMBODIA

BURMA

Saigon

PhnomPenh

Hue

HanoiHaiphong

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Major U.S. andSouth Vietnamesetroop movements

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The Vietnam War

Throughout the war United States troops and the government ofSouth Vietnam controlled the major cities.1. Location Along what line of latitude did the demilita-

rized zone run?2. Analyzing Information Through which countries did

the Ho Chi Minh Trail run?

MotionIn

Checking for Understanding1. Key Terms Define: stalemate,

affluence, segregation, civil disobedience, feminist

2. Reviewing Facts What role did RosaParks play in the struggle for civilrights?

Reviewing Themes3. Civic Rights and Responsibilities

Describe the various actions taken by African Americans to secure civilrights at this time.

Critical Thinking4. Drawing Inferences Do you think

President Nixon succeeded in attain-ing “peace with honor?” Explain.

5. Organizing Information Re-createthe chart shown here, and describeeach.

Analyzing Visuals6. Geography Skills Study the map of

the Vietnam War on page 569.Where did most of the United Statesbases lie? Why do you think thosesites were chosen?

As the 1968 election approached, PresidentJohnson announced he would not run for reelec-tion. The violence of the 1960s led many Ameri-cans to support candidates who promised torestore order. The Republican Party nominatedRichard Nixon, Eisenhower’s vice president.Nixon narrowly defeated Democrat HubertHumphrey. Nixon promised to find a way toend the Vietnam War, pledging America wouldhave “peace with honor.”

Nixon and VietnamPresident Nixon’s plan to achieve “peace with

honor” was called Vietnamization. As Americantroops were withdrawn, the United Stateswould step up efforts to train and equip SouthVietnamese forces. In time these forces wouldtake over total responsibility for the war.

Nixon’s hope was that ultimately the NorthVietnamese would grow tired of the war andnegotiate peace. To hasten that end, Nixonsecretly ordered the bombing of Cambodiabecause the Vietcong and North Vietnamesewere using sanctuaries—safe places—there asspringboards for offensives into South Vietnam.Then in the spring of 1970 Nixon announced theinvasion of Cambodia.

The Cambodian invasion sparked demonstra-tions on college campuses throughout thenation. Many demonstrations were accompa-

nied by violence. Four students were killed atKent State University in Ohio and two werekilled at Jackson State College in Mississippi.Antiwar protests increased.

The End of American InvolvementPrevious attempts at negotiations had stalled.

Then in late 1972 a breakthrough came. The finalagreement was reached in January 1973. The lastAmerican troops pulled out of South Vietnam.Despite the peace agreement, North Vietnam’sarmy launched a full-scale invasion of SouthVietnam in early 1975. By May 1975, South Viet-nam had fallen. Vietnam was united into onecountry, under the control of a communist gov-ernment. America’s longest war was over.

The Vietnam War took a staggering toll oflives and caused great suffering. More than58,000 Americans were dead. Over 1 millionVietnamese—civilians as well as soldiers on oneside or the other—died between 1965 and 1975.The relatives of the American soldiers who hadbeen classified as missing in action, or as MIAs,continued to demand that the government pressthe Vietnamese for information. As the yearspassed, however, the likelihood of finding any-one alive faded.

Identifying Who succeeded Lyndon Johnson to the presidency?


Citizenship Create a time line ofthe civil rights movement. Researchand clip pictures from magazinesand newspapers of historic andpresent-day civil rights events andissues. Add captions.

Description

Truman Doctrine

NATO

Brown v. Board of Education

Great Society



tarvol1.glencoe.com

CHAPTER XX Chapter Title

Problem SolvingWhy Learn This Skill?

Imagine you got a poor grade on a math test. Youwonder why, since you always take notes and study forthe tests. To improve your grades, you need to identifyyour specific problem and then take actions to solve it.

Learning the SkillThere are six key steps you should follow that will

help you through the process of problem solving.• Identify the problem. In the example in the first

paragraph, you know that you are not doing wellon math tests.

• Gather information. You know that you alwaystake notes and study. You work on math problemsevery day for an hour. You also know that yousometimes forget details about math formulas.

• List and consider possible solutions. Instead ofworking on the math problems by yourself, youmight try working with a friend or a group.

• Consider the advantages and disadvantages ofeach solution.

• Now that you have considered the possibleoptions, you need to choose the best solution toyour problem then carry it out.

• Evaluate the effectiveness of the solution. Thiswill help you determine if you have solved theproblem. If you earn better grades on the nextfew math tests, you will know.

Practicing the SkillReread the material in Section 2 about the Viet-nam War. Use that information and the stepsabove to answer the following questions.

1 What problems did the United States face in theVietnam War?

2 What options were available to President John-son? To President Nixon? What were the advan-tages and disadvantages?

3 Explain the solution President Nixon imple-mented.

4 Evaluate the effectiveness of Nixon’s solution.Was it successful? How do you determine this?

Applying the SkillProblem Solving President Roosevelt imple-mented a set of programs called the New Deal.Identify the problem that the New Deal wasdesigned to deal with. List other possible solutionsand their advantages and disadvantages. Then,write a short evaluation of the chosen solution.

Glencoe’s Skillbuilder InteractiveWorkbook CD-ROM, Level 1, providesinstruction and practice in key social studies skills.

Critical ThinkingCritical Thinking

A wounded American soldier reaches for a fallen comrade.

571

572

1974President Nixonresigns from office

1989Communist governmentsin Eastern Europe collapse

1991Allies launch OperationDesert Storm

1998Bill Clinton isimpeached


To improve relations with the Communist world, President Richard Nixon made ahistoric visit to China in February 1972. Nixon later described how he felt upon hisarrival in Beijing, the Chinese capital: “. . . ‘The Star Spangled Banner’ had neversounded so stirring to me as on that windswept runway in the heart of CommunistChina. . . . As we left the airport, [Chinese leader Chou En-lai] said, ‘Your handshakecame over the vastest ocean in the world—twenty-five years of no communication.’”

Crisis of ConfidenceEven while the Vietnam war raged on, President Nixon attempted to improve

American relations with the Communist world. Nixon’s efforts were one stepalong the way to ending the Cold War. President Nixon came to the WhiteHouse with the hope of bringing America together. However, illegal activity inthe administration forced him to resign. While still reeling from the scandal,Americans elected Jimmy Carter to the presidency in 1976. President Carter hadsome success in foreign affairs. The administration lost the American people’sconfidence because of its inability to pull the nation out of an economic slumpand failure to secure the release of hostages in Iran.

Main IdeaThe end of the Cold War brought newchallenges to the United States—bothat home and abroad.

Key Termsembargo, human rights, federaldebt, perjury, Internet, ozone,global warming, terrorism

Reading StrategyOrganizing Information Re-createthe chart below. For each event, iden-tify the president who was involved.Then summarize the significance ofeach event.

Read to Learn • how the Watergate scandal affected

the nation.• how the Cold War was ended.

Section ThemeGovernment and Democracy Presi-dential scandals tested the Americanpolitical system, but the constitutionalsystem of checks and balances pro-vided safeguards against the abuse ofpower.

Modern America

Nixon button

Preview of Events

Guide to Reading

✦1970 ✦1980 ✦1990 ✦2000

Event Summary

Watergate

Operation Desert Storm

Impeachment trial


Nixon’s AdministrationWhen President Nixon took office in 1969, he

hoped to build a more stable world. The Peo-ple’s Republic of China played a key role inNixon’s plan. If the United States opened rela-tions with China, it might make the SovietUnion more cooperative. The United Statesresumed trade with China in 1971.

America’s improved relations with Chinaconvinced the Soviet Union to improve relationswith the United States as well. The Sovietsinvited Nixon to Moscow. They agreed to signan arms control treaty limiting the number ofnuclear missiles both sides could have.

During the 1970s, the United States alsobecame involved in the Middle East. Angry atAmerica’s support for Israel, the Arab stateswith oil imposed an embargo—a ban on ship-ments—of oil. This caused gasoline prices toskyrocket. The oil crisis ended when Secretary ofState Henry Kissinger negotiated an agreementbetween Arab and Israeli leaders.

Nixon tried to reduce the federal govern-ment’s role in people’s lives. To give state gov-ernments more influence, he introduced

revenue sharing—a plan for giving federaltaxes back to the states. Although he reducedthe federal government’s role, Nixon did createthe Environmental Protection Agency (EPA).

Nixon’s policies were popular with the Amer-ican people. As a result, he was reelected in alandslide in 1972. Shortly afterward, however, ascandal disrupted his presidency.

WatergateDuring the election campaign, burglars were

caught trying to break into the Democratic Partyoffices at the Watergate apartment complex.Nixon denied that his staff had ordered thebreak-in. After a Senate committee uncoveredhis staff’s involvement, Nixon denied ordering acover-up.

The House of Representatives began proceed-ings to impeach, or formally accuse, the presi-dent of abusing his power. On August 9, 1974,Richard Nixon resigned as president. His vicepresident, Gerald Ford, succeeded him.

Gerald Ford’s administration faced growingeconomic problems, caused in part by the oilembargo. This, plus the Watergate scandal,

President Nixon leaves the White House.

(Clockwise from lower left) Leaders of Egypt,United States, and Israel celebrate 1979 peacetreaty; Americans held hostage in Iran, 1979;President Reagan and Soviet leader Gorbachevmeet at 1988 summit in Moscow.

turned many people against Ford. In 1976, vot-ers elected the Democratic candidate, JimmyCarter, to the presidency.

The Carter PresidencyWhen Jimmy Carter took office, his first pri-

ority was to fix the economy. He tried to speedeconomic growth by cutting taxes and increas-ing government spending, but his policies didlittle to improve the economy.

Carter spent much of his time dealing with for-eign policy problems. He arranged for new nego-tiations between Israeli and Egyptian leaders atCamp David. These negotiations eventually ledto opening Egyptian-Israeli economic and diplo-matic relations. It marked the first time that anArab nation recognized Israel’s right to exist.

Carter based much of his foreign policy onhuman rights—a concern that governmentsaround the world grant more freedom to theirpeople. He withdrew economic and military aid

from some of the worst offenders, includingArgentina, South Africa, and Iran. In November1979, Iranian students with the support of fun-damentalists in the government seized theAmerican embassy in Tehran. They then held 52Americans hostage.

The hostage crisis and the nation’s ongoingeconomic problems damaged President Carterpolitically. In the 1980 election, the Republicancandidate, Ronald Reagan, easily defeatedCarter. Shortly afterward, Iran released theAmerican hostages.

Identifying When did PresidentRichard Nixon resign? Who succeeded him?

New ChallengesThe 1980s and 1990s saw great changes. By

the end of the 1980s, communism in Europe hadcollapsed. At the same time, America’s economybegan to rapidly expand.

CHAPTER 19 The Making of Modern America574

(Clockwise from lower right) Celebrating the fall ofthe Berlin wall, 1989; Reading about the allied airstrike in Iraq, 1991; President Clinton prepares toaddress nation after his impeachment, 1998.

The Reagan PresidencyRonald Reagan had promised to reduce the

role of the government in people’s lives. Heslashed taxes, eliminated many government reg-ulations, and cut back many government pro-grams. His policies seemed to work. After a briefrecession in 1982, the economy began to growrapidly, and the stock market boomed.

Reagan also began a rapid buildup of Ameri-can military forces. By cutting taxes whileincreasing military spending, Reagan greatlyincreased the federal debt—the amount ofmoney the government had to borrow to pay forits programs. His policies were popular with theAmerican people. Reagan easily won reelectionin 1984. Shortly after his second term began,Mikhail Gorbachev became the new leader ofthe Soviet Union.

The Soviet economy was on the edge of col-lapse. The American military buildup hadforced the Soviet Union to respond, and it sim-

ply could not afford to keep up. Gorbachev sawthat the time had come to reform the communistsystem.

Reagan began negotiations with Gorbachevto reduce the number of nuclear missiles undertheir control. Gorbachev’s reforms, and Rea-gan’s willingness to improve relations, began tochange the Soviet Union.

The Bush PresidencyRonald Reagan’s popularity enabled his vice

president, George Bush, to win the Republicannomination and defeat the Democratic nominee,Michael Dukakis, in the 1988 presidential elec-tion. Once in office, Bush continued negotiationswith the Soviet Union.


In late 1989, demonstrators filled the streets ofEastern Europe demanding more democracy.Within weeks, most of the communist govern-ments in Eastern Europe collapsed. The BerlinWall was torn down, and the following year EastGermany and West Germany reunited. By theend of 1991, the Communist Party had been out-lawed in Russia, and the Soviet Union had bro-ken up into 15 separate republics.

While communism collapsed in Europe, aserious crisis developed in the Middle East. In1990, Iraq invaded Kuwait. President Bush per-suaded European and Arab nations to join theUnited States in an effort to free Kuwait. Bushthen launched Operation Desert Storm—a mas-sive attack on Iraqi forces that freed Kuwait anddestroyed much of Iraq’s army.

The Clinton PresidencyGeorge Bush’s popularity soared after the

war against Iraq. But the onset of an economicrecession left many Americans dissatisfied. TheDemocrats nominated Bill Clinton, governor ofArkansas, to run against Bush in 1992. ManyAmericans decided to vote for a third party candidate—businessman Ross Perot. Perot’scandidacy split the vote three ways, enablingClinton to win the election with only 43 percentof the popular vote.

After assuming office, Clinton cut govern-ment spending to reduce the deficit. He alsoconvinced Congress to pass the Family MedicalLeave Act. In 1993, he helped reach an agree-ment giving Palestinians the right to their owngovernment in Israeli territory.

Another foreign policy issue involved changein trade policy. The North American Free TradeAgreement (NAFTA), which took effect in 1994,called for the gradual removal of tariffs andother trade barriers on most goods producedand sold in North America.

After Clinton won reelection in 1996, theeconomy continued to grow rapidly. For the firsttime in many years, the government balancedthe budget and ran a surplus—it took in moremoney than it spent. With the Cold War over,Clinton’s foreign policy focused on resolvingregional conflicts.


As Clinton struggled with foreign policy prob-lems, a scandal emerged involving a personalrelationship between the president and a WhiteHouse intern. Some evidence suggested that thepresident had obstructed justice and committedperjury, or lied under oath, to conceal the rela-tionship. The House of Representatives voted toimpeach President Clinton. The Senate then helda trial and acquitted the president.

The George W. Bush AdministrationThe impeachment scandal left the country

divided. For the 2000 election, the Democratsnominated Vice President Al Gore. The Repub-licans nominated Governor George W. Bush ofTexas, son of former President Bush. The elec-tion was one of the closest in history. Gore led inthe popular vote, but the results in Florida weredisputed and on election night no one knewwho won. The dispute was finally resolved bythe Supreme Court. On January 20, 2001, GeorgeW. Bush became the 43rd president of theUnited States.

Bush faced major challenges in winning overpublic and congressional support after the elec-tion controversy. Some of Bush’s major policiesincluded a $1.6 trillion tax cut and the No ChildLeft Behind Act, and overhaul of federal educa-tion legislation. During his first term in office,the terrorist attacks of September 11, 2001, led tohis call for a war on terrorism (see Section 4).The U.S. entered armed conflict in Afghanistanand also in Iraq. The war in Iraq turned out to bevery controversial.

During the 2004 presidential race betweenPresident Bush and Democratic challenger Sen-ator John Kerry of Massachusetts, the war was amajor issue. Economic issues such as the budgetdeficit and job losses, and moral debates overmedical research and the definition of marriage,divided citizens.

This campaign was one of the most expensivein American history. It was also an intense, bitterbattle. Voter turnout was higher than in anyelection since 1968. About 120 million Ameri-cans voted, 15 million more than in 2000. Insome states, voters waited for several hours atthe polls so that they could cast their ballots.


Born in Birmingham,Alabama, CondoleezzaRice was the child oftwo teachers whostressed the importanceof education. She enteredcollege when she was15 years old and earnedbachelor’s and master’sdegrees. She became aprofessor of politicalscience at StanfordUniversity.

In 1989, she served asa director on the NationalSecurity Council. In thelate 1980s and early1990s, communism col-lapsed in Eastern Europeand the Soviet Union.Rice’s knowledge aboutthat region helped U.S.leaders create policiesthat were friendly to thenew governments thathad formed.

During the first admin-istration of PresidentGeorge W. Bush, Ricebecame the first womanto serve as NationalSecurity Advisor of theUnited States. In 2005,she became the firstAfrican American womanto be appointed Secretaryof State.

President Bush was elected for a second term,winning the popular vote by a margin of 51 to 48percent. In his Inaugural Address, Bushexpressed his commitment to the war in Iraq:“For as long as whole regions of the world sim-mer in resentment and tyranny, prone to ideolo-gies that feed hatred and excuse murder,violence will gather, and multiply in destructivepower, and cross the most defended borders,and raise a mortal threat. There is only one forceof history that can break the reign of hatredand resentment, and expose the pretensionsof tyrants, and reward the hopes of the decentand tolerant, and that is the force of humanfreedom.”

Determining Cause and EffectWhat event sparked Operation Desert Storm?

Looking to the FutureAs Americans entered a new century, they

faced many uncertainties—and opportunities.New technologies and a changing society hadbegun to transform America in new ways.

President Bush said one of his major aims wasto stimulate global economic growth:

“We know that nations that open theireconomies to the benefits of trade are moresuccessful in climbing out of poverty. . . . [F]reetrade encourages the habits of liberty. . . .”

Since 1995 the World Trade Organization (WTO)has administered trade practices between manynations. The WTO has more than 146 members.

Growth of technology boosted economicgrowth. Personal computers were being used inhomes, schools, and businesses in greater num-bers than ever before. Through the Internet, aworldwide linking of computer networks,American students could communicate withstudents in other countries.

A Changing SocietySince Americans were living longer than in

the past, elderly people formed an increasingportion of the population. The Census Bureaureported that more than 12 percent of the popu-lation was 65 years of age or older in the year

Checking for Understanding1. Key Terms Define: embargo,

human rights, federal debt, perjury, terrorism

2. Reviewing Facts When did Iranianstudents take Americans hostage?

Section Theme3. Government and Democracy What

is impeachment? Was PresidentNixon impeached? Was PresidentClinton?

Critical Thinking4. Drawing Conclusions Do you think

President Reagan’s actions proved hewas committed to reducing the roleof government in the lives of Amer-icans? Explain.

5. Sequencing Re-create the time linebelow and identify important eventsfor each of the dates.

1971 1979 1991 2000

Analyzing Visuals6. Picturing History Select one of the

news photographs that appears onpages 574–575. Write one paragraphabout the photo. Identify the peopleand describe what is happening.

2000. It also estimated that by the year 2020,over 16 percent of the population woud be age65 or older.

Another change in modern America waswomen’s roles. In 1970, 43 percent of womenwere in the labor force; in 2004, it was 59 percent.Women also increased their political participationat both state and national levels. Elected in 1965,Patsy Mink became the first Asian Americanwoman to serve in the U.S. Congress. Forty yearslater, Condoleezza Rice became the first AfricanAmerican woman to serve as Secretary of State.

American society also became increasinglydiverse. By 2003, nearly 12 percent of the popu-lation was foreign-born. Asian Americans madeup more than 4 percent of the population; His-panic Americans almost 14 percent. The His-panic community is now the nation’s largestminority community.

Environmental ChallengesFor years, scientists noted that the earth’s

atmosphere was losing ozone. This layer of gasprotects life on Earth from cancer-causing raysof the sun. In 1987, the United States and 24other nations agreed to stop making chemicalsthat might be weakening the ozone layer.

Scientists continued to debate the effects ofglobal warming. They warned that the steadyincrease in average world temperatures couldbring about major changes in weather patterns,the environment, and crop production.

Threats to Peace and Security Preserving peace remains the most pressing

global issue. In the late 1900s and early 2000s,acts of terrorism multiplied.

Terrorism—the use of violence by groupsagainst civilians to achieve a political goal—threatened the security of the nation. On April 19, 1995, a massive bomb exploded at theMurrah Federal Building in downtown Okla-homa City, leaving 168 dead. The tragedyfocused national attention on the violent anti-government feelings of private American mili-tia groups. In January 1998, Theodore Kaczynskipleaded guilty to a string of mail bombings,dating from 1978 to 1995, which killed 3 andinjured 29 others. Kaczynski hoped to inspire arebellion against modern industrial society.These are examples of domestic terrorism. Peo-ple engage in domestic terrorism when theyattack people in their own country.

In addition to concern about domestic terror-ism, the United States also faced internationalterrorism. As the world’s most powerful nation,the United States frequently served as a targetfor terrorists—either those acting independentlyor with the support of a hostile government. Theattack on the World Trade Center and the Penta-gon on September 11, 2001, was an example ofinternational terrorism.

Explaining Describe one way inwhich the nation’s population is changing.


Geography Illustrate a world mapshowing the cities and regions dis-cussed in the section.



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579

The War on Terrorism


The first airliner hit the World Trade Center’s north tower in New York City at about8:45 in the morning. Eighteen minutes later, a second plane hit the south tower. Those who died on the airplanes were the first victims. Fire and falling wreckage from the twintowers of the World Trade Center killed thousands more, and hundreds of rescuers—firefighters, police officers, and volunteers—themselves became victims. “The smoke was sobad, I was suffocating. When the buildings toppled, it was like a volcano,” one survivornoted. “We have a lot of heroes,” said one firefighter, “and we lost a lot of good people.”

The crash of two passenger airplanes into the World Trade Center was not anaccident. Early on the morning of September 11, 2001, terrorist hijackers hadseized control of the planes, then deliberately flew them into the buildings. Ter-rorists took control of a third plane and crashed into the Pentagon, the head-quarters of the nation’s Department of Defense. Hijackers also seized a fourthairplane, but passengers heroically attacked the hijackers, causing that plane tocrash in Pennsylvania. In all, thousands died.

Rescue workers carry outan injured man at theWorld Trade Center.

1979Soviet Union invadesAfghanistan

1988Al-Qaeda isorganized

1998Bombs explode at U.S. embas-sies in Kenya and Tanzania

2001Attack on the Pentagonand World Trade Center

Preview of Events

Guide to Reading

✦1975 ✦1985 ✦1995 ✦2005

2003War in Iraq

Main IdeaAfter suffering the worst terroristattack in its history, the United Stateslaunched an effort to fight interna-tional terrorism.

Key Termscounter-terrorism

Reading StrategyOrganizing Information As you readabout America’s war on terrorism,complete a diagram like the one belowto explain how Americans respondedto the events of September 11, 2001.

Read to Learn • how Americans responded to

terrorism.• what actions the government took

to fight terrorism.

Section ThemeGlobal Connections The UnitedStates called for a worldwide coalitionto fight against terrorism.

September 11, 2001

Terrorist attacks destroyed the World Trade Center (left), one of thenation’s economic centers. Three New York City firefighters (right)raise the American flag amid the rubble.

Many New York City rescue workers whowent to help also lost their lives when the tow-ers collapsed. Hundreds of firefighters, policeofficers, and volunteers gave their lives in theline of duty trying to save others. Among thosewho died were Fire Department chaplainMychal Judge and first deputy commissionerWilliam Feehan, a 42-year veteran of the firedepartment. The largest number of New YorkCity firefighters to have died in a single disasterbefore the terrorist attack was 12.

The Terrorist ThreatThe attacks on the World Trade Center and

the Pentagon were acts of terrorism. Terrorism isthe use of violence by groups against civilians toachieve a political goal.

Who Was Responsible? Intelligence sources and FBI investigators

quickly identified Osama bin Laden as theprime suspect. Like most people in the MiddleEast, bin Laden is a Muslim—someone whobelieves in and practices the religion of Islam.Although the vast majority of the 1 billion Mus-lims worldwide believe Islam rejects terrorism,militant fundamentalists like bin Laden do not.They believe that any action is justified to driveAmerican influence out of the Arab world.

Bin Laden believed that Western ideas hadharmed Muslim society. His experience inAfghanistan convinced him that superpowerscould be beaten.

War in AfghanistanIn 1979 the Soviet Union had invaded the

nation of Afghanistan, in Southwest Asia, to sup-port that nation’s pro-communist government.Muslims from across the Middle East went toAfghanistan to fight against the Soviets. Amongthem was bin Laden, who came from one of SaudiArabia’s wealthiest families. In 1988, he foundedan organization called al-Qaeda (al KY-duh), or“the Base.” Al-Qaeda recruited Muslims to fightagainst the Soviets and bought arms for theAfghanistan soldiers. After Soviet forces with-drew from Afghanistan, bin Laden became a heroto many fundamentalists.

Terrorist ActsOperating first from Sudan and then from

Afghanistan—which was then under the con-trol of Muslim fundamentalists known as theTaliban—bin Laden led al-Qaeda on a missionto drive Americans and other non-Muslims outof the Middle East. In 1998, terrorist truckbombs exploded at the American embassies inthe African countries of Kenya and Tanzania.The bombs killed more than 200 people, includ-


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The Spirit of AmericaFrom coast to coast, thousands attended

prayer services and vigils. Across the nation,Americans lined up to donate blood. Othersraised money and collected food, blankets, andother supplies for the victims and rescue work-ers. Firefighters and medical workers frommany cities headed to New York to help.

Using a combination of imagination and hardwork, young people throughout the nation vol-unteered to help. Students in Western Springs, avillage near Chicago, Illinois, encouraged theirentire community to take part in a toys, books,and games garage sale to raise money. Studentsat a school in Cedar Rapids, Iowa, started a proj-ect called Working for America. The studentsworked by doing chores for family and neighborsand donated money they earned to the RedCross. The South Bronx Job Corps Center put

Terrorism Against Americans, 1970–2005

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1970 Terrorists hijack airplanes to Jordan 1979 Fifty-two Americans held hostage inIran for more than a year

1983 Bombing of U.S. Marine barracks inBeirut, Lebanon, kills 241

1985 TWA flight 847 hijacked; hostagesheld for 17 days in Beirut, Lebanon

1986 Bombing at West Berlin dance club;kills 3, injures 150

1988 Bomb on Pan Am flight 103 kills 270in Lockerbie, Scotland

1993 Bomb at World Trade Center kills 6

1995 Truck bomb destroys a federal building in Oklahoma City; kills 168, injures more than 500 1996 Bomb at U.S. complex in Dharan, Saudi Arabia, kills 19 American soldiers 1998 Bombings at U.S. embassies in Kenya and Tanzania kill more than 200 2000 Bomb kills 17 American sailors and injures 39 aboard USS Cole 2001 Hijacked airliners crash into the World Trade Center, the Pentagon, and a field in Pennsylvania, killing thousands 2002 Bombs in Indonesia kill over 200 2005 Attacks kill American civilians helping to rebuild Iraq

ing 12 Americans, and injured over 4,500. Inlate 1999, terrorists linked to al-Qaeda werearrested trying to smuggle explosives into theUnited States in an attempt to bomb targets inSeattle, Washington. In October 2000, terroristsbacked by al-Qaeda crashed a boat loaded withexplosives into the USS Cole, an American war-ship, while it was refueling in Yemen.

Describing How did Osama binLaden become so influential in Afghanistan?

A New War BeginsThen on September 11, 2001, terrorists struck

on an even greater scale. The shock was feltacross the nation, and thousands of peoplesought a way to help.

MotionIn

together canine care packages for search and res-cue dogs at the World Trade Center site.

Fair TreatmentRealizing that many people might turn their

anger against Muslims in the United States,President Bush visited the Islamic Center inWashington, D.C. There he issued a statementexplaining that Islam is a peaceful religion. Heurged all Americans to uphold the nation’s val-ues and treat Muslim Americans fairly.

President Bush created a special fund to helpthe children of Afghanistan. Many of the childrenin Afghanistan are orphans and do not haveenough to eat. The president asked the childrenof the United States to send $1—or whatever theycould—to America’s Fund for Afghan Children.

New ThreatsConcern over the use of biological and chemi-

cal weapons grew in the wake of the September11 tragedy. Letters containing deadly anthraxspores were mailed to several political leadersand the news media. Anthrax is an animal diseasethat has existed for tens of thousands of years.

Law enforcement investigated to determinethe identity and the motives of the attackers,but so far, no suspects have been identified. Offi-cials do not think al-Qaeda sent the anthrax.

Protecting AmericaPresident Bush and his advisers began plan-

ning a response to the terrorist attacks. The presi-dent placed the armed forces on high alert. Fighteraircraft began patrolling the skies over major


Jessica Malone, who comes from a large family

of firefighters, went to New York City to help.

New York City Fire Depart-ment Chaplain Mychal Judge,

shown here in prayer, waskilled while administeringlast rites to a firefighter.

New York City firefighterTony James salutes during

a funeral service.

In the face of all this evil, we remain strong and united,“one nation under God.” —President George W. Bush

583

cities. Security at airports was increased, and theFBI began a massive investigation. The presidentcreated a new federal agency called the Office ofHomeland Security, to coordinate counter-terror-ism efforts. Counter-terrorism involves military orpolitical activities intended to combat terrorism.He named Pennsylvania governor Tom Ridge tohead the agency. ; (See pages 604–605 of the Appendix for

President Bush’s address to Congress after the attacks.)

The Office of Homeland Security had troublecoordinating counter-terrorism efforts. In June2002, President Bush asked Congress to combineall of the agencies responsible for the public’ssafety into a new department to be called theDepartment of Homeland Security.

In late October 2001, Congress passed and thepresident signed into law new measures to com-bat terrorism. The USA Patriot Act of 2001 gavefederal prosecutors and FBI agents new powersto investigate those who plot or carry out acts ofterrorism. The law expanded the power of fed-eral agents to tap telephones and track Internetusage in the hunt for terrorists. It also permitsagents to conduct secret searches of a suspect’shome or office without giving prior notice to theowner of the property.

Attorney General John Ashcroft promisedthat government agents would waste no timeputting the new tools to use in the hunt for ter-rorists. Although both houses of Congresspassed the bill overwhelmingly, some criticsexpressed concern that measures could be usednot only against suspected terrorists, but peopleand organizations engaged in lawful activity. Tomake sure civil liberties were not compromisedby the new law, Congress reviews the act’s pro-visions periodically.

Building a CoalitionThe death and devastation caused by terror-

ism affected not only Americans, but also peoplearound the world. World leaders responded withstatements of sympathy and outrage. NATOmembers promised to support the United Statesas did other nations including India, Pakistan,Turkey, and Israel. Some Muslim nations, includ-ing Saudi Arabia and Egypt, offered more lim-ited support because they feared widespreadprotests from their people.

On the Trail of TerrorismThe war against terrorism first concentrated

on Afghanistan where bin Laden was reportedto be in hiding. The Taliban controlled most ofAfghanistan and imposed their religious viewson the Afghan people. Taliban leaders had comeunder criticism for discriminating againstwomen and being intolerant of other religions.Since 1996, when the Taliban captured theAfghan capital, Kabul, the main oppositionforce, the Northern Alliance, had battled theTaliban but had made little headway.

President Bush demanded that the Taliban inAfghanistan turn over bin Laden and his sup-porters. After the Taliban refused, on October 7the U.S. military attacked Taliban and al-Qaedaforces. Cargo jets also dropped food, medicine,and supplies to the Afghan people.

The air strikes by U.S. warplanes allowed theNorthern Alliance to quickly take control of thecountry. After the Taliban fell from power, theUnited States and its allies worked with Afghanleaders to create a new government to run thecountry. Nations around the world pledgedmore than four billion dollars to helpAfghanistan. Thousands of American and alliedtroops began arriving in Afghanistan to act aspeacekeepers and to hunt for al-Qaeda terror-ists. Afghan leaders selected Hamid Karzai toserve as Afghanistan’s new president.

Although the war in Afghanistan was goingwell, terrorist attacks in South Asia and the MiddleEast created new problems. In December 2001,terrorists from Kashmir—a region in northernIndia—attacked India’s parliament. India hasfought many wars with Pakistan over Kashmir.India’s leaders blamed Pakistan for the attack onthe parliament, and began mobilizing India’s army.

By June 2002, the two nations were ready togo to war. The situation was very dangerousbecause both sides had nuclear weapons.Although India and Pakistan eventually steppedback from the threat of nuclear war, neither sideshowed signs of setting aside their arms.

South Asia was not the only region where ter-rorism created problems. In the Middle East,Palestinian terrorists sent suicide bombers intoIsrael. These bombers concealed explosivesunder their clothing. They detonated the bombs


in Israeli restaurants, shops, and buses, killingdozens of other people. After several suicidebombings took place in Israel, the Israeli armyinvaded several Palestinian cities where theybelieved the terrorist groups were based.

In response to the violence in the Middle East,President Bush outlined a plan for ending theIsraeli-Palestinian conflict. He announced hissupport for the creation of a Palestinian state liv-ing in peace beside Israel. He asked Israel tostop raiding Palestinian cities. At the same time,he demanded Palestinian leaders stop terroristattacks and reform their government to make itmore democratic and less corrupt.

Continuing the War on TerrorismPresident Bush made it clear that while the

war on terrorism would start by targeting al-Qaeda, it would not end there. “It will not end,”the president announced, “until every terroristgroup of global reach has been found, stopped,and defeated.” He also warned that the UnitedStates would regard “any nation that continuesto harbor or support terrorism” as an enemy.

The war against terrorism, President Bushwarned Americans, would not end quickly, butit was a war the people of the United States werenow called to fight:

“Great harm has been done to us. We havesuffered great loss. And in our grief and angerwe have found our mission and our moment. . . .We will not tire, we will not falter, and we willnot fail.”

Widening the War on TerrorThe attacks of September 11, 2001, raised

fears that al-Qaeda and other terrorist groupsmight acquire nuclear, chemical, or biologicalweapons. These weapons of mass destructioncould kill tens of thousands of people all atonce.

In his 2002 State of the Union address, Presi-dent Bush said his goal was “to prevent regimesthat sponsor terror from threatening America orour friends with weapons of mass destruction.”He singled out Iraq, Iran, and North Korea,claiming these states “and their terrorist alliesconstitute an axis of evil arming to threaten thepeace of the world.”


Americans gathered at parks, churches, and fire stationsacross the nation to express not only their grief but theirpatriotism.

In October 2002, North Korea announced thatit had restarted its nuclear weapons program.The Bush administration used diplomatic pres-sure to persuade the North Koreans to stop. TheUnited States also pressured Iran to abandon itsnuclear program after secret nuclear facilitieswere discovered there.

Confronting IraqIraq’s dictator Saddam Hussein had already

ordered the use of chemical weapons twice,once in Iraq’s war against Iran in the 1980s andagain against the Kurds, an ethnic minority innorthern Iraq who had rebelled against Hussein.After the Gulf War in 1991, UN inspectors foundevidence that Iraq had developed biologicalweapons and was working on a nuclear bomb.

In the summer of 2002, President Bushincreased pressure on Iraq. On September 12, heasked the UN to pass a new resolution demand-ing that Iraq give up its weapons of mass destruc-tion. The president made it clear that the UnitedStates would act with or without UN support.

In mid-October, Congress voted to authorize theuse of force against Iraq. Then, in early November,the United Nations set a deadline for Iraq to read-mit weapons inspectors. It required Iraq to declareall of its weapons of mass destruction, to stop sup-porting terrorism, and to stop oppressing its peo-ple. The resolution threatened Iraq with “seriousconsequences” if it did not cooperate.

Iraq agreed to allow UN inspectors into the

country, but questions arose over whether Iraqiofficials were cooperating as they had promised.President Bush argued that the Iraqis were stillhiding weapons of mass destruction. The Bushadministration asked the UN Security Councilto pass a resolution calling for the use of force inIraq. When Council members France and Russiasaid they would veto a resolution, the UnitedStates prepared for war.

On March 20, the American military, aided bysoldiers from Great Britain, attacked. Over thenext six weeks, much of Iraq’s army fell intodisarray. American troops quickly seized con-trol of the country. On May 1, President Bushdeclared the end of major combat operations.About 140 Americans, and several thousandIraqis, had died.

The controversy over Iraq and the fighting,though, continued. While many Iraqis wel-comed the fall of Saddam Hussein’s regime,others did not. U.S. and British troops, alongwith Iraqi security forces and civilians, facedcontinued attacks. By the middle of 2005, twoyears after the beginning of the war, nearly 1,800U.S. troops had lost their lives in the conflict inIraq. Despite the capture of Saddam Hussein inDecember 2003 and the election of an Iraqi gov-ernment in early 2005, the path toward a freeand stable Iraq remained long and difficult.

Analyzing Why did President Bushcall for military action against Saddam Hussein’s regime?

Checking for Understanding1. Key Terms Define: counter-

terrorism.2. Reviewing Facts What happened to

the USS Cole when it was refueling inYemen?

Reviewing Themes3. Global Connections Do you think

the dangers of terrorism requireglobal cooperation? Explain and sup-port your point of view with reasons.

Critical Thinking4. Drawing Conclusions Why do you

think President Bush specificallychose to visit the Islamic Center inWashington, D.C.?

5. Organizing Information Use a dia-gram like the one below to identifywhat you think are the three majoreffects of terrorism on Americans.

Analyzing Visuals6. Geography Skills Examine the

map on terrorism on page 581. How many Americans were takenhostage in Iran? What events on themap took place in the 1990s?


Expository Writing How willworld events affect your future?Write an essay entitled “The World’sFuture and My Own” identifyingimportant issues and explaininghow events could affect your life.

Effects of terrorism



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586

Reviewing Key TermsOn a sheet of paper, use all of the following terms to writeseveral short, historically accurate paragraphs relating tothe information in the chapter. Try to use more than oneterm in a sentence.1. Holocaust 5. embargo2. stalemate 6. federal debt3. segregation 7. terrorism4. civil disobedience 8. counter-terrorism

Reviewing Key Facts9. What was the purpose of the Social Security Act?

10. What happened on D-Day?11. Why was Okinawa a strategic site during World War II? 12. What states joined the nation in 1959? 13. Describe Rosa Parks’s role in the struggle for civil rights. 14. Who was César Chávez? 15. Why did President Kennedy call for a blockade of

Cuba in 1962?16. Who proposed the policy of Vietnamization? What was

its goal?17. Who won the presidential election in 1976?18. What was the purpose of Operation Desert Storm? 19. What is significant about September 11, 2001?20. What is the Department of Homeland Security?

Critical Thinking21. Drawing Conclusions Do you think the expansion of

the federal government during Franklin Roosevelt’spresidency was necessary? Why or why not?

22. Explaining What does the term “Cold War” meanand how did it apply to the post-World War II era?

23. Organizing Information Re-create the chart shownhere and list three steps taken during Nixon’s presi-dency to end United States involvement in Vietnam.

24. Analyze What are the two major challenges Ameri-cans face today? Explain why you made your choices.

The Making of Modern America

Depression and World War• A severe economic depression affects much of the world

during the 1930s.

• Aid to the Allies and the Japanese attack on Pearl Harborpull the United States into World War II.

• The surrender of Germany and Japan in 1945 ends thewar.

The Cold War • The desire to contain communism leads the United States

to assume an active role in world affairs.

• The cold war rivalry leads to conflict in Korea and con-frontation in Cuba.

The Civil Rights Era• In the 1950s African Americans renew their struggle for

full equality.

• Women and minority groups begin to work for change intheir own right.

The Vietnam Era• Unable to end the war quickly, the United States finds

itself increasingly drawn into the Vietnam War.

• Illegal activities by government officials result in theWatergate scandal and the resignation of President Nixon.

Search for Solutions• President Ronald Reagan acts quickly to limit the size of

the federal government and build the nation’s military.

• The United States and allies liberate Kuwait after Iraqiinvasion.

New Challenges• During the 1990s, the nation enjoys prosperous eco-

nomic times, but the government is shaken by scandaland the impeachment trial of President Clinton.

• America seeks to meet the challenges of terrorism bothat home and abroad.

• Saddam Hussein is deposed as Iraqi leader.

Steps

Citizenship Cooperative Activity30. Serving on a Jury With a partner, think about what hap-

pens if you receive a jury notice in the mail. Write adescription of what you would do next and what youwould expect to happen. Then note what you plan to tellthe judge about your understanding of a juror’s responsi-bilities. Share your writing with the class.

Economics Activity31. Research for information, then summarize your findings

in a short report that answers these questions. What fieldor career area interests you? What education and skillsare required to enter it? What attitudes, work habits, andother qualities does it take to succeed on the job?

Alternative Assessment32. Portfolio Writing Activity Choose an event that you

think has had a great impact on everyday life in theUnited States. Write a column for a newspaper describinghow that change has affected your life.

Self-Check QuizVisit and click on Chapter 19—Self-Check Quizzes to prepare for the chapter test.

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HISTORY


The cold war between the United States and the former Soviet Union was a rivalry between

what two forms of government?

F communism and socialismG communism and dictatorshipsH communism and democracyJ democracy and monarchy

Test-Taking TipWhen you are studying for an exam, use a dictionary

to look up important terms. Communism, dictatorship,socialism, democracy, and monarchy are words

describing different types of government. Which choices contain words that describe the U.S. government?

Standardized Test Practice

Geography and HistoryStudy the map below. Then read the statements that follow.Identify whether each statement is true or not true andexplain your answer.

25. A total of 438 electoral votes were cast.26. Gore received more popular votes than Bush.27. Gore received strong support from the southeastern

states.

Practicing Skills28. Problem Solving Describe a decision that you might

face today or in the near future, such as the choice to goto college or to get a job after high school. List the stepsof the problem-solving process. Write the questions andinformation you would consider at each step and whatyour answers might be. Evaluate what you think wouldbe your best option.

Technology Activity29. Using the Internet Use the Internet to research the life

of one of the men or women discussed in Chapter 19.Prepare a list of 10 key facts about that person. Shareyour list with the class.

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Documents

The Making Modern America - Warren County Public SchoolsIn the twenty-first century, the world faces great challenges. Acts of terrorism present a threat to freedom and security. Although