Forward 3 Methodology 4 Challenges 5 Caymanas Park 6 Competition for Land 13 Horse racing stakeholders by place of residence. 15 Marginalization and Social Dislocation 16 Portmore community data profile 19 Economic Linkages and Externalities 23 Portmore Public Perception of Caymanas Park 26 At Caymanas Park 33 Ecological Description 33 Land Usage and Facilities 38 Provisions for The Physically Challenged 40 On Track Punters 42 General Operations At The Track 52 The Claims Market 65 Distances Ran 73 Betting 78 Total Purse Paid Out (1991-2007) 81 The Backstretch 84 Reported Horse Deaths In The Industry 87 Stable and Horse Distribution By Trainer 89 Cull 89 The Betting Sector, Years 2002-2007 91 Overseas Betting 94 Number of Local Racing Bookmakers and Offices 2004-2007 95 The Illegal Betting Sector 97 Betting Offices 99 Bookmakers Performance 2004-2007 (J$) 100 Purse Money 2002-2007 105 Disqualifications and Late Non-Starters, Years 2002-2007 109 A General Overview of The Betting Sector 111 The Stud Farm Sector 199-2007 115 Stud Farm Earnings 127 Thoroughbred Owners & Breeders Associations Yearling Sales Review Farm Hygiene Practices 138 Farm Community Relationship 141 The Jamaica Racing Commission 144 The Organizational Structure Of The Jamaica Racing Commission 148 Industry Unique Departments 149 General Observation 150 The Staff 151 Some Observations 153 Performance 164 Government Direct Investment 167 The Role of the Jamaica Racing Commission in the Production Chain Appendix 1 171 Appendix 2 172 Appendix 3 173 Appendix 4 175 Appendix 5 176 Appendix 6 177 Appendix 7 188 Appendix 8 191 Appendix 9 192 Appendix 10 194 Appendix 11 197

131

169

Appendix 12 198

Forward The period between the years 2001 and 2007 was a very challenging one for all segments of the Jamaican racing industry, with the industry entering into a slump between the years 2004 and 2005. The industry however, showed great resilience and developed new approaches in order to safeguard revenues: one saw the development of claiming races by the promoter, the taking of steps by the betting sector to maximize earnings from each location, and in the breeding sector there was a widening of the distribution of serving stallions, hence creating new revenue flows. Notwithstanding the difficulties of the period, the racing industry remains a very profitable area of investment for the Government of Jamaica, with each dollar directly invested in the Jamaica Racing Commission leading to the generation of over ninety dollars in return, an area contributing a minimum of two percent of the GNP. The face of racing changed tremendously over the period, as there was a significant increase in the number of owners, trainers and jockeys. Thanks to the efforts of the Jamaica Racing Commission, through its training programme one saw a raising of the level of competence and professionalism among jockeys and trainers. One saw also a strengthening of the level of organization of the occupational groups, even where this led to more and not less challenges to the views of the

Commission. The industry today is very democratic, with the views and opinions of the largest owners to the poorest groom finding its space and equal time around the table. This study was designed and done, in such a manner, not only to collect and present information, but also, where possible, to indicate the areas of challenges and opportunities, and as such it is hoped that it will find use by the various stakeholders in the planning and development process. Methodology This research, in the collection of information relied on the following methods: 1. Interviews where large population segments, such as punters, community residents etc, were being targeted; 2. Executive interviews where detailed background information was required; 3. Observation in order to get information about processes or about the state of affairs in a given local; 4. Content research, using prepared texts in order to solicit written open ended feed back, and 5. The economic or statistical analysis of various in-house data set.

Challenges This research was hampered in its start and in its implementation by a lack of financial resources, which meant that rural locations which were initially targeted for visiting and processing could not be done in the manner desired, thus usage of the information gathered by the Registration Department during visits to the farms was used. The failure of stakeholders to keep formal records was another area of challenge, as some farm operators have no records of date of arrival or of death of a given mare. This situation held true for trainers also, who depended in the main on memory rather than records. An area of special challenge was that of receiving doctored information, aimed at advancing one or more personal or group causes, e.g. trainers and or jockeys. Here the intent was to point the research into a given direction. Trainers were most guilty of carrying the doctoring of information.

Caymanas Park Location:Caymanas Park is a one hundred and ninety six (196) acre equine complex located north of the Helshire Hills, west of Waterford and Hog Town, and south of Gregory Park.

The complex lies on the Rio-Cobre Flood Plains, however as a result of (a) inefficiencies in agricultural irrigation systems, (b) type of crop production, (c)mal-placement of wells, (d) nitrate and heavy metal contamination of aquifers (f) salt water seepage and (g) rapid urbanization coupled with the fact that area is in the shadows of the nearby mountain range, has meant that there is currently a relative shortage of portable water and an intensive ongoing competition for water resources. There are questions from a hydrological perspective as to the long term viability of Caymanas Park, which from a gallon per acre standpoint is a very demanding consumer of fresh water, with a very poor water management system coupled with freedom of use without payment. Table 1. Major water basins of Jamaica Hydrologic Basin Area (km2) Rainfall (106m3) Evapotranspiration (106m3) Surface water runoff (106m3) Groundwater discharge (106m3) Blue Mountains South 678 1,694 912 662 147 Kingston 202 312 208 81 50 Ro Cobre 1,283 2,009 1,450 177 472 Ro Minho 1,700 2,420 1,641 225 593 Black River 1,460 2,530 1,530 346 654 Cabarita River 924 1,890 1,019 366 451 Great River 791 1,685 863 467 355 Martha Brae, River 756 1,154 673 279 201 Dry Harbour Mountains 1,362 2,450 1,302 457 691 Blue Mountains North 1,597 5,068 2,346 2,452 278 Total 10,753 11,906 5,512 3,892 Source :- FAO statistics

Digital image and aerial view of the Rio Cobre and Rio Minho-Milk river basins on the south coast of Jamaica, West Indies. EXPLANATION BASINS RCB - Rio Cobre Basin RM-MRB - Rio Minho-Milk River Basin KB - Kingston basin LIMESTONE HILLS MH - Manchester Highlands (Ls) KH - Kemps Hill (Ls). BM - Brazilletto Mt. (ls) PR - Portland Ridge (ls) HH - Hellshire Hills (ls.) STRUCTURAL FEATURES SCFZ - South Coast Fault Zone - Faults BOUNDARIES - White Limestone/

alluvium contact - Basin Boundary Present and Future Water Supply from the Rio Cobre Basin Systems (MCM/Year) Rio Cobre Basin Present Supply 304.7 Demand 2015 449.62 Future Supply With Present Systems 304.7 Developmental Needs* 144.92 Developmental needs are defined as the difference between the demand in the year 2015 and the future supply with present systems Source, US Army Corp of Engineers, Southern Command The area faces danger from floods caused by seasonal tropical rains, water and wind damage by hurricanes and other tropical systems, and lies along a line of fault and hence the danger of earthquakes are always present. Of particular concern is the state and capacity of Waterford Canal, the UDC-Town Centre Drain, and other minor systems. It should be noted that flood water drains coming directly from the communities to the east and north east, runs directly through the Caymanas Park complex and directly under the racing track. This already complex situation was made even more complicated by the construction of Highway 2000, which crosses both the Waterford Canal and the UDC-Town Centre Drain. The highway can, under particular conditions have a damming effect and in other circumstances become a run of canal for storm water coming from distances as far as the Old Harbour turn off. The Waterford Canal has a catchment area of approximately 1,560,000m2 while the UDC Town Centre drain has a catchment area of 385,000m2. The is a need for hydrological studies to identify what conditions can lead to the submerging of significant portions of Caymanas Park under water, thus forcing the closure of the complex, and to identify the conditions which could lead to the cutting off of Caymanas Park and surrounding communities from the main channels of transportation by flood/storm waters. Currently Caymanas Park plays a critical role in storm water management system as a point for slowing and holding excess storm water runoff that could cause damage elsewhere. Summary of some of the engineering and ecological recommendations Peak flow rates for Waterford Canal and UDC-Town Centre Drain Return Period (year) Waterford canal UDC-Town Centre Drain 5 25.2 8.5 10 32.2 10.5 25 42.4 13.4 50 49.4 15.8 100 58.8 17.9 Source:-Hunt,s Bay-Portmore Causeway Report, June 2000 Water level rise due to Extreme Hurricane Waves and Storm water Run off conditions Return Period (Years) Hurricane Waves-Static water level Component (m) Storm water run off-Static Water level component (m) 25 1.55 0.645 50 1.74 0.845 100 1.98 1.195

Source:-Hunts Bay-Portmore Causeway Report, June 2000 From a socio-demographic standpoint, Caymanas Park lies between the mature communities of Waterford, Independence City, Caymanas Gardens and Christian Pen: Communities characterized by tenementization of residential properties, commercialization of some residential properties, the exodus of the more affluent persons from the community, the sales of properties, etc. One finds along two of the perimeter walls of the Caymanas complex, Quartile 4 squatter communities, characterized by a lack of access to running water, legal domestic electrical supply, basic schools and other social infrastructure, high levels of unemployment and high levels of female fertility. Several similar communities exist within the radius of one mile from Caymanas Park. Competition for Land Caymanas Park exists within the Municipality of Portmore, the single largest and fastest growing municipality of this kind in the English-speaking Caribbean. The area has witnessed a rapid conversion of sugar-cane farm lands belonging to the Bernard Lodge Sugar Estate, into sub-divisions and housing estate and shopping complexes such as the Portmore Pines Shopping Centre, and others. Along with the coming into being and continuous development of the municipality, one finds the evolution of a modern road system, the installation of a modern telephone and cable systems, plumbing and sewage systems, the construction of Highway 2000, among others. These developments have further stimulated the demand for land for residential and commercial purposes. Caymanas Park with its 196 acres (with an estimated unimproved value of J$2.5 million per acre) from the perspective of the developmental needs of Portmore, is faced more than ever with the need to prove to the municipality that an equine facility of its kind is the best potential use that can be made of the land it holds. Here national needs or desires are of secondary importance to the perceived developmental needs of Portmore. Ranking of Firms By Observed Size of Work Force Firm Ranking Bernard Lodge Sugar Estate 1 Caymanas Track Limited 2 Portmore Community College 3 The Jamaica Constabulary Force 4 Call Centers 5 Mega Mart 6 Shoppers Fair Super Market 7 High Way 2000 8 Note:-Bernard Lodge uses a lot of seasonal labour. So far, the fact that the Peoples National Party with its four Members of Parliament in the municipality, view this facility as having some status value, and their Jamaica Labour Party constituency counterparts have not found reasons to oppose the existence of this facility; has played a role in protecting the facility from open demands for a change in land use. The fact that the equine complex provides some level of tactical employment for some supporters of both parties, has also served to preserve its value to the political machinery in the municipality, and keep in check some of the more organized anti- Caymanas Park sentiments which might exist. Owners Trainers Assistant Trainers Jockeys Grooms Stable Assistants Exercise Riders Kingston

& St. Andrew 248 60 10 39 43 6 5 St. Catherine 189 62 26 88 335 15 32 Clarendon 30 5 2 1 7 0 0 Manchester 6 0 0 0 1 0 0 St. Elizabeth 4 0 0 0 0 0 0 Westmoreland 1 1 0 0 1 0 0 St. James 5 0 0 0 0 0 0 Trelawny 3 0 0 0 0 0 0 St. Ann 6 0 0 0 0 0 0 St. Mary 5 0 0 0 1 0 0 Overseas based interests 44 0 0 0 0 0 0 It should be noted that Caymanas Park has over the last five to ten years, sought to improve its relationship with the wider community, by actively supporting several educational institution, including the Portmore Community College, Waterford Comprehensive High School among others, and by supporting other community activities such as Portmore week. Source: Jamaica Racing Commission Horse racing stakeholders by place of residence. It is worthwhile noting that ownership of thoroughbred horses has a very strong middle class, middle income characteristic and is far less an industry dominated by the economic elite as one might have been led to believe. Additionally a minimum of nine hundred Portmore residents earn a direct income from Caymanas Park, as owners, trainers, grooms, jockeys, waiters, security guards, cashiers etc. Place of Residence of Caymanas Park Thoroughbred Owners and Associated Horsemen Marginalization and Social Dislocation The poor management of the development of Portmore has witnessed some of the worse cases of social marginalization witnessed anywhere in Jamaica, with entire villages and settlements being converted within months into inner city communities, communities such as Gregory Park, Reids Pen, Wallen Avenue, Grange Lane, once had their own concepts of social hierarchy and status, a village middle class etc. The structure of these communities were destroyed in a relatively short period of time, by the influx of an urban middle class, enjoying a higher standard of living and higher incomes, bicycles were displaced by the motor car, pit latrines by flush toilets, pasture lands by shopping centres and housing schemes. An entire way of life was destroyed, leaving behind a native population without the education, income or resources to compete, and the birth of a population of gardeners, and petty-thieves. The problem of crime and social dislocation in the municipality of Portmore was and is compounded by the birth of near parentless children, whose parents leave out early in the mornings and return in the evenings or night, leaving children unattended before and after school. The implications and consequences on the security of patronage and operations at Caymanas Park are yet to be measured. What is known is that the members of gangs in Portmore compared with those of Kingston are relatively youthful, educated, and with the assault rifle giving way to the 9 mm.

Population per Parish Name Capital A (km2) C 1982-06-08 C 1991-04-08 C 2001-09-10 Clarendon May Pen 1196 203 132 212 324 237024 Hanover Lucea 450 62 837 65 958 67037 Kingston Kingston 22 104 041 103771 96052 Manchester Mandeville 830 144029 164979 185801 Portland Port Antonio 814 73656 76067 80205 St. Andrews Kingston 431 482 889 540030 555828 St. Ann St. Ann's Bay 1213 137745 149015 166762 St. Catherine Spanish Town 1192 332 674 361535 482308 St. Elizabeth Black River 1212 136 897 144118 146404 St. James Montego Bay 595 135 959 156152 175127 St. Mary Port Maria 611 105969 107 993 111466 St. Thomas Morant Bay 743 80 441 84266 91604 Trelawny Falmouth 875 69466 71646 73066 Westmoreland Savanna-la-Mar 807 120622 128213 138947 Jamaica Kingston 10991 2 190357 2366067 2607632 1982) UN Demographic Yearbook 1988. (1991) Britannica Book of the Year 1993. (2001) Statistical Institute of Jamaica (web). As can be seen from the table below, with the exception of murder and violence against the individual, Jamaicas crime statistics are still well in keeping with those of many developed country and hence by itself crime is not a major deterrent to large investment, Caymanas Park, once community stability can be preserved, should be able to function without major problems. Here the attitude of the two major political parties towards peace and security in that area of Portmore is even of a more critical value than the presence or absence of the police. Portmore community data profile Population (estimated) 225,000 Number of housing units (estimated) 45,000 Number of persons with access to running water 195,000 Capacity of sewage treatment plants 9.7 m.g.d. Illegal Dumpsites 11 Dental clinics 1 Health Centres 3 Fire Station 1 Libraries 4 Police Stations 4 Post Offices 4 Courts 1

Educational/Training Institutions 65 -of which: Basic 38 Primary 16 Secondary 5 Tertiary 1 Other (Skills training) 5 Source:-Roundtable Workshop ICT for Good Governance in Portmore, Kingston, Jamaica, September 27-29, 2001

Of vital importance to patronage of Caymanas Park, is the need for steps to be taken to reduce the high levels of social marginalization in and around the neighbouring squatter communities and in communities such as Waterford. Without this reversal or slowing of the process of marginalization, and, without a better understanding of the value and contribution of Caymanas Park to these communities, Caymanas Park as a business venture and as a meeting place for the more socially affluent could become targets for economic crimes. Currently the management of Caymanas Track Limited is known from television by those who follow the sports news or the sports section of the newspapers and not in a face to face manner by those who live in the communities. It is not usual for the management or members of the Board of Caymanas Track Limited to be seen at meetings of the various Citizen Associations, at Sports Days at schools or Churches, or visiting any of the various community bars or cook shops. Hence a feeling of distance towards those who lead Caymanas Track Limited and those, especially younger people, is not unnatural and is to be expected. Total recorded crime per 100,000 population source:-United Nations Surveys on Crime Trends and the Operations of Criminal Justice Systems Country\Year 1980 1981 1982 1983 1984 1985 1986 1987 1987 1988 1989 1990 1991 1992 1993 3,164 3,303 3,027 Antigua and Barbuda 48 79 99 134 168 179 165 1,251 1,002 1,028 2,025 2,152 2,275 Argentina 342 363 441 351 265 270 331 326 Australia 4,594 5,047 5,147 5,135 5,185 5,648 5,274 5,923 5,991 6,351 6,181 6,285 Austria 266 Azerbaijan 6,493 7,737 Bahamas 3,677 Bangladesh 1,276 Belgium 7,888 215 216 306 245 249 232 216 5,786 6,019 5,076 5,053 5,720 5,791 6,806 6,202 6,716 7,291 7,816 7,146 6,688 3,555 479 456 1,236 7,935 8,327 9,641 471 3,011 557 588 584 541 738 792 937 998 1,161 1,251 9,091 9,147 8,234 7,509 9,590 9,034 10,775 9,966

Botswana 506 507 526 560 552 541 624 772 1,877 2,387 2,328 2,363 2,465 2,348 2,909 Burundi 8,804 9,191 9,192 8,836 8,713 8,751 9,061 10,603 11,447 11,111 10,497 9,979 Canada 9,287 Chile 140 132 Colombia 1,321 Costa Rica 1,617 Croatia 1,333 1,939 Cyprus 3,636 Czech Rep. 8,282 11,091 10,043 Egypt 2,451 Estonia 1,968 2,192 2,632 Fiji 10,062 8,779 7,273 Finland 4,877 5,943 France 255 Georgia 5,618 Germany 2,954 3,336 Hong Kong 1,737 4,572 Hungary 182 Iraq 2,778 Ireland 1,418 Israel 2,479 4 Italy 2,120 8,784 90 74 131 1,382 1,341 541 3,822 1,365 522 539 1,318 1,277 599 596 1,223 4,488 60 50 874 871 4,333 52 51 880 857 7,027 4,396 195 206 950 1,397 1,155 1,141 1,344 1,569 523 1,481 7,757 136 137 1,243 1,918 8,130 139

1,496 550 612

3,917 8,313 8,512 9,015 9,756 11,531 11,471 11,907 12,084 10,051 1,515 2,384 2,665 2,414 2,809 1,919 1,950 2,055 2,086 1,873 2,184 2,374 2,386 2,719 10,596 10,881 12,040 13,416 7,812 7,792 7,644 7,650 6,156 5,334 6,562 6,266 6,677 6,512 6,732 361 6,700 402 5,309 8,116 3,562 3,454

10,391 11,878 10,309 2,027 2,517 2,033 2,672 2,679 14,208 7,352

13,390 7,472 6,765 443 6,488 406 5,425 8,025 2,933 2,909 3,795 595 1,567 605 2,688 1,307 2,410 3,805 2,114 2,295

325

267 256 4,873 3,063 3,256 3,591 1,219

5,193 3,179 3,503

5,479 3,424 3,678

5,573 8,168 3,996

3,147 4,907 603

1,260 1,308 1,421 1,478 3,291 4,256 4,332 3,895 5,066 575 559 602 582 577 583 181 179 2,500 2,678 2,830 2,845 2,775 2,482 1,350 1,404 5,385 5,569 6,276 2,019 2,089 1,987 2,134 2,251 4,411 4,666 4,204 3,961 4 2,355 2,277 2,140 2,207 2,285 2,085 2,034 2,016 2,156

1,383 4

Jamaica 1,178 1,244 1,291 1,292 1,324 1,331 1,302 1,397 1,451 1,469 1,512 1,491 1,421 14,409 1,507 Japan 731 715 604 621 636 618 714 690 739 807 581 905

929 Jordan 1,250 Kiribati 1,988 2,826 Korea, Rep. 1,262 Kuwait 908 Latvia 2,043

1,062 1,238

1,053 1,145 1,156

906 1,057 1,216 1,047 1,628 1,632 1,666 1,972 1,942 1,948 2,677 2,740 2,773 2,961 2,945 2,672 3,041 Of 235 230 257 237 260 311 324 907 1,046 675 866 804 1,608 1,556 1,534 1,299 1,496 720 978 1,575 948 920 2,351

Perhaps with the usage of retired geldings and in conjunction with the local high schools, the Caymanas Track Ltd. could form Junior Jockey Clubs, which would seek to meet the needs of some of the thirteen to seventeen year olds for after school activities. Basic riding and horsemanship could be taught in these clubs. Additionally, schools could be encouraged to adopt retired horses, which could form the basis for the introduction of polo at the high school level. Economic Linkages and Externalities Caymanas Park has served to stimulate the development of stud farms in and around the Portmore Municipality and some three Off Track Betting Parlors, creating an estimated eighteen full-time jobs and roughly thirty seasonal jobs. Seasonal employment peaks during the stud season. Within the transport sector, one finds an increase in the number of passengers going in the direction of Caymanas Park on race days, however a more detailed transport study is needed in order to determine the impact of race days on traffic flows, and to identify the influence of the Portmore Community College, which has a number of classes starting at roughly the same time as the start and or end of the race day. The Municipality of Portmore has a Chamber of Commerce and is the home of over two hundred small businesses, ranging from call centres, manufacturing shops (cooking oil processing plant, textile producers, furniture making shops, soap and perfume manufacturers, etc), aquarium fish farmers, pet bird farmers to retailers. The two main challenges facing the local business community are affordable locations and market access. Caymanas Track Ltd, had been a member of the steering committee that guided the formation of the Portmore Chamber of Commerce and Industry, and its Executive Marketing Manager, Millicent Lynch became the first President of this special interest body. While Caymanas Track Ltd. played and is playing an active role in the promotion of the interests of industry and commerce in the Municipality of Portmore, Caymanas Park has on the whole failed to stimulate the formation of any significant complementary business activities in the Portmore Municipality, in the main because of its own narrow focus on Race Day organization. Factory Capa city Production Tonnes 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 Frome 90,000 59,108 64,078 56,534 53,117 56,978 42,515 46,546 Monymusk 65,000 42,247 32,559 22,666 19,028 27,258 9,322 18,424 Bernard Lodge 50,000 29,325 28,193 19,673 16,798 21,869 14,053 15,124 Appleton 50,000 23,291 30,709 26,707 20,882 29,267 21,404 26,327

Trelawny Sugar 30,000 15,600 8,967 9,873 10,475 10,410 4,654 9,005 St. Thomas Sugar 25,000 13,383 10,615 10,968 9,685 13,492 10,426 10,927 Worthy Park 26,000 25,188 22,339 23,066 22,552 24,566 21,833 20,958 Source: - Sugar Industry Authority Bernard Lodge has, over the years lost significant amounts of land from sugar cane farming owing to real estate development and or soil exhaustion. It is a possibility that the sale of stable waste to the neighbouring cane farmers by Caymanas Park Limited could promote soil renewal, which would increase the productivity of existing farm lands. Owner-trainers involved in crop production speak of the positive impact and cost reduction stable waste has had on their farms. One can only but note that while punters use hundreds of race meet programs on any given race day, none are produced in the Portmore community, while each jockey and horse in any given race must wear the colours of its owners, none of these colours are produced in the community; groom, trainers, stable assistants and other persons working in the back-stretch wear caps during the day in order to better cope with the sun, none of these caps are made anywhere in the Portmore community; Caymanas Park is a bulk producer of horse manure, yet there are no plant nurseries within the Portmore community; while medina, the hibiscus plant and duckweed are known to be good sources of protein and are directly substitutable for the alfalfa plant, no step has so far being taken to encourage their cultivation on those available lands on the fringes of the municipality. Here however one should note, that grooms do harvest from the fringes of the various cane farms in and around Portmore, herbs such as Medina, Bima, and other such beneficial plants. Further co-operation might be possible with the technical staff of Bernard Lodge in the usage of saw dust and rice hull in the generation of electricity to power the operation of the pumps at Caymanas Park. Portmore Public Perception of Caymanas Park Given the fact that the Municipality of Portmore still retains a very strong dormitory characteristic, and given the fact that Portmore is the home of some 150 thousand adults, while Caymanas Park employs just a bit more than 1000 persons directly or indirectly , a persons attitude towards Caymanas Park is strongly determined by the persons family history, the age of the person, the persons attitude towards gambling in general, the employment status of the person, the persons relationship with employees of the track and the persons gender. Caymanas Track has a strong appeal to young college educated males and females, who do not live near to the track. Their not visiting Caymanas Park comes has a result of not been invited (females) or not having an excuse to go (males). While the negative influence of gambling on family members and on the family has a whole can possibly explain the negative attitude of some respondents to thoroughbred racing and to visiting Caymanas Park, further studies are needed to explain why both male and female respondents who live near to Caymanas Park seem to have a lower interest in thoroughbred racing and to visiting Caymanas Park. It is interesting to note that females are more willing to go on a date at Caymanas Park, than are males prepared to invite their girlfriends on dates to Caymanas Park. The role played by male insecurity and fear of competition could be feasible reasons for the higher level of male reluctance to carry their dates to Caymanas Park.

Its is however clear, that Caymanas Track Ltd. in is Marketing Strategy, needs to do more to provide young college educated persons with a reason to visit Caymanas Park, here the approach used in selling Baseball by the deliberate promotion of stars such as Michael Jordon, Magic Johnson, Pepping and others, the promotion of clashes between teams, could be adopted, where jockeys are promoted as super stars and clashes between stables are promoted. There also appears to be a space on the date venue market that could be exploited by Caymanas Park Ltd. If college educated females find the idea of going with their boyfriend on dates to Caymanas Park, appealing, then maybe Caymanas Track Limited, has a responsibility in assisting these females to get their boyfriends to carry then to watch thoroughbred racing. It is important to note that people and young people in particular do not see visiting Caymanas Park as being identical to being willing to gamble. Equally the existence or none existence of corruption in races at Caymanas Park is not a determining factor in deciding whether or not a visit to Caymanas Park would be refreshing and exciting. In fact the thought of set races and bandolu runnings are much stronger among unemployed males who feel that they can make a money from horse racing if they had the right links. It is also important to note that, visiting Caymanas Park is less appealing to parents over the age of thirty. Attitude to Caymanas Park (percent of age sample of 600) Attitude to Caymanas Park/ Personal attributes Would visit Would not visit Caymanas Park adds Value to the community Cayman. Park does not add value to community College Educated (female) 70 25 80 17 Did not attend college(female) 60 35 70 30 College Educated (male) 90 10 65 30 Did not attend college(male) 95 5 73 27 Live near to Cayman Park (female) 30 70 80 20 Does not live near to Cayman Park (female) 80 20 70 25 Live near to Cayman Park (male) 65 40 78 15 Does not live near to Cayman Park (male) 80 20 84 10 unemployed 90 5 96 employed 78 12 65 30 Respondent older than 30 years of age 55 30 60 28 Respondent younger than 30 years of age 77 13 83 10 has a punter in family 60 35 55 43 Does not have a punter in family 83 15 76 15 Would carry girl friend to Caymanas Park 75 20 70 20 Would not carry girlfriend to Caymanas Park 65 35 68 27 See Appendix 1 for sample questionnaire As was expected, the vast majority of respondents do believe that the presence Caymanas Park, does positively contribute to the Portmore community. In fact there is a strong positive correlation between those who would visit Caymanas Park and those who think that its presence contribute positively to the community of Portmore. The views of female college students, are of particular importance, firstly because of their abilities to influence male views as to where is a good place to visit or where is not a good place to visit and secondly because of the fact that within the near future, these will be individuals with some amount of disposable income to spend on entertainment. A survey done on this population of females (see table below) has revealed that it

is of importance to separate the act of visiting Caymanas Park from the act of gambling. While a majority of the respondents do not see the act of watching a live race as being particularly sinful, the act of betting on a horse is seen by a significant number of these respondents, as being sinful. In other words nothing is wrong with watching a live race, but something is wrong with betting on horses, even where the respondents buys Pick 3, Lotto etc. Previous exposure to equine (horse or donkey) racing does not seem to play an important role in determining the attitude of the respondents towards horse racing; what is more important seems to be their view as to the correctness or incorrectness of young professional women seeing horse racing as an acceptable form of entertainment. Is it a place where a good progressive woman can go? Caymanas Track has a very difficult job in encouraging second visits by this group of respondents, because the ambience is seen as being very noisy, unruly, smoked filled and harassment encouraging, by those respondents of the group that has actually visited the track. It is seen as a mans space and not being female friendly. It is also important to note, that a significant percentage of these respondents would accompany their boyfriend or husbands to the track.

Female Full Time College ( UWI & UTECH) Students Views on Horse racing ( Sample size =400) Question % responding yes % responding no % not answering Have you ever gone to Horse racing at Caymanas Park? 33 67 0 Do you think that upstanding progressive young women should visit Caymanas Park? 61 35 4 Have you ever placed a bet on horse racing? 24 75 1 Do you play Lotto or Pick 3 or any other such betting? 30 66 4 If your husband or boyfriend invited you on a date to Caymanas Park, would you go? 58 42 0 Do you know of any woman of any age who goes to watch horse racing at Caymanas Park? 40 54 6 Have you ever seen a live horse racing competition? 35 65 0 Have you ever seen a live donkey racing competition? 3 97 0 Do you think to go to watch horse racing is a sinful act? 11 89 0 Is betting on horse racing a sinful act? 57 41 2 Do you watch horse racing on television? 34 66 Can you give the name of one racing horse? 48 48 4 Can you give the name of one jockey? 53 47 0 See Appendix 2 for sample questionnaire Horse racing is seen as being relatively boring by a significant number of respondents and its broadcast by television is not seen as being exciting. Further studies are needed in order to compare audience response to television as against radio, and in order to identify the specific determinants of excitement in horse racing, e.g. tone of voice, speed of speech, level of excitement in the voice of commentator, position of cameras, facial expression of jockeys, the movements of the horse etc.

One notes the very low usage of adjectives by race commentators, and near noncommentary on the efforts and or actions of the jockeys; equally there is a lack of pre-race build up by commentators and the voice of a jockey or actions of the horse preparing to go out is never heard. Is there competition between individual trainers, stables or jockeys in a given race? If yes, how do these players feel about their competitors and from which point on the track will they start whopping their competitors. From observation, commentary tends to be too cut and dry and very much similar to a scientific report factual but without colour.

At

Caymanas Park

Ecological Description Caymanas Park, lying in the Rio Cobre Basin has a Histosol type of soil, which is rich in organic matter. This type of alluvial soil, by Jamaican classification of land for agricultural purposes (see table below), using the 1983 system, soil at Caymanas Park belong to type ll, group 2, good for the cultivation of sugar cane, or good to be used for pasture. Generalized capability classification of Jamaican land for agricultural purposes

In terms of physical characteristics, this type of soil tends to hold water because of its high organic content, relatively easy to be worked with tools, and relatively flat. Alluvial soil of this type tends to be nutrient poor. While this reality reduces the possibility of Caymanas Park being converted to agricultural use, it does make the soil of good quality for its designated use, the mass holding and racing of horses. Soil potential rating system for crop production Human interaction with the soil over the decades and the using of sand for surfacing purposes has significantly changed the plant types that grow uncultivated on this land. The fact that the soil is constantly subjected to water flows from the water cistern system and from corroded sub terrain pipes, (for example pipe from pump to the Azan Stables) has reduced the influence of seasons on plant selection, creating space for flora of the type native to the places with a high level of precipitation and even plants such as duckweed and algae which are found in water-logged places. On the other hand, flora belonging to the dry plains

has experienced a catastrophic reduction in habitat. The usage of sand over the decades, has changed both the chemical make up of the soil by increasing salinity, and changing its physical capacity. By the addition of very large quantities of sand, the load bearing capacity of the soil has improved, equally as the tendency to caking has increased. This change has resulted in the need for constant damping of the soil, to reduce weathering and the nuisance of flying sand particles. In order to prevent damage to the hooves of horses in races, from the high forces of compression with which the hooves of the horses hit the soil. Given that the soil type, if taken by appearance and texture, seem to vary between Histosols and Nitosols soil types, there is a strong possibility that owing to consistent and frequent use of the track for both training and competitive purposes over the decades, sand being driven by the forces of comprehension from surface layer of the track into the sub -base layers, could give rise to a type of adobe soil type. Adobe soil, has a good carrying capacity and handles well the forces of comprehension. There is a need however; to study the impact of an adobe sub base can have on the hooves of a galloping horse. To what extent are the dynamic forces coming from the downward thrust of the heel or toe of a horses hoof is reflected by this adobe type sub-base back into the foot of the horse and thus resulting in damage or injury to the tendons and or ligaments? An important purpose of sprinkling of the track is the prevention of the hardening of the sub-base, this purpose is also complemented by the raking of the surface sand , where if the rakes are long enough would also loosen the sand soil mix in the sub-base. The rakes as observed in the garage have blades that seem to be less than six inches in length, which raises the question of their adequacy for the job at hand. It was also observed that pebbles and small stones, transported by the human carriage of sand to the locations over the years, could be seen in and around the stable area, and is a source of annoyance and concern to both grooms and trainers who have to find and remove them. It is said that a horse stepping on a sharp stone, could have a similar impact to that of a man stepping with his bare foot on a thorn, i.e. the result is pain and lameness. While it is not possible at this moment to calculate the cost of lameness to owners or trainers, one can only but note that there is significant number of horses suffering from lameness at Caymanas Park especially among those horses that race in Claiming Races. According to both trainers and officials of the Caymanas Track Limited, of some 1100 horses housed at the track only about 700 are sound and race ready another 400 suffer from one or another type of problem to the feet.

Land Usage and Facilities The Caymanas Park compound is separated from the adjoining communities by concrete fencing in the east and the west and by chain linked fencing in the north east and the south. It is to be noted that as a result of the process of weathering, the security layers of the concrete fences have either worn down in the case of broken glass bottles or rusted in the case of barbed wires; while holes have appeared in sections of the north east chain linked fence. Stakeholders Views about Racing Plant Question % yes % no Having no views

Has racing plant improved when compared to past years? 50 50 0 Has racing surface improved when compared to past years? 80 20 0 Have stables improved when compared to past years? 50 50 0 Has stable area improved when compared to past years? 30 70 0 Dou you think that the purse structure is adequate at this time compared to yesterday? 50 40 Do you think racing is seen as being corrupt when compared 10 0 Do you think that there is a need for a new racing plant? Do you think that there is a need for a Racino at Caymanas See appendix for sample questionnaire

0 to past years? 60 Park 20 80 20 0

90 20

The property is roughly divided into two sections, with one third of the property being used for the purposes of racing, training and administration. The racing track is nine furlong in length, with two shoots, one at the nine furlong point and the other at seven furlong point. The racing track is some seventy-five feet wide. The track is intensively used for training purposes. It is to be noted that some eighty percent of trainers and jockeys interviewed were of the view that the riding surface has improved, when compared with past years; however some trainers and jockeys are of the view that holes have appeared on the track, that the track area is not properly secure thus allowing the possibility of stray animals crossing the race track during races among other concerns. Neighbouring the track and its multistory arena are the administrative buildings, which because of the soil type and locality are single story structures. The arena (all the stands taken together) from visual observation can comfortably accommodate roughly three thousand individuals. The entrance to the arena and the ground floor, are very unattractive, with the entrance reminding a person of a high security custodial facility. The ground floor (entrance to the Club Stand) of the track is very unattractive, resembling an older European train station in lay -out and colour. Its is a flat area, raised above the ground level of administrative section and with a passage leading to the none-paying spectator area of the track. This area has several mounted monitors for the watching of on-going races or simulcast races from overseas. The area also doubles as a vending area and an area for socializing. Entrance and exit to those areas designated for paying spectators are on this floor and demarked by heavy iron gates manned by security guards. The four stand areas, the Club Stand, Grand Stand, Reserve Stand and North Lounge spectator areas are in very good state of repair, and are quite comfortable and are in keeping with the standards seen at other sporting arenas locally and internationally. The Stands on the second and third floors are for paying visitors. Provisions for The Physically Challenged One should note, that provisions for the physically challenged wheel chair users, exists only into the Club Stand. Here however, a physically challenged individual would face significant problems going up or down the only ramp provided because of its steepness. The angle of the ramp to the floor is greater than forty degrees, which means that the person must be very strong to push up themselves in the chair to the floor and in coming down, there is a high possibility that both the wheel

chair and the person unaided will go flying down at high speed. No bath-room provisions are made to satisfy the needs of the physically challenged punter, i.e. there is no bathroom designed for wheel chair entrance, and hand rails on the wall to assist the individual to get up out of the chair or to get off the toilet seat. This means that the Caymanas Park Limited is still not as yet in keeping with the governments building standards On the third floor of the arena building, is the North Lounge, which has a very welcoming ambience, good food service in terms of menu, quality of food and service, and a comfortable air-conditioned location for watching the races either on monitors or live; from this patio its is possible to look at the horses being saddled up for races, jockey mounted horses entering the arena, etc. The North Lounge is normally where owners, trainers and the more affluent visitors meet to watch the races, or to socialize over a meal or drink. It is critical here to recognize that the apparently unruly anarchic culture on the ground floor properly called the Club Stand, which to many non-punting observers might be a turn off and unattractive; this area provides a second arena, where a punter is able to whip his fingers, ride his horse in, freely express his joy or disappointment about the performance of his horse and or jockey; without getting in the way of other punters; while creating a powerful feeling of brethren ship. From the stand point of entertainment management and service product creation, it could be considered as a plus, that the management of the track has being able to consistently create this environment, which is an important and unsubstituteable part of the betting experience for many punters. Petty-vendors also benefit from this atmosphere as the punters are more willing to buy cigarettes, a draw of marijuana and various types of snacks, while the Caymanas Track Limited is able to maintain high velocity betting rates as individuals are under some pressure to place their bets and not weigh down man horse. While more money is wagered on the average bet placed at the North Lounge, the quantity and velocity of bets placed in the Club Stand (the ground floor) makes it the main contributor the revenues of the track. Additionally as noted above, the Club Stand (the ground floor) is opened daily (except on Sundays) for betting on simulcast races from the United States and elsewhere. It is the replication of the Betting Shop atmosphere at the level of the race track on the ground floor (the Club Stand). It is this highly spirited, masculine environment that creates a feeling of apprehension among non-punting first time visitors to the track, and to females in particular-who appears to experience difficulty coping with hundreds of unruly ungoverned males in a closed place. It also tends to nurture the view, that Caymanas Park is a place for idlers and careless men. Women and non-punting visitors who make it to either the second or third floors and in particular to the North Lounge, find their visit to the track, a pleasant one and generally leave positively surprised at what they discovered. On Track Punters From observation and from the tables below, the spectator population at the race track, has more in common with the sport of Cricket, than with the sport of Football (Soccer)in the sense that it a sport which an individual has to over time acquire a taste for it and secondly there are very strong generational influences (i.e. the taste tends to be passed down from father to son etc). Similar to Cricket matches, there is a noticeable strong presence of the thirties and over generation with a sprinkling here and there of the seven to twenty-five years age group. In short it appears to be a sport for the mature rather than the young. There also appears to be a strong life time commitment to the sport by the punters of Caymanas Park, even where there is a significant feeling that the sport of Thoroughbred Racing at Caymanas Park is corrupt.

Age Distribution of On Track Punters in Percentages Age Range % of respondents 18-35 27 36-53 49 54-71 24 See Punters Questionnaire in appendix Amount of Years Visiting Caymanas Park Visitng track for how many years? 1-9 years 24 10-19 years 42 20 and over 34 See Punters Questionnaire in appendix Punting at Caymanas Park is in essence a male activity, with the rare occurrence of female punters. This existing situation is not what the average on track punter would like to see continuing, and in fact there is a strong view that there are not enough women participating in the sport. It should however be noted, that this view, possibly should be understood, that women here means for a strong segment of the punters other women and not their wives or girlfriends who they would not invite to the track. Gender Distribution Among On Track Punters in Percent Gender Male (in %) Female (in %) 91 9. See Punters Questionnaire in appendix ATTITUDE TO WOMEN AT THE TRACK AND THE FUTURE OF RACING Yes % No % Racing is a dying sport? 15 79 Would invite wife/girlfriend to track 45 47 Enough women involvement in racing 21 74 See Punters Questionnaire in appendix Except for a minority of respondents, on track punters express a relatively high degree of confidence in the future of the sport, and do not see it as a dying sport, however there are strong concerns expressed about the absence of the youth from the track, the dead time between races which could be filled with other minor events or music and the absence of women (a bull parade kind of thing) Apart from expressing a strong degree of confidence in the Sport of Racing, on track punters also do wager a significant percentage of their wages on races, and this is also a reflection of their commitment to the sport. Percentage of Salary Wagered on Horse Racing % of salary wagered on Horse Racing % of Punters 0-9% 25 10-20 34 21 and over 25. See Punters Questionnaire in appendix Of major concern here from a betting sales perspective, is the salary/wage scale of the average punter and related to this is the social class of the average punter. Observation seems to subject that the average punter is from the working class (the proletariat) as against the intelligentsia and other professional groupings and as against entrepreneurs in the classic sense of the word, where the act of wagering is not identical or seen as an act of investment. The issue of gender participation and or visitation to the track is also in some of its dimensions related to the social class of the average punter, for example when a person from the middle classes carries a lady to the Races, it is usually not women from their social groupings but rather from the ranks of the working

classes a ghetto girl, the few female punters at the track also appear to be from the working classes and in addition the women working at the track are also from the working classes. Where there are educated women (i.e. women with tertiary level education) working at the track on a race day, nothing is done to distinguish them from the other women, for example at the last check point to the third floor, there is a small table around which, sits at least two women, one known to have tertiary level, yet without knowing her, one could be led to believe that she and the female security guards or waitresses in the North Lounge are from a similar educational background. This failure to differentiate contributes to the view that only women from the lower classes visit or work at the track. Being a punter, in the strictest sense of the word, does not mean being a gambler in a general sense, most of the responding on track punters wager only on horse racing, at the track or at an Off-Track Betting Parlor. Here one has to take into account the fact that there is a level of substitutability between the Off Track Betting Parlors and On Track Betting, hence Caymanas Track Limited neither defacto nor de-jure has a monopoly on betting on horse races. One also notes that Lotto and others such gaming are substitutes in demand, in the eyes of more than a few punters. Here there is a need to for more study to be done, in order to determine, if the quantity of money spent on gaming activities is a percentage of that that quantity of money that would normally or could be used for the wagering on horses. This study would deeper ones understanding as to the whether or not Lotto and similar games, are from a punters perspective substitutes in demand and hence competitive products or to what degree are Lotto and such other games compliments in demand, products enriching the experience of the punter rather than pulling him in one direction or the other, in other words are Lotto and other such games similar in function as are the women on the side-the sweet hearts or maties who are not direct competitors with the wife from a perspective of replacement but rather experience enriching or are they de-facto competitors for the husbands limited resources and time taking from both the wife and the family? It is the view of nearly have of the respondents that racing at Caymanas Park is corrupt, while only a minority are of the view that racing must be corrupt. This is more significant when one takes into consideration that more than thirty percent of the respondents refused to answer this question as to whether or not racing at Caymanas Park is corrupt. And a vast majority of the respondents no not believe that horse racing has to be corrupt. Added to this only thirty eight percent of the responding punters are of the view that they are getting value for money at the track.

Some Off-Track Punters Views Questions/ Response % Yes % No 1. Do you also place bets at Off Track betting shops? ___ 45 18 2. Do you do most of your betting on horses at the track?________ 56 3. Do you also bet on Lotto and other games? _______ 39 22 4. Do you think that horse racing is corrupt? _________ 49 15 5. Do you think that horse racing has to be (must be) corrupt? _______

5 15

49 6. Are the conditions at the track better than they were when you first started to visit the track? ________ 49 15 7. Are you getting value for money for the services provided at the track? _______ 30 38

See Punters Questionnaire in appendix The age of the punter and how long he (or she) has been visiting the track is a very strong determinant in deciding as to whether or not things at the track have improved. Another important determinant is the level of exposure of the punter to overseas tracks, with punters referring to places such as Calder and tracks in the United States. Caymanas Track is less being measured as to what was there before and is more being measured against what exist now elsewhere.

On Track Punters Views 1 Question/Response % Yes % No 1 Would you carry your children to the track? _______39 16 2 Is parking at the track adequate? __________ 38 20 3 Is security at the track adequate? ________ 40 21 4 Do you live further than two (2) miles from the track? _______ 46 5 Do you use your own transportation to get to the track? ________ 52 6 Do you buy refreshment or food at the track? ___________ 33 17 ON TRACK PUNTERS VIEW 1

12 3

See Punters Questionnaire in appendix While many punters are of the view, that speaking about the conditions at the track or complaining is a waste of time, because nothing will change, from those who answered, one is led to believe that there are a significant number of punters who either reside close to the track or have access to the private means of transportation. This reality has implications for the potential economic contribution of the track to the development of public transportation to and from the track. While a high percentage of private transportation ownership by the

punters reduces the reliance of the track on the public transport system, its relative independence of the public transport system, reduces the number of derived employment created by the track and also its economic contribution to the community. Ownership or access to private means of transportation coupled with a good sense of security, and a feeling that parking is adequate, has perhaps contributed to some punters views that they could carry their children to the track. This feeling of relative child friendliness is also contributed to by the presence of some children playing at the track especially in safety of that area in front of the Grand Stand. Of economic importance also, is the fact that some thirty three percent of the respondents report that they do buy refreshment at the track.

On Track Punters Views 2

1. Do you think that Caymanas Park has a good influence on the communities next door to the track?_________ 26 25 2. Do you think that the track has a bad influence on the value of property around the track? _____ 28 23 3. Do you think that Caymanas Park is doing enough to assist in the development of the neighbouring communities?_____________ 34 24 4. Do you know if Caymanas Park has a programme to facilitate the development of youth and service clubs in the neighbouring communities?__________ 28 28 5. Would you buy a house next door to Caymanas Park?________ 31 24 6. Would you visit a casino? __________ 45 18 7. Would you actively seek to gamble at a casino? _______ 56 5 8. Would it be a good idea to build a casino near to the track? ______ 39 22

From the perspective of Community Development, the low level of interest shown by punters in responding to those matters relating to the communities around Caymanas Park is a matter of concern. One could also conclude that the level of punters education on the community outreach activities of Caymanas Track Limited is not very good, equally as one could conclude that Caymanas Track limited is not very involved in community outreach activities. ,

General Operations At The Track 2000 2001 # of Race days # of Races # of Starts 10050 Avg Start 10.07 2002 93 998 9929 9.72 2003 94 1022 9599 9.61 2004 96 999 8784 9.52 2005 92 923 7916 9.44 2006 80 839 8162 9.56 2007 82 854 8206 9.56 82 858 7519 8.94 80 841

Highest Earning by an individual 7,591,550 11,774,080 11,634,750 12,628,700 12,314,600 10,302,250 # of Owners who earn above 300,000 186 184 198 210 Total # Racehorses 1114 1055 1069 1028 958 990 Total # Raceowners 678 656 656 640 582 563 Average 1.643067847 1.6082317 1.629573171 1.60625 1.6097152 1.5298126 2000 Starts 2001 2002 10050 9929 2003 9599 2004 8784 2005 7916 241 3483 4441 2006 8162 306 3231 4406 2007 8206 348 2440 3688 7519 375 3169 3227

10,415,855 220 224 961 898 597 587 1.6460481

9,333,000 246 268

1.7584369

# of horses claimed 302 298 # of horses entered for claiming others 6567 6698 7159 5615

435 3475

444 3756

4518

4292

Native Bred Importee Half Bred NB Gelding IMP Gelding

9038 612 400 200 51

9089 530 310 146 40

8894 468 237 152 29

8172 427 185 244 22

7158 595 163 301 21

7289 740 133 442 24 2006 55 111 3 9 0 15 11

7323 754 129 658 30

6709 584 226 838 11

Total Total Total Total Total Total Total

2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 # of horses Reported Dead 136 # Native Bred horses Reported Dead 50 # NB Gelding horses Reported Dead 0 # Imp horses Reported Dead 22 # Imp Gelding horses Reported Dead 0 # mares Reported Dead 26 16 # NB mares Reported Dead 13

Dec-10 2007 73 90 46 57 5 14 0 26 9 0 19 0 29 17

90 69 0 23 0 19 13

88 65 0 23 0 20 10

74 64 0 22 0 3 7

61 50 0 10 0 2

Total # IMP mares Reported Dead 11 Total # NB Stallion Reported Dead 7 Total # IMP Stallion Reported Dead 5 Source: Jamaica Racing Commission # of Race days 93 0 998 94 1.075269 96 2.12766 92 -4.16667 80 -13.0435 82 2.5 854 82 0 858 80 -2.43902

5 2 1

5 4 3

9 0 5

16 1 2

9 1 6

13 0 2

1 2 4

2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007

# of Races 0 10050 1022 2.40481 999 -2.25049 923 -7.60761 839 -9.10076 1.787843 8162 0.468384 8206 841 -1.98135

# of Starts 9929 9599 8784 7916 7519

2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007

%# of Race days %# of Races 0 0 0 1.075269 2.40481 -1.20398 2.12766 -2.25049 -3.3236 -4.16667 -7.60761 -8.49047 -13.0435 -9.10076 -9.8816 2.5 1.787843 3.10763 0 0.468384 0.539084 -2.43902 -1.98135 -8.37192

%# of Starts

From the above, it appears that the number of starts in any given year is the determining factor in determining the number of race days and number of races in that given period. . The marginal number of starts either pulls down or pushes up the marginal number of race days and the marginal number of races.

Total owners 2000 1114 2001 1055 2002 1069 2003 1028 2004 958 2005 990 2006 961 2007 898

# Racehorses 0 678 0.05 656 0.04995005 0.049925112 0.0499002 0.049875312 0.049850449 0.04982561

in T#of Horses Total # Race owners

in T#of

0 -0.03245 656 0 640 -2.43902 582 -9.0625 563 -3.2646 597 6.039076 587 -1.67504 %# of Starts

in T#of Horses in T#of owners

2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007

0 0 0 0.05 -0.03245 -1.20398 0.04995 0 -3.3236 0.049925 -2.43902 -8.49047 0.0499 -9.0625 -9.8816 0.049875 -3.2646 3.10763 0.04985 6.039076 0.539084 0.049826 -1.67504 -8.37192

The marginal change in the total number of horses has remained over the period relatively constant, however the marginal change in the number of owners and the number of starts fluctuated together, with the marginal change in the number of owners affecting the number of starts and highly probably the number of races and race days

2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007

%# of Race days %# of Races in T#of owners 0 0 0 1.075269 2.404809619 -0.032448378 2.12766 -2.250489237 0 -4.16667 -7.607607608 -2.43902439 -13.0435 -9.100758397 -9.0625 2.5 1.78784267 -3.264604811 0 0.468384075 6.039076377 -2.43902 -1.981351981 -1.675041876

As can be seen from above, the marginal change in the number of owners first dips to zero in the year 2002 influencing both the number of races and the number of race days. Its influence on the changes in total number of race days and number of races are best seen between the years 2004 and 2007. in owners in S & C 2000 0 0 2001 -3.24 1.994822598 2002 0 6.882651538 2003 -2.43902439 -21.567258 2004 -9.0625 -20.90828139 2005 -3.264604811 -0.788110786 2006 6.039076377 -16.29596005 2007 -1.675041876 -12.5 There however is no clear relationship between the marginal change in the total number of owners and the marginal change in the difference between the total number of starts and the number of horses offered for claiming. If horses not put up for claiming are horses in grade stake races or other nonclaiming events, then it would be fair to say that these better horses have a less significant role in the operations of Caymanas Park. An area that needs to be examined in some detail, is the width of the ownership band of these horses. Are they owned by many persons or by a small group.

2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007

# of horses claimed in # of horses claimed 302 0 0 298 -1.3245 -3.24484 241 -23.6515 0 306 21.24183 -2.43902 348 12.06897 -9.0625 375 7.2 -3.2646 435 13.7931 6.039076 444 2.027027 -1.67504

in owners

There is a very strong relationship between the change in the number of horses claimed and the marginal change in the number of owners. Changes in the claiming of horses are a major determinant in the numbers of race days and races offered by Caymanas Track Ltd, it directly influence the changes in the number of owners and other related factors. One should note that the data seems to indicate that while the track can have a large number of horses, the stagnation in the change of horse ownership gives owners the ability to directly influence the number of race days, races and starts. Claiming reduces the power of boycott or withholding by owners. 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 Claiming horses as a % of starts 34.65672 32.54104 25.41931 36.07696 43.89843 46.01813 55.05728 57.08206

As can be seen from the graph above, the percent of horses put up for claiming to the number of starts, have increased in a clearly visible way over the period.

Non claiming horses as a % of starts 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 65.34328 67.45896 74.58069 63.92304 56.10157 53.98187 44.94272 42.91794

As can be seen from the graph above, since the year 2003, non claiming horses as a percentage of starts have been steadily declining.

2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007

Marginal Change in Starts Marginal change in t. # of raceowners 0 0 -1.20398 -3.244837758 -3.3236 0 -8.49047 -2.43902439 -9.8816 -9.0625 3.10763 -3.264604811 0.539084 6.039076377 -8.37192 -1.675041876

As can be seen from above the marginal change in race ownership has a pulling or pushing effect on the marginal change in starts. There are strong reasons to believe as is borne out by the set of data above, that Caymanas Track Limited as early as from the year 2003 began a programme of expanding ownership through the promotion of claim races. This policy deliberate or otherwise has had a negative impact on the influence of the owners of horses not entering claim races, and has also strengthen the role played by small trainers who satisfy the needs of the small raceowner. This further borne out in the table below. The possibility of having a single united position among trainers has become more difficult, and the large trainers out voted by small and medium sized trainers. Stable and Horse Distribution By Trainer Trainers Having less Having more Having more Number of trainers than 10 stalls 54 than 10 but less than or 20 Stalls34 than 20 13

Total Horse Population at Caymanas Park=1100 Source:- Caymanas Track Limited The Claims Market The claiming system in use at Caymanas Park over the years, has given birth to a very vibrant and active claiming market, albeit unregulated, with a value in the calendar year 2007 of over J$100,000,000.00 (US$1,448,016.2 at the 2007 rates). A particular feature of this market is the role of the trainer, who carries out the activities of those of a broker, both in regards to buying and/or selling on behalf of the owner and/or purchaser of the horse in question. . In its purest form, this market, allows for owners to dispose of, with relatively low transaction costs, his or her under-performing or non-performing horse, while still retaining one last chance of earning some purse money if the horse ended the claiming race in the frame. In reality, the market has taken on other complimentary functions, such as enabling those

trainers whose experience or social relations would curtail their possibilities of training horses for graded stakes, to ply their trade at another level in racing, it also facilitates some of these trainers to retain their stalls by obtaining claimed horses. In doing this, these small trainers work closely together with the smaller owners or prospective small owners. This market also allows breeders to obtain bloodstock at relatively low prices, than they would otherwise be able to obtain. The market is highly segmented, with some trainers working within only one or two higher price bands. Trading within the band ranges of J$4000, 000.00 to J$ 499,000.00 and. J$300,000.00 to J$399,000.00, is dominated in the main by a relatively small number of traders (i.e. trainers) and exhibits very strong speculative behavior on the part of the traders. In fact it is possible to find a trader selling a given horse in one claiming race and return two or three race days after to re-purchase the very same horse at a higher or lower price. The unregulated nature of this market, also allows for the possibility of money laundering. Here it is important to note that the Jamaica Racing Commission, regulates the racing and conditions for racing, however does not regulate the functioning of the claiming market, for example it cannot give any assurance about the state of health of a horse at the time of delivery to the new owner, it does not issue certificates of fitness for horses entering the claiming races, nor does it in any way seek declarations about source of funds or the fitness of the traders and or their clients to trade.

Value of Transactions and Number of Transactions on the Claiming Market Year 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 Value of Transactions in VT # of Transactions in #T 45480000 0 298.00 0 35767500 -21.3555 235.00 -21.1409396 54570000 52.56867 305.00 29.78723404 74620000 36.7418 248 -18.68852459 85895000 15.10989 373.00 50.40322581 106960000.00 24.52413 434.00 16.3538874 114192600.00 6.761967 443.00 2.073732719

Source:- Jamaica Racing Commission The marginal changes in the number of transactions in the Claims Market has had a very strong influence on the marginal changes in the value of the transactions, this influence can be seen between the points 1 and 4 in the graph above.

(Value of Transactions Year 100-199,000 range 200-299,000 2001 30670000 3205000 2002 24962500 5995000 2003 24940000 15100000 2004 28275000 21885000 2005 24465000 33220000 2006 23310000 45285000 2007 19080000 44505000 Source:- Jamaica Racing Commission

in ranges ) 300-399,000 400-499,000 5770000 0 4810000 0 175121308.00 0 24250000 0 573148408 762864280.00 18640000 18905000 33285000 17460000

VT= Value of Transactions

As can be seen in the diagrams above, trades in the range band of J$3000, 000.00 to 399,000.00 has a highly unusual marginal curve, showing very high and steep peaks and steep falls, which raises questions related to the possible influences of speculation on the market or other types of activities such as price and or market fixing or the possibility of money laundering. Examine graph below for further comparisons of the marginal curves, with respect for the changes in the value of transactions in the 3-3.9 range. In short, regardless with which other marginal curve it is compared with, the marginal changes in the value of transactions in the price range J$300,000.00 to J$399,000.00 begs questions.

Marginal Table for change in the number of Transactions 100-199 range range 1-1.9 200-299 change in range 2-2.9 300change in range 3-3.9 400-499 in change in rang 4-4.9 240.00 0 40.00 0 18.00 0 0 0 201.00 -16.25 25.00 -37.5 15.00 -16.66666667 0 #DIV/0! 205.00 1.990049751 264.00 956 35.00 133.3333333 0 #DIV/0! 182.00 -11.2195122 83.00 -68.5606 69.00 97.14285714 0 #DIV/0! 153.00 -15.93406593 143.00 72.28916 51.00 -26.08695652 0 #DIV/0! 2006 141 -7.843137255 190.00 32.86713 53.00 3.921568627 46.00 #DIV/0! 2007 112.00 -20.56737589 189.00 -0.52632 97.00 83.01886792 39.00 -15.2173913 Source:- Jamaica Racing Commission Year 399 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005

From the table and graph above, the marginal change in the number of transactions

in the price range J$200,000.00 to $299,000.00 was most dramatic, reflecting increasing and decreasing trading activity on the claiming market. It is also possible that more opportunistic types of traders entered and departed the market, their rapid departure had a very short negative influence on this market segment as represented by the price range. It is important to note the behaviour of the marginal curve for the market segment 3-3.9, There was a modest increase in the number of transactions, however not enough to influence the behavior of other traders in other market segments. This note is of importance, because it points to the fact that the abnormal behavior of the marginal VT curve for the range3-3.9, was not caused by a marked influx of traders or a dramatic increase in the number of trading activities by existing traders on that market segment, but more possibly by speculative activities. The claiming system is an exciting and possibility creating addition to the activities of the Caymanas Track Ltd; over the years it has witnessed significant growth, it has positively contributed to the democratization of the racing industry, and has created significant quantities of new wealth. Distances Ran 2000 2001 2002 2 fur 0 2 1 3 fur st. 2 4 4 fur st. 11 10 5 fur. St 160 191 5 fur rd 80 65 5 1/2 fur st. 109 6 fur 126 133 141 61/2 fur 92 89 7 fur 89 96 95 7 1/2 fur 91 87 8 fur 91 87 87 8 1/2 fur 22 21 9 fur 19 22 13 9 fur 25 yds 84 10 fur 19 22 11 fur 1 1 12 fur 2 2 998 1022 997 Source: Jamaica Racing 2003 2004 0 2 2 3 8 11 191 154 68 64 110 107 133 131 76 67 101 86 86 86 87 21 24 24 13 66 80 78 19 19 1 1 0 1 945 793 Commission 2005 1 5 9 151 36 103 102 61 82 82 80 13 12 78 1 1 2 832 2006 1 4 9 161 38 109 128 66 90 72 85 12 9 17 20 1 2 858 2007 0 5 8 163 33 109 139 58 84 72 81 20 12 61 22 1 2 841

5 5 158 18 107 56 70 17 54 22 1 2

113

58

Year 2000

Totals 998 1

Change 142.5714

Average

2001 1022 2.40481 146 2002 997 -2.44618 142.4286 2003 945 -5.21565 135 2004 793 -16.0847 113.2857 2005 832 4.918033 118.8571 2006 858 3.125 122.5714 2007 841 -1.98135 120.1429 Source:- Jamaica Racing Commission Caymanas Track has in the period between 2000 and year 2005, fought to maintain its race day structure and race card offerings, as can be seen in the table above and in the graph below. It was only after the depression in the industry bottomed out in 2004, that recovery started, with some signs of a new bout of downturn on its way (see the flattening of both marginal and average curves starting at the mid-point of year 6 in graph below).

In spite of the above mentioned challenge in maintaining its race day and race cards, The track did remarkably well in maintaining the structure of its race cards, and there is a very high degree of correlation between the structures of the race cards when seen from an annual stand point. Please see table and charts below. Distance/Year 2000 2 fur 0 0 3 fur st. 2 3 4 fur st. 11 11 5 fur. St 160 154 5 fur rd 80 64 5 1/2 fur st. 109 6 fur 126 133 61/2 fur 92 67 7 fur 89 101 7 1/2 fur 91 86 8 fur 91 87 8 1/2 fur 22 24 9 fur 19 13 9 fur 25 yds 84 10 fur 19 19 11 fur 1 1 12 fur 2 1 Totals 998 945 Source: Jamaica Racing 2003

103

78

Commission

Coefficent of correlation between individual pair of years. Coefficient of correlation 2000 & 2003 0.999329 Coefficient of Correlations between 2003-2006 0.998623 Coefficient of Correlation. Between 2000& 2006 0.997232

Coefficient of Correlation between 2000&2007 0.995774 The coefficient of the line of regression between years 2000 & 2001 is 0.947729 which is positive and very close to 1. The coefficient of the line of regression between years 2000 & 2007 is 0.846899. Which is positive, but indicates a slight reduction in the level of predictability between year 2000 & 2007, a fact that is also reflected in the coefficient of correlation between the same two years.

The very high positive values for both the coefficient correlation and regression between the individual years indicates a very high level predictability and reliability of the offering of Caymanas Park, which are important factors in retaining horse racing and betting. This is further highlighted in the table below which where the total distances ran per year is matched against the promoters total take for the given year. Year Total Distance Ran Promoters Total in US$ 2000 998 41400.35 2001 1022 40502.02 2002 997 34279.42 2003 945 28181.53 2004 793 25720.49 2005 832 29679.46 2006 858 32033.47 2007 841 34925.92 Co-efficent of Correlation 0.724868

Betting Earnings from betting when expressed in US dollars also reflect a period of challenges, which became most clearly visible in the year 2002, worsened in 2003 and began to improve in the year 2004. While the figures for the promoters total was still less in the year 2007 than it was in the year 2000, it was a definite recovery of positions previously held. Year 2007 2006 2005 2004 2003 2002 Promoters Total 2411984 2110365 1854966 1577695 1632556 1663923 Exchange Rate Promoters Total in US$ 69.06 34925.92 65.88 32033.47 62.5 29679.46 61.34 25720.49 57.93 28181.53 48.54 34279.42

2001 1866333 46.08 2000 1783527 43.08 Source: Jamaica Racing Commission

40502.02 41400.35

Year Promoters Total in US$ in Promoters Total in US$ Promoters Total As % of 2000 Total 2000 41400.35 0 0 2001 40502.02 -2.16986 97.83014 2002 34279.42 -15.3637 82.79983 2003 28181.53 -17.7888 68.07075 2004 25720.49 -8.7328 62.12627 2005 29679.46 15.39225 71.6889 2006 32033.47 7.931459 77.37488 2007 34925.92 9.029461 84.36141 Based on the table and the graph below, it is possible that the track is on the verge another cyclical depression even before it has recovered its year 2000 values in terms of the promoters take from betting. Year 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 in Promoters Total in US$ 1 100 -2.16986 97.83014 -15.3637 82.79983 -17.7888 68.07075 -8.7328 62.12627 15.39225 71.6889 7.931459 77.37488 9.029461 84.36141 Promoters Total As % of 2000 Total

Based on both the year-to-year changes in the number of race days and the number of race days expressed as a percentage of the number of race the year 2000, also seems to indicate that the year 2007, marked the potential entrance to another period of cyclical depression.

Year 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007

Race Days As % of year 2000 Change # of Races 93 100 1 998 94 101.0753 1.075269 96 102.1277 2.12766 90 93.75 -6.25 923 80 88.88889 -11.1111 80 100 0 854 82 102.5 2.5 858 80 97.56098 -2.43902

Change # of Race Days Races As % of year 2000 100 1 1022 999 92.39239 839 101.7878 100.4684 841 102.4048 97.74951 -7.60761 90.89924 1.787843 0.468384 98.01865 2.40481 -2.25049 -9.10076 -1.98135

Total Purse Paid Out (1991-2007) The period reviewed 1991 to 2007 saw a decline in the total amount of money paid out reduced by some nineteen percent, in other words, purse money paid out in 2007 was some nineteen percent less than that paid out in the year 1991. The depreciation of the Jamaican dollar over the period has had a very devastating effect on purse money, making participation by owners and potential owners of thoroughbred horses in the sport of racing, less attractive. Change in the rate of exchange for period 1991 to 2007 in percentage=1717.888% Change in the rate of exchange for the period 2000 to 2007 in percentage =150.6901%.

Purse Paid Out Year Purse in J$ Exchange Rate Purse in US $ 1991 21718657 12.22 1777304 1992 35856820 22.99 1559670 1993 48447700 25.11 1929419 1994 76957470 33.29 2311729 1995 121082145 35.35 3425237 1996 139312146 37.25 3739923 1997 176319800 35.51 4965356 1998 201930230 36.65 5509692 1999 224164776 39.2 5718489 2000 247595680 43.08 5747346 2001 257975900 46.08 5598435 2002 253210425 48.54 5216531 2003 257086950 57.93 4437890 2004 302511250 61.34 4931713 2005 312876550 62.5 5006025 2006 341121273 65.88 5177919 2007 373102150 89.05 4189805 Source:- The Jamaica Racing Commission and Bank of Jamaica

Year 1991 1992

Change in Purse Purse as % of 1991 1 100 -12.24517 87.75483

1993 1994 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007

23.706822 19.814819 48.167755 9.1872725 32.766256 10.962683 3.7896251 0.5046289 -2.590952 -6.821622 -14.92642 11.127426 1.5068237 3.4337372 -19.08322

123.7068 119.8148 148.1678 109.1873 132.7663 110.9627 103.7896 100.5046 97.40905 93.17838 85.07358 111.1274 101.5068 103.4337 80.91678

It is to be noted however that purse money paid out in the years 2001 and 2005 marginally increased over the amount in the year 1991. Once again as previously pointed out the year 2007 has the markings of a new round of decline, as was in the period 2001 and 2003.

The Backstretch

The backstretch of Caymanas Park lies on some 131 acres of low lying land, with significant parts of the property lower than the adjoining communities especially in that area where one finds Stable 51, and the area directly behind the walls of the Veterinarians office. As such seasonal flooding is a problem, especially in the hurricane period, when complete sections of the road leading to stable 40 and others can be completely submerged and accessible only on foot or by high axle vehicles. In earlier years during floods the horses would be removed to the track which is on higher ground. Flood waters still settle in the rectangular court yard enclosed by the stalls, making movement and work in the stable area unpleasant. There are some eighty stables in the backstretch area, this is the working area of four hundred and eight grooms, one hundred and forty one trainers, forty seven exercise riders eighty-nine jockeys, forty-five assistant trainers and eight food/snack vendors in addition to a number of stable lad, an estimated fifteen unlicensed farriers, one medical doctor, one nurse, and an estimated three veterinarians. Stables and stalls were built in three separate waves at varying construction standards and dimensions; in the very early days of Caymanas Park, trainers built their own stalls, for example the Nunes Stables were built by the trainer Mr.

Nunes, stables built by trainers were built at standards and sizes affordable to the given trainer; later Caymanas Track Limited built a set of stables to meet the growing demand for stables. These stables were built in accordance to engineering standards and are better able to withstand the challenges posed by storms, winds and/or floodwaters. The last set of stables were built by private contractors, contracted by Caymanas Track Limited and are the least able to meet the challenges posed by high waters and winds. The stables and their stalls are distributed to the trainers in accordance to number of horses in his or her care. Stable and Horse Distribution By Trainer Trainers Number of trainers Average # of horses per trainer Having less than 10 stalls 54 6.462963 Having more than 10