THE LOWER LIMB - imul.umlub.edu.plimul.umlub.edu.pl/en/system/files/2.REVIEW LOWER... · FEMORAL CANAL LOWER LIMB: FEMORAL TRIANGLE The base of the femoral canal is the oval femoral

THE LOWER LIMBNERVES VESSELS

FEMORAL TRIANGLE

LOWER LIMB: FEMORAL TRIANGLE

FEMORAL TRIANGLE

is a triangular landmark useful in dissection and in understanding relationships in the groin


it is a triangular depression inferior to the inguinal ligament when the thigh is flexed, abducted, and laterally rotated

The inguinal ligament is attached between the ASIS and pubic tubercle

FEMORAL TRIANGLE

is bounded:

• SUPERIORLY by the inguinal ligament (thickened inferior margin of external oblique aponeurosis) that forms the base of the femoral triangle.

• MEDIALLY by the lateral border of the adductor longus.

• LATERALLY by medial border of the sartorius; the apex of the femoral triangle is where the medial border of the sartorius crosses the lateral border of the adductor longus.


The apex of the femoral triangle is where the medial border of the sartoriuscrosses the lateral border of the adductor longus.

FEMORAL TRIANGLE

The floor of the femoral triangle is formed by:• the iliopsoas laterally and the pectineus medially.


The roof of the femoral triangle is formed by • the fascia lata and cribriform fascia, subcutaneous tissue, and skin

THE RETRO-INGUINAL SPACE LIES DEEP TO THE INGUINAL LIGAMENT

Deep to the inguinal ligament, the retro-inguinal space is an important passageway connecting the trunk/abdominopelvic cavity to the lower limb.

The retro-inguinal space is divided into two compartments which passes between the deep surface of the inguinal ligament and the iliopubic eminence.

Lateral to the iliopectineal arch is the muscular compartment of the retro-inguinal space, through which the iliopsoas muscle and femoral nerve pass from the great pelvis into the anterior thigh.

Medial to the iliopectineal arch, the vascular compartment of the retro-inguinal space allows passage of the major vascular structures: femoral vein, femoral artery, and lymphatics.

FEMORAL TRIANGLE

The contents of the femoral triangle, from lateral to medial are:• Femoral nerve and its (terminal) branches


The contents of the femoral triangle, from lateral to medial are:• Femoral sheath and its contents:

• Femoral artery and several of its branches,• Femoral vein and its proximal tributaries (e.g., the great saphenous and

deep femoral veins).

The contents of the femoral triangle, from lateral to medial are:• Deep inguinal lymph nodes and associated lymphatic vessels

FEMORAL TRIANGLETHE CONTENTS:

From lateral to medial are:

• Femoral nerve and its (terminal) branches

• Femoral sheath and its contents:• Femoral artery and several of its branches,• Femoral vein and its proximal tributaries (e.g., the great saphenous

and deep femoral veins)

• Deep inguinal lymph nodes and associated lymphatic vessels.


FEMORAL TRIANGLEFEMORAL SHEATH


• it is a fascial tube of varying length (usually 3–4 cm)• passes deep to the inguinal ligament• lining the vascular compartment of the retro-inguinal space• creates the femoral canal medial to the femoral vessels

FEMORAL CANAL

• the smallest of the three compartments of the femoral sheath• it is conical and short (approximately 1.25 cm)• lies between the medial edge of the femoral sheath and the femoral vein

• extends distally to the level of the proximal edge of the saphenous opening• allows the femoral vein to expand when venous return from the lower limb is increased• contains loose connective tissue, a few lymphatic vessels, and sometimes a deep inguinal

lymph node

FEMORAL CANAL DOES NOT CONTAIN ANY ARTERIES, VEINS AND NERVES

FEMORAL CANAL


The base of the femoral canal is the oval femoral ring formed by the small (approximately 1 cm wide) proximal opening at its abdominal end

The femoral ring is closed by extraperitoneal fatty tissue that forms the transversely oriented femoral septum

The boundaries of the FEMORAL RING are:• LATERALLY, the vertical septum between the femoral canal and femoral vein• POSTERIORLY, the superior ramus of the pubis covered by the pectineus muscle

and its fascia• MEDIALLY, the lacunar ligament• ANTERIORLY, the medial part of the inguinal ligament

FEMORAL RING IS CLOSE TO THE OBTURATOR CANAL

FEMORAL CANALLOWER LIMB: FEMORAL TRIANGLE

The femoral ring is the usual originating site of a femoral hernia:a protrusion of abdominal viscera (often a loop of small intestine) through the femoral ring into the femoral canal.

The hernia is bounded by the femoral vein laterally and the lacunar ligament medially.

The vascular impairment may result in

necrosis.

The greater width of the female pelvis means that the femoral canal is somewhat larger in the female and femoral herniae are commoner in females.

OBTURATOR NERVE, ARTERY and VEIN pass through the obturator foramen close to the femoral ring, where it may complicate surgical repair of a femoral hernia.

LOWER LIMB: FEMORAL ARTERY

THE ARTERIES OF THE LOWER LIMB

SUPERIOR GLUTEAL ARTERYINFERIOR GLUTEAL ARTERYOBTURATOR ARTERY

FEMORAL ARTERY:Superficial epigastric arterySuperficial circumflex iliac arterySuperficial external pudendal arteryDeep external pudendal arteryDescending genicular arteryProfunda femoris (deep artery of thigh) artery

POPLITEAL ARTERY:Genicular arteriesAnterior tibial arteryPosterior tibial artery

branches of the internal iliac artery

THE FEMORAL ARTERY


FEMORAL ARTERYThe superficial position of the femoral artery in the femoral triangle makes it vulnerable to injury by laceration and gunshot wounds. When it is necessary to ligate the femoral artery, the cruciate anastomosis supplies blood to the thigh and leg.

The branches:• superficial epigastric a.• superficial circumflex iliac a.• superficial external pudendal a.• deep external pudendal a.• descending genicular a.• deep a. of the thigh

FEMORAL ARTERYLOWER LIMB: FEMORAL ARTERY

The continuation of the external iliac artery

distal to the inguinal ligament

The femoral artery enters the femoral triangle:• midway between the ASIS and the pubic tubercle• lateral to the femoral vein• medial to femoral nerve

The pulsations of the femoral artery are palpable within the triangle

The femoral artery is sensitive to injury

FEMORAL ARTERYThe femoral artery is commonly used for percutaneous arterial catheterization because it is superficial and easily palpated, and hemostasis can be achieved by applying pressure over the head of the femur.

FEMORAL ARTERY


The branches of the femoral artery:• the superficial epigastric artery,• superficial (and sometimes the deep) circumflex iliac arteries, • the superficial and deep external pudendal arteries

The branches of the femoral artery:The deep artery of the thigh, profunda femoris artery is the largest branch of the femoral artery and the chief artery to the thigh.

The deep artery of the thigh, the profunda femoris arteryIn the middle third of the thigh, where it is separated from the femoral artery and vein by the adductor longus


The circumflex femoral arteries supply the thigh muscles and the superior (proximal) end of the femur:1. The medial circumflex femoral artery supplies the head and neck of the femur.2. The lateral circumflex femoral artery supplies muscles on the lateralside of the thigh

The obturator artery helps the deep artery of the thigh supply the adductor muscles

The ligament of the head of the femur carries a small branch of the obturatorartery (the acetabular branch), which contributes to the blood supply of the head of the femur (the artery to the head of the femur).

The branches of the deep artery of the thigh:• four perforating arteries• medial circumflex artery• lateral circumflex artery


The adductor canal is bounded:• ANTERIORLY and LATERALLY by the vastus medialis• POSTERIORLY by the adductors longus and magnus• MEDIALLY by the sartorius, which overlies the groove between the above muscles,

forming the roof of the canal.

POPLITEAL ARTERY is a continuation of the femoral artery at the adductor hiatus in the adductor magnus muscle. It extends through the popliteal fossa, where the popliteal

pulse can be palpated against the popliteus muscle with the leg flexed.

Five genicular branches of the popliteal artery supply the capsule and ligaments of the knee joint.

THE POPLITEAL ARTERY IS THE DEEPEST and THE MOST ANTERIOR STRUCTURE IN THE POPLITEAL FOSSA

POPLITEAL ARTERY terminates at the lower border of the popliteus muscle by dividing into:• anterior tibial artery• posterior tibial artery


Posterior tibial artery gives rise to the peroneal (fibular) artery.The fibular (peroneal) artery passes behind the lateral malleolus, gives rise to the posterior

lateral malleolar branch, and ends in branches to the ankle and heel.

Anterior tibial artery descends on the anterior surface of the interosseusmembrane with the deep fibular nerve and terminates as the dorsalis pedis artery.

Anterior tibial artery gives off the following branches:a. Anterior tibial recurrent a.b. Medial malleolar a.c. Lateral malleolar a.d. Dorsalis pedis a.

The dorsalis pedis artery lies between the extensor hallucis longus and extensor digitorumlongus tendons midway between the medial and lateral malleolus, where the dorsal pedal pulse can be palpated.

The dorsalis pedis artery gives rise to the medial tarsal, lateral tarsal, arcuate, and first dorsal metatarsal arteries. The arcuate artery gives rise to the second, third, and fourth dorsal metatarsal arteries.

The dorsalis pedis artery terminates by dividing into the 1st dorsal metatarsal artery and a deep plantar artery, which enters the sole of the foot by passing between the two heads of the first dorsal interosseous muscle and joins the lateral plantar artery to form the plantar arch.


The plantar arch arches medially across the foot to form the deep plantar arch, which is completed by union with the deep plantar artery, a branch of the dorsalis pedis artery.

Pulmonary veinsLeft atrium (mitral valve)Left ventricleAortic valveAscending aorta:

left coronary a. (left aortic sinus), right coronary a. (right aortic sinus)

Aortic arch:brachiocephalic trunk, left common carotid, left subclavian

Descending aorta:thoracic:

intercostal and subcostal, superior and inferior left bronchial

and branches to the esophagus, mediastinum, and pericardium

abdominal: inferior phrenic, celiac trunk, superior mesenteric, middle

suprarenal, renal, testicular or ovarian, four lumbar, inferior mesenteric, median sacral

Bifurcation of abdominal aorta – L4Common iliac arteries:

internal and external iliac arteries

Internal iliac artery: anterior trunk:

superior vesical, inferior vesical, middle rectal, vaginal, obturator, uterine, internal pudendal, inferior

gluteal)

posterior trunk:iliolumbar, lateral sacral, superior gluteal

External iliac artery:inferior epigastric a., deep circumflex iliac a.

Femoral artery:superficial epigastric a., superficial circumflex iliac a., superficial external

pudendal a., deep external pudendal a., descending genicular a., deep a. of the thigh

Popliteal artery:five genicular branches, anterior and posterior tibial

Anterior tibial:anterior tibial recurrent, anterior medial and lateral malleolar

Posterior tibial artery:peroneal (fibular) artery, medial and lateral plantar arteries

Dorsalis pedis artery:1st dorsal metatarsal artery & deep plantar artery

DEEP PLANTAR ARTERY + LATERAL PLANTAR ARTERY =

PLANTAR ARCH

THE FEMORAL VEIN

LOWER LIMB: FEMORAL VEIN

FEMORAL VEINLOWER LIMB: FEMORAL VEIN

The femoral vein is the continuation of the popliteal vein (adductor hiatus).

The femoral vein ascends through the adductor canal and lies posterolateraland then posterior to the femoral artery

The femoral vein enters the femoral sheath lateral to the femoral canal and ends posterior to the inguinal ligament

The great saphenous vein terminates into the femoral vein through the saphenous opening.

The medial marginal vein of foot becomes the great spahenous vein.

The small saphenous vein enters popliteal vein in the popliteal fossa.

The popliteal vein begins at the distal border of the popliteus as a continuation of the posterior tibial vein.

The popliteal vein lies posterior to the artery, between this vessel andthe overlying tibial nerve.

THE ADDUCTOR CANAL(Hunter’s canal)

LOWER LIMB: ADDUCTOR CANAL

ADDUCTOR CANALThe adductor canal is a long (approximately 15 cm), narrow passageway in the middle third of the thigh.

It extends from the apex of the femoral triangle.

LOWER LIMB: ADDUCTOR CANAL

The adductor canal provides an intermuscular passage for:• the femoral artery and vein, • the saphenous nerve, • and the slightly larger nerve to vastus medialis,delivering the femoral vessels to the popliteal fossa

The adductor canal is bounded:• ANTERIORLY and LATERALLY by the vastus medialis.• POSTERIORLY by the adductors longus (proximal) and magnus (distal).• MEDIALLY by the sartorius, which overlies the groove between the above

muscles, forming the roof of the canal.

The femoral vessels pass from the adductor canal into the popliteal fossa via the adductor hiatus, an opening in the tendon of adductor magnus adjacent to the

femoral shaft, two-thirds of the way down the adductor canal.

NEUROVASCULAR STRUCTURES

LOWER LIMB:

LOWER LIMB: POSTERIOR TIGHNERVES OF POSTERIOR TIGH REGION

CLUNIAL NERVES

The skin of the gluteal region is richly innervated by:• superior• middle• inferiorclunial nerves.

ONLY SKIN SUPPLY

THE DEEP GLUTEAL NERVES ARE:

• the superior and inferior gluteal nerves• sciatic nerve• nerve to quadratus femoris• posterior cutaneous nerve of the thigh• nerve to obturator internus• pudendal nerve


THE SUPERIOR GLUTEAL NERVES

It runs laterally between the gluteus medius and minimuswith the deep branch of the

superior gluteal artery.

It divides into• a superior branch (that

supplies the gluteus mediusand minimus)

• an inferior branch (that supplies the gluteus maximus)

THE INFERIOR GLUTEAL NERVES

• leaves the pelvis through the greater sciatic foramen

• superficial to the sciatic nerve

• divides into several branches, which provide motor innervation to the overlying gluteus maximus


THE SCIATIC NERVE

The sciatic nerve is the largest nerve in the body.It is the continuation of the main part of the sacral plexus.It is the most lateral structure emerging through the greater sciatic foramen inferior to the piriformis.The sciatic nerve descends between the greater trochanter and ischial tuberosity, along the back of the thigh, dividing into the tibial and common fibular (peroneal) nerves at a varying level proximal to the knee.

Medial to the sciatic nerve are:• the inferior gluteal nerve and vessels• the internal pudendal vessels• the pudendal nerve

The sciatic nerve is so large that it receives a named branch of the inferior gluteal artery, the artery to the

sciatic nerve.


THE SCIATIC NERVE

The sciatic nerve supplies no structures in the gluteal region.

The sciatic nerve is really two nerves:

• the tibial nerve, derived from anterior (preaxial) divisions of the anterior rami,

• and the common peroneal (fibular) nerve, derived from posterior

In approximately 12% of people, the nerves separate as they leave the pelvis

GLUTEAL INTRAMUSCULAR INJECTION OF DRUGS

Injections into the buttock are safe only in the superolateral quadrant of the buttock

!


POSTERIOR CUTANEOUSNERVE OF THIGH

It supplies more skin than any other cutaneous nerve

The main part of this nerve lies deep to the deep fascia

THE PUDENDAL NERVE

It is the most medialstructure to exit the pelvis through the greater sciatic

foramen.

Supplies no structures in gluteal region or posterior thigh (principal nerve to

perineum)

THE NERVE TOOBTURATOR INTERNUS

It supplies the superior gemellus

LOWER LIMB: POPLITEAL FOSSA AND LEG

POPLITEAL FOSSA

The contents of the popliteal fossa:• termination of the small saphenous vein• popliteal arteries and veins and their branches and tributaries• tibial and common fibular nerves• posterior cutaneous nerve of thigh• popliteal lymph nodes and lymphatic vessels THE FEMORAL VEIN

IS NOT A CONTENTOF THE POPLITEAL FOSSA

The popliteal fossa is bounded:• superolaterally by the biceps femoris• superomedially by the semimembranosus• inferolaterally and inferomedially by the lateral and medial heads of the

gastrocnemius• posteriorly by skin and popliteal fascia (roof)


The tibial nerve is the medialThe tibial nerve is the most superficial of the three main central components of the popliteal fossa (nerve, vein, and artery)

THE TIBIAL NERVE

The tibial nerve gives branches to the:• soleus• gastrocnemius• plantaris• popliteus muscles

The medial sural cutaneous nerve is derived from the tibial nerve in the popliteal fossa.

THE SURAL NERVE is form by the sural communicating branch of the common fibular and the medial sural cutaneous nerve from tibial nerve.The sural nerve supplies the lateral side of the leg and ankle.


It passes over the posterior aspect of the head of the fibula

THE COMMON FIBULAR NERVE

The common fibular (peroneal) nerve is the lateral, smaller terminal branch of the sciatic nerve.

The common fibular nerve winds around the neck of the fibula and divides into its terminal branches.


The popliteal artery is the continuation of the femoral artery.

Five genicular branches of the popliteal artery supply the capsule and ligaments of the knee joint.

THE POPLITEAL ARTERY

THE POPLITEAL ARTERY IS THE DEEPEST STRUCTURE IN THE POPLITEAL FOSSA


is a continuation of the femoralartery at the adductor hiatus

runs through the popliteal fossa

terminates at the lower border of the popliteus muscle by dividing into:• the anterior and • posterior tibial arteries

THE POPLITEAL ARTERY

Is vulnerable to injury from fracture of the femur

and dislocation of the knee joint

Gives rise to five genicular arteries:• Superior lateral genicular artery• Superior medial genicular artery• Inferior lateral genicular artery• Inlerior medial genicular artery• Middle genicular artery


The anterior compartment of the leg, or dorsiflexor (extensor) compartment is located anterior to the interosseous membrane

THE ANTERIOR COMPARTMENT OF LEG

The four muscles in the anterior compartment are:• the tibialis anterior• extensor digitorum longus• extensor hallucis longus• fibularis tertius

The fibularis tertius is a separated part of the extensor digitorum longus (EDL)

These muscles are dorsiflexors of the ankle joint

Innervation: Deep fibular nerve (L4, L5)

THE LEG


The DEEP FIBULAR (PERONEAL) NERVE is the nerve of the anterior compartment.It is one of the two terminal branches of the common fibular nerve.

A lesion of the deep fibular nerve results in an inability to dorsiflex the ankle (FOOTDROP).

THE ANTERIOR COMPARTMENT OF LEG

The tibialis anterior (TA), the most medial and superficial dorsiflexor, is a slender muscle that lies against the lateral surface of the tibia.To test the tibialis anterior (TA), the person is asked to stand on their heels or dorsiflex the foot against resistance; if normal, its tendon can be seen and palpated.

The extensor digitorum longus (EDL) is the most lateral of the anterior leg muscles.

The extensor hallucis longus (EHL) is a thin muscle that lies deeply between the TA and EDL at its superior attachment to the middle half of the fibula and interosseousmembrane.

The fibularis tertius (FT) is a separated part of EDL, which shares its synovial sheath.The anterior tibial artery

supplies structures in the anterior compartment.


The lateral compartment of the leg, or evertor compartment ends inferiorly at the superior fibular retinaculum, which spans between the distal tip of the fibula and the calcaneus

THE LATERAL COMPARTMENT OF LEG

The lateral compartment contains:• the fibularis longus• the fibularis brevismuscles

As evertors, the fibularis muscles act at the subtalar and transverse

tarsal joints

INNERVATION: superficial fibular nerve (L5, S1, S2)

The superficial fibular (peroneal) nerve, a terminal branch of the common fibular nerve, is the nerve of the lateral compartment


• is the largest of the three leg compartments • muscles are divided into superficial and deep muscle groups by the transverse

intermuscular septum

THE POSTERIOR COMPARTMENT OF LEG

The superficial group includes:• gastrocnemius• soleus• plantaris

The deep group includes:• popliteus• flexor digitorum longus• flexor hallucis longus• tibialis posterior

Innervation: tibial nerve

The tibial nerve supplies all muscles in the posterior compartment of the leg.

Injury of the tibial nerve results in inability of plantarflexion and flexion of toes.

LOWER LIMB: FOOT

THE FOOT

THE BONES OF THE FOOT• Tarsal bones• Metatarsals I-V• Phalanges I-V digits

THE TARSUS consists of 7 bones:• talus• calcaneus,• cuboid• navicular• three cuneiforms

LOWER LIMB: FOOT

THE MUSCLES OF THE FOOT

MUSCLES OF THE FOOT - 1st layer• abductor hallucis• flexor digitorum brevis• abductor digiti minimi

MUSCLES OF THE FOOT – 2nd layer• quadratus plantae• lumbricals

MUSCLES OF THE FOOT – 3rd layer• Flexor hallucis brevis• Adductor hallucis• Flexor digit

MUSCLES OF THE FOOT – 4th layer• Plantar interossei (three muscles)• Dorsal interossei (four muscles)

Over the lateral and posterior aspects of the foot, the deep fascia

is continuous with the plantar fascia, the deep fascia of the sole.

The plantar fasciahas a thick central part and weaker

medial and lateral parts.

The thick, central part of the plantar fascia forms the strong

plantar aponeurosis

The plantar aponeurosis arises posteriorly from the calcaneus and functions like a superficial

ligament.

Distally, the longitudinal bundles of collagen fibers of the aponeurosis divide into five bands that become continuous with the fibrous digital

sheaths that enclose the flexor tendons that pass to the toes.

LOWER LIMB: FOOT

THE NERVES OF THE FOOT

The cutaneous innervation of the foot is supplied:

Medially by the saphenous nerve, which extends distally to the head of 1st

metatarsal

Superiorly (dorsum of foot) by the superficial (primarily) and deep fibular nerves

Inferiorly (sole of foot) by the medial and lateral plantar nerves; the common border of their distribution extends along the 4th metacarpal and toe or digit. (This is similarto the pattern of innervation of the palm of the hand).

Laterally by the sural nerve, including part of the heel.

Posteriorly (heel) by medial and lateral calcaneal branches of the tibial and suralnerves.

LOWER LIMB: FOOT

THE ARTERIES OF THE FOOT

The arteries of the foot are terminal branches of:• anterior tibial artery• posterior tibial artery

respectively:the dorsalis pedis and plantar arteries.

The medial and lateral plantar arteries are branches of

the posterior tibial artery

DORSALIS PEDIS ARTERYthe major source of blood

supply to the forefoot.

The dorsalis pedis artery terminates by dividing into the 1st dorsal metatarsal artery and a deep plantar artery

The dorsalis pedis artery (dorsal artery of foot) is thedirect continuation of the anterior tibial artery.

DEEP PLANTAR ARTERY + LATERAL PLANTAR ARTERY = PLANTAR ARCH

Documents

THE LOWER LIMB - imul.umlub.edu.plimul.umlub.edu.pl/en/system/files/2.REVIEW LOWER... · FEMORAL CANAL LOWER LIMB: FEMORAL TRIANGLE The base of the femoral canal is the oval femoral