INTRODUCTION TO THE SKELETAL SYSTEM

The Lower Limbs

OVERVIEW

Histology of Bone Tissue Bone Function and Structure Bone Growth & Development Joints The Axial Skeleton The Pectoral Girdle The Upper Limbs The Pelvic Girdle The Lower Limbs

SOME NUMBERS…

22 bones in skull 6 in middle ears 1 hyoid bone 26 in vertebral column 25 in thoracic cage

4 in pectoral girdle 60 in upper limbs 2 in pelvic girdle 60 in lower limbs

206 bones in all

THE APPENDICULAR SKELETON

THE LOWER LIMBS

Structures (bones): Totals Femur (thigh): 1 in each leg 2 Patella (knee): 1 in each leg 2 Tibia and Fibula (calf): 2 in each leg

4 Tarsals (ankle): 7 in each leg 14 Metatarsals (foot): 5 in each leg 10 Phalanges (toes): 14 in each foot 28 .Total Number of Bones 60

Femur: largest bone in the body!

THE LOWER LIMBS

Function: Structural part of legs Attachment sites for muscles of the legs

and feet

THE LOWER LIMBS

Joints of the Lower Limbs: No point of connection to axial skeletal system

Has all types of freely-movable joints: Saddle: carpal and metacarpal bones of big toes

Ball and socket: hips

Pivot- rotation only: proximal end of tibia and fibula

Hinge- up and down movement in one plane: knee

Gliding- sliding and twisting: ankle

Condyloid- movement in different planes but not rotations: between metatarsals and phalanges

THE LOWER LIMBS

PatellaFemur

Tibi

aFibula

5

Metatarsals14 Phalanges

7

Tarsals

THE LOWER LIMBS (FEMUR)

THE LOWER LIMBS (PATELLA)

THE LOWER LIMBS

metatarsals

phalanges

tarsals

metatarsalsphalanges

tarsals

THE LOWER LIMBS

SUMMARY

Histology of Bone Tissue Bone Function and Structure Bone Growth & Development Joints The Axial Skeleton The Pectoral Girdle The Upper Limbs The Pelvic Girdle The Lower Limbs