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2010 45: 553The Journal of Commonwealth LiteratureGrace Musila

East and Central Africa

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East and Central Africa 553

East and Central Africacompiledandintroducedby Grace MusilaStellenbosch University, South Africa

IntroductionTheonethemethatruns–invariousformsandconcernedwithawiderangeofrelatedissues–acrossthisyear’spublicationsismemory.Thisconcerncanbelooselydividedintotwobroadcategories.Inonecategory,wehavearecurrentrememberingofmultifacetedhorrors,traumasandviolenceacrosstheregion,whetherintheformoftheviolentIdiAminruleinUganda,thewarinNorthernUganda,the1998bombingsoftheUS embassies in Kenya andTanzania, the Kamuzu Banda regime inMalawi,orthemorerecent2007post-electionviolenceinKenya.Thesecondcategoryofmemoryseemsmoreconcernedwithreflectionsonpersonalexperiencesand themonumentalisationof lives through theauto/biographicalmedium.Thiscategoryattractsarangeoflifestoriesby,andabout,bothEastandCentralAfricans,andanumberoffigureswhowerevariouslyinvolvedintheregion’s(post-)colonialhistories,includingcolonialadministratorsandmissionaries.Underthefirstcategory,amongthetextsrememberingvarioustraumasandscarsthatformpartoftheregional history are Peter Eichstaedt’s First Kill Your Family: Child Soldiers of Uganda and the Lord’s Resistance ArmyandCarlosRodriguezSoto’sTall Grass: Stories of Suffering and Peace in Northern Uganda [seeBiography and Autobiography]bothofwhichexaminethewarinNorthernUganda,withparticularinterestinthechildsoldier;aphenomenonthathasbecomeaubiquitousfeatureinpostcolonialAfricanwars.StillonthememoryofviolenceandtraumainUganda,IdiAmin,theinfamousUgandanpresidentwhoseregimeplungedthecountryintooneoftheworstbloodbathsintheregion,continuestoengagearangeofwriters,bothbiographersandmemoirists.AndrewRice’sThe Teeth May Smile but the Heart Does Not Forget: Murder and Memory in Uganda,andMaryHale’smemoirOn Uganda’s Terms: A Journal by an American Nurse-Midwife

Copyright©TheAuthor(s)2010Reprintsandpermission:http://www.sagepub.co.uk/journalsPermissions.navVol45(4):553–568.DOI:10.1177/0021989410384820



554 Journal of Commonwealth Literature

Working for Change in Uganda, East Africa during Idi Amin’s Regime examinetheIdiAminerafromavictim’sandanexpatriate’sperspectiverespectively[seeBiography and Autobiography].Onhispart,StephenSembuya’s suggestively titled biography, Amin Dada: The Other SideattemptstocomplicatepopularperceptionsofIdiAmininEast/AfricanimaginariesbytryingtoforegroundthecomplexitiesandcontradictionsofthemanwhohassecuredhisplaceinAfricanpopularimaginariesastheprototypicalactualisationof‘African’monstrosityandbuffoonery[seeBiography and Autobiography].AsimilarimpulseseemstobeatworkinaJohnLloydLwanda’sKamuzu Banda of Malawi: A Study in Promise, Power and Paralysis, which examines yet another infamousAfricanleader,PresidentKamuzuBandaofMalawi[seeBiography and Autobiography].Amorecelebratory takeonAfrican leadershipsandthe life storiesof thefirstgenerationofAfricannationalist leaders issignalledintwocriticalbiographiesofformerTanzanianpresident,JuliusNyerere:GodfreyMwakikagile’sNyerere and Africa: End of an EraandCranfordPratt’sThe Critical Phase in Tanzania, 1945-1968: Nyerere and the Emergence of a Socialist Strategy[seeBiography and Autobiography].

In neighbouring Kenya, the 2007 post-election violence continuesto preoccupy various artistic imaginaries, and the literary and criticalimaginationisnoexception.Onthisyear’slist,thisisrepresentedbyaspecialissueoftheSouthAfrican-basedjournalAfrica Insight,dedicatedtocriticalreflectionsonthepost-electionviolenceinKenya[seeJournals: Special issues].The special issue carries a range of articles, examiningissues such as the failure of Kenyan intellectuals to make meaningfulinterventions into the crisis; the workings of state power and popularimaginaries of the state as a site of consumption; narratives of ethnicstereotyping;andthehistoricallyphallocraticframingofpowerinKenyanhistories,amongotherquestionsthatthepost-electionviolenceraised.Apartfromcriticalstudies,personalnarrativesofthetraumaandviolencecanbeexpectedtoemergeforalongtimetocome,asKenyansgrapplewiththeunprecedentedviolenceandbrutalitythatwasunleashedbythepost-electioncrisisin2007.Thisyear,thegenreofpersonalandwitnessnarrativesisrepresentedbyKimaniNjogu’sHealing the Wound: Personal Narratives about the 2007 Post-Election Violence in Kenya[seeBiography and Autobiography].

Alongsidethesepainfulstoriesthough,isagrowingbodyofmemoirsandauto/biographiesofvariousEastandCentralAfricanswhoare,intheirownways,considerediconicfiguresofsuccess.Thetitlesofthememoirsandauto/biographiesoftheselife-storiesareinthemselvessuggestiveofaparticularcelebratoryimpulse,insofarasthesebooksseemtopresentthemselvesasmonumentstotheirsubjects’success.AcursoryglanceattitlessuchasNjengaKarume’sBeyond Expectations: From Charcoal to




Gold, Kibny’aanko Seroney’s From Strength to Strength: The Story of Ambassador Peter Kipchumba Rono,WilliamKamkwamba’sMealer Boy Who Harnessed the Wind: Creating Currents of Electricity and Hope,andKamauMbothu’s Francis Ng’ang’a: Battles and Triumphs – A Portrait of a Modern Trade Unionist reveals this celebratory toast to“success” invarioussensesoftheterm.

Onthewhole,theauto/biographyremainsthegenreofchoiceinthisyear’slist,particularlyinKenyaandUganda.Therangeandvolumeofauto/biographiesisinitselfstriking.Thisbegsthequestion:howdoweexplainthispopularityofauto/biographiesintheregion,inrecentyears?Amongthemarebiographiesofcolonialadministrators,missionariesandotherplayersinthecolonialEastAfricanlandscape.Underthisgroup,wehaveexamplessuchasPatrickWalker’sTowards Independence in Africa: A District Officer in Uganda at the End of Empire,RichardGribble’sThe Implementation of Vatican II in Eastern Africa: The Contribution of Bishop Vincent McCauley CSC and JudySteelandMichaelSexton’sMama Jude: An Australian Nurse’s Extraordinary Other Life in Africa [see Biography and Autobiography]. A fascinating text here is RDGrillo’s African Railwaymen: Solidarity and Opposition in an East African Labourforce,whichoffersadetailedstudyoftheexperiencesofthelabourersontheEastAfricanrailwayline,popularlyknownastheKenya-Ugandarailway.

Aninterestingdimensionoftheconcernwithmemoryinthisyear’spublicationsiswithreferencetoarchives,experiencesandknowledgesmediatedthroughreligiousinstitutions–primarily,thechurchanditsagentsandincludingmissionariesandotherkeyclergy–andthroughIslam,particularlyregardingknowledgesontheeasternAfricancoastline,andbroadly,theIndianOceanWorld.Ofthelatercategory,wehaveanexamplesuchasJanetMcIntosh’sThe Edge of Islam: Power, Personhood and Ethnoreligious Boundaries on the Kenya Coast[seeCriticism:General Studies].Oneofthemostinterestingchaptersinthebookis“BloodMoneyinMotion:Profit,PersonhoodandtheJiniNarratives”.GiventhehithertounderexploredimprintofEastAfricanepistemologiesonIndianOceanWorldsinrecentstudies,thisbookmakesanimportantcontributiontothisgrowingfieldofstudies.Ontheotherhand,thechurchcontinuestorevealafascinatingarchive,bothintheformofauto/biographiesofmissionaries’experiencesintheregionandthelifestoriesofkeyreligiousfiguresinpostcolonialEasternAfrica.Ofthelattercategory,theseriesofbiographiesofKenyanclergyareaparticularlyimportantaddition,given the role played by the church in democratisation in Kenyanpoliticalhistories.ThesebiographiesofreligiousfiguresinEastAfricanhistoriescontinuetoofferimportantinsightsintobothcolonialhistoriesandpostcolonialexperiencesintheregion.Inthisyear’slist,thesetexts




includePaulGlifford’sChristianity, Politics and Public Life in Kenya,Justus Mugambi’s Five Decades of God’s Faithfulness: The Amazing Story of Christ Is the Answer Ministries, SusanMwangi’sCalled to Serve: A Biography of Archbishop Benjamin Nzimbi,WaithakaWaihenyaandNdikaruwaTeresia’sA Voice Unstilled: Archbishop Ndingi Mwana’a Nzeki, JohnMaryWaliggo’sBishop Adrian K. Ddungu of Masaka Diocese: His Life, Vocation and Legacy and MiriaMatembe’s Woman in the Eyes of God: Reclaiming a Lost Identity[seeBiography and Autobiography].Thesheervolumeoftheseauto/biographiesisinitselftestimonytotheroleofreligionandreligiousfiguresinEastAfricanhistories.However,likemanyotherreligiousinstitutions,thechurchinEastAfricaisnotwithoutits own controversies, in this case, through the figure ofArchbishopGilbertDeya.ArchbishopDeyawasshottoinfamyinKenyafollowinghisinvolvementin“miracles”thatpurportedlyresultedinwhatcametobeknownas“miraclebabies”forchildlesswomendesperatetohavechildren.ArchbishopDeyahasbeenvariouslysatirisedinlocalsitcoms,onlinechatroomsandeverydayconversations.Onthisyear’slist,wenowhaveabiographyofthiscontroversialman,inMachariawaGakuru’sDeya and the Miracle Babies: Biography of Archbishop Gilbert Deya [seeBiography and Autobiography].

EastAfrican lettershavehistoricallyhadasubstantive libraryofwhatcanbedescribedas“expatriate”writing.Thislibrary’srootsreachbacktothecoloniallandscapewhichproducedwriterssuchasRobertRuarkandKarenBlixen,andmorerecently,figuressuchasCorrineHoffman.InrecentyearstherehasbeenrenewedinterestinEasternAfrica as the setting for a range of expatriate narratives. ExamplesincludeSuzanneArruda’snovels,whoseJadedelCamerondetectiveseries–insomewaysreminiscentofAlexanderMcCallSmith’sMmaRamotsweandtheNo1LadiesDetectiveSeries–aresetinEastAfrica.Thisyear’slistseestwoJadedelCameronadditions–Treasure of the Golden CheetahandThe Leopard’s Prey[seeFiction].Thereferencingofthe‘BigFive’inthesenovels’titlesseemstodeliberatelytapintothe imaginedexoticmystiqueofEastAfricaasthewildlifetourist’sparadise.Thiselementisconsistentwiththeolderexpatriatelibrary,particularlyinitsfascinationwithwildlife.Asimilarfascinationwithwhat can be termed“the safari landscape” as a narrative setting isevident inAnitaShreve’sA Change of Altitude,atitlethatgesturesatthehighpeaksofMt.Kenyawhichformthebackdropofthestory[seeFiction].Anotherinterestinggenreisthecontemporaryromance,representedherebyLionelShriver’sThe Female of the Species [seeFiction],alovestorythatsimilarlyreferencestheEastAfricansafarilandscapeasitsromanticbackdrop.




Thepublicationonthisyear’slistthatseemstohavestirredthegreatestamountofinterest,controversyandheateddebates,bothinKenyaandincyberspace,isMichelaWrong’sIt’s Our Turn to Eat: The Story of a Kenyan Whistle-Blower[seeBiography and Autobiography].Wrong’sbooktellsthestoryofKenyanJohnGithongoandhisintriguingbattlewithhigh-levelpoliticalfiguresovercorruptioninKenya.ThroughGithongo’sstory,Wrong reflects on cultures of corruption in Kenyan political historiesand the intricatepatronagenetworks thathavecome tobeassociatedwiththepostcolonialstate.IntrueKenyanspirit,rumoursflourishedthatthebookhadbeenbanned,whichinturnnotonlysparkedevengreaterinterestamongKenyanpublics,butalsoresultedininterestingdistributionnetworksofthebook:boththroughelectroniccopiesforwardedacrossdiasporicandKenya-basednetworksandthroughinformalundergroundsalesofprinteditionsofthebook.

Mau Mau liberation struggles remain an ongoing area of scholarlyinterestinthisyear’slist.AmongthesearetitlessuchasMartinWiener’sAn Empire on Trial: Race, Murder and Justice under British Rule, 1870-1935, GeraldHorne’s Mau Mau in Harlem? The US and the Liberation of Kenya, and Daniel Branch’s Defeating Mau Mau, Creating Kenya: Counterinsurgency, Civil War and Decolonization [seeCriticism: General].BeverlyNaidoo’sBurn My HeartpresentsaninterestingfictionalexplorationoftheMauMauliberationstrugglesasseenthroughthelensesofacross-racialfriendshipbetweenablackboyandawhiteboy,andtheimpactoftheanticolonialstrugglesontheirlivesandfriendship[seeFiction].ArelatedconcernisBritishruleinUganda,aninterestingareaofgrowingscholarship,whichhashithertoreceivedsparseattention.Onthisyear’slist, Donald Low’s Fabrication of Empire: The British and the Uganda Kingdoms 1890-1902contributestothisgrowingbodyofscholarshiponUgandancolonialhistories.

StillonUganda,anotherimportantstudyinthisyear’slistisMahmoodMamdani’s Scholars in the Marketplace: The Dilemmas of Neoliberal Reform at Makerere University 1989-2005. Mamdani’s book examinesthe impactofmarket-basedreformsatUganda’sMakerereUniversityandtherangeofinsightsthisoffersintohighereducation’srecentmovetowardsprivatisationacrossthecontinent.

2009alsomarkedthetenthanniversaryoftheCainePrizeforAfricanWritingwhichispopularlydubbedtheAfricanBookerPrize.Incelebration,the anthology Ten Years of the Caine Prize for African Writing bringstogetherthewinningstoriesoverthisperiod.Inthecollection,EasternAfrica is representedbyBinyavangaWainaina’s“DiscoveringHome”,Yvonne Owuor’s“Weight ofWhispers” and MonicaArac de Nyeko’s“JambulaTree”[seeFiction].




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“Bringing Change through Laughter: Cartooning in Kenya” PatrickGatharaandMaryKaburaWanjaupp275–286inMedia and Identity in Africa [seethis section].

Empathy and Rage: Female Genital Mutilation in African LiteratureTobeLevinandAugustineHAsaah217ppAyebiaClarkeandCentreforIntellectualRenewal(Banbury;Accra).

“Innovating‘AlterNative’Identities:NairobiMatatuCulture”Mbuguawa Mungai pp267–274 in Media and Identity in Africa [see this section].

“LiteraryPrizes,BookPrizesandAfricanWriting”WalterBgoyapp258–266inMedia and Identity in Africa [seethis section].

Media and Identity in AfricaKimaniNjoguandJohnMiddleton333ppEdinburghUnivPress(Edinburgh).

Mythologies of Migration, Vocabularies of Indenture: Novels of the South Asian Diaspora in Africa, the Caribbean and Asia Pacific MiriamPirbhai262ppTorontoUnivPress(Toronto).

The Popular and the Public: Cultural Debates and Struggles over Public Spaces in Modern India, Africa, and EuropeedsIsabelHofmeyrandPrebenKaarsholmSeagullBooks(NewYork;London).

Translated People, Translated Texts: Language and Migration in Contemporary African Literature TinaSteiner176ppSt.Jerome(Manchester).




KenyaAfrica Writes Back: Metafiction, Gender, SexualityEvanMainaMwangi

346ppSUNYPress(NewYork).“AfricaonYouTube:Musicians,Tourists,MissionariesandAidWorkers”

MWallInternational Communication Gazette71(5)pp393–407.“BritishAdministrationandtheChiefs’TyrannyinEarlyColonialKenya:

ACaseStudyoftheFirstGenerationofChiefsfromKiambuDistrict,1895-1920”ENWamagattaJournal of Asian and African Studies44(4)pp371–388.

“EthnicStereotypesandIdeologicalManifestationsofEthnicityinKenyanCyberCommunities”DinaLigagaAfrica Insight39(1)pp72–85.

“A Discursive Representation ofWomen in Sample Proverbs fromEthiopia, Sudan and Kenya” JW Hussein Research in African Literatures40(3)pp96–108.

“Kenyan Intellectuals and the Political Realm: Responsibilities andComplicities”DanOjwangAfrica Insight39(1)pp22–38.

“KnowledgeandIntellectualPracticeinaSwahiliContext:‘Wisdom’andtheSocialDimensionsofKnowledge”KKresseAfrica79(1)pp148–167.

“‘OnlyaFewSkirmishesHereandThere’:Interrogatingthe‘Truth’ofanElection in theKenyanBlogosphere” JenniferMusangiAfrica Insight39(1)pp86–97.

Performing Power: Ethnic Citizenship, Popular Theatre and the Contest for Nationhoood in Modern KenyaGeorgeOderaOuta222ppBookSurge(Charleston).

“PhallocraciesandGynocraticTransgressions:Gender,StatePowerandKenyanPublicLife”GraceA.MusilaAfrica Insight39(1)pp39–57.

“Political Grandstanding and the Use of Proverbs inAfrican PoliticalDiscourse”DOOrwenjoDiscourse and Society20(1)pp123–146.

“RekindlingEfficacy:StorytellingforHealth”KimaniNjogupp124–138inMedia and Identity in Africa [seeCriticism: Regional].

“RepresentationsofAfricainaHongKongSoapOpera:TheLimitsofEnlightenedHumanitarianismintheLastBreakthrough”MSaavedraChina Quarterly199pp760–776.

“InSearchoftheGoodLife:LifeHistoryofaKenyanIndianSettler–ASartreanApproach toBiographyandHistory”AKassamHistory and Anthropology20(4)pp435–457.

“Sex,SexualityandNegotiatingAfricannessinNairobi”RachelSpronkAfrica79(4)pp500–519.

“SexualThreatandSettlerRealities:‘BlackPerils’inKenyac1907-30”DavidAnderson Journal of Imperial and Commonwealth History38(1)pp47–74.

“TheStateasaSiteofEating:LiteraryRepresentationandtheDialecticsof Ethnicity, Class and the Nation-State in Kenya” James OgudeAfrica Insight39(1)pp5–21.




“SubversionofPatriarchalIdeology:ACaseStudyofMagdalene,AWomanOralNarrativePerformerfortheSamburuofKenya”MumiaOsaajiResearch in African Literatures40(1)pp19–26.

“WomenintheArtsinKenya”GraceA.MusilaandBinyavangaWainainapp129–146 in Promises and Realities: Taking Stock of the 3rd UN International Women’s ConferenceedsSaraJeropRuto,PatriciaKameri-MboteandJacintaMuteshi-StrachanAfricanCentreforTechnologyStudies;AfricanWomanandChildFeatureService(Nairobi).

Uganda“ColonialLegacies,DecolonisedSpirits:Balboa,UgandanMartyrsand

Aids SolidarityToday” K Hamilton Journal of Bisexuality 10(2)pp121–136.

“Constructing the Popular: Challenges ofArchiving Ugandan PopularMusic” Sylvia Nannyonga-Tamusuza The Popular and the Public pp68–82[SeeCriticism: Regional].

“Female-Men,Male-WomenandOthers:ConstructingandNegotiatingGenderAmongtheBagandainUganda”SylviaNannyonga-TamusuzaJournal of Eastern African Studies3(2)pp367–380.

“FromWarCacophoniestoRhythmsofPeace:PopularCulturalMusicinPost-1986Uganda”RichardSsewakiryangaandJoelIsabiryepp25–46inThe Popular and the Public [SeeCriticism: Regional].

“Sex,ViolenceandHistoryintheLivesofIdiAmin:PostcolonialMasculinityasMasquerade”MarkLeopoldJournal of Postcolonial Writing43(3)pp321–330.

“SongsofWarandPeace:PopularSongasCommentary,MediationandCritiqueofWar inNorthernUganda”OkelloOgwangpp47–68 inThe Popular and the Public [SeeCriticism: Regional].

Tanzania“BecomingWealthy:TheLifeStoryofaRuralEntrepreneurinTanzania

1922s-1980s”MatteoRezzoJournal of Eastern African Studies3(2)pp221–239.

“Building Better People: Modernity and Utopia in Late ColonialTanganyika” Micahel Jennings Journal of Eastern African Studies3(1)pp94–111.

Global Linguistic Flows: Hip-Hop Cultures, Youth Identities and the Politics of LanguageSammyAlim,AwadIbrahimandAlastairPennycook260ppRoutledge(NewYork).

“MusicalImagesandImaginations:TanzaniaMusicVideos”KellyMAskewpp208–217inMedia and Identity in Africa [seeCriticism: Regional].

Street Dreams and Hip-Hop Barbershops: Global Fantasy in Urban Tanzania BradWeiss263ppIndianaUnivPress(Bloomington).




MalawiThe Dance of Politics: Gender, Performance and Democratisation in Malawi

LisaGilman252ppTempleUnivPress(Philadelphia).

studies on individual writers

Abdalla,Abdilatif“Prison,PoetryandPolyphonyinAbdilatifAbdalla’sSauti ya Dhiki” KenW.Waliaula Research in African Literatures40(3)pp129–148.

Chipembere, Catherine MaryAjizinga“WatchThisWoman: PoliticalWidowhood,WritingandtheStoryofCatherineAjizingaChipembereofMalawi”NatashaGordon-ChipembereScrutiny214(2)pp9–24.

–––“VoiceandAudienceinAfricanAuto/Biography:AResponsetoNatashaGordon-Chipembere”HloniphaMokoenaScrutiny214(2)pp25–27.

Gurnah,Abdulrazak“IllegalDiasporasandAfricanRefugeesinAbdulrazakGurnah’sBy the Sea”SissyHelffJournal of Commonwealth Literature 44(1)pp81–99.

–––“Mimicry orTranslation: Storytelling and Migrant Identity inAbdulrazakGurnah’sAdmiring Silence(1996)andBy the Sea(2001)”Tina Steiner pp97–123 in Translated People, Translated Texts [SeeCriticism: Regional].

Lihamba,Amandina“Amandina Lihamba’s GenderedAdaptation ofSembeneOusmane’sThe Money Order”EvanMwangiResearch in African Literatures40(3)pp149–173.

Macgoye,MarjorieOludheWriting the Story of Kenya: Constructions of Identity in the Novels of Marjorie Oludhe MacgoyePetraBrittner184ppPeterLang(FrankfurtMain;NewYork).

Maillu, David “Detecting Globalisation, Modernity and GenderSubjectivityinDavidMaillu’sBenniKamba009inOperation DXT”Mpalive-HangsonMsiskaJournal of Eastern African Studies3(1)pp132–152.

Muoria,Henry“Writing,Self-RealizationandCommunity:HenryMuoriaand the Creation of a Nationalist Public Sphere in Kenya” BodilFolke Frederiksen pp245–262 in The Popular and the Public [SeeCriticism: Regional].

Nazareth,Peter“‘PassengerIndians’andDispossessedCitizensinUgandaandSouthAfrica”MiriamPirbhaipp32–54Mythologies of Migration, Vocabularies of Indenture[seeCriticism: Regional].

p’Bitek,Okot“SingingtheLaw:Okotp’Bitek’sLegalImaginationandthePoeticsofTraditionalJustice”PeterLemanResearch in African Literatures40(3)pp109–128.

Vassanji,M.G.“AmbivalentTranslationbetweenIndividualandCommunity:MoyezVassanji’s No New Land (1991) and Amriika (1999)”Tina




Steinerpp124–152inTranslated People, Translated Texts[seeCriticism: Regional].

WaThiong’o,Ngugi“ResumingaBrokenDialogue:Prophecy,NationalistStrategiesandReligiousDiscourses inNgugi’sEarlyWork”MarkMathurayResearch in African Literatures40(2)pp40–63.

Journalsspecial issues

Africa Insight 39(1) Special Issue: Kenya eds James Ogude and DanOjwang104pp.



Documents

The Journal of Commonwealth Literature-2010-Musila-553-68 (1)