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8/2/2019 The Intimate Papers of Colonel House-Vol1-1912to1915-518pgs-POL
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THE INTIMATE PAPERS OFCOLONEL HOUSE
BEHIND THE POLITICAL CURT AI N
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T HE I NT I MA T E P A P ER S OF
COLONEL HOUSE
A r r a n g e d a s a N a r r a t i v e
B YCHARLES SEYMOURS t e r l i n g P r o f e s s o r o f H i s t o r y , Y a l e U n i v e r s i t y
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COPYRIGHT, 1 9 2 6 , BY HOUGHTON MIFFLIN COMPANY
ALL RIGHTS RESERVED
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T O
SID NEY EDWA R D MEZES
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PREFATORY NOTEB Y COLONEL HOUSE -
THIS b o o k w r i t t e n a r o u n d m y p a p e r s i s i n n o s e n s e a c o n v e n -
t i o n a l a p o l o g i a s u c h a s , d e s p i t e m y b e s t i n t e nt i o n s , I s h o u l d
p r o b a b l y h a v e w r i t t en h a d I a t t e m pt e d t o d es c r i b e t h e s t i r -
r i n g a n d c o nt r o v e r s i a l ev e n t s i n w h i c h i t w a s m y f o r t u n e t o
p l a y a p a r t . T h e r e a d e r m u s t b e a r i n m i n d t h a t i t t r e a t s
o n l y o f s u c h m a t t e r s a s c a m e w i t h i n t h e o r b i t o f m y o w n
a c t i v i t i e s . T h e P r e s i d e n t a n d h i s C a b i n e t d e a l t w i t h m a n y
q u e s t i o n s w h i c h c o u l d n o t e n te r i n t o t h i s n a r r a t i v e . Myc h i e f d e s i r e h a s b e e n t o l e t t h e p a pe r s t e l l t h e i r o w n s t o r y ,
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V l ll PREFATORY NOTEc e r t a i n t h a t h ad h e a s k e d f o r s u c h a n a r m y a s I a d v
h e w o u l d h a v e b e e n s u c c e s s f u l . The two arms do no t
t o g e t h e r o n e v e n t e r m s , f o r t h e b u i l d i n g o f a g r e a
t o u c h e s e v e r y n e r v e c e n t r e o f t h e n a t i o n , s o c i a l a n d e c o
a n d r a i s e s q u e s t i o n s a n d a n t a g o n i s m s w h i c h c o u l d
c o m e t o t h e f o r e o v e r a l a r g e n a v y p r o g r a m m e .
I n m y o p i n i o n , i t i l l s e r v e s s o g r e a t a m a n a s W
W i l s on f o r h i s f r i e n d s , i n m i s t a k e n z e a l , t o c l a i m f
i m p e c c a b i l i t y . H e h a d h is s h o r t c o m i n g s , e v e n a s o t he
and havi ng them but g ives him the mo re characte
v i r ilit y . As I saw him at the time and as I see h
r e t r o s pe c t, h i s ch i ef d e f e ct w a s t e m pe r a m en t al . H i s
d i c e s w e r e s t r o n g a n d o f t e n t i m e s c l o u d e d h i s j u d g
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NOTE OF ACKNOWLEDGMENTSOME t h r e e a n d a h a l f y e a r s a g o C o l o n el H o u s e g av e t o Y a l e
U n i v e r s i t y , f o r d e p o si t i n t he U n i v e r s i t y L i b r a r y , h i s e nt i r e
c o l l e c t i o n o f p o l i t i c a l p a p e r s . F o r p e r m i s s i o n t o s e l e c t a nd
p u b l i s h t h e m o s t s i g n i f i c a n t o f t h e s e , I m y s e l f a n d a l l s t u -
d e n t s o f r e c e n t h i s t o r y a r e d e e p l y i n h i s d e b t . T h e r e s p o n si -
b i l i t y f o r t h e c h o i ce a n d a r r a n g e m e n t o f t h e s e p a p e r s , a s w e l l
a s t h e i r i n t e r p r e t a t i o n , m u s t r e s t u p o n m e . C o l o n e l H o u s e ,
w h o s e s e n s e o f t h e s c i e n t i f i c h i s to r i c a l s p i r i t i s v e r y l i v e l y ,
a g r e e d t h a t n o e s s e n t i a l d o c u m e n t w h i c h m i g h t a f f e c t t h e
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x NOTE OF ACKNOWLEDGMENTr o l e d u r i n g t h e p a s t t h i r t e e n y e a r s ; t h e y h a v e b e e n w i l l
d i s c u s s f r e e l y t h e h i s t o r y o f t h a t p e r i o d a n d t o p e r m i t
p u b l i s h t h e i r l e t t e r s . I w o u l d m e n ti o n A m b a s s a d o r W G e r a r d , A m b a s s ad o r B r a n d W h i t lo c k , A m b a s s a do r
W a l la c e, A t t o r n e y - G e n er a l T . W . G r e go r y , P o s tm a
G e n e r a l A . S . B u r l e so n, M r . F r a n k L . P o l k , M r .
M c C o r m i c k , M r . J o h n H a y s H a m m o n d , M r . G o r d o n
i n c l o s s , V i s c o u n t G r e y o f F a l l o d o n , t h e E a r l o f B a l f o u
L l o y d G e o r g e , S i r A u s t en C h a mb e r l a i n, S i r H o r a c e P l u n
S i r W i l l i a m T y r r e l l , M r . H . W i c k h a m S t e e d , M r .
S p e n d e r , S i r W i l l i am W i s e ma n , M . G e o r g e s C le m e n
M. I g n a c e P a d e r e w s k i . A l l o f these came into close
w i t h C o l o n e l H o u s e , a n d t h e p e r s o n a l a n d p o l i t i c a l s i d e
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NOTE OF ACKNOWLEDGMENT x i
w h i c h I h a v e t h u s u ti l i z e d i s a p p e n d e d . , None of them have
b e e n p u b l i s h e d ; m a n y o f t h e m w e r e t y p e d b y t h e P r e s i d e n t
h i m s e l f w i t h o u t a c op y b e i n g m a de , o f t e n i n t h e p r i v a t e c o d e
u s e d o n l y b y C o l o n e l H o u s e a n d h i m s e l f .
T o t h e a u th o r i t i es o f Y a l e U n i v e r s i t y w h o h a v e p r o v i d e d
f a c i l i t i e s f o r t h e c a r e o f t h e H o u s e C o l l e c t i o n a n d t o t h e s t a f f
o f t h e U n i v e r s i t y L i b r a r y , e s p e c i a l l y t h e L i b r a r i a n , M r .
A n d r e w K e o g h , I w o u l d e x p r e s s w a r m e s t g r a t i t u d e , a s w e l l
a s t o t h o se a l u m n i of Y a l e w h o b y f i n a n c i a l a ss i s t an c e h a v e
m a d e p o s s i b l e t h e f i l i n g a n d o r g a n i z a t i o n o f d o c u m en t s g i v e n
b y C o l o n e l Ho u s e a n d o t h e r s . I a m i n d e b t e d i n p a r t i c u l ar t o
m y a s s i s t a n t i n t h e c u r a t o r s h i p o f t h e H o u s e C o l l e c t i on , M i s s
Hele n M . R e y n o ld s ; e v e r y p a g e o f t h e s e v o l u m es b e a r s w i t -
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LET T ERS FR OM WI LSON TO HOUSE
U t i l i z e d f o r t h e p e r i o d , O c t o b e r 1 9 1 1 - M a r c h 1 9 1 7
D A T E SUBJECT
1 9 1 1
October 1 8 W i l s o n ' s p a r t y r e g u l ar i t y .
2 4 D e s i r a b i l i t y o f a b o l i s h i ng t w o - t h i r d s r u l e i n N a t i o na l
Democratic Conventio n .
December 4 Engageme nt to dine w ith House and Dr . Housto n .
22 Pre-Conven tion cam paign organizat ion .
26 Pre-Conven tion camp aign o rganizat ion .
1912
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x iv LET T ERS FR OM WI LSON TO HOUSE
DATE1 9 1 3
September 4
1 8
26
2 9
1 7c t o b e r
Novembe r 5
D e c e m b er 9
27
SUBJECT
P e r s o n a l .
M a s s a c h u s e t t s a p p o i n t m e n t s .
R e q u e s t f o r H o u s e ' s h e l p i n p e r s o n a l m a t t e r .
P e r s o n a l .
O n e H u n d r e d t h A n n i v e r s a r y o f p e a ce a m o n g E n
s p e a k i n g p e o p l e s .
Mexico .
M e s s a g e t o C o n g r e s s .
P e r s o n a l .
1914
January 3 T r u s t s .
6 Trust Messag e . [ T e l eg r a m . ]
9 F e d e r a l R e s e r v e B o a r d a pp o i n t m e n ts .
28 Panama Canal Zone .
3 0 P e r s o n a l . [ T e l e g r a m . ]
F e b r u a r y 1 6 F e d e r a l R e s e r v e B o a r d a p p o in t m e nt s .
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LETT ERS FR OM WI LSON T O HOUSE xvDATE SUBJECT
1 9 1 4
O c t o b e r 1 0 N e g o t ia t io n s f o r p u r c ha s e o f c ot t on .
1 6 N e g o t ia t io n s f o r p u r c ha s e o f c ot t on .
1 9 Appointments .
22 P e r s o n a l .
2 3 Attitude of A mbassador W . H . P a g e .
2 9 Attitude of A mbassador W . H . P a g e .
Novemb er
December
2
1
P e r s o n a l . [ T e le g r a m . ]
P r e s i d e n t ia l M e s s a g e . B e l g i a n r e l ie f .
2 F o r e i g n r e l a t i o n s .
9 P r e s i d e n t ia l M e s s a g e .
1 4 P er s o n a l .
1 6 P er s o n a l . [ T e le g r a m . ]
22 P e r s o n a l . [ T e le g r a m . ]
25 P e r s o n a l .
26 I n d u s t r i a l r e l a t i o n s . [ T e le g r a m . ]
26 Trade Commissio n .
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x v i LET T ERS FROM WI LSON T O HOUSE
D A T E SUBJECT
1 9 1 5May 1 6 P o s s i b l e c o mp r o m i s e b e t w e e n B r i t i s h b l o c k a d
German su bmarine warfare . [Cablegram . ]
1 8 B r i t i s h b l o c k a de . [ C a b l e gr a m . ]
2 0 P o s s ib l e c o m p r o m i s e b e t w e e n B r i t i s h b l o c k a d e a n
m a n s u b m a r i n e w a r f a r e . [ C a b l e g r a m . ]
2 3 B r i t i s h b l o c k a d e . [ C a b l e gr a m . ]
2 6 B r i t i s h b l o c k a d e . [ C a b l e gr a m . ]
June 1 H o u s e ' s r e t u r n . [Cablegram . ]
2 0 P e r s o n a l . W i l s o n p l a n n in g v i s i t t o H o u s e . [ T e l
2 2 W i l s o n ' s v i s i t t o H o u s e . [ T e le g r a m . ]
J u l y 3 Mexico . [ T e le g r a m . ]
3 Mexico .
7 Mexico .
1 2 C o u n s e l l o r s h i p o f S t a t e D e p a r t m e n t. Note t
m a n y .
1 4 S t r a i n e d r e l a t io n s w i t h G e r m a n y .
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LETTERS FROM WILSON TO HOUSE x v i i
D A T E SUBJECT
1 9 1 6
January 9 A s s u r a n c e o f A m e r i c a n c o o p e r a t i on i n p o l i c y s e e k i n g t o
b r i n g a b o u t a n d m a i n t a i n p e r m a n e n t p e a c e . [ C a b l e -
gram . ]
1 2 T h e S e n a t e a n d B r i t i s h b l o c k a d e . [Cablegram . ]
1 3 A p p r o v a l o f H o u s e ' s n e g o t i a t i o n s . [ C a b l e g r a m . ]
February 16 Armed merchantm en . [Cablegram . ]
March 3 P e r s o n a l . [ T e l eg r a m . ]
2 0 G e r a r d ' s r e p o r t f r o m G e r m a n y .
A p r i l 15 Appointments . [ T e le g r a m . ]
2 1 Sussex c r i s i s .
22 S u s s e x c r i s i s . D o m e s t i c p o li t i c s .
2 9 S u s s e x c r i s i s . [ T e le g r a m . ]
May 5 S u s s e x c r i s i s . [ T e le g r a m . ]
8 R e l a t io n s w i t h G r e a t B r i t a i n .
9 P o s s i b i l i t y o f p e a c e .
1 6 O f f e r o f h e l p t o A l l i e s . B r i t i s h b l o ck a d e .
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x v u i LET T ERS FR OM WI LSON TO HOUSE
D A T E SUBJECT
1916
Decem ber 4 Person al .
8 Hous e's inf ormatio n from England .
19 Peace note .
2 7 A t t e m p t t o s e c u r e c o n f i d e n t i a l p e a c e t e r m s f r o
m a n y .
1917
January 1 6 D r a f t i n g o f s p e e c h o n p ea c e t e r m s b e f o r e t h e S e n
1 7 H o u s e ' s n e g o t i a ti o n s w i t h B e r n s t o r f f .
1 9 H o u s e ' s n eg o t i a t i o n s w i t h B e r n s t o r f f . Speech
t h e S e n a t e .
2 4 H o u s e ' s n e g o t ia t i o n s w i t h B e r n s t o r f f .
F e b r u a r y 1 2 R e f u s a l t o c on s i d e r c o a l i ti o n g o v e r n m e n t .
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F i r s t I m p r e s s i o n s o f W o o d r o w W i l s o n-he Pre-Nomi -
CONTENTSI . INTRODUCTION 1
I I . BA CKGROUNDS (1858 -1911) 8
War and Re construction in the South -House in
S c h o o l a n d C o l l e g e -F r o n t i e r L i f e a n d F r i e n d s i n T e x a s-o l i t i c a l B e g i n n i n g s -S t a t e E l e c t o r a l C a m p a i g n s -T h e G o v e r n o r s ' A d v i s e r-ational Campaigns-n-
t e r W i l s o n .
I I I . BEGINNINGS OF A FRI ENDSHIP 44
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Mexico-Development of the Pact-Difficulties an
Delays-Lapse of Negotiations -Historical Signifi
c a n c e o f t h e A t t e m p t .
xx CONTENTSVI I . ASP ECTS OF FOREIGN POLICY
VIII .
Problems o f Diplo matic Appointments -T h e A m b a s
s a d o r s h i p t o S t . J a m e s ' s-o l o n e l H o u s e a s C o n f i d a
of Amba ssadors-i s C o n c e p ti o n o f a P o s i t i v e F o r e i g
P o l i c y -R e l a t i o n s w i t h G r e a t B r i t a in -Panama Toll
Exemption-exico-l e a r i n g t h e G r o u n d w i t h S i
Edward Grey - T h e V i s i t o f S i r W i l l i a m T y r r e l l -A
I n f o r m a l U n d e r s t a n d i ng -R e p e a l o f t h e T o l ls E x e m p
t i o n .
A P A N - A MER I C A N P A C T
H o u se U r g e s N e e d o f C l o s e U n d e r s t a n di n g w i t h S o u t
A m e r i c a n S t a t e s - F i r s t D r a f t o f P r o p o s e d P a c t - Con
v e r s a t i on s w i t h N a o n , d a G a m a , S u a r e z - A p p r o v a l , i
P r i nc ip le , o f A . B . C . Powers-Joint A ction R egardin
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CONTENTS x x i
ing News from Germany - A Talk with the King-The Personal Contacts o f House-ar-Time Londo n-D e c i s i o n t o g o o n t o G e r m a n y .
XIII . THE FREEDOM OF THE SEAS 395
Paris - I n t e r v i e w w i t h D e l c a s s e - A s p i r a t i o n s of
France - Berlin - `Everybody seems to want peace,
b u t n o b o d y i s w i l l i n g t o c on c e d e e n ou g h t o g e t i t ' -
F e e l i n g a g a in s t A m e r i c a - House Suggests Freedom of
t h e S e a s -I t s S i g n i f i c a n ce -Bethmann and Zimmer-
m a n n -R e t u r n t o P a r i s-o i n c a r e -London again-C o n f e r e n c es w i t h G r e y-i n k i n g o f t h e L u s i t a n i a .
XIV. SUBMAR INE VERSUS BLOCKADE 43 3
House's Advi ce to Wilson =Lord Kitchener on Ameri-
c a n P a r t i c i p a t io n -Wilso n's Note t o Germany - ASuggest ion o f Compromis e between German Submarine
a n d A l l i e d B l o c k a d e - Grey A pproves Com promise -
Germany Ref uses-f f e c t o f A l l i e d R e s t r i c t i o n s o n
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ILLUSTRATIONSTHE PR ESID ENT AND COLONEL HOUSE, NEW YORK, 1915
F r o m a s n a p s h o t P h o t o g r a v u r e f r o n t i s p ie c e
`COME ON, NOW ! GIMME THE OPENER ! ' 2
C a r t o o n i n t he M o n t g o m er y ( A l a . ) A d v e r t i s e r , A p r i l 1 4 , 1 9 1 6
` S H ! ' 7
C a r t o o n i n t h e S t . L o u i s P o s t - D i s p a t c h
E . M . H . AND MAMMY ELIZA 1 2
T a k e n i n B a t h , E n g l a n dT. W. HOUSE, FAT HER OF EDWAR D M . HOUSE 1 8
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I
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THE INTI MAT E PA P ER S OF
COLONEL HOUSE
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T HE I NTI MA T E P A P ER S OF
COLONEL HOUSE
CHAP TER I
INTR OD UCTI ON
I l o o k f o r w a r d n o w t o y o u r b o o k . I t i s , I h o p e , b o o k s l i k e y o u r s a n d
m i n e t h a t w i l l b r i n g p e o p l e t o r e f l e c t s o b e r l y u p o n t h e w a r . I f s o w e
s h a l l b e h e l p i n g t o f o r m a p u b l i c o p i n i on t h a t w i l l m a k e f o r p e a c e .
V i s c o un t G r e y o f F a l l o d o n t o H o u s e , O c t o b e r 1 6 , 1 9 2 5
THE p r a c t i c e o f i n t e r r i n g h i s t o r i c a l d o c u m e n t s i n s e c u r e l y
l o c k e d a r c h i v e s , w h e r e t h e y m a y l i e f o r g o t t e n u n t i l p o p u l a r
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2 INTIMATE PAPERS OF COLONEL HOUSEt h a t h is t o r y i n c o l d s to r a g e u n t i l t he t w e n t y - f i r s t c e n
a r e a p p a r e n t .
Such thoug hts may have crossed the mind o f Col
H o u s e w h e n h e d e t e r m i n e d t o h a v e p u b l i s h e d s u f f i c i e n
h i s p a p e r s t o e l u c i da t e w h a t h e r e g a r d e d a s t h e t r u e s t o
t h e d e c i s i v e y e a r s i n w h i c h h e p l a y e d a r o l e o f m a j o r p o l i
i m p o r t a n c e . A n e w s p a p e r c a r t o o n o f 1 9 1 6 r e p r e s e n t s
M u s e o f H i s to r y ( r a t he r a f r o w s y C l io , t o b e s u r e , b e s
t a c l e d a nd d i s t r a u g h t ) p r e s e n t i n g a t i gh t l y c o r k e d b o
l a b e l l e d F o r e i g n P o l i c y t o a s i l e n t a n d i m p a s s i v e C o l
H o u s e , a n d i n d e s p e r a t i o n d e m a n d i n g t h e o p e n e r . A f t e
l a p s e o f a d e c a d e , t h e C o l o n e l h a s p r o d u c e d i t .
T h e a n x i e t y o f t h e H i s to r i c a l M u s e i s c o m p r e h e n s i b l
t h e s t u d e nt p o r e s o v e r t h e p i l e o f p a p e r s w h i c h i n d i c a t e
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INTRODUCTION 3
d e t a i l s o f A m e r i c a n c o o p e r a t i o n i n t h e w a r , i n t h e A r m i s t i c e
a n d i n t h e P e a c e C o n f e r e n c e ; h e s e e s a t c l o s e r a n g e , t h e
P r e s i d e n t h i m s e l f , B e r n s t o r f f a n d t h e K a i s e r , t h e E u r o p e a n
P r e m i e r s a n d F o r e i g n M i n i s t e r s , A m e r i c a n A m b a s s a d o r s
a n d C a b i n e t m e m b e r s .
I f i t h a d n o t b e e n f o r a n a i d o f e x c e p t i o n a l c h a r a c t e r , t h e
p r e s e r v a t i o n o f t h e s e p a p e r s w o u l d h a v e b e e n d i f f i c u l t o r
i m p o s s i b l e . F o r t u n a t e l y H o u s e p o s s e s s e d i n M i s s F r a n c e s B .
D e n t o n , t h e d a u g h t e r o f a n o l d f r i e n d , a n a s s i s t a n t w h o w a s
m o r e c o l l a b o r a t o r t h a n c o n f i d e n t i a l s e c r e t a r y , a n d o n e w h o s e
r o l e p r o v e d t o b e o f i n c r e a s i n g i m p o r t a n c e . I n t h e m i d s t
o f t h e n e g o t i a t i o n s w h i c h C o l o n e l H o u s e c a r r i e d o n w i t h
C a b i n e t s a n d p o t e n t a t e s , s h e f o u n d t i m e t o g a t h e r a n d f i l e
t h e m a t e r i a l w i t h o u t w h i c h t h e s t o r y c o u l d n e v e r h a v e b e e n
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4 INTIMATE PAPERS OF COLONEL HOUS
U p o n t h e b a s i s o f s u c h p a p e r s a n d h i s r e c o l l e c
C o l o n e l H o u s e m i g h t h a v e w r i t t e n t h e c o n v e n t i o n a l
o i r s , ' w h i c h t o o o f t e n c o n f u s e t h e a f t e r - i m p r e s s i o n w
e v e n t i t s e l f , b u t w h i c h , t h r o u g h t h e p o s s e s s i o n o f h i n
p r e s e r v e t h e a u t h o r f r o m e v e r h a v i n g c o m m i t t e d a n
I n s t e a d , h e c h o s e t o l e t t h e p a p e r s t e l l t h e i r o w n s t
p e r m i t t h e r e a d e r t o d e c i d e w h e t h e r o r n o t t h e C o l o n
r i g h t i n t h i s i n c i d e n t a n d i n t h a t . I f t h e r e i s p r e j u d i c
p a g e s t h a t f o l l o w -a n d w h a t h i s t o r i c a l n a r r a t i v e i
c e n t o f p r e j u d i c e ?-t i s t h a t o f t h e m a n w h o , a f t
m o n t h s o f a r r a n g i n g t h e p a p e r s s o a s t o l e t t h e m
s t o r y , c a m e t o s e e e v e n t s t h r o u g h t h e e y e s o f C o l o n e
h i m s e l f . But at no time was a chap ter begun und
i n f l u e n c e o f a p r e c o n c e i v e d t h e s i s , a n d n o t h i n g c o u l
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INTRODUCTION 5
t h a t w o u l d n a t u r a l l y p u z z l e o p i n i o n - n o r d i d h e s e e k
o f f i c e f o r h i s f r i e n d s . H i s m e t h o d s a n d p u r p o s e s w e r e q u i t e
d i f f e r e n t f r o m t h o s e o f t h e p a r t y b o s s , f o r h e n e v e r w o r k e d
t h r o u g h a ` m a c h i n e ' ; h e d i s l i k e d t h e d e t a i l s o f p a r t y p o l i t i c s ,
an d i n l a t e r y e a r s h e g e n e r a l l y m a n a g e d t o e v a d e t h e m . He
a i m e d c e r t a i n l y a t i n f l u e n c i n g p o l i t i c a l e v e n t s , a s t h e s e q u e l
w i l l s h o w , b u t h e a c c o m p l i s h e d h i s a i m t h r o u g h p e r s o n a l
i n f l u e n c e v e r y d i f f e r e n t f r o m t h a t o f t h e o r t h o d o x p o l i t i c i a n .
T h e s t o r y o f h o w h e a c q u i r e d s u c h i n f l u e n c e i s t h e e x p l a n a -
t i o n o f h i s s u c c e s s , a n d t o u n d e r s t a n d i t w e m u s t r e a d h i s
p o l i t i c a l p a p e r s . But it is easy to comprehend at first
g l a n c e t h a t t o h i m c o n v e n t i o n a l p o l i t i c a l a d v e r t i s e m e n t
c o u l d b r i n g n o p r o f i t a n d m i g h t b r i n g m u c h h a r m . He
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6 INTIMATE PAPERS OF COLONEL HOUS
s e n s e , w a s a c t u a l l y d e f l e c t i n g t h e c u r r e n t s o f h i s
W h e t h e r t h i s s u p p o s i t i o n i s b o r n e o u t b y t h e i n t i m a t e
o f t h e C o l o n e l , t h e r e a d e r m u s t j u d g e .
T h e p a t h w h i c h H o u s e l a i d o u t f o r h i m s e l f w a s e n
u n t r o d d e n , a n d i t i s f r u i t l e s s t o s e e k a n h i s t o r i c a l p a r
M o n a r c h s h a d s h a r e d t h e i r s e c r e t s w i t h f a t h e r c o n f e
a n d e x t r a c t e d w i s d o m f r o m t h e i r a d v i c e ; P r e s i d e n
c r e a t e d t h e i r k i t c h e n - c a b i n e t s . B u t n e i t h e r t h e o n e n
o t h e r s u g g e s t s t h e u n o f f i c i a l f u n c t i o n s w h i c h H o u s e e x e r
He was a combination of Richelieu 's Father Josep
T h u r l o w W e e d , b u t h e w a s v e r y m u c h m o r e . A t t h e
t i m e t h a t h e p l a y e d t h e p a r t o f a d v i s e r t o t h e P r e s i d e
b u f f e r b e t w e e n o f f i c e - s e e k e r s a n d , C a b i n e t , o f e m i s s a
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INTRODUCTION
p l i e d t h e i r p l a c e . M y t h s o f t h e m o s t v a r i e d s o r t d e v e l o p e d
a b o u t t h i s ` T e x a s T a l l e y r a n d , ' t h i s ` b a c k w o o d s p o l i t i c i a n . '
H e w a s r e p r e s e n t e d a s a l o v e r o f d e v i o u s m e t h o d s , r e t i c e n t
a s t h e S p h i n x , e m o t i o n l e s s a s a r e d - s k i n . S u c h t a l e s m u s t b e
s t r u n g w i t h t h e o t h e r m o c k - p e a r l s o f h i s t o r y . A n d t h e
i n t e r e s t i n g p o i n t t o n o t e i s t h a t t h e p u b l i c , d e p r i v e d o f f a c t s ,
n o n e t h e l e s s r e f u s e d t o a c c e p t t h e l e g e n d s f e d t o t h e m w h i c h ,
h a d t h e y b e e n t r u e , w o u l d h a v e d i s q u a l i f i e d H o u s e u t t e r l y
f o r t h e w o r k t h a t h e u n d e r t o o k . P u z z l e d b u t u n t r o u b l e d ,
t h e y a c c e p t e d h i m f i n a l l y a s ` t h e P r e s i d e n t ' s a d v i s e r . ' H e r e
a n d t h e r e w e r e t o b e h e a r d g r u m b l e s a t t h i s s t r a n g e d e p a r t u r e
i n A m e r i c a n p o l i t i c s ; b u t i n g e n e r a l , k n o w i n g l i t t l e o f h i s
a c t i v i t i e s a n d n o t h i n g o f h i s a d v i c e , t h e p e o p l e c a m e t o l o o k
. 7
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CHAPTER II
BACKGROUNDS
Y o u r s u c c e s s h a s b e e n w i t h o u t a p a r a l l e l i n T e x a s p o l i t i c s
G o v e r n o r - e l e c t S a y e r s t o H o u s e , M a y 1 7 ,
I
`W E o r i g i n a l l y c a m e f r o m H o l l a n d a n d t h e n a m e w a s
w h i c h f i n a l l y f e l l i n t o H o u s e . Father ran away fro
a n d w e n t t o s e a w h e n a c h i l d , a n d d i d n o t r e t u r n t o h i
u n t i l h e h a d b e c o m e a m a n o f p r o p e r t y a n d d i s t i n c t i o
c a m e t o T e x a s w h e n i t b e l o n g e d t o M e x i c o . H e j o i n
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THE CIVIL WAR 9
q u i t e d i s t i n c t l y w h e n L i n c o l n w a s a s s a s s i n a t e d . , Father came
h o m e t o l u n c h e o n , a n d I r e c a l l w h e r e M o t h e r w a s s t a n d i n g
w h e n h e t o l d h e r t h a t t h e P r e s i d e n t h a d b e e n s h o t . I r e m e m -
b e r , t o o , t h a t h e s a i d t h a t i t w a s t h e w o r s t t h i n g t h a t h a d s o
f a r h a p p e n e d t o t h e S o u t h . H e s a w f a r t h e r t h a n m o s t m e n ,
a n d h e k n e w f r o m t h e b e g i n n i n g o f t h e w a r t h a t i t m u s t e n d
d i s a s t r o u s l y f o r t h e S o u t h . He knew the Northern States
p o s s e s s e d t h e r e s o u r c e s w h i c h a r e p o t e n t i a l i n w a r , a n d t h a t
t h e S o u t h e r n S t a t e s , l a c k i n g t h e m , w o u l d l o s e . T h e b l o c k a d e
w h i c h t h e F e d e r a l G o v e r n m e n t w a s a b l e t o t h r o w a r o u n d t h e
S o u t h e r n c o a s t , w h i l e n o t a b s o l u t e , w a s r i g i d e n o u g h t o
m a k e i t d i f f i c u l t t o b r e a k t h r o u g h a n d o b t a i n f r o m t h e o u t -
s i d e w h a t w a s n e e d e d w i t h i n .
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1 0 INTIMATE PAPERS OF COLONEL HOUS
r e t u r n v o y a g e b r o u g h t t h e m c l o t h i n g , a r m s , a n d m u n i
o f w a r o f a l l k i n d s .
` T h e t e r r i b l e d a y s b e t w e e n L e e ' s s u r r e n d e r a n d t h e
i n g o f s o m e s o r t o f o r d e r o u t o f t h e c h a o s i n t h e S o u t h
l a s t i n g i m p r e s s i o n o n m y m i n d . I c a n n o t r e c a l l j u s t n
l o n g t h e i n t e r i m w a s , b u t i t m u s t h a v e b e e n a f u l l y e
m o r e .
` T h e r e w a s o n e r e g i m e n t o f T e x a s s o l d i e r s t h a t c
H o u s t o n a n d d i s b a n d e d t h e r e . T h e y l o o t e d t h e t o w n .
a t t e m p t e d t o b r e a k i n t o F a t h e r ' s s t o r e h o u s e , b u t h e s t
t h e d o o r s w i t h a s h o t g u n . . . . M u r d e r w a s r i f e e v e r y
t h e r e w a s n o l a w , t h e r e w a s n o o r d e r . I t w a s u n s a f e t o
n i g h t t o y o u r n e x t - d o o r n e i g h b o r ' s . W h e n F a t h e r h a d t
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RECKLESSNESS AND DISORDER 1 1
f r e q u e n t l y p i c t u r e d a s a m a n d o m i n a t e d b y t h e s p i r i t o f
c a u t i o n . N o t h i n g c o u l d b e f u r t h e r f r o m t h e t r u t h . He b e-
l i e v e d a l w a y s i n c a r e f u l p r e p a r a t i o n a n d f o r e s i g h t w h e n e v e r
p o s s i b l e ; a s a n E n g l i s h s t a t e s m a n o n c e s a i d , ` H o u s e a l w a y s
s e e s t h r e e m o n t h s a h e a d . ' B u t h e b e l i e v e d m o r e f e r v e n t l y
y e t t h a t n o t h i n g w o r t h w h i l e c o u l d b e a c c o m p l i s h e d w i t h -
o u t a d a r i n g t h a t m i g h t w i s e l y b e a l l o w e d t o a p p r o a c h r e c k -
l e s s n e s s . Like Cavour, whom he admired, he knew h ow to
w a i t f o r t h e s u p r e m e m o m e n t a n d t h e n r i s k e v e r y t h i n g .
` E v e n t h e c h i l d r e n o f t h e t o w n [ h e w r o t e ] c a u g h t t h e s p i r i t
o f r e c k l e s s n e s s a n d d i s o r d e r , a n d t h e r e w e r e c o n s t a n t f e u d s
a n d b r o i l s a m o n g s t u s . My brother James, s i x y e a r s o l d e r
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1 2 I N T I M A T E P A P E R S O F C OL O N E L HOUS
T h e y o u n g H o u s e w a s t a k e n t o E n g l a n d a s a b o y a n d
t o s c h o o l a t B a t h . H i s e x p e r i e n c e s w i t h h i s s c h o o l m a
n o m e a n s p r e s a g e d t h e c o r d i a l r e l a t i o n s w h i c h h e w a s l a
e s t a b l i s h w i t h B r i t i s h d i p l o m a t s
` J a m e s a t t e m p t e d t h e s a m e s o r t o f r o u g h p l a y w e h a
a c c u s t o m e d t o i n T e x a s , a n d w e w e r e c o n s t a n t l y i n b
w i t h t h e y o u n g E n g l i s h l a d s , w h o w e r e n o t f a m i l i a r w i t
l a w l e s s n e s s . M y o l d d a r k e y n u r s e u s e d t o t e l l m e t h a
h a d n o t b e e n t h e s e v e n t h s o n o f a s e v e n t h s o n , I w o u l d
h a v e s u r v i v e d . '
A t t h e a g e o f f o u r t e e n , a f t e r t h e d e a t h o f h i s m o t h
w a s s e n t t o s c h o o l f i r s t i n V i r g i n i a a n d t h e n i n C o n n e
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A T S C HOOL I N N E W H A VE N 1 3
b e y o n d b e l i e f . . . . T h e o n l y t h i n g t h a t r e c o n c i l e d m e t o m y
l o t w a s t h e n e a r - b y m o u n t a i n s , w h e r e I c o u l d s h o o t a n d
e n j o y o u t - o f - d o o r l i f e . '
C l e a r l y a c h a n g e , e v e n t o a Y a n k e e a t m o s p h e r e , w a s a n
i m p r o v e m e n t ; a n d H o u s e h a i l e d w i t h r e l i e f , i f n o t e n t h u s i -
a s m , t h e p l a n w h i c h a t t h e a g e o f s e v e n t e e n s e n t h i m t o N e w
H a v e n , Co n n e c t i c u t .
` I h a d e x p e c t e d t o b e a b l e t o e n t e r Y a l e , b u t I f o u n d m y -
s e l f w h o l l y u n p r e p a r e d a n d r e l u c t a n t l y e n t e r e d t h e H o p k i n s
G r a m m a r S c h o o l o f t h e C l a s s o f ' 7 7 . . . . W h a t I h a d b e e n
t a u g h t w a s o f b u t l i t t l e u s e , a n d I w o u l d h a v e b e e n b e t t e r o f f
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1 4 I N T I M A T E P A P E R S OF C O L O N E L HOUS
I w o u l d g o t o N e w Y o r k a n d h a n g a b o u t D e m o c r a t i
q u a r t e r s w h i c h , I r e m e m b e r , w e r e a t t h e E v e r e t t H
U n i o n S q u a r e . I u s e d t o s e e M r . T i l d e n g o i n a n d
w o n d e r e d t h e n h o w s o f r a i l a l o o k i n g m a n c o u l d
c a m p a i g n f o r P r e s i d e n t .
' B a ya r d , B l a i n e , a n d o t h e r s I h e a r d s p e a k w h e n e
o p p o r t u n i t y o c c u r r e d , a n d I b e l i e v e t h a t I w a s a s
e n g r o s s e d i n p o l i t i c s a s I h a v e e v e r b e e n s i n c e .
` B e f o r e t h e n o m i n a t i o n s w e r e m a d e , I w a s , o f c o u r s
i n g t o s e e y o u n g M o r t o n ' s f a t h e r n o m i n a t e d f o r P r e
a n d i t w a s a b i t t e r d i s a p p o i n t m e n t t o u s b o t h w h e n t
g r a p h o p e r a t o r h a n d e d u s o u t t h e f i r s t s l i p g i v i n g n
t h e R e p u b l i c a n s h a d c o m p r o m i s e d u p o n R u t h e r
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S TUDYI N G POL I T I C A L OP E R A T I ON S 1 5
h a p s , f r o m a n a t u r a l i n a b i l i t y t o r e m a i n o n a n y t h i n g b u t
g o o d t e r m s w i t h t h o s e w h o m h e m e t , w h e t h e r i n c o n f l i c t o r
c o o p e r a t i o n ; i t r e s u l t e d i n g i v i n g h i m a n i n s i g h t i n t o t h e
m o t i v e s t h a t a c t u a t e d h i s o p p o n e n t s w h i c h w a s o f n o s m a l l
p o l i t i c a l v a l u e .
T h e e l e c t i o n o f 1 8 7 6 , w e m a y r e m i n d o u r s e l v e s , w a s d i s -
p u t e d a n d w a s u l t i m a t e l y s e t t l e d b y a n E l e c t o r a l C o m m i s -
s i o n w h i c h , d e s p i t e t h e p r o t e s t s o f D e m o c r a t s a t t h e m o m e n t
a n d h e e d l e s s o f t h e c r i t i c i s m o f l a t e r h i s t o r i a n s , a w a r d e d t h e
P r e s i d e n c y t o H a y e s . S u c h a c o n f l i c t f o r m e d a n i n c o m p a r -
a b l e o p p o r t u n i t y f o r t h e y o u n g H o u s e t o s t u d y p o l i t i c a l
o p e r a t i o n s , a n d o n e w h i c h h e d i d n o t f a i l t o u t i l i z e , r e g a r d -
l e s s o f t h e f a c t t h a t s c h o o l w a s i n s e s s i o n .
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1 6 INTIMATE PAPERS OF COLONEL HOUS
m i n u t e a n d t h e n , b y a f e w d a y s o f v i g o r o u s e f f o r t , p
e x a m i n a t i o n s b y a s c r a t c h , n o t h i n g m o r e . I c a n n o t
b e r g e t t i n g a c o n d i t i o n , n o r c a n I r e m e m b e r g e t t i n
m o r e t h a n a p a s s i n g m a r k .
`My Washington experience perhap s changed my
c a r e e r . F o r t u n a t e l y o r u n f o r t u n a t e l y f o r m e , I s a w t
o r t h r e e m e n i n t h e S e n a t e a n d t w o o r t h r e e i n t h e H o
t h e P r e s i d e n t h i m s e l f , r a n t h e G o v e r n m e n t . T h e o t h e
m e r e l y f i g u r e h e a d s . I saw Senators and Represent
s p e a k t o e m p t y b e n c h e s a n d f o r t h e p u r p o s e o f g e t t i n
r e m a r k s i n t h e C o n g r e s s i o n a l R e c o r d s e n t t o t h e i r a
c o n s t i t u e n t s . I s a w , t o o , h o w f e w p u b l i c m e n c o u l d
s p e a k w e l l . I c a n c o u n t o n t h e f i n g e r s o f o n e h a n d
s p e a k e r s t h a t I t h o u g h t w o r t h w h i l e . In some the
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UNORTHODOX POLITICAL AMBITIONS 17
u n o r t h o d o x , w a s , a s h e a d m i t s , v e r y r e a l , a n d , e v e n t h o u g h
h e d o e s n o t a d m i t i t , w e s h a l l s e e t h a t h e d i d m u c h t o s a t i s f y
i t . H e l o n g e d t o p l a y a n i n f l u e n t i a l i f n o t a d e c i s i v e r o l e i n
p o l i t i c s , a n d f r o m t h e b e g i n n i n g s e e m s t o h a v e b e e n i n s p i r e d
b y t h e d e s i r e t o i m p r o v e p o l i t i c a l c o n d i t i o n s . T h r o u g h a l l h i s
c o r r e s p o n d e n c e a n d p a p e r s r u n s t h i s i d e a l i s t i c s t r a i n • o make . , /
o f g o v e r n m e n t a m o r e e f f i c i e n t i n s t r u m e n t f o r e f f e c t i n g t h e
d e s i r e s o f t h e p e o p e ;on s p i r e i n t h e p e o p l e a m o r e s e n s i b l e
v i e w o f t h e i r w e l f a r e ; t o t a k e a f e w f e a t h e r s o u t o f t h e w i n g s
o f e n t h u s i a s m a n d i n s e r t t h e m i n t h e t a i l o f j u d g m e n t ; a b o v e
a l l , t o h a s t e n t h e a d v e n t o f a s y s t e m w h i c h w o u l d p r o t e c t t h e
w e a k , w h e t h e r i n t h e p o l i t i c a l o r e c o n o m i c s p h e r e , f r o m e x -
p l o i t a t i o n b y t h e s t r o n g . E v e n a s a b o y t h e r e w a s i n h i m
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1 8 INTIMATE PAPERS OF COLONEL HOUS
m e n I h a v e e v e r k n o w n . . . . I o w e m o r e t o m y f a t h e r t
a n y p e r s o n , l i v i n g o r d e a d . H e n o t o n l y m a d e i t p o s s i
m e t o p u r s u e t h e b e n t o f m y i n c l i n a t i o n s b y l e a v i n
f o r t u n e s u f f i c i e n t f o r a l l m o d e r a t e w a n t s , b u t h e g a v e
i n s i g h t i n t o t h e p h i l o s o p h y o f l i f e t h a t h a s b e e n o f i
l a b l e v a l u e . . . . W h i l e h e d e v o t e d h i s l i f e l a r g e l y t o c
i n v a r i o u s f o r m s a n d w h i l e h e a c q u i r e d w h a t s e e m e d t
a l a r g e f o r t u n e , h e t a u g h t m e n o t t o p l a c e a f i c t i t i o u s v
w e a l t h . I t w a s w i t h h i m m e r e l y a m e a n s t o a n e n d .
T h e y e a r a f t e r l e a v i n g c o l l e g e , H o u s e m a r r i e d M i s s
H u n t e r , o f H u n t e r , T e x a s , a n d a f t e r t r a v e l l i n g i n E u r o
a t w e l v e m o n t h , r e t u r n e d t o m a k e h i s h o m e f i r s t i n
a n d t h e n i n A u s t i n , T e x a s . C o t t o n - f a r m i n g a n d c o m
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BUILDING A RAILROAD HONESTLY 1 9
S a m m o n s , t h a n w h o m t h e r e i s n o b e t t e r a c c o u n t a n t , l o o k e d
a f t e r t h e a c c o u n t s ; a n d W i l l i a m M a l o n e , t h e m a n a g e r o f m y
f a r m s , s a w t o i t t h a t w e g o t s u c h m a t e r i a l a s w a s p a i d f o r . I
p u t b u t l i t t l e m o n e y i n t h e p r o j e c t , f o r I h a d b u t l i t t le ; t h e r e -
f o r e I m a d e b u t a s m a l l s u m f r o m i t , s u c c e s s f u l a s i t w a s -s o m e t h i r t y t h o u s a n d d o l l a r s . A l a r g e r s h a r e o f t h e p r o f i t s
h a d b e e n a l l o t t e d m e b y t h e s y n d i c a t e m a n a g e r s w h o h a d p u t
u p t h e m o n e y n e c e s s a r y t o b u i l d t h e r o a d , b u t I d i v i d e d i t
w i t h t h o s e f r i e n d s i n T e x a s , p o o r e r t h a n I , w h o a i d e d i n t h e
a c t u a l w o r k o f b u i l d i n g t h e r o a d .
' I t w a s a p l e a s u r e , t h o u g h , t o u n d e r t a k e t o b u i ld a r a i l r o a d
h o n e s t l y , w i t h o u t a d o l l a r ' s p r o f i t t o a n y o n e e x c e p t i n g t o
t h o s e w h o p l a c e d t h e i r m o n e y i n t h e v e n t u r e . The money
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2 0 INTIMATE PAPERS OF COLONEL HOUS
i n d i v i d u a l , a c c o r d i n g a s h i s h a n d w a s q u i c k a n d h i s e
a n d w h e r e o r d e r w a s a v a r i a b l e q u a n t i t y . H o u s e s p e
m i r i n g l y o f ` t h o s e c i t i z e n s o f T e x a s w h o d i e d w i t h t h e i
o n-a d e a t h w h i c h e v e r y c i t i z e n o f T e x a s o f t h o s
c o v e t e d . '
W e m u s t p i c t u r e h i m , a c c o r d i n g l y , a s a m a n w h o s p
e a r l y y e a r s n o t m e r e l y i n E a s t e r n c o l l e g e s a n d s c h o
c o t t o n - f a r m i n g , a n d p o l i t i c s , b u t a s t h e c o m p a n i
f r i e n d o f t h e o l d e r g e n e r a t i o n -` t h a t i n t r e p i d b a n d , '
t h e m , ` t h a t m a d e T e x a s w h a t s h e i s t o - d a y . I m a k
s a n c e t o t h e m ! N o t h i n g d a u n t e d t h e m . T h e y t o r e
c i p a l i t y f r o m a s o v e r e i g n s t a t e a n d m o u l d e d a t r
w i l d e r n e s s i n t o a g r e a t c o m m o n w e a l t h . T h e s e m e n w
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CAPTAIN BILL McDONALD 2 1
t a s k , i n w h i c h h e s a i d h e w o u l d h a v e l i k e d t o h a v e d o n e i t ,
f o r i t w o u l d h a v e b e e n a " l a b o r o f l o v e . "
` I w a s a m u s e d a t P a i n e w h e n C a p t a i n B i l l a r r i v e d i n N e w
York . P a i n e a n d I w e r e w a i t i n g f o r h i m a t t h e N e w A m s t e r -
d a m H o t e l , a t F o u r t h A v e n u e a n d T w e n t y - F i r s t S t r e e t , w h i c h
w a s c o n v e n i e n t t o t h e P l a y e r s ' C l u b w h e r e P a i n e i n t e n d e d t o
s t a y w h i l e w r i t i n g t h e m e m o i r s . I t w a s a c o l d , w e t n i g h t , a n d
B i l l c a m e i n w i t h h i s " s l i c k e r " a n d b i g . S t e t s o n h a t . We
w e n t u p s t a i r s w i t h h i m . H e t o o k o f f h i s c o a t , p u l l e d f r o m
o n e s i d e h i s . 4 5 a n d f r o m t h e o t h e r h i s a u t o m a t i c . He did
t h i s j u s t a s a n o r d i n a r y m a n t a k e s o u t h i s k e y s a n d k n i f e . I
e x p l a i n e d t o P a i n e t h a t B i l l h a d t o c a r r y h i s a r t i l l e r y i n t h i s
w a y i n o r d e r t o b e t h o r o u g h l y b a l l a s t e d - that he would
h a v e d i f f i c u l t y i n w a l k i n g w i t h o u t i t .
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2 2 INTIMATE PAPERS OF COLONEL HOU
c a n ' t a m a n g o t o d i n n e r i n N e w Y o r k w i t h o u t a c o
P a i n e d i d n o t p r e s s t h e m a t t e r f u r t h e r a n d C a p t a i n B i
t o t h e C l u b j u s t a s h e w a s , m u c h t o t h e a m u s e m e n t o f
b o d y t h e r e .
' I n m y e a r l y b o y h o o d I k n e w m a n y o f t h e B i l l M c
t y p e , a l t h o u g h h e w a s p e r h a p s t h e f l o w e r o f t h e m a l l .
p e r s o n a l l y m a n y o f t h e f a m o u s d e s p e r a d o e s , m e n
k i l l e d s o m a n y t h a t t h e y h a d a l m o s t c e a s e d t o c o u n
v i c t i m s . . . .
` T h e r e w e r e t w o t y p e s o f s o - c a l l e d " k i l l e r s " -o
m u r d e r e d s i m p l y f o r t h e p u r e l o v e o f i t , a n d o t h e
k i l l e d b e c a u s e i t w a s i n t h e i r w a y o f d u t y . Bill M
b e l o n g e d t o t h i s l a t t e r c l a s s . S o a l s o d i d B l u e - e y e d
McKinney of t he Rangers, whom I knew in my ra
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TEXAS DUELS 2 3
t e n p a c e s , w h e e l e d , f i r e d , a n d a d v a n c e d u p o n o n e a n o t h e r .
T h e y f e l l d e a d a l m o s t i n e a c h o t h e r ' s a r m s , b o t h h a v i n g
s e v e r a l m o r t a l w o u n d s . T h e y w e r e g o o d f r i e n d s a q u a r t e r o f
a n h o u r b e f o r e t h e d u e l .
`Another inc id ent I remember. Jim Thompson fa ncied
t h a t s o m e m a n , w h o s e n a m e I h a v e f o r g o t t e n , w a s m a k i n g
f u n o f h i m . He demanded that t he man get his shotg un .
T h e m a n h e s i t a t e d a n d m a d e a f a i n t a p o l o g y , w h i c h T h o m p -
son would not a ccept . The man then got hi s shotg un,
s t e p p e d o u t o f t h e h o u s e , b o t h f i r e d , a n d T h o m p s o n k i l l e d
h i m i n s t a n t l y . T h o m p s o n w a s m i s s e d b y a f e w i n c h e s . They
w e r e s o c l o s e t o g e t h e r w h e n t h e y f i r e d t h a t t h e b u c k s h o t
w e n t a l m o s t l i k e a r i f l e b a l l , h a v i n g n o t i m e t o s c a t t e r .
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2 4 INTIMATE PAPERS OF COLONEL HOUS
mining camp . I h a d g o n e t o C o l o r a d o a t t h e r e q u
W h i t n e y N e w t o n , a c o l l e g e f r i e n d w h o w a s i n B r e c k e
a t t h a t t i m e b u y i n g g o l d d u s t a n d s e n d i n g i t t o t h e
M i n t b y s p e c i a l m e s s e n g e r s , t h e e x p r e s s c o m p a n i e s r e
t o c a r r y i t b e c a u s e o f t h e d a n g e r o f r o b b e r y .
` I n g o i n g t o B r e c k e n r i d g e i n t h o s e d a y s , o n e l e f t t h
l i n e o f t h e r a i l w a y a t t h e l i t t l e s t a t i o n o f C o m o , w h i c h
t i m e h a d b u t o n e h o u s e . A s o - c a l l e d s t a g e c a r r i e d o
t h e r e t o t h e m i n i n g c a m p . T h e r e i s n o n e e d t o d e s c r
f o r i t w a s l i k e a l l o t h e r c a m p s o f t h a t s o r t -o u g h m
r o u g h e r w o m e n , g a m b l i n g , d r i n k i n g , a n d k i l l i n g . I w
s a l o o n , t a l k i n g t o a m a n w h o m I h a d k n o w n i n T e x a
t h e i n c i d e n t I s p e a k o f o c c u r r e d . A b i g , b r a w n y i n d
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SOCIAL CONTACTS 2 5
c o u l d n e v e r b e r e m e d i e d , f o r a s e c o n d o p p o r t u n i t y w a s n e v e r
g i v e n . '
I n l a t e r y e a r s H o u s e e x p r e s s e d i n t e n s e a m u s e m e n t a t t h e
o a t h s a n d o b j u r g a t i o n s o f P a r i s i a n t a x i - d r i v e r s , w h i c h h o w -
e v e r v i o l e n t n e v e r s e e m e d t o r e s u l t i n p h y s i c a l e n c o u n t e r .
` I n T e x a s , ' h e s a i d , ` i t w a s t h e r e v e r s e . No words were
wasted . F r e q u e n t l y t h e f i r s t s y m p t o m o f m i l d d i s a p p r o v a l
w o u l d b e a b l o w o r r e v o l v e r - s h o t . P e o p l e p r a i s e u s S o u t h -
e r n e r s f o r o u r c o u r t e o u s d e m e a n o r ; w e l e a r n e d i t i n a s c h o o l
o f n e c e s s i t y . '
I I I
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2 6 INTIMATE PAPERS OF COLONEL HOU
s o n D a v i s a m o n g t h e r e s t . ` F a t h e r c o u n t e d a m
f r i e n d s , ' w r o t e H o u s e , ` t h e r i c h a n d t h e p o o r , t h
a n d t h e g r e a t . '
T h e y o u n g e r H o u s e f o l l o w e d i n h i s f o o t s t e p s . A f t
i n g t o A u s t i n , h e b u i l t a l a r g e h o u s e w h i c h b e c a m e t
o f t h e s o c i a l a n d p o l i t i c a l l i f e o f t h e r e g i o n .
` T h e l a r g e v e r a n d a t o th e s o u t h [ w r o t e H o u s e ]
s c e n e , p e r h a p s , o f m o r e p o l i t i c a l c o n f e r e n c e s t h a n a n y
p l a c e i n T e x a s . I t w a s t h e r e t h a t t h e c l a n s c o n g r e
h a d l o n g m a d e i t a r u l e n o t t o v i s i t , a n d i t w a s u n
t h a t i f a n y o n e d e s i r e d t o s e e m e , i t m u s t b e a t m y
d i d t h i s n o t o n l y t o c o n s e r v e m y s t r e n g t h , b u t b e
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OMNIVOROUS READING 2 7
p r i v a t e l i b r a r y w h i c h h e d e v e l o p e d a n d e n l a r g e d w i t h o u t
c e s s a t i o n . I t i s a n i l l u m i n a t i n g i n s t a n c e o f t h e m a n ' s r e a l
t a s t e s t h a t w h e n , a f t e r t h e P a r i s P e a c e C o n f e r e n c e , h e h a d
a b o o k - p l a t e m a d e , h e o m i t t e d i n i t s c o m p o s i t i o n a l l r e f e r -
e n c e s t o h i s d i p l o m a t i c o r p o l i t i c a l c a r e e r ; h e c h o s e a s s a l i e n t
f e a t u r e s a b o v e t h e h o r s e , d o g , a n d c a m p - f i r e , t h e g u n a n d
p o w d e r - f l a s k , r e m i n d e r s o f h i s e a r l y l i f e-a n o p e n h e a r t h a n d
b o o k s . T h e b o o k s w h i c h h e r e a d w e r e o f a l l s o r t s , p o e t r y a n d
e s s a y s , b u t c h i e f l y b i o g r a p h y , h i s t o r y , a n d p o l i t i c a l s c i e n c e .
T h e m a i n s t r e n g t h o f C o l o n e l H o u s e i n h i s l a t e r p o l i t i c a l
c a r e e r w a s , o f c o u r s e , h i s u n d e r s t a n d i n g o f h u m a n n a t u r e , h i s
a b i l i t y t o e n t e r i n t o f r i e n d l y r e l a t i o n s w i t h a l l t y p e s ; b u t i t
w o u l d b e a m i s t a k e t o o v e r l o o k t h e s t r e n g t h h e d e r i v e d f r o m
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2 8 INTIMATE PAPERS OF COLONEL HOU
s t r u g g l e w a s s h a r p . Governor Hogg, whose coura
f o r c e h a d m a d e h i m a d o m i n a t i n g i n f l u e n c e i n t h e S t a
t h e c e n t r e o f t h e s t o r m ; a n d b e c a u s e o f h i s a d v a n c e d
m a n y o f w h i c h f o u n d i n c o r p o r a t i o n i n s w e e p i n g l e g i
r e f o r m s , h e h a d a r o u s e d a g a i n s t h i m s e l f a p o w e r f u
w h i c h p r o t e s t e d a g a i n s t h i s n o m i n a t i o n f o r a s e c o n
T h e f i g h t o f f e r e d t o t h e y o u n g H o u s e t h e o p p o r t u n
w h i c h h e h a d b e e n w a i t i n g . ` H o u s e w a s n o t n o m i n a l
a g e r o f t h e H o g g c a m p a i g n , ' w r i t e s T . W . G r e g o r
A t t o r n e y - G e n e r a l , w h o w a s t h e n a c t i v e i n T e x a s p o
` b u t w a s c h i e f l y r e s p o n s i b l e f o r t h e o r g a n i z a t i o n , a n
H o g g o w e d a l a r g e s h a r e o f h i s v i c t o r y . ' 1 F o r t e
H o u s e h a d w a t c h e d t h e m e c h a n i c s o f S t a t e p o l i t i c s , p
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AS A CAMPAIGN-MANAGER 2 9
t h e w o u n d s l a s t e d m a n y y e a r s . I t w a s t h e f i r s t f i r m s t a n d t h e
p e o p l e o f a n y A m e r i c a n S t a t e h a d t a k e n a g a i n s t t h e p r i v i -
l e g e d c l a s s e s , a n d i t a t t r a c t e d a t t e n t i o n t h r o u g h o u t t h e
Union .
` I f e l t t h a t G o v e r n o r H o g g ' s c o n f i d e n c e i n m e w a s a g r e a t
c o m p l i m e n t , b e c a u s e o f m y y o u t h a n d , a s f a r a s a n y o n e
k n e w , b e c a u s e o f my l a c k o f p o l i t i c a l e x p e r i e n c e .
' S o i n p o l i t i c s I b e g a n a t t h e t o p r a t h e r t h a n a t t h e b o t -
tom, and I have been doing since that day pretty much
what I am doing now ; t h a t i s , a d v i s i n g a n d h e l p i n g w h e r -
e v e r I m i g h t . '
W i t h t h e s u c c e s s o f t h e H o g g c a m p a i g n , t h e p o l i t i c a l p o s i -
I
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3 0 INTIMATE PAPERS OF COLONEL HOU
p o s e d b y h i s p r e d e c e s s o r . I t w a s a c u r i o u s m a n i f e s t
e l e c t o r a l s k i l l , p o l i t i c a l j u d g m e n t , o r g o o d l u c k , a c c o
t h e r e a d e r m a y c h o o s e . Thus in 18 94 Governor H
H o u s e d i s a g r e e d u p o n h i s s u c c e s s o r . The Govern
p o r t e d t h e v e t e r a n S e n a t o r R e a g a n , w h o h a d s e r v e d i n
s o n D a v i s ' s C a b i n e t ; H o u s e w a s b e h i n d t h e S t a t e ' s A
G e n e r a l , C h a r l e s A . C u l b e r s o n . B o t h w e r e l i b e r a l s
w a y s i n T e x a s , t h e r e a l s t r u g g l e w a s a t t h e D e m o c r a t
v e n t i o n , w h e r e i n a d d i t i o n t o R e a g a n a n d C u l b e r
o t h e r c a n d i d a t e s a p p e a r e d-n e o f t h e m a s l e a d e r
r e a c t i o n a r y f o r c e s i n t h e p a r t y w h i c h h a d b e e n s u p p r e
Hog g . H o u s e p o i n t e d o u t t h e d a n ge r o f d i v i s i o n i n t h e
c a m p . A l l t h e r e f o r m l e g i s l a t i o n o f t h e p a s t f o u r y e
t h r e a t e n e d , a n d i t c o u l d b e s a v e d o n l y i f o n e o f
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THE CULB ERSON CAMPAIGN 3 1
w a l k e d o v e r t o t h e c l u b t o c o n g r a t u l a t e h i m . I t w a s c h a r -
a c t e r i s ti c o f h i s f o r e s i g h t t h at h e h a d b y h i m t h e e x p e r t
a c c o u n t a n t , M a j o r E d w a r d S a m m o n s , w h o c o u l d a d d f r a c -
t i o n s i n h i s h e a d , s o t h a t i n t h e c o n v e n t i o n ( w h e r e f r a c t i o n a l
v o t e s o f d e l e g a t i o n s a r e c o m m o n ) h e k n e w t h e r e s u l t s o m e
m i n u t e s b e f o r e t h e c l e r k s t h e m s e l v e s . ` T h e t r u t h i s , a s I
t o l d y o u ,' w r o t e C u l b e r s o n t o H o u s e , A u g u s t 1 7 , 1 8 9 4 , ` I
c o u l d n o t h a v e w o n e x c e p t t h r o u g h y o u r s p l e n d i d m a n a g e -
m e n t .9
' T h i s i s t h e o n l y t i m e i n m y p o l i t i c a l c a r e e r [ w r o t e H o u s e ]
t h a t I o p e n l y a s s u m e d t h e c h a i rm a n s h i p o f a c a m p a i g n . I t
h a s b e e n m y h a b i t t o p u t s o m e o n e e l s e n o m i n a l l y a t t h e
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3 2 INTIMATE PAPERS OF COLONEL HOU
o n t h e g r o u n d t h a t t h e A t t o r n e y - G e n e r a l s h i p w a s b
a s t e p p i n g - s t o n e t o t h e G o v e r n o r s h i p. ` I d i d n o t b e
w a s a g o o d p r e c e d e n t t o f o l l o w , ' h e w r o t e , ` b e c a u s e i
c a u s e a n A t t o r n e y - G e n e r a l t o b e c o m e s o m e t h i n g o f
g o g u e , p e r h a p s u n c o n s c i o u s l y b u t n e v e r t h e l e s s s u r e
a g r e e d , t h e r e f o r e , t o d i r e c t t h e p o l i t i c a l f o r t u n e s o f
C o n g r e s s m a n w h o d u r i n g t h e e n t i r e c a m p a i g n r e m a i
W a s h i n g t o n , M a j o r J o s e p h S a y e r s .
' C u l b e r s o n u r g e d m e n o t t o d o t h i s [ w r o t e H o u s e ] ,
i n g t h a t d e f e a t w a s c e r t a i n . . . . I d i d no t he e d hi s ad
l o o k e d a s i f i t w o u l d b e n e c e s s a r y t o d o w h a t w a s d o n
C u l b e r s o n - R e a g a n f i g h t f o u r y e a r s b e f o r e , a n d t h a t
b r e a k d o w n t h e o r g a n i z a t i o n w h i c h h a d b e e n b u i l t u p
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THE SAYERS CAMPAIGN 3 3
a n d w e h a d p r a c t i c a l l y r e a c h e d t h e e n d o f o u r s t r e n g t h ,
C r a n e i n a f i t o f d e p r e s s i o n w i t h d r e w f r o m t h e r a c e .
` T h e D a l l a s News c a l l e d m e o v e r t h e t e l e p h o n e a t t w e l v e
o ' c l o c k a t n i g h t a n d s a i d t h a t C r a n e h a d s e n t i n h i s w r i t t e n
w i t h d r a w a l . T h e y a s k e d m e i f I h a d a n y s t a t e m e n t t o m a k e .
I r e p l i e d I w o u l d m a k e o n e i n t h e m o r n i n g . I l a y a w a k e f o r
n e a r l y a n h o u r , e n j o y i n g t h e v i c t o r y , a n d t h e n w e n t b a c k t o
s l e e p . I n t h e m o r n i n g b e f o r e I a r o s e I r e a c h e d f o r o n e o f m y
p o c k e t s , s e c u r e d a n o l d e n v e l o p e , a n d w r o t e i n p e n c i l o u r
o p i n i o n o f C r a n e ' s w i t h d r a w a l . I t o o k o c c a s i o n t o c o m p l i -
m e n t C r a n e u p o n h i s g r e a t p a t r i o t i s m i n b o w i n g t o t h e w i l l
o f t h e p e o p l e , a n d I d e c l a r e d t h a t i t w a s c e r t a i n t h a t M r .
J e s t e r a n d C o l o n e l W y n n e w o u l d n o t b e l a c k i n g i n a s h i g h
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3 4 INTIMATE PAPERS OF COLONEL HOU
y o u r s u c c e s s h a s b e e n w i t h o u t a p a r a l l e l i n T e x a s p
. . . I h a v e f e l t t h a t i t w o u l d b e w i s e i n m e t o l e a v e t h
m a t t e r t o y o u r s e l f . '
T h e s i t u a t i o n w a s n o t l e s s p i q u a n t i n t h a t C u l b e r
o p p o s e d H o u s e ' s c a n d i d a t e f o r G o v e r n o r , w a s h i m s e
n i n g f o r t h e U n i t e d S t a t e s S e n a t e a n d a s k e d H o u s e t
h i s c a m p a i g n . T h e l a t t e r a c c e d e d , a n d t h e e l e c t i o n
b e r s o n p r o v e d t o b e t h e b e g i n n i n g o f a s e n a t o r i a l c a r
l a s t e d a q u a r t e r o f a c e n t u r y .
v
H o u s e ' s p o l i t i c a l a c t i v i t i e s i n T e x a s w e r e b y n o m
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GOVERNOR HOGG 35
f o r t h e r e w o u l d b e t a k e n u p b y t h e c o u n t r y a t l a r g e ; a n d i n + ~
t h i s I w a s g r a t i f i e d . The great measures which Go v ernor
H o g g a d v o c a t e d , l i k e t h e R a i l r o a d C o m m i s s i o n , t h e S t o c k
a n d B o n d l a w , w e r e l a r g e l y w r i t t e n i n t o n a t i o n a l l a w l a t e r .
T e x a s w a s t h e p i o n e e r o f s u c c e s s f u l p r o g r e s s i v e l e g i s l a t i o n , '~
a n V i t w a s a l l s t a r t e d d u r i n g H o g g ' s a d m i n i s t r a t i o n s . . . . I
s e e i t s t a t e d f r o m t i m e t o t i m e t h a t C a l i f o r n i a , W i s c o n s i n ,
a n d o t h e r S t a t e s w e r e t h e f i r s t t o i m p r e s s t h e p r o g r e s s i v e
mo vement upo n t he n a tio n . T h i s i s t r u e ; Texas w a s t h e
f i r s t i n t h e f i e l d , a n d t h e o t h e r s f o l l o w e d .
` E v e n i n m u n i c i p a l r e f o r m , T e x a s l e d t h e w a y . G a l v e s t o n
i n i t i a t e d t h e c o m m i s s i o n f o r m o f g o v e r n m e n t , a n d n e a r l y
a l l t h e o t h e r T e x a s c i t i e s o f i m p o r t a n c e f o l l o w e d . I t w a s
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3 6 INTIMATE PAPERS OF COLONEL HOUS
T e x a s d a y s h e h a d b e e n d o i n g e x a c t l y t h e s a m e s o r t o f
f o r t h e G o v e r n o r s .
` D u r i n g C u l b e r s o n ' s t e r m s a s G o v e r n o r [ h e r e c o r
d e v o t e d m y s e l f a s c o n s t a n t l y t o h i s a d m i n i s t r a t i o n o f
a f f a i r s a s I h a v e s i n c e t o W o o d r o w W i l s o n ' s a s P r e s i
w e n t t o h i s o f f i c e a t t h e C a p i t o l n e a r l y e v e r y d a y , a n
t i m e s c o n t i n u e d m y w o r k t h e r e u n t i l n i g h t f a l l . '
H o u s e ' s f i l e s a r e f i l l e d w i t h l e t t e r s l i k e t h e f o l
` K n owing t h a t y o u h a v e a g r e a t d e a l m o r e i n f l u e n c e w
G o v e r n o r - e l e c t t h a n a n y o n e e l s e , a n d a s I a s k n o t h
m y s e l f , I v e n t u r e t o w r i t e y o u i n b e h a l f o f a f r i e n d o
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A COLONEL ON GOVERNOR HOGG'S STAFF 37
t h a n a n y t o m e . . . . T h e r e i s n o t h i n g i n t h e w a y o f h a p p i n e s s
a n d p r o s p e r i t y a n d h o n o r g o o d e n o u g h f o r y o u i n m y v i e w ,
y e t I h o p e f o r y o u a l l t h a t i s a t t a i n a b l e . '
A f t e r C u l b e r s o n e n t e r e d t h e S e n a t e , t h e f r i e n d s h i p e v i -
d e n t l y p e r s i s t e d , f o r h e w r i t e s t o H o u s e : ` I w i s h I c o u l d se e
y o u t o - d a y a n d h a v e a l o n g t a l k . I f e e l t h a t w a y o f t e n t h e s e
days . . T a k e a p e n c i l a n d w r i t e m e c o n f i d e n t i a l l y h o w I
s t a n d w i t h t h e D e m o c r a t s i n t h e S t a t e n o w . Give me the
t h i n g s t r a i g h t , n o m a t t e r h o w t h e c h i p s m a y f a l l .' And when
a c e r t a i n b i l l c a m e u p i n t h e S e n a t e : ` W h a t d o y o u t h i n k o f
i t ? W r i t e m e f u l l y a n d a t y o u r e a r l i e s t c o n v e n i e n c e , b e c a u s e
I w a n t t o s t u d y i t . '
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FRIENDSHIP WITH MR. BRYAN 3 9
` T h e n o m i n a t i o n o f B r y a n i n 1 8 9 6 a n d t h e f r e e s i l v e r i s s u e
m a d e m e f e e l t h e u n w i s d o m o f e n t e r i n g n a t i o n a l p a r t y p o l i -
t i c s u n d e r s u c h c o n d i t i o n s . I t h e r e f o r e b i d e d m y t i m e . '
H e p r o v e d t h a t h e k n e w h o w t o w a i t . T h r e e n a t i o n a l c a m -
p a i g n s f o l l o w e d i n w h i c h t h e D e m o c r a t i c P a r t y w a s d o m i -
nated by Mr . B r y a n o r b y E a s t e r n c o n s e r v a t i v e s , a n d H o u s e
s t o o d a l o o f . I n e a c h c a m p a i g n o v e r t u r e s w e r e m a d e w i t h t h e
p u r p o s e o f g i v i n g h i m a r e s p o n s i b l e s h a r e i n i t s m a n a g e m e n t ,
b u t o n e a c h o c c a s i o n h e e v a d e d t h e m . T h e Dem oc r ats m u s t
e m b r a c e t h e l i b e r a l cmd ,h e i n s i s t e d , b u t i t m u s t b e c l e a n s e d
o f t h e B r y a n f i n a n c i a l h e r e s i e s . N o n e t h e l e s s , H o u s e c a m e
more and more in t o t o uch with t he n a tio n al Democra tic
l e a d e r s a n d w i t h B r y a n h i m s e l f , a n d e s t a b l i s h e d a c l o s e
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4 0 IN T I M A T E PAPERS OF C O LO NEL H O U
I n 1 9 0 0 B r y a n w e n t d o w n t o d ef e a t f o r t h e s e co
I n 1 9 0 4 t h e q u a r r e l s o f t h e E a s t e r n a n d W e s t e r n D e
w o u l d h a v e e n s u r e d d i s a s t e r e v e n i n t h e f a c e o f a
c a n d i d a t e t h a n R o o s e v e l t . ` I r e t u r n e d t o T e x a s ,
H o u s e , ` d i s c o u r a g e d o v e r t h e p r o s p e c t s o f t h e D e
P a r t y e v e r b e i n g a b l e t o r e h a b i l i t a t e i t s e l f . ' I n 1 9 0 8
t h i r d B r y a n c a n d i d a c y a n d d e f e a t .
B u t a l r e a d y t h e D e m o c r a t i c s u n w a s a b o u t t o r i
d i f f i c u l t i e s i n t h e R e p u b l i c a n P a r t y , w h i c h t h r e a t e n e
R o o s e v e l t , b e c a m e m o r e o b v i o u s i n t h e s u c c e e d i n g
t r a t i o n . T h e y w e r e i n t e n s i f i e d a f t e r R o o s e v e l t ' s r e t
t r a v e l a b r o a d b y h i s o w n o u t b u r s t o f d i s c o n t e n t a t t
i c i e s a d o p t e d b y M r . T a f t , w h o s e s e l e c t i o n a s P r e s
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GAYNOR A PRESIDENTIAL POSSIBILITY 4 1
`I used my good friend, James Creelman, to b ring us
t o g e t h e r . C r e e l m a n w a s n e a r e r t o G a y n o r t h a n a n y o t h e r
m a n . H e a r r a n g e d a d i n n e r a t t h e L o t u s C l u b , a t w h i c h o n l y
t h e t h r e e o f u s w e r e p r e s e n t , a n d i t w a s a d e l i g h t f u l a f f a i r .
T h e f o o d a n d t h e w i n e w e r e o f t h e b e s t , f o r C r e e l m a n w a s a
c o n n o i s s e u r i n t h i s l i n e . T h e d i n n e r l a s t e d u n t i l a f t e r t w e l v e
o ' c l o c k . I h a d b e e n t o l d t h a t G a y n o r w a s b r u s q u e e v e n t o
r u d e n e s s , b u t I d i d n o t f i n d h i m s o i n t h e s l i g h t e s t . He knew
p e r f e c t l y w e l l w h a t t h e d i n n e r w a s f o r , a n d h e s e e m e d t o t r y
t o p u t h i s b e s t s i d e t o t h e f r o n t . . . . H e s h o w e d a k n o w l e d g e
o f p u b l i c a f f a i r s a l t o g e t h e r b e y o n d m y e x p e c t a t i o n s a n d
g r e a t e r , i n d e e d , t h a n t h a t o f a n y p u b l i c m a n t h a t I a t t h a t
t i m e k n e w p e r s o n a l l y w h o w a s a p o s s i b i l i t y .
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4 2 IN T I M A T E PAPERS OF C OLO NEL H OU
e x a m p l e o f t h e e r r a t i c a n d w h i m s i c a l n a t u r e o f t
w h i c h d i d s o m u c h t o v i t i a t e h i s u n d e n i a b l y s t a t e
q u a l i t i e s . C o l o n e l H o u s e f e l t c e r t a i n , i n a n y c a s
G a y n o r ' s b l i n d n e s s t o t h e o p p o r t u n i t y h e h a d c r e a t e d
c a t e d a l a c k o f p o l i t i c a l s a g a c i t y .
` I w i p e d G a y n o r f r o m m y p o l i t i c a l s l a t e [ h e w r o t e ]
s a w h e w a s i m p o s s i b l e . I w a s c o n f i r m e d i n t h i s r e
w h e n D i x w a s n o m i n a t e d f o r G o v e r n o r o f N e w Y o r k ,
w a n t e d G a y n o r t o a c c e p t . S o m e o f t h e M a y o r '
f r i e n d s t h o u g h t t h a t i t w o u l d b e a m i s t a k e t o a c
n o m i n a t i o n , t h a t t o b e M a y o r o f N e w Y o r k m e a n t
h o n o r a n d m o r e p o w e r t h a n t o b e G o v e r n o r o f t h e
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T U R N I N G T O W O O D R O W W I L SO N 4 3
s t a r t e d w i t h n o p o l i t i c a l e n e m i e s , w h i l e h i s t r o u b l e d c , " g c r _ a t
P r i n c e t o ns e e m e d t o l a b e l h i m a s a n o p p o n e n o f
a r i s t o c r a t i c
p r i v i l e g e . H e s t u d i e d h i s s p e e c h e s , w i-
t c i T e b e l i e v e d - s h o u l d
b e c l a s s e d w i t h t h e f i n e s t p o l i t i c a l r h e t o r i c e x t a n t . T h e r e
w a s o b v i o u s l y i n h i m t h e c a p a c i t y f o r m o r a l l e a d e r s h i p .
L a t e i n t h e y e a r , H o u s e r e t u r n e d t o T e x a s c o n v i n c e d t h a t h e
h a d f o u n d h i s m a n , a l t h o u g h a s y e t h e h a d n e v e r m e t h i m .
` I d e c i d e d t o d o w h a t I c o u l d , ' h e w r i t e s , ` t o f u r t h e r G o v -
e rn or W i l s o n ' s f o rt un e s . I s p o k e t o a l l m y p o l i t i c a l f r i e n d s
a n d f o l l o w i n g , a n d l i n e d t h e m u o T h i s
w a s i n t h e w i n t e r o f 1 9 1 0 - 1 9 1 1 . '
T h e r e a f t e r w e f i n O u s e m a k i n g a r r a n g e m e n t s t o b r i n g
t h e G o v e r n o r t o T e x a s , i n c l e a r i n g u p d o u b t s o f h i s p a r t y
r e g u l a r i t y , i n s e c u r i n g t h e a i d o f C u l b e r s o n a n d s t r i v i n g f o r
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C H A P T E R I I I
BE G I N N I N G S O F A FR I E N D S H I P
I t l o o k s t o m e a s i f t h e y d e p e n d e d t o o m u c h u p o n s p e e c h - m
n o i s y d e m o n s t r a t i o n s , a n d n o t e n o u g h u p o n o r g a n i z a t i o n .
H o u s e t o W i l s o n , A u g u s t 2
WC
OODRO w WILSON a n d C o l o n e l H o u s e f i r s t m e t o
b e r 2 4 , 1 9 1 1 , a y e a r b e f o r e t h e p r e s i d e n t i a l e l e c t
ready House had decided definitely that circum
m a d e o f W i l s o n t h e m o s t a v a i l a b l e c a n d i d a t e , o n e w h
a r o u s e t h e e n t h u s i a s m o f t h e v o t e r s i n t h e e l e c t o r
p a i g n , a n d o n e w h o , i f e l e c t e d , p o s s e s s e d t h e c o u r a g e
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FIRST IMPRESSIONS OF WILSON 4 5
d e n t l y e x p e r i e n c e d a n i n s t i n c t i v e p e r s o n a l l i k i n g f o r t h e
o t h e r w h i c h r i p e n e d i m m e d i a t e l y i n t o g e n u i n e f r i e n d s h i p .
T h e f i r s t i m p r e s s i o n s o f W i l s o n c a n o n l y b e d e d u c e d f r o m t h e
a l m o s t a f f e c t i o n a t e t o n e o f t h e l e t t e r s t h a t h e w r o t e t o H o u s e
a f t e r t h e i n t e r v i e w . T h o s e o f t h e C o l o n e l h a v e b e e n p r e -
s e r v e d i n m o r e d e f i n i t e f o r m .
`He came alo ne t o t he Go t h am q uite promptly a t fo ur
[ r e c o r d e d H o u s e ] , a n d w e t a l k e d f o r a n h o u r . H e h a d a n e n -
g a g e m e n t t o m e e t P h e l a n , a f t e r w a r d S e n a t o r f r o m C a l i f o r -
n i a , a t f i v e o ' c l o c k , a n d e x p r e s s e d m u c h r e g r e t t h a t h e c o u l d
n o t c o n t i n u e o u r c o n v e r s a t i o n . W e a r r a n g e d , h o w e v e r , t o
m e e t a g a i n w i t h i n a f e w d a y s , w h e n a t m y i n v i t a t i o n h e c a m e
t o d i n e w i t h m e .
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4 6 IN T I M A T E PAPERS OF C OLO NEL H OU
C o l o n e l H o u s e t o D r . S . E . M e z e s 1
NEw Y O R K , November 2
DEAR SIDNEY :
I h a d a d e l i g h t f u l v i s i t f r o m W o o d r o w W i l s o n y
a f t e r n o o n , a n d h e i s t o d i n e w i t h m e a l o n e n e x t
d a y . . . .
I a m g l a d t h a t h e h a s a r r i v e d , a n d w e h a d a p
b u l l y t i m e . H e c a m e a l o n e , s o t h a t w e h a d a n o p p
t o t r y o n e a n o t h e r o u t .
L7
H e i s n o t t h e b i g g e s t m a n I h a v e e v e r m e t , b u t h
o f t h e p l e a s a n t e s t a n d I w o u l d r a t h e r p l a y w i t h h i m
p r o s p e c t i v e c a n d i d a t e I h a v e s e e n .
F r o m w h a t I h a d h e a r d , I w a s a f r a i d t h a t h e h a d
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WILSON'S TAR IFF SPEECH ES 4 7
e m p h a s i z e d t h e i m p o r t a n c e o f t h e r e a l s t r o n g h o l d o f p r i v i - W , V
l e g e a n d t h e m e a n s b y w h i c h i t m i g h t b e a t t a c k e d. I f W i l s o n a s
w e r e t o p o s e ~ a s t h e c h a m p i o n o f t h e ` c o m m o n m ' he must4 c k
n o t o v e r o T~k t h e t a r i f f .-` I n r e a d i n g t h e s p e e c h e s h e w a s m a k i n g i n 1 9 1 1 [ r e c o r d e d
C o l o n e l H o u s e ] , I n o t i c e d h e w a s n o t s t r e s s i n g t h e t a r i f f . I <
c a l l e d h i s a t t e n t i o n t o t h i s a n d t h o u g h t t i t w a s a m i s t a k e .
U n d e r w o o d a n d C h a m p l a r k w e r e m a k i n g t h i s a f e a t u r e .
I w a s s u r e W i l s o n c o u l d d o i t b e t t e r t h a n t h e y , a n d , s i n c e i t
w a s b e c o m i n g a p r o m i n e n t i s s u e o f t h e c a m p a i g n , I a d v i s e d
s t r i k i n g a s t r o n g n o t e o n t h e s u b j e c t i n o r d e r a t o n c e t o c a l l
a t t e n t i on t o h i m s e l f a s a f i t c h a m p i o n o f t h e D e m o c r a t i c
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4 8 I N T I M A T E P A P E R S O F C O L O N E L H O U
Dr . D . F . H o u s t o n t o D r . S . E . M e z e s
W A S H I N G T O N U N I V
ST . L o u i s , D e c em b e r
MY DEAR MEZES
. . . I h a v e j u s t r e t u r n e d f r o m N e w Y o r k , w h e r e
g r e a t d e a l o f M r . H o u s e a n d s o m e t h i n g o f s o m e o t h e r
I w i l l t e l l y o u a l l a b o u t i t , i n c l u d i n g t h e W i l s o n p a r
W i l s o n i s t h e s t r a i g h t e s t t h i n k i n g m a n i n p u b l i c l i f e ,
s a y w h a t h e t h i n k s b e t t e r t h a n a n y o t h e r m a n . He
b e a g r e a t e x e c u t i v e o f f i c e r , b u t n e i t h e r w a s L i n c o l n
a m f o r h i m . W i l s o n i s c l e a n , c o u r a g e o u s , a n d d i s i n t
I t w i l l b e a l i b e r a l e d u c a t i o n t o t h e c o m m u n i t y t o h a
s o n d o t h e t a l k i n g , s u c h o f i t a s h e o u g h t t o d o a n d w
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NURSING BRYAN 4 9
o f t h e n o m i n a t i n g c o n v e n t i o n , H o u s e w o r k e d c e a s e l e s s l y t o
s e c u r e i t . The intimacy with Mr . Bryan which he had
d e v e l o p e d i n T e x a s n o w p r o v e d o f i n e s t i m a b l e v a l u e , f o r h e
k n e w e x a c t l y w h i c h o f W i l s o n ' s q u a l i t i e s w o u l d a t t r a c t
Bryan and therefore des erved emphasis ; h e l a i d e s p e c i a l
w e i g h t u p o n t h e f a c t t h a t t h e r e a c t i o n a r y f o r c e s i n t h e
D e m o c r a t i c P a r t y w e r e f i g h t i n g b o t h B r y a n a n d W i l s o n .
` B e f o r e I l e f t f o r T e x a s , i n D e c e m b e r , 1 9 1 1 [ w r o t e H o u s e ] ,
i t w a s u n d e r s t o o d t h a t I s h o u l d n u r s e B r y a n a n d b r i n g h i m
a r o u n d t o o u r w a y o f t h i n k i n g , i f p o s s i b l e . B e f o r e M r . B r y a n
l e f t N e w Y o r k f o r J a m a i c a , h e a s k e d m e t o k e e p h i m i n -
f o r m e d c o n c e r n i n g p o l i t i c a l c o n d i t i o n s a n d t o s e n d h i m s u c h
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50 INTIMATE PAPERS OF COLONEL HOUS
t h o u g h t o f t h e S u p r e m e C o u r t r u l i n g a b o u t w h i c h w e
w h e n y o u w e r e h e r e , h e r e p l i e d i n a l m o s t t h e e x a c t
you us ed to me . A s f a r a s I c a n s e e , y o u r p o s i t i o
i d e n t i c a l .
H e i s a l s o o p o s e d t o t h e A l d r i c h p l a n , b u t I t h i
a r e both wrong t h e r e . Y o u w i l l h a v e t o c o n v e r t m e t h
t i m e I s e e y o u .
I a m i n c l i n e d t o t h i n k t h a t A l d r i c h i s t r y i n g t o g i
country a more r e a s o n a b l e and s t a b l e system . I t s e
m e a l o n g w a y i n advance o f t h e m o n e y t r u s t whi
d o m i n a t e s t h e c r e d i t o f M e- n a t i o n .There is some evidence that Mr . Underwood a
f r i e n d s i n t e n d t o m a k e a d i r e c t i s s u e w i t h y o u f o r c o n t
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COLONEL HARVEY ON WILSON 5 1
I do n o t k n o w w h a t e f f e c t m y t a l k h a d , b u t a s y e t h e
has made no f ormal announcement .
I l e a r n e d , t o o , t h a t h e w a s f a v o r a b l e t o U n d e r w o o d o r
Champ Clark and was against Governor Wilso n .
I t o o k l u n c h w i t h C o l o n e l H a r v e y y e s t e r d a y . I t i s t h e
f i r s t t i m e I h a v e m e t h i m . I w a n t e d t o d e t e r m i n e w h a t h i s
r e a l a t t i t u d e w a s t o w a r d s G o v e r n o r W i l s o n , b u t I t h i n k I
l e f t a s m u c h i n t h e d a r k a s e v e r .
H e t o l d m e t h a t e v e r y b o d y s o u t h o f C a n a l S t r e e t w a s i n a
f r e n z y a g a i n s t G o v e r n o r W i l s o n a n d s a i d t h e y w e r e b r i n g i n g
a l l s o r t s o f p r e s s u r e u p o n h i m t o o p p o s e h i m . H e s a i d h e t o l d
t h e m h e h a d a n o p e n m i n d , a n d t h a t i f t h e y c o u l d c o n v i n c e
h i m h e w a s a d a n g e r o u s m a n h e w o u l d d o s o .
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5 2 INTI MA TE PAPERS OF COLONEL HOUS
T h e r e w a s i n t h e f o r e g o i n g l e t t e r a c l e v e r n e s s w h i c h
e s c a p e t h e t o o c a s u a l r e a d e r . I n t h e f o r m o f s i m p l e
t i v e C o l o n e l H o u s e u n d e r l i n e d t h e a c t i v i t i e s o f H e a r
w a s a n a t h e m a t o B r y a n , a n d e m p h a s i z e d H e a r s t ' s p
e n c e f o r C l a r k o v e r W i l s o n ; h e t h e n i n d i c a t e d t h e i n
W a l l S t r e e t e x h i b i t e d i n t h e d e f e a t o f W i l s o n ; a n d
c l u d e d b y a n a s s u m p t i o n t h a t B r y a n w o u l d n a t u r a l l y
h i m s e l f w i t h t h e f o r c e s t h a t s t i m u l a t e d t h e e n m i t y o f
a n d W a l l S t r e e t . M r . B r y a n e v i d e n t l y w a v e r e d . H
o p p o s e d H a r m o n f r o m t h e f i r s t , a s a r a n k r e a c t i o n a r y ,
r e f u s e d t o c o n s i d e r U n d e r w o o d . I f C l a r k w e r e t o h a
s u p p o r t o f t h e N e w Y o r k g r o u p , B r y a n m i g h t b e d r
W i l s o n .
BRY A N AND W ILSON
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5 3
M r . A d r i a n J o l i n e , s o m e f i v e y e a r s p r e v i o u s . I n t h e l e t t e r
a p p e a r e d t h i s u n f o r t u n a t e s e n t e n c e : ` W o u l d t h a t w e c o u l d
d o s o m e t h i n g a t o n c e d i g n i f i e d a n d e f f e c t i v e t o k n o c k
Mr . B r y a n o n c e f o r a l l i n t o a c o c k e d h a t . ' I t w o u l d h a v e
b e e n o n l y h u m a n n a t u r e i f t h e C o m m o n e r h a d t h e n a n d
t h e r e f o r s w o r n M r . W i l s o n a n d a l l h i s w o r k s . I n s t e a d , h e
d i d n o t p e r m i t h i m s e l f t o s h o w a n y p i q u e a n d a t t h e d i n n e r
m a n i f e s t e d t h e u t m o s t c o r d i a l i t y t o t h e G o v e r n o r , w h o h i m -
s e l f i n a s p e e c h o f r a r e d i s c r e t i o n e m p h a s i z e d t h e a d m i r a t i o n
t h a t a l l g oo d D e m o c ra t s f e l t t o wa r d s M r . B r y an .
I t i s p o s s i b l e t h a t h i s f r i e n d l i n e s s t o w a r d s W i l s o n w a s
e n h a n c e d b y t h e c o n t r o v e r s y b e t w e e n t h e G o v e r n o r a n d
C o l o n e l G e o r g e H a r v e y , w h i c h r e c e i v e d m u c h p u b l i c i t y a s
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by McCombs on the one side and Watterson on the
I t w a s a m o m e n t w h e n t h e c o n c i l i a t o r y i n f l u e n c e o f
t h e n a b s e n t i n T e x a s , w o u l d h a v e p r o v e d v a l u a b l e .
C o l o n e l H o u s e t o M r . E . S . M a r t i n
AUSTI N, TEXAS, J a n u a r y 1 8
DEAR MARTI N:
What a mess we have made with the H a r p e r ' s W
Harvey-W ilso n matter . I f e e l i t i s l a r g e l y m y f a u l t ,
I h a d n o t h o u g h t o f i t t a k i n g a n y s u c h d i r e c t i o n . I
r a t h e r b e d e f e a t e d f o r t h e P r e s i d e n c y t h a n e v e n b e
t h e s u s p i c i o n o f i n g r a t i t u d e , a n d , a c c o r d i n g t o C
W a t t e r s o n , G o v e r n o r W i l s o n w a s a l m o s t b r u t a l . I h o
BRYAN AND WILSON 5 5
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w h e t h e r t h i s w a s n o t a t i m e w h e n a u s t e r e t r u t h f u l n e s s w a s
d e s i r a b l e e v e n f r o m a s c h o o l m a s t e r . The next day forty
t h o u s a n d T e x a n s c h o o l t e a c h e r s w e r e b e h i n d W i l s o n .
B r y a n , r e a s s u r e d b y W i l s o n ' s q u a r r e l w i t h H a r v e y , o b v i -
o u s l y f e l t k i n d l y t o w a r d h i m a f t e r h i s o w n m a g n a n i m o u s
t r e a t m e n t o f t h e ` c o c k e d h a t ' i n c i d e n t . W h i l e s t i l l w a r m
w i t h t h e s e n s e o f h a v i n g a c t e d i n a r a t h e r l a r g e w a y , h e c o n -
tinued to receive the commendatory letters of C olo nel
H o u s e t h a t a l w a y s e m p h a s i z e d , d i r e c t l y o r i n d i r e c t l y , t h e
progressiveness of Wil son and the oppo s ition of Wall
S t r e e t t o h i m .
C o l o n e l H o u s e t o M r . W . J . B r y a n
5 6 INTI MA TE PAPERS OF COLONEL HOU
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h a v e s u g g e s t e d t o h i m , f o r t h e r e c a n b e n o b e t t e r p l
t h i s t h a n b y t h e q u i e t f i r e s i d e .
I a m , m y d e a r G o v e r n o r ,
Y o u r v e r y s i n c e r e
E . M .
C o l o n e l H o u s e t o M r . W . F . McComb s
AUSTI N, TEXAS, F e b r u a r y
DE AR M R . MCCOMBS
. M r . B r y a n h a s g o n e t o T u c s o n t o s e e h i s s o n
p r o m i s e s t o s t o p o v e r a n d s e e m e a t t h e f i r s t o p p o
H e s a y s h e d i d n o t s t o p i n g o i n g t h r o u g h , o n a c
r e a c h i n g A u s t i n a t f o u r o ' c l o c k i n t h e m o r n i n g ,
.
ORGANIZING TEXAS FOR WILSON
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5 7
T e x a s d e l e g a t e s , W i l s o n c o u l d n o t h a v e b e e n n o m i n a t ed .
T h a t C o l o n e l H o u s e r e a l i z e d th i s s o l o n g b e f o r e t h e c o n v e n -
tion is an indication of the degree to which fo resight affected
his p lans .
W h e n he arri v e d in Te x a s , in Decem b e r, 1 9 1 1 , he f o u n d
that, despite the success o f Wils on's Dallas speech, sentiment
h a d n o t c r y s t a l l i z e d i n hi s f a v o r . A n e n e r g e t i c c a m p a i g n
w o u l d h a v e t o b e d e v e l o p e d i f W i l s o n d e l e g a t e s w e re t o b e
c h o s e n . ` T h a t c a m p a i g n , ' w r it e s M r . G r eg o r y , w h o p l ay e d
an important role in it, `was the greatest work o f organiza-
ti o n that I remem b e r . C o l o n e l H o u s e h a d v a r i o u s p i e c e s o f
h i s o l d p o l i t i c a l m a c h i n e r y l y i ng a r o u n d , w h i c h h e s o o n
b r o u g h t t o g e t her ; but we had against us the political forces
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o u r o r g a n i z a t i o n i n t h i s S t a t e ; b u t I a m g l a d t o t e l
i t i s n o w g e t t i n g i n s u c h s h a p e t h a t I f e e l I c a n s a y
n e e d h a v e n o f u r t h e r c o n c e r n a b o u t T e x a s .
I w i l l n o t g o i n t o d e t a i l s n o w , f u r t h e r t h a n t o l e t
t h a t i t i s i n p r o c e s s o f c o m p l e t e o r g a n i z a t i o n a n
f i n d t h e s e n t i m e n t l a r g e l y f o r G o v e r n o r W i l s o n .
S t r a n g e l y e n o u g h , t h e o p p o s i t i o n a r e d o i n g p r
n o t h i n g i n a n e f f e c t i v e w a y , e x c e p t t o b l o w i n
p a p e r s . . . .
F a i t h f u l l y y o u r s
E . M.
C o l o n e l H o u s e t o G o v e r n o r W i l s o n
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o f i t s b e i n g f i n a n c e d f r o m W a l l S t r e e t . And he express ed
t h e f e a r t h a t t h e ` d e a r o l d p a r t y ' m i g h t b e c o m e t h e t o o l o f
r e a c t i o n a r i e s .
I I I
I n A p r i l C o l o n e l H o u s e r e t u r n e d t o N e w Y o r k , s a t i s f i e d
t h a t T e x a s w a s s a f e f o r W i l s o n , b u t d i s t u r b e d b y t h e f a i l u r e
o f t h e W i l s o n f o r c e s t o m a k e t h e p r o g r e s s e l s e w h e r e t h a t h a d
b e e n e x p e c t e d . F o r t h e p o l i t i c a l s i t u a t i o n h a d c h a n g e d s i n c e
a u t u m n . T h e c o n s e r v a t i v e l e a d e r s , w h o f a v o r e d H a r m o n o r
U n d e r w o o d , a p p r e c i a t e d t h e s t r e n g t h o f l i b e r a l f e e l i n g i n t h e
p a r t y a n d r e a l i z e d t h a t W i l s o n b y a s s u m i n g t h e l e a d e r s h i p
o f t h e l i b e r a l s m i g h t r u n a w a y w i t h t h e n o m i n a t i o n . T o d e -
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a l m o s t i m m e d i a t e l y u p o n a r r i v a l i n A p r i l , a n d
s u a d e d h i m t o d e c l a r e h i s b e l i e f t h a t e i t h e r C l a r k
w o u l d b e a n a c c e p t a b l e c a n d i d a t e . I c o u l d n o t g e t
f u r t h e r t h a n t h i s , a l t h o u g h I p o i n t e d o u t t h a t a l l h
w e r e i n t h e c o m b i n a t i o n t o d e f e a t W i l s o n .
`Mrs . B r y a n h e l p e d m e i n g e t t i n g a f a v o r a b l e d e c
W o o d r o w Wi l s o n . I r e m e m b e r I b r e a k f a s t e d w i t h
a n s a t t h e H o l l a n d H o u s e , a n d e v e r y a r g u m e n t I
b e h a l f o f W i l s o n w a s s u p p l e m e n t e d b y M r s . B r y a
T h e C o m m o n e r r e f u s e d a s y e t , h o w e v e r , d e f i n i t e l
m i t h i m s e l f , a n d C o l o n e l H o u s e c o u l d n o t a v o i d t h e
that Mr . B r y a n r e g a r d e d i t a s a g o o d D e m o c r a t i c
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s t a n d f i r m , a n d h i s c o n f i d e n c e w a s j u s t i f i e d . H e t o l d t h e m t o
c o n s i d e r n o s e c o n d c h o i c e . Mr . G r e g o r y r e c o r d s t h a t s h o r t l y
befo re the convention, 'Tammany made an off er to the
T e x a s d e l e g a t i o n t h a t , i f t h e y w o u l d d r o p W i l s o n , T a m m a n y
w o u l d s u p p o r t C u l b e r s o n ; b u t t h e d e l e g a t i o n , w h i c h i n c l u d e d
C u l b e r s o n h i m s e l f , s i m p l y l a u g h e d a t t h e m . '
H o u s e a l s o r e l i e d u p o n t h e f a c t t h a t m a n y d e l e g a t e s i n -
s t r u c t e d f o r C l a r k o r U n d e r w o o d a p p r o v e d W i l s o n i n t h e i r
h e a r t s a n d w o u l d v o t e f o r h i m a s s o o n a s i t b e c a m e o b v i o u s
t h a t t h e i r c a n d i d a t e s c o u l d n o t b e c h o s e n a n d t h e y w e r e r e -
l e a s e d f r o m t h e i r p l e d g e s . H e n o w a d v i s e d W i l s o n t o p r o -
c e e d c a r e f u l l y , f o r h e f e l t t h a t B r y a n , i n f l u e n c e d b y h i s w i f e ,
w a s m o r e f a v o r a b l e , a n d h e f e a r e d t h e t a c t i c a l m i s t a k e
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BEFORE THE BALTIMORE CONVENTION 6 3
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M c C o m b s a n d s p e n d i n g l o n g h o u r s w i t h t h e l e a d e r s o f t h e
T e x a s d e l e g a t i o n , w h i c h w a s p r o m i s e d t h e r o l e o f O l d G u a r d
i n t h e a p p r o a c h i n g b a t t l e .
` O n J u n e 1 [ t h e C o l o n e l r e c o r d e d ] M c C o m b s a n d I w e n t t o
B e v e r l y , M a s s a c h u s e t t s , w h e r e w e h a d t a k e n a h o u s e f o r t h e
s u m m e r . M c C o m b s w a s s o r u n d o w n i n h e a l t h t h a t I d i d n o t .
t h i n k h e w o u l d b e a b l e t o g o t o t h e B a l t i m o r e C o n v e n t i o n o n
June 25 . Governor Wilson thought I was mistaken about
t h i s a n d t h a t h e w a s t o u g h e r t h a n h i s a p p e a r a n c e i n d i c a t e d .
I w a s s u r e , h o w e v e r , h e n e e d e d t h e r e s t ; a n d I w a s a l s o s u r e
h e n e e d e d w h a t s u g g e s t i o n s a n d c o a c h i n g I m i g h t b e a b l e t o
g i v e h i m i n r e g a r d t o h a n d l i n g c o n v e n t i o n s , b e c a u s e h e h a d
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SAILING FOR ENGLAND 6 5
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n o w t o a d v i s e a n d t o a n t i c i p a t e e v e r y c o n t i n g e n c y . I h a v e
h a d i n t e r v i e w s w i t h m a n y d e l e g a t e s , a n d s o m e o f my w a r m
p e r s o n a l f r i e n d s o n t h e T e x a s d e l e g a t i o n w i l l b e h e r e t o - m o r -
r o w i n o r d e r t o h a v e a f i n a l w o r d .
C o l o n e l B a l l , w h o i s p e r h a p s t h e m o s t f o r c e f u l m a n o n t h e
T e x a s d e l e g a t i o n a n d t h e o n e b e s t e q u i p p e d f o r f l o o r t a c t i c s ,
h a s w i r e d m e t h a t h e w i l l b e i n B a l t i m o r e t o - d a y .
I h a v e t o l d M r . M c C o m b s o f t h o s e u p o n w h o s e a d v i c e a n d
l o y a l t y h e c a n l e a n m o s t h e a v i l y , a n d n o w I f e e l t h a t I c a n d o
n o t h i n g f u r t h e r e x c e p t i n g t o s e n d m y g o o d w i s h e s .
If Mr . C l a r k ' s s t r e n g t h c r u m b l e s o n t h e s e c o n d a n d t h i r d
b a l l o t-hich I hope may be the case t h e n I b e l i e v e
t h a t y o u w i l l b e n o m i n a t e d f o r t h w i t h ; b u t i f , o n t h e o t h e r
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a n d I h a v e o u t l i n e d t o t h e m i n d e t a i l w h a t t o d o a t
more with Mr . McCombs ' approval .
I a m a f r a i d t h a t i f t h o r o u g h o r g a n i z a t i o n i s n o t
w i l l f i n d f i f t y o f o u r f r i e n d s w o r k i n g u p o n o n e d e l e g a t
p e r h a p s n o o n e a t t e n d i n g t o a n o t h e r d e l e g a t i o n o
i m p o r t a n c e .
I h a v e s u g g e s t e d t h a t t h e f o r t y m e n f r o m T e x a s
v i d e d i n t o f o u r u n i t s o f t e n , a n d e a c h g i v e n o n e o f t h e
f u l S o u t h e r n S t a t e s . The same methods should be
w i t h N e w J e r s e y , P e n n s y l v a n i a , W i s c o n s i n , a n d o t h e
d e l e g a t i o n s . I n t h i s w a y t h e w o r k b e c o m e s e f f e c t i
g o o d r e s u l t s f o l l o w .
I h a v e u r g e d t h e m t o m a k e f r i e n d s w i t h t h e d e l e g a t
WILSON'S NOMINATION 67
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B r y a n , d u r i n g t h e w i n t e r a n d s p r i n g , b o r e f r u i t . The New
Y o r k d e l e g a t i o n , d o m i n a t e d b y T a m m a n y , a t t a c k e d W i l s o n
a n d s u p p o r t e d C l a r k w i t h s u c h v i g o r t h a t B r y a n w a s f i n a l l y
c o n v i n c e d t h a t W i l s o n m u s t b e t h e r i g h t m a n . H i s i n t e r -
v e n t i o n p r o v e d d e c i s i v e , a n d o n t h e f o r t y - s i x t h b a l l o t W i l s o n
r e c e i v e d t h e n o m i n a t i o n .
Col onel House had not yet reached England when the
i s s u e w a s d e t e r m i n e d .
` I r e c e i v e d t h e n o t i f i c a t i o n o f t h e n o m i n a t i o n o f W i l s o n
b y w i r e l e s s , o n e d a y o u t f r o m L i v e r p o o l . I t w a s f r o m H . H .
C h i l d e r s a n d r e a d , " W i l s o n w i n s . " I t c a m e a t t e n o ' c l o c k a t
n i g h t . Dr. Arthur Hadley of Yale and some others were
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THE QUESTION OF DEMOCRATIC HARMONY 69
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m u c h u p o n s p e e c h - m a k i n g a n d , n o i s y d e m o n s t r a t i o n s , a n d
n o t e n o u g h u p o n o r g a n i z a t i o n .
I h a v e s u g g e s t e d t h a t t h e y g e t a c o m m i t t e e i n e v e r y p r e -
c i n c t , w h o s e b u s i n e s s i t s h a l l b e t o g e t o u t t h e D e m o c r a t i c
v o t e a n d i n f l u e n c e a s m a n y o f t h e R e p u b l i c a n v o t e s a s p o s -
s i b l e .
U p o n t h e s e c o m m i t t e e s I h a v e s u g g e s t e d p l a c i n g a T a f t
R e p u b l i c a n w h o i s s u p p o r t i n g y o u f o r o n e r e a s o n o r a n -
o t h e r , a p r o g r e s s i v e R e p u b l i c a n w h o d o e s n o t w a n t t o v o t e
f o r R o o s e v e l t a n d c a n n o t v o t e f o r T a f t , a n d t h e b e s t D e m o -
c r a t i c o r g a n i z e r t h a t c a n b e o b t a i n e d .
If this method is fo llo wed, not only in Vermont and
M a i n e , b u t i n e v e r y S t a t e i n t h e U n i o n , t h e r e w i l l b e n o t h i n g
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o f y o u a n d M r s . H o u s e s e v e r a l t i m e s w h i l e t h e f i g h t
I k n e w h o w a n x i o u s l y y o u w e r e a w a i t i n g b u l l e t i n s o
b oard .
J u s t b e t w e e n u s t h r e e , i t w a s a r e m a r k a b l e f i g h t
never so proud of Mr . Bryan-he managed so we
t h r e w t h e o p p o n e n t s i n t o c o n f u s i o n ; t h e y c o u l d n
f r o m b l u n d e r i n g a n d h e o u t g e n e r a l l e d t h e m a t e v e r
A f t e r a l l t h e i r c a r e f u l p l a n n i n g , h e w r e s t e d t h e p o w
t h e i r h a n d s . U n d e r t h e c i r c u m s t a n c e s I a m s u r e t
i n a t i o n w e n t t o t h e b e s t p l a c e a n d a m e n t i r e l y s a t i s f
t h e r e s u l t . W i l l s a i d a l l t h e t i m e h e d i d n o t t h i n k i t
t i m e , a n d w h e n w e f o u n d t h e w a y t h i n g s w e r e s e t u p
s u r e o f i t .
TROUB LE BETW EEN Mc C OMBS AND McA DOO 71
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t i o n i n t h e D e m o c r a t i c c a m p a i g n a n d t h e c o n t e n t i o n s t h a t
h a d a r i s e n a m o n g t h e c a m p a i g n l e a d e r s . ` T h e y a r e m a k i n g
t h e u s u a l c a m p a i g n o f s p e e c h e s , p u b l i c i t y , a n d n o i s y d e -
m o n s t r a t i o n s , ' h e w r o t e M r . H o u s t o n , ` a n d i f i t w e r e n o t f o r
t h e s p l i t i n t h e R e p u b l i c a n P a r t y t h e r e s u l t w o u l d b e f a t a l . '
I t w a s t r u e t h a t t h e R e p u b l i c a n s a n d P r o g r e s s i v e s f i r m l y r e -
f u s e d t o p e r m i t t h e D e m o c r a t s t o d e f e a t t h e m s e l v e s . B u t i f
t h e l a t t e r w e r e s o t o r n b y d i s c o r d a t t h e m o m e n t o f v i c t o r y
a s t o f i n d i t i m p o s s i b l e t o o r g a n i z e a h a r m o n i o u s a d m i n i s -
t r a t i o n , t h e r e w o u l d b e s m a l l p r o f i t i n v i c t o r y .
M u c h o f t h e d i f f i c u l t y r e s u l t e d f r o m t h e i l l n e s s o f M r .
M c C o m b s , w h o h a d b e e n c h o s e n C h a i r m a n o f t h e N a t i o n a l
C o m m i t t e e a n d w h o d u r i n g t h e s u m m e r f o u n d h i m s e l f u n -
. M r . M c A d o o , V i c e - C h a i r m a n ,
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TAMMANY MAKES TROUBLE 7 3
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w o r k a n d g e t a c e r t a i n a m o u n t o f n e w s p a p e r p u b l i c i t y . T h i s
l a t t e r w a s p a r t i c u l a r l y g a l l i n g t o M c C o m b s . '
A t t h i s m o m e n t ( S e p t e m b e r 2 5 , 1 9 1 2 ) , C o l o n e l H o u s e b e -
g a n t o m a k e t h o s e d e t a i l e d d a i l y m e m o r a n d a w h i c h , t a k e n
t o g e t h e r , f o r m a d i a r y t h e h i s t o r i c a l i m p o r t a n c e o f w h i c h
c a n h a r d l y b e o v e r s t a t e d . E v e r y n i g h t , w i t h r a r e e x c e p t i o n s ,
d u r i n g t h e f o l l o w i n g s e v e n y e a r s , h e d i c t a t e d h i s r e c o r d o f
t h e e v e n t s o f t h e d a y , w h i l e h i s r e c o l l e c t i o n w a s f r e s h a n d
d e f i n i t e a n d w i t h a n a s t o u n d i n g f r a n k n e s s o f e x p r e s s i o n .
F r o m t h e f i r s t o f t h e s e m e m o r a n d a i t a p p e a r s c l e a r t h a t
d u r i n g t h e s e w e e k s h i s m a i n t a s k w a s a l w a y s t h e c o m p o s i n g
o f q u a r r e l s . I t w a s a f u n c t i o n t o w h i c h h e h a d b e c o m e a c -
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b e c a u s e o f h i s f e u d w i t h M c A d o o a n d h i s p o l i t i c a
t i o n s , w a s w i l l i n g t o e n d o r s e t h e m h e a r t i l y . H o u s e
t h e b o s s e s a n d w r o t e o n S e p t e m b e r 2 8 , ` I b e l i e
w o u l d b e g o o d m a t e r i a l f o r t h e G o v e r n o r s h i p . ' . B u
t h a t a n o p e n b r e a c h w i t h T a m m a n y m u s t b e a v o i d
c o s t s .
` T h e N e w Y o r k s i t u a t i o n i s a c u t e [ w r o t e H o u s e
t e m b e r 2 5 ] , a n d i t i s n e c e s s a r y f o r s o m e d e f i n i t e p o
d e c i d e d u p o n . T h e b r e a k b e t w e e n M u r p h y a n d
H e a d q u a r t e r s i s b e c o m i n g w i d e r e a c h d a y , a n d t
p a p e r s a r e p r i n t i n g n u m e r o u s f a l s e i n t e r v i e w s w h i c
y e t w i d e r . I a m a n x i o u s t o h o l d t h e p a r t y t o g e t h e
SOLUT ION OF THE NEW YORK MU DDLE 7 5
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` G o v e r n o r W i l s o n [ H o u s e w r o t e , S e p t e m b e r 2 8 ] c a m e i n
l a s t n i g h t f r o m N e w E n g l a n d , l e a v i n g a t t w e l v e . H e a s k e d
m e t o t a k e h i m o u t i n o u r m o t o r f o r a c o n f e r e n c e . H e w a s
p a r t i c u l a r l y a n x i o u s t o d i s c u s s t h e S t a t e s i t u a t i o n b e f o r e
m a k i n g h i s s p e e c h a t M c C o m b s ' d i n n e r . M c A d o o i s u r g i n g
h i m t o c o m e o u t a c t i v e l y a g a i n s t D i x a n d M u r p h y . I u r g e d
h i m n o t t o d o t h i s . M c C o m b s i s t h e o n l y l i n k b e t w e e n t h e
b o s s e s a n d W i l s o n . T h e G o v e r n o r ' s i n c l i n a t i o n i s t o g o a f t e r
t h e m . H e f i n a l l y a g r e e d t o g i v e o u t a l e t t e r M o n d a y w i t h -
o u t m e n t i o n i n g e i t h e r b y n a m e . . . .
` O c t o b e r 2 : T h e N e w Y o r k s i t u a t i o n i s s t i l l i n a m u d d l e . . . . '
T h e s o l u t i o n f i n a l l y d i s c o v e r e d b y C o l o n e l H o u s e w a s n o t
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P r e s s re p o r t s g a v e hi m f u l l c r e d i t : ` J u s t w h a t t h e w
w h i s p e r e d i n t o t h e P r i n c e t o n e a r s n o m a n m a y k n
t h e c l u b d i d n o t f a l l o n t h e T a m m a n y h e a d . . . .
s h i p i s s a i l i n g s t r o n g a n d n o b r e a k e r s a h e a d . With
many New York was go ne . With Tammany New Yo
w i l l g i v e W i l s o n t h e l a r g e s t v o t e e v e r r e c o r d e d f o r
c r a t i c c a n d i d a t e . . . . T h e s t o r y o f D e m o c r a t i c s u
a l m o s t r e a d y t o b e t o l d . Only one thing can
W i l s o n h i m s e l f . I f h e m a k e s n o b l u n d e r ! H e a l m o s
t h e m a t t e r o f N e w Y o r k -u t E d H o u s e i s s t i l l h
L a t e r , w h e n t h e l e a d e r s h i p o f W i l s o n i n t h e p a r t y
assured, Hous e urged a vigorous ass ault up on
b u t a l e s s p r o p i t i o u s m o m e n t t h a n t h e a u t u m n o f 1 9
n o t h a v e b e e n s e l e c t e d .
McCOMBS IN A PANIC 77
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I t a l k e d t o G o v e r n o r W i l s o n , u r g i n g h i m a l s o n o t t o m a k e
a n y p r o m i s e s . H e s a y s h e h a s n o t , b u t h e d o e s n o t a l t o -
g e t h e r t r u s t M c C o m b s i n t h i s d i r e c t i o n . . . .
` O c t o b e r 2 4 : M c C o m b s i s i n a p a n i c , a n d b e l i e v e s t h e r e i s a
c h a n c e o f l o s i n g N e w Y o r k , I l l i n o i s , a n d W i s c o n s i n . . . .
` O c t o b e r 2 5 : I w e n t t o H e a d q u a r t e r s a t e l e v e n a n d m e t
McCombs as I was leaving . . . . He was co untermanding
e v e r y b o d y ' s o r d e r s , w i t h o u t r e g a r d t o a u t h o r i t y . . . . McAdoo
t e l l s m e t h a t t h e G o v e r n o r t h i n k s i t b e s t n o t t o a d d r e s s
him [McAdoo] in future, and McAdoo asked him not to
c o n s i d e r h i m i n a n y w a y . H e s a i d h e w o u l d d o t h e b e s t h e
c o u l d u n t i l t h e c a m p a i g n w a s o v e r , a n d t h e n h e w i s h e d t o b e
f o r g o t t e n . I did not tell McAdoo that the Gov ernor was
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C a m p a i g n C o m m i t t e e , i n s i s t e d t h a t M r . W i l s o n s h
c e l h i s s p e a k i n g e n g a g e m e n t s , f o r i t d i d n o t s e
s p o r t i n g f o r h i m - t o c o n t i n u e h i s v i g o r o u s c a m p a i g
a s h i s m o s t r e d o u b t a b l e a d v e r s a r y w a s l a i d l o w .
` O c t o b e r 1 8 : E v e r y t h i n g i s u p s e t t o - d a y o v e r t h e
a s s a s s i n a t i o n o f T h e o d o r e R o o s e v e l t . . . .
` I t e l e p h o n e d G o v e r n o r W i l s o n a t P r i n c e t o n w h
l e s o n w a s h e r e , u r g i n g h i m t o c a n c e l a l l e n g a g e m e n
R o o s e v e l t w a s a b l e t o g e t o u t a g a i n . W i l s o n w a s
d o u b t f u l , b u t w r o t e o u t a s t a t e m e n t , w h i c h h e r
o v e r t h e t e l e p h o n e , f o l l o w i n g m y s u g g e s t i o n s a s t o
s a y . A l l o f t h e C a m p a i g n C o m m i t t e e w e r e a g a i n
BI LL McDONALD TO PROTEC T W ILSON 7 9
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` T h e b e s t p o l i t i c s , ' H o u s e u s e d t o s a y , ` i s t o d o t h e r i g h t
t h i n g . '
T h e a t t a c k u p o n R o o s e v e l t i m m e d i a t e l y d r e w H o u s e ' s
a t t e n t i o n t o t h e d a n g e r o f a s i m i l a r a t t e m p t u p o n W i l s o n ' s
l i f e , a n d h e b e t h o u g h t h i m s e l f o f h i s o l d T e x a s f r i e n d t h e
R a n g e r , M c D o n a l d . C a p t a i n B i l l w o u l d f u r n i s h c o m p l e t e
p r o t e c t i o n a n d i d e a l c o m p a n y f o r t h e G o v e r n o r . T h e r e w a s
a l s o t h e a d v a n t a g e t h a t M c D o n a l d , a s H o u s e w e l l k n e w ,
w o u l d w a s t e n o t i m e i n d i s c u s s i o n a s t o w h e t h e r t h e t r i p
f r o m T e x a s w e r e w o r t h w h i l e o r w h a t p r e p a r a t i o n s h e o u g h t
t o m a k e .
C o l o n e l H o u s e t o C a p t a i n M c D o n a l d
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p e n e d t h a t J u d g e P a r k e r a n d N o r m a n M a c k w e r e
C o m b s ' r o o m s w h e n I b r o u g h t B i l l i n . H e h a d o n
w h i t e S t e t s o n a n d a f o u r d a y s ' g r o w t h o f b e a r d , a n d
n o t t e l l y o u h e c r e a t e d a s e n s a t i o n . . . .
M r s . W i l s o n t o l d m e o n S u n d a y t h a t s h e h a d s l e p
S a t u r d a y n i g h t t h a n a t a n y t i m e s i n c e T . R . w a s s h o
a l l s e e m p l e a s e d w i t h B i l l .
I a r r a n g e d t o k e e p h i m o u t o f t h e p a p e r s , a n d
r e f u s e d t o o p e n h i s m o u t h t o a n y o n e a b o u t a n y t
t o l d h i m w h e n h e c a m e n o t t o s a y a w o r d t o a n y b o d y ,
i s c a r r y i n g i t o u t l i t e r a l l y . I h e a r d a r e p o r t e r a s k
I w a s , a n d t h a t i s t h e o n l y t i m e I h a v e h e a r d h i m s p
t o l d t h e f e l l o w t h a t h e w a s a s t r a n g e r i n N e w Y o r k
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8 4 INTIMATE PAPERS OF COLONEL HOU
a t t h i s t i m e c e r t a i n l y , o v e r e s t i m a t e h i s o w n a b i l i t
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w a s t h r e a t e n e d , f u r t h e r m o r e , b y a f l o o d o f e n t h u s i a s
c o n t r a d i c t o r y a d v i c e . H i s t w o c h i e f c a m p a i g n l e
M c C o m b s a n d M c A d o o , w e r e a t d a g g e r s d r a w n . T
w h o e x e r c i s e d s t r o n g e s t i n f l u e n c e i n t h e p a r t y , M r .
W i l s o n r e g a r d e d a s i m p r a c t i c a l a n d n o t o r i o u s l y m
i n h i s p e r s o n a l j u d g m e n t s . O t h e r l e a d e r s , s u c h a s
w o o d a n d C h a m p C l a r k , h e h a d f o u g h t v i g o r o u s l y
p r e - n o m i n a t i o n c a m p a i g n . S t i l l o t h e r s , i n C o n g r e s
w h o m h e m u s t d e p e n d f o r t h e s u c c e s s o f h i s l e g i s l a t i
g r a m m e , w e r e e x - P o p u l i s t s , s u c h a s G o r e o f O k l a h o
m a c h i n e p o l i t i c i a n s , s u c h a s S t o n e o f M i s s o u r i ; b o t
W i l s o n h a d a t t a c k e d f r e q u e n t l y a n d f e a r l e s s l y , a n
a s s i s t a n c e i n t h i s j u n c t u r e w a s a t l e a s t q u e s t i o n a b l e
THE OFFICE-SEEKERS 8 5
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T h e f a c t o r w h i c h c o u n t e d m o s t h e a v i l y i n s t i m u l a t i n g t h e
c o n f i d e n c e o f W i l s o n w a s t h e o b v i o u s l y d i s i n t e r e s t e d a t -
t i t u d e o f C o l o n e l H o u s e . A t t h e b e g i n n i n g h e m a d e i t p l a i n
t h a t h e w o u l d a s k n o t h i n g f o r h i s f r i e n d s a n d w a n t e d n o
o f f i c e f o r h i m s e l f . H e w a s t o o m u c h t h e p h i l o s o p h e r t o b e
a t t r a c t e d b y t h e b a d g e o f p u b l i c p o s i t i o n , a n d h e w a s c o n -
v i n c e d t h a t h e c o u l d s e r v e t h e A d m i n i s t r a t i o n m o r e e f f e c -
t i v e l y o u t o f o f f i c e . ` I w o u l d n o t e x c h a n g e t h e c o n f i d e n c e
a n d f r i e n d s h i p t h a t G o v e r n o r W i l s o n s e e m s t o h a v e f o r m e , '
h e w r o t e i n N o v e m b e r , ` f o r a n y o f f i c e i n t h e l a n d . ' N o r
w o u l d h e g i v e a d v i c e o n a p p o i n t m e n t s u n t i l t h e P r e s i d e n t
d e m a n d e d i t .
8 6 INTIMATE PAPERS OF COLONEL HOU
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C o l o n e l H o u s e t o S e n a t o r C u l b e r s o n
NEw YORK, N o v e m b e r
DEAR SENATOR :
. . . I t i s G o v e r n o r W i l s o n ' s i n t e n t i o n t o l e a v e i n
f o r a f o u r w e e k s ' a b s o l u t e r e s t , a n d d u r i n g t h a t t i m e
p o s e t h e b o y s w i l l d e c i d e d e f i n i t e l y u p o n w h a t o f f i c
w i l l t a k e .
A s f a r a s I a m c o n c e r n e d , I a m n o t i n t e r e s t e d i n t
e n d o f i t . . . . I h a v e u r g e d G o v e r n o r W i l s o n t o l e a v
m a t t e r s l a r g e l y t o h i s C a b i n e t , t o t h e S e n a t o r s a n
C o n g r e s s m e n , a n d l e t t h e m b e t h e b u f f e r b e t w e e n
a n d t h e h u n g r y h o s t . I r a t h e r t h i n k h e w i l l d o t h i s i n
d e f e n c e , i n o r d e r t h a t h e m a y h a v e s o m e l e i s u r e t o c
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DISCUSSING CABINET MATERIAL 8 9
d i d n o t b e l i e v e h i m f i t t e d f o r t h e S e c r e t a r y s h i p o f S t a t e ; b u t
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i t w a s u n d e n i a b l e t h a t t h e n e w A d m i n i s t r a t i o n c o u l d c a r r y
t h r o u g h i t s r e f o r m p r o g r a m m e m o r e e f f e c t i v e l y w i t h B r y a n
i n i t . A t l e a s t t h e r e w o u l d n o t b e t h e d a n g e r t o t h e p u b l i c
s e r v i c e t h a t t h r e a t e n e d i n 1 8 9 7 , w h e n M c K i n l e y , i n o r d e r
t o p r o v i d e a v a c a n c y i n t h e S e n a t e w h i c h M a r k H a n n a
m i g h t f i l l , a p p o i n t e d S e n a t o r S h e r m a n S e c r e t a r y o f S t a t e . ,
T h e c l a i m s o f M c C o m b s a n d M c A d o o w e r e p l a c e d i n t h e
f o r e f r o n t b e c a u s e o f t h e i r c a m p a i g n l e a d e r s h i p . W i l s o n r e -
g a r d e d t h e a b i l i t i e s o f t h e l a t t e r h i g h l y , b u t h e d i s t r u s t e d t h e
f o r m e r ' s c a p a c i t y , a l t h o u g h h e h a d l o n g h a d f o r h i m a p e r -
s o n a l f o n d n e s s . M c C o m b s w a s i n i l l - h e a l t h , l a c k e d e v e n n e s s
o f t e m p e r , a n d w a s r e a d y t o m a k e a l l i a n c e w i t h t h e t y p e o f
9 0 INTIMATE PAPERS OF COLONEL HOU
t h i n k o f a c c e p t i n g t h e C o l l e c t o r s h i p . I s u g g e s t e d
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a s S e c r e t a r y o f t h e T r e a s u r y , B u r l e s o n a s P o s t m a s
e r a l . H e t h o u g h t D a n i e l s w o u l d b e b e t t e r f o r P o
G e n e r a l , b u t I t h o u g h t h e w a s n o t a g g r e s s i v e e n
t h a t t h e p o s i t i o n n e e d e d a m a n w h o w a s i n t o u c h w
g r e s s . H e a g r e e d t h a t t h i s w a s t r u e .
` W e t a l k e d a g a i n o f J a m e s C . M c R e y n o l d s a s A
G e n e r a l. W e p r a c t i c a l l y e l i m i n a t e d B r a n d e i s f o r t
t i o n . . . . H e a s k e d a g a i n a b o u t o f f e r i n g M r . B r
S e c r e t a r y s h i p o f S t a t e o r A m b a s s a d o r s h i p t o E n g l
I a d v i s e d h i m t o d o s o . H e s a i d t h a t h e w o u l d . '
I I
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POLITICAL DIFFERENCES IN THE PARTY 93
Mr. W i l s o n w r o t e f r o m B e r m u d a , t h a n k i n g H o u s e f o r h i s
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s u g g e s t i o n s . H e a d d r e s s e d h i m , a s h e h a d d o n e s i n c e t h e
s u m m e r o f 1 9 1 2 a n d c o n t i n u e d t o d o f o r f i v e y e a r s , a s ` M y
d e a r F r i e n d , ' , a n d s i g n e d h i m s e l f ` A f f e c t i o n a t e l y y o u r s . ' H e
e x p r e s s e d h i m s e l f a s a b l e t o r e s t w i t h a n e q u a b l e m i n d i f t h e
k i n d A m e r i c a n p e o p l e w o u l d n o t u n l o a d t h e i r c o r r e s p o n d e n c e
u p o n h i m , a n d e n c o u r a g e d H o u s e i n a p r o s p e c t i v e t r i p t o
Washington .
C o l o n e l H o u s e ' s v i s i t t o W a s h i n g t o n w a s p a r t l y , a s h e
e x p r e s s e d i t , ` t o f i n d t h e l a y o f t h e l a n d ' s o t h a t h e m i g h t
w i s e l y a d v i s e G o v e r n o r W i l s o n u p o n h i s r e t u r n f r o m B e r -
m u d a , a n d p a r t l y t o d i s c o v e r m e a n s t o h a r m o n i z e t h e d i s -
c o r d a n t f a c t i o n s i n t h e p a r t y . T h e d i f f e r e n c e s t h a t h a d
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THE PRESIDENTIAL TERM 9 5
H a r v e y w a s t h e r e f o r t h e p u r p o s e o f f u r t h e r i n g h i s p l a n
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f o r a s i n g l e t e r m .
Mr. T a f t f a v o r s t h i s , a n d s o d o e s Mr Brya n . Mr . T a f t
f a v o r s a s i x y e a r t e r m , a n d M r . B r y a n l e a n s t o f o u r y e a r s .
Harve y told me t hat Bob Henry wa s worki ng with Bryan
a l o n g t h i s l i n e a n d t h a t w a s g o i n g t o b e o u r f i r s t d i f f i c u l t y .
H e w a s v e r y p e s s i m i s t i c . He said that no one knew your
v i e w p o i n t c o n c e r n i n g t h e m a t t e r a n d t h a t y o u r f r i e n d s w e r e
a p a t h e t i c , a n d t h a t b e f o r e t h e y r e a l i z e d i t a m e a s u r e w o u l d
b e p a s s e d t h r o u g h b o t h b r a n c h e s o f C o n g r e s s a n d b e r e a d y
f o r s u b m i s s i o n t o t h e p e o p l e .
I t d o e s n o t r e q u i r e t h e s i g n a t u r e o f t h e P r e s i d e n t , b u t , i f
i t d i d , M r . T a f t w o u l d s i g n i t .
9 6INTIMATE PAPERS OF COLONEL HOU
H e c h e e r f u l l y s l a u g h t e r e d n e a r l y a l l t h e g e n t l e m
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w h o m I w r o t e t o y o u i n m y l a s t l e t t e r . . . .
Y o u r v e r y f a i t h f u l
E . M . H
W i t h t h e r e t u r n o f M r . W i l s o n , c o n f e r e n c e s m u l
a n d t h e f o l l o w i n g s i x w e e k s H o u s e d e v o t e d t o s i f
c l a i m s o f i m p o r t u n a t e a p p l i c a n t s a n d t o a s e a r c h f o r
b u t l e s s v o c i f e r o u s c a n d i d a t e s . A s e r i e s o f e x c e r p t s
d a i l y m e m o r a n d a w i l l i l l u s t r a t e t h e p r o c e s s . N o l e t
e x c h a n g e d w i t h M r . W i l s o n d u r i n g t h i s p e r i o d , s i n c e
w e r e i n c o n s t a n t t o u c h t h r o u g h t h e t e l e p h o n e .
` D e c e m b e r 6 , 1 9 1 2 : I h a d a l o n g c o n v e r s a t i o n
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9 8 INTIMATE PAPERS OF COLONEL HOU
a s s o o n a s h i s h e a l t h p e r m i t s . M c C o m b s s e e m s t
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" c u t u p o v e r t h e f a c t t h a t G o v e r n o r W i l s o n h a s n o
h i m a l l t h a t h e d e s i r e d a n d t h a t h e t e n d e r e d h i
b a s s a d o r s h i p i n s t e a d o f a C a b i n e t p l a c e .
` I c a l l e d u p G o v e r n o r W i l s o n t o t a l k t h i n g s o v e r
a s k e d i f I s t i l l h e l d t o m y a d v i c e a b o u t M r . B r y a
a n s w e r e d " y e s . " T h i s i s t h e t h i r d o r f o u r t h t i m
a s k e d m e t h i s . I t s h o w s h o w d i s t r u s t f u l h e i s o f h
B r y a n i n h i s C a b i n e t . . . .
`Decem ber 2 1 , 1 9 1 2 : T u m u l t y t e l e p h o n e d a b o u t
e r n o r ' s a n d B r y a n ' s i n t e r v i e w . B r y a n w a s i n f i n e h
e v e r y t h i n g w a s l o v e l y . H e a s k e d m e t o s e n d a f u r t h e
m e n w h o m I t h o u g h t i t b e s t f o r t h e G o v e r n o r t o s
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1 0 0 INTIMATE PAPERS OF COLONEL HOU
` J a n u a r y 8 , 1 9 1 3 : I t o l d h i m [ W i l s o n ] h e w a s n o w
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T e x a s o u t o f t h e C a b i n e t . H i s r e p l y w a s , " I w a n t y o
i n t h e C a b i n e t . " . . . He urged me not to give a d
a n s w e r f o r t h e p r e s e n t a n d s a i d h e v e r y m u c h w i s h e
b e a m e m b e r o f h i s o f f i c i a l f a m i l y , t h a t i t s e e m e d t o
w i t h t h e f i t n e s s o f t h i n g s .
` H e g e n e r o u s l y a s k e d m e w h a t p l a c e I w o u l d l i k
d e n t l y l e a v i n g m e t o c h o o s e . I r e g a r d t h i s a s a v e
c o m p l i m e n t , f o r t h e r e a s o n t h a t h e h a s o f f e r e d n o o n e
i n t h e C a b i n e t u p t o n o w e x c e p t i n g M r . Bryan,
a g r e e d u p o n j u s t a f t e r t h e e l e c t i o n . . . a s a p o l i t i c
s i t y . O f c o u r s e , I s h a l l n o t t a k e a n y o f f i c e , a l t h o u g h
d o m u c h t o o b l i g e h i m a n d t o b e o f s e r v i c e . M y r e a
UNCONVENTIONAL RESPONSIBILITIES 1 0 1
g u i d a n c e . ` H a d I g o n e i n t o t h e C a b i n e t , ' H o u s e o n c e s a i d ,
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` I c o u l d n o t h a v e l a s t e d e i g h t w e e k s . ' Outside of the
C a b i n e t h e l a s t e d f o r e i g h t y e a r s .
I I I
T h e s e r i o u s , a l t h o u g h r a t h e r u n c o n v e n t i o n a l , r e s p o n s i b i l i -
t i e s l a i d u p o n t h e s h o u l d e r s o f C o l o n e l H o u s e d u r i n g t h e
p r o c e s s o f d r a f t i n g C a b i n e t p o s s i b i l i t i e s , w e r e n o t l i g h t e n e d
b y t h e p o l i t i c a l i n e x p e r i e n c e o f t h e P r e s i d e n t - e l e c t a n d h i s
t e m p e r a m e n t a l i n a b i l i t y t o d e v e l o p c o n f i d e n t i a l r e l a t i o n s
w i t h t h e p a r t y l e a d e r s .
` S u c h m e n a s S p e a k e r C l a r k [ s o r a n a d e s p a t c h f r o m T r e n -
1 0 2 INTIMATE PAPERS OF COLONEL HO
H o u s e ] . H e w i s h e d t o t e l l m e m a n y t h i n g s , b u t p a r t i
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h o w v e r y c o m p e t e n t h e w a s t o b e S e c r e t a r y o f t h e T
H e s e e m e d h u r t t h a t W i l s o n h a d n o t c a l l e d h i m i n
s u l t a t i o n , o r s e n t f o r h i m , o r n o t i c e d h i m i n a n y w a y s
e l e c t i o n . H i s p o s i t i o n , h e s e e m e d t o t h i n k , e n t i t l e d
g r e a t c o n s i d e r a t i o n . I e x p l a i n e d t h a t t h e P r e s i d e n t - e
n o t c a l l e d h i s f r i e n d s i n t o c o n s u l t a t i o n , a n d t h o s e
b e e n w i t h h i m h a d m a d e t h e a p p o i n t m e n t s t h e m s e l
h a d n o t c o m e a t h i s i n v i t a t i o n . T h i s w a s i n v a r i a b l y t
a s f a r a s I k n e w , w i t h t h e e x c e p t i o n o f M r . B r y a n ,
C l a r k , M r . U n d e r w o o d , a n d s o m e m e m b e r s o f t h e S e n
Hous e . H e l e f t i n a f i n e h u m o r , a n d p r o m i s e d t o w r i t
v i e w s i f I w o u l d c o n v e y t h e m t o t h e G o v e r n o r . . . .
A TALK WITH MRS. W ILSON 1 0 3
h e b e g i v e n t h e I n t e r i o r . I t o l d P a g e t h a t I w a s f e a r f u l t h a t
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t h e G o v e r n o r w a s t h i n k i n g o f a p p o i n t i n g t o o m a n y i n d e -
p e n d e n t s a n d t h a t h e w a s n o t l o o k i n g f o r r o c k - r i b b e d D e m o -
c r a t s . '
T h e C o l o n e l s t r u c k t h e s a m e n o t e o n t h e f o l l o w i n g d a y i n
a t a l k w i t h M r s . W i l s o n , w h o s e i n f l u e n c e w i t h h e r h u s b a n d
h e e v i d e n t l y c o u n t e d u p o n .
` I t o l d h e r t h a t t h e m e n t h e G o v e r n o r h a d i n m i n d f o r h i s
C a b i n e t w e r e n e a r l y a l l i r r e g u l a r p a r t y m e n a n d t h a t m o s t o f
t h e m h a d v o t e d f o r T a f t f o u r y e a r s a g o . I c i t e ds a n
i n s t a n c e . She spoke up immedia tely and said, "But y ou
w o u l d n o t k e e p h i m o u t o f t h e C a b i n e t o n t h a t a c c o u n t ? "
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MR. BRYAN ON PRESIDENT ELIOT 1 0 5
F o r t h e f i r s t t i m e , I t h i n k , h e i s f i n d i n g o u t h o w d i f f i c u l t
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i t i s t o f o r m t h i s b o d y .
H e l i k e s t h e s u g g e s t i o n y o u m a d e t o m e f o r G e r m a n y
[ P r o f e s s o r F i n e o f P r i n c e t o n ] , b u t h a s n o o n e i n m i n d f o r
E n g l a n d . . . .
H e h a s a c c e p t e d a l l y o u r c o n c l u s i o n s s o c o r d i a l l y t h a t i t
h a s b e e n a p l e a s u r e t o m e t o d i s c u s s m a t t e r s w i t h h i m .
Y o u r v e r y f a i t h f u l
E . M . HOUSE
` J a n u a r y 3 0 , 1 9 1 3 : M r . B r y a n w a s a s p l e a s e d w i t h h i s n e w
p l a c e [ r e c o r d e d C o l o n e l H o u s e ] a s a c h i l d w i t h a n e w t o y . H e
i s r e a l l y a f i n e m a n , f u l l o f d e m o c r a t i c s i m p l i c i t y , e a r n e s t ,
1 0 6 INTIMATE PAPERS OF COLONEL HOU
seemed to me t o be a hopeful sign for future h
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I t a p p e a r s f r o m t h e t e r m s o f t h e f o l l o w i n g l e t t e r t h a
l e f t t h e s e n e g o t i a t i o n s e n t i r e l y t o H o u s e .
C o l o n e l H o u s e t o t h e P r e s i d e n t - e l e c t
ST . AUGUSTINE
F e b r u a r y 6
DEAR GOVERNOR
O u r f r i e n d h a s a s k e d m e m a n y t i m e s w h e t h e r I h
f r o m y o u i n r e s p o n s e t o h i s s u g g e s t i o n s . H e w i r e d
b e f o r e h e l e f t f o r H a v a n a , a s k i n g t h e s a m e q u e s t i o n
I f I w e r e y o u , I w o u l d s e n d h i m a l i n e i n d i c a t i n g
a p p r e c i a t e d h i s i n t e r e s t a n d h a d f o u n d h i s s u g g e s t i o
FRANKLIN K. LANE AND THE CABINET 107
n e e d s t o s e e m e f o r a f i n a l c o n f e r e n c e a b o u t t h e o f f i c i a l
f a m i l y . H e a s k s m e t o s o u n d H o u s t o n , o n t h e S e c r e t a r y s h i p
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o f A g r i c u l t u r e . O n t h a t c a s e h e i s c l e a r a n d h i s m i n d m a d e
u p , b u t h e t h i n k s i t b e s t f o r m e t o o p e n t h e m a t t e r w i t h h i m .
T h e T r e a s u r y h a s b e e n o f f e r e d a n d a c c e p t e d a s w e p l a n n e d . '
In the conferences be twee n Wilson and House whic h
f o l l o w e d , t h e l a t t e r u r g e d t h e a p p o i n t m e n t o f J . C . McRey -
n o l d s a n d F . K . L a n e , t h e f i r s t b e c a u s e o f h i s r e c o r d a s s p e c i a l
p r o s e c u t i n g a t t o r n e y i n a n t i - t r u s t s u i t s , t h e s e c o n d b e c a u s e
of his record on the Interst ate Commerce Commissi on .
W i l s o n d i d n o t k n o w M c R e y n o l d s , a n d o n F e b r u a r y 1 5 t h e
C o l o n e l r e c o r d e d t h a t t h e l a t t e r w a s i n v i t e d t o H o u s e ' s
1 0 8 INTIMATE PAPERS OF COLONEL HO
h i s e n t h u s i a s t i c a d m i r a t i o n f o r h i m a n d s a i d h e t h
w o u l d su i t t h e po s i t io n f o r w h i ch w e h a d h i m
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w o n d e r f u l l y w e l l . I a s k e d t h a t h e w r i t e a l e t t e r t o t h i
t e l l i n g h i m I w a n t e d h i m t o s h a r e t h e r e s p o n s i b i l i t y
b e c a u s e t h e P r e s i d e n t - e l e c t h a d n e v e r m e t L a n e
him only through me . '
T h e d i f f i c u l t i e s a n d c o m p l e x i t i e s o f p o l i t i c a l C a b
i n g a r e i l l u s t r a t e d b y t h e s t o r y o f t h e s u c c e e d i n g d
a f t e r t h e o t h e r , o b j e c t i o n s c r o p p e d u p w h i c h . s e e m
s t r o y t h e a v a i l a b i l i t y o f m e n W i l s o n w a n t e d . H i s c
A t t o r n e y - G e n e r a l w a s A . M i t c h e l l P a l m e r , w h o s e a c
t h e f l o o r o f t h e B a l t i m o r e C o n v e n t i o n h a d g o n e f a r
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1 1 0 INTIMATE PAPERS OF COLONEL HO
l e f t t o w n ; h e t h e r e u p o n s e n t h i m a t e l e g r a m a s k i
c a l l a s s o o n a s h e r e t u r n e d .
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C h a n c e p l a y s i t s p a r t i n h i s t o r y . Had Mr . P a g
t o w n , h e w o u l d h a v e b e e n o f f e r e d a n d w o u l d h a v e
t h e S e c r e t a r y s h i p o f t h e I n t e r i o r , a n d h e w o u l d
gone to London as Amba ssad or . B u t b e f o r e h i s r e
p a r t y l e a d e r s i n C o n g r e s s l e a r n e d o f t h e s u g g e s t i o n
j e c t e d s t r o n g l y . P a g e , t h e y p o i n t e d o u t , w a s a S o u
a n d n o S o u t h e r n e r s h o u l d b e S e c r e t a r y o f t h e I n t
c a u s e o f h i s c o n t r o l o f p e n s i o n s . I n v i e w o f t h e s e o b
W i l s o n d e c i d e d t o k e e p L a n e i n t h e I n t e r i o r a n d
a n o t h e r m a n f o r W a r . H o u s e w a s l e f t t o e x p l a i n h i s
t o P a g e t o t h e b e s t o f h i s a b i l i t y w h e n t h e l a t t e r
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1 1 2 INTIMATE PAPERS OF COLONEL H
a t f a u l t i n t h e i r p r o g n o s t i c a t i o n s . T e n d a y s b e f o r
augurati on, the New York He r al d a nn ou nc ed
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C a b i n e t S e c r e c y. ' B u t t h e l i s t w h i c h i t p u b l i s h
p r o b a b l e C a b i n e t p r o v e d t o b e f a r f r o m a c c u r a t e
t e n f i n a l a p p o i n t e e s , o n l y f o u r w e r e r e c o g n i z e d b
b y t h e H e r a l d a s p o s s i b i l i t i e s .
T h e p u b l i c a t i o n o f t h e o f f i c i a l f a m i l y a r o u s e d
prise than enthusiasm . In Republic an circle s
C a b i n e t w a s n a t u r a l l y r e g a r d e d a s i n f e r i o r , a n d b y
t r y a s a w h o l e i t w a s l o o k e d u p o n a s m e d i o c r e .
i n e v i t a b l e , s i n c e W i l s o n ' s c h o i c e w a s l i m i t e d n o t
D e m o c r a t s b u t t o r a d i c a l s w h o w o u l d a p p r o v e o f t h
r e f o r m s h e c o n t e m p l a t e d . For half a c entu ry t
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CHAPTER V
THE SILENT PARTNER
T h e s o u r c e o f h i s p o w e r w a s . . . t h e c o n f i d e n c e t h a t m e n h a d
g a c i t y a n d u n s e l f i s h n e s s .
E. S . M a r t i n , i n ' H a r p e r ' s M a g a z i n e , ' F e b r u a r
I
` MR . HOUSE i s m y s e c o n d p e r s o n a l i t y . He i s m
p e n d e n t s e l f . H i s t h o u g h t s a n d m i n e a r e o n e . I f I w
p l a c e I w o u l d d o j u s t a s h e s u g g e s t e d . . . . I f a n y o
h e i s r e f l e c t i n g m y o p i n i o n b y w h a t e v e r a c t i o n h e t a k
THE SILENT PARTNER 1 1 5
f i r e w o r k s . W h e n w e a r r i v e d w e f o u n d t h e P r e s i d e n t w a s o v e r ,
i n h i s o f f i c e . I w e n t t h e r e a n d w a s w i t h h i m f o r a f e w m i n u t e s
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i n o r d e r t o t e l l h i m t h a t I h a d i n v e s t i g a t e d J o h n H. M a r b l e
f o r I n t e r s t a t e C o m m e r c e C o m m i s s i o n e r , i n p l a c e o f F . K .
L a n e , a n d h a d f o u n d h i m s a t i s f a c t o r y . T h e P r e s i d e n t h a d
never met Marble and had made no inquiri es concerning
h i m f u r t h e r t h a n m i n e . H e s a i d h e w o u l d s e n d h i s n a m e i n
t o - m o r r o w , a l o n g w i t h t h e n a m e s o f h i s C a b i n e t . He mad e
t h e a p p o i n t m e n t i n t h i s w a y i n o r d e r t o a v o i d t h e g r e a t
p r e s s u r e w h i c h w o u l d b e m a d e u p o n h i m b y c a n d i d a t e s f o r
t h i s i m p o r t a n t o f f i c e . . . . '
` M a r c h 8 , 1 9 1 3 : T h e P r e s i d e n t a s k e d m e t o b e a t t h e
W h i t e H o u s e t h i s m o r n i n g a t n i n e .
1 1 6 INTIMATE PAPERS OF COLONEL HOU
H i s l a b o r s w e r e o f t h e m o s t v a r i e d k i n d , a n d h e s o u g h
o p p o r t u n i t y t o e a s e t h e l o a d t h a t b o r e u p o n t h e P r e s i
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b r i n g h i m i n f o r m a t i o n , t o w o r k o u t d e t a i l s o f p o l i c y
w a s , h o w e v e r , a n e s s e n t i a l p e r s o n a l b a s i s t o t h e r e l a t
s i n c e i t w o u l d h a v e b e e n i m p o s s i b l e f o r a m a n o f
t e m p e r a m e n t t o p u t f u l l p o l i t i c a l c o n f i d e n c e i n a m a n
n o t e v o k e h i s a f f e c t i o n a s a n i n d i v i d u a l .
` I h a v e a n i n t i m a t e p e r s o n a l m a t t e r t o d i s c u s s w
[ h e s a i d t o H o u s e i n t h e s u m m e r o f 1 9 1 5 ] . Y o u a r e
p e r s o n i n t h e w o r l d w i t h w h o m I c a n d i s c u s s e v e r
T h e r e a r e s o m e I c a n t e l l o n e t h i n g a n d o t h e r s a n o t h
y o u a r e t h e o n l y o n e t o w h o m I c a n m a k e a n e n t i r e c l
A PROGRESSIVE FRIENDSHIP 1 1 7
The f r i en d sh i p be t w e e n th e t w o , ho w e v e r ra p i d l y it
b l o o m e d , w a s p r o g r e s s i v e . I t i s n o t u n i n t e r e s t i n g a n d i s p e r -
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h a p s s i g n i f i c a n t t o t r a c e i t s d e v e l o p m e n t t h r o u g h t h e f o r m s
o f s a l u t a t i o n u s e d b y t h e P r e s i d e n t i n h i s l e t t e r s . T h e y m e t i n
N o v e m b e r , 1 9 1 1 , a n d u n t i l t h e f o l l o w i n g s p r i n g W i l s o n a d -
d r e s s e s h i m a s ` D e a r M r . H o u s e . ' B u t a f t e r h i s n o m i n a t i o n ,
i n A u g u s t , 1 9 1 2 , h e b e g i n s t o a d d r e s s h i m a s ` D e a r F r i e n d , '
s i g n i n g h i m s e l f ` F a i t h f u l l y y o u r s , ' o r ` S i n c e r e l y y o u r s . '
A f t e r h i s e l e c t i o n i n N o v e m b e r , 1 9 1 2 , h e s i g n s h i m s e l f ` A f f e c -
t i o n a t e l y y o u r s , ' a n d t h i s i s c o n s t a n t w i t h t h e s a l u t a t i o n o f
` D e a r F r i e n d , ' f o r t w o a n d a h a l f y e a r s . I n m o m e n t s o f g r e a t
e m o t i o n , a s a t t h e t i m e o f M r s . W i l s o n ' s d e a t h , h e a d d r e s s e s
h i m a s ` M y d e a r , d e a r F r i e n d . ' I n t h e s u m m e r o f 1 9 1 5 , a t
1 1 8 INTIMATE PAPERS OF COLONEL HO
o n e S e p t e m b e r d a y , a f t e r t h e p u b l i c a t i o n o f t h
s t o r y .
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D u r i n g t h e c o o l m o n t h s , h o w e v e r , W i l s o n a n d H
m u c h o f e a c h o t h e r , f o r t h e l a t t e r m a d e f r e q u e n t
W a s h i n g t o n , a n d o n e a c h o f t h e s e t r i p s W i l s o n d e v
h o u r s t o i n t i m a t e d i s c u s s i o n s w i t h h i s a d v i s e r . T h e
l a c k e d t h e c a p a c i t y a n d i n c l i n a t i o n f o r m e e t i n g a n
t a i n i n g v a r i e d t y p e s o f p e o p l e w h i c h , u n d e r t h e R
r e g i m e , m a d e t h e W h i t e H o u s e a m a g n e t f o r e x p l o r e
t e r a t t e u r s , p u g i l i s t s , a n d h u n t e r s -e v e r y o n e w h o
i n t e r e s t i n g s t o r y t o t e l l . W i l s o n h a d t h e c o l l e g e p r
l o v e o f a q u i e t e v e n i n g b y t h e f i r e s i d e w i t h t h e f a m i l
e a r l y b e d , v a r i e d b y a v i s i t t o t h e t h e a t r e , p r e f
THE EXECUTIVE AS A LEADER 1 1 9
e v e r f a l t e r e d i n t h e s l i g h t e s t h e w o u l d l o s e h i s l e a d e r s h i p a n d
. i n f l u e n c e . He r e a l i z e d t h i s a n d d e c l a r e d h e w o u l d m a i n t a i n
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h i s c o u r a g e t o t h e e n d .
` O c t o b e r 1 6 , 1 9 1 3 : O n e t h i n g t h e P r e s i d e n t s a i d , w h i c h i n -
t e r e s t e d m e , w a s t h a t h e a l w a y s l a c k e d a n y f e e l i n g o f e l a t i o n
w h e n a p a r t i c u l a r o b j e c t w a s a c c o m p l i s h e d . W h e n h e s i g n e d
t h e T a r i f f B i l l h e c o u l d n o t f e e l t h e j o y t h a t w a s p r o p e r l y h i s ,
f o r i t s e e m e d t o h i m t h a t t h e t h i n g w a s o v e r a n d t h a t a n o t h e r
g r e a t w o r k w a s c a l l i n g f o r h i s a t t e n t i o n , a n d h e t h o u g h t o f
t h i s r a t h e r t h a n t h e p r e s e n t v i c t o r y .
`November 12, 1913 : H e [ W i l s o n ] s a i d h e b e l i e v e d i n t h e
E x e c u t i v e b e c o m i n g t h e l e a d e r i n p u t t i n g i n t o l a w t h e d e -
s i r e s o f t h e p e o p l e . H e t h o u g h t t h e r e w a s n o d a n g e r i n t h i s
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A VISIT FROM THE PRESIDENT 1 2 3
a n d t h e a t r e w i t h t h e B e r t r o n s . H e h a d t h e B e l g i a n M i n i s t e r
a n d M a d a m e H a v e n i t h . The play was "The Only Girl,"
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w h i c h I f o u n d a m u s i n g . U p o n m y r e t u r n t o t h e a p a r t m e n t I
f o u n d a c a l l f r o m t h e W h i t e H o u s e . I n a n s w e r i n g i t , t h e y
t o l d m e t h e P r e s i d e n t w o u l d a r r i v e a t s i x o ' c l o c k t h i s m o r n -
i n g a n d w o u l d e x p e c t m e t o b r e a k f a s t a t s i x - t h i r t y . T h i s
c h a n g e d m y p l a n s a n d I h a d t o n o t i f y t h e P o l i c e C o m m i s -
s i o n e r a n d s e v e r a l o t h e r s , s o i t w a s w e l l a f t e r m i d n i g h t b e f o r e
I w e n t t o b e d , a n d I a r o s e a t h a l f - p a s t f i v e .
` T h e m a t t e r o f e n t e r t a i n i n g a P r e s i d e n t w i t h i n s u c h c o n -
f i n e d q u a r t e r s a s o u r l i t t l e a p a r t m e n t i s n o t a n e a s y u n d e r -
t a k i n g , e s p e c i a l l y s i n c e I h a v e n o c l e r i c a l f o r c e e x c e p t i n g m y
o n e s e c r e t a r y .
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1 2 6 INTIMATE PAPERS OF COLONEL HO
A n d l a t e r , r e f e r r i n g t o t h e s a m e s t a t e s m a n , W i l s o n
H o u s e , ` So m e o n e w a n t e d t o k n o w t h e o t h e r d a y i f
.
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t h i n k S o - a n d - S o t h e m o s t s e l f i s h m a n i n A m e r i c a
" I a m s o r r y , b u t I a m a l r e a d y c o m m i t t e d t o S e n a t o
S u c h r e m a r k s , f r e q u e n t l y a s a p t a s t h e y w e r e i n d
d i d n o t t e n d t o p r o m o t e c o r d i a l r e l a t i o n s b e t w e e
b r a n c h e s o f g o v e r n m e n t .
Mr . W i l s o n , h o w e v e r , e v i d e n t l y f e l t t h a t t h e c
p a s s e d u p o n h i m f o r a l o o f n e s s a n d c o l d s e l f - c o n f i d
q u i t e u n j u s t i f i e d .
` D e c e m b e r 2 2 , 1 9 1 3 [ c o n v e r s a t i o n b e t w e e n H o u s e
s o n ] : I s a i d m y l o n g e x p e r i e n c e w i t h p u b l i c o f f i c i a l s
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LIGHTENING THE PRESIDENT'S BURDENS 1 2 9
S t a t e s S t e e l C o r p o r a t i o n s u i t o u t s i d e o f t h e c o u r t s . H e d e -
c l a r e d t h a t h e c a m e o f h i s o w n i n i t i a t i v e a n d n o o n e k n e w h e
w a s d o i n g s o . H e w a n t e d t h e m a t t e r k e p t c o n f i d e n t i a l , e x -
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c e p t i n g t h e P r e s i d e n t a n d A t t o r n e y - G e n e r a l . W e d i s c u s s e d
t h e m a t t e r a t s o m e l e n g t h . I p o i n t e d o u t t h e d i f f i c u l t i e s ,
w i t h w h i c h h e c o n c u r r e d . H e s e e m e d f a i r . I p r o m i s e d t o
m e n t i o n t h e m a t t e r a n d t o s e e w h a t c o u l d b e d o n e . . . .
` M a r c h 2 4 , 1 9 1 3 : I t o l d h i m [ W i l s o n ] a b o u t M r . F r i c k ' s
c a l l a n d h i s s u g g e s t i o n i n r e g a r d t o t h e U n i t e d S t a t e s S t e e l
C o r p o r a t i o n s u i t . B e f o r e t h e P r e s i d e n t r e p l i e d , I s a i d , " Y o u
h a d b e t t e r l e t m e t e l l F r i c k t h a t y o u r e f e r r e d m e t o t h e
A t t o r n e y - G e n e r a l a n d s u g g e s t e d t h a t w h a t e v e r p r o p o s a l
c a m e t o y o u s h o u l d c o m e t h r o u g h t h e A t t o r n e y - G e n e r a l ' s
1 3 0 INTIMATE PAPERS OF COLONEL HO
Reynolds a n d I h a d d i s c u s s e d t h a t t h e d a y b e f o r e a n
i n t e n d e d t o a p p o i n t h i m . T h i s s a t i s f i e d P a l m e r a n d
b a c k t o t h e C a p i t o l .
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` J e r r y S u l l i v a n f r o m I o w a w a s w a i t i n g t o s e e t h
d e n t , a n d I t r e a t e d h i m a s I d i d P a l m e r . H e h a d j
a p pointed on the Appr a isers' Court in New York
w a s u n c e r t a i n a s t o w h e t h e r h e o u g h t t o l e a v e
w i s h e d t o k n o w h o w m u c h t i m e h e c o u l d h a v e t o d e
I a s k e d h i m n o t t o b o t h e r t h e P r e s i d e n t , b u t t o t a
w i t h m e a n d I w o u l d t h r e s h i t o u t w i t h t h e A t t o r n e y
a n d t a k e i f t o t h e P r e s i d e n t i n c o n c e n t r a t e d f o r m .
s e v e r a l o t h e r d e s i r e s , w h i c h I a d v i s e d h i m t o p u t i n
a n d t o s e n d t o m e a t h i s c o n v e n i e n c e .
E . S . MARTIN ON WILD PIGS 1 3 1
m i n i s t r a t i o n-h i c h h i s p e r s o n a l f r i e n d s , w h o f r e q u e n t l y
d i d n o t s h a r e h i s a d m i r a t i o n f o r t h e P r e s i d e n t , p a s s e d o n t o
h i m w i t h a r u g g e d d i s r e g a r d f o r h i s p e a c e o f m i n d . With
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j o u r n a l i s t s a n d e d i t o r s h e k e p t a l w a y s i n c l o s e t o u c h , a n d
t hey seemed to find in him a man to whom it was wort h
w h i l e t o s e n d c r i t i c i s m .
Mr . E . S . M a r t i n t o C o l o n e l H o u s e
M a y 1 8 , 1 9 1 5
DEAR HOUSE
. . . C a s s G i l b e r t w a s a t l u n c h . I s a i d t o h i m : ` T h e m o s t
t h a t I s h a l l d o t o - d a y w i l l b e t o s e n d c l i p p i n g s t o H o u s e .
Wh y d o p e o p l e d o s u c h t h i n g s f o r Hou s e ?' A n d t h e n w e
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THE RAILROAD SITUA TION 1 3 3
o f r a i l r o a d c r e d i t . T h e I n t e r s t a t e C o m m e r c e C o m m i s s i o n
s h o w s n o d i s p o s i t i o n t o h u r r y i t s d e c i s i o n , a s t o a n a d v a n c e i n
r a t e s ; o n t h e c o n t r a r y , t h e y h a v e a g a i n e x t e n d e d t h e t i m e f o r
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h e a r i n g s a n d a r e a s k i n g m o r e q u e s t i o n s , e t c . M e a n t i m e g r o s s
a n d n e t e a r n i n g s a r e d e c l i n i n g a n d t h e w e a k e r r o a d s l i k e t h e
E r i e , S o u t h e r n R a i l w a y , C h e s a p e a k e a n d O h i o , e t c . , c a n n o t
s e l l t h e i r b o n d s e x c e p t a t b a n k r u p t c y f i g u r e s , i f a t a l l . I c a n
o n l y r e p e a t t h a t i n m y o p i n i o n , w h i c h I d o n o t e x p r e s s p u b -
l i c l y , w e a r e f a c e t o f a c e w i t h t h e p o s s i b i l i t y n o t o fo n e b u t o f
s e v e r a l r e c e i v e r s h i p s o f t h e b i g r a i l r o a d s y s t e m s . A n d y o u
k n o w h o w h a r m f u l t h a t w o u l d b e a n d h o w s l o w t h e r e c o v e r y .
Mr . R e a ' s s t a t e m e n t o f w h i c h I e n c l o s e a c o p y i s a b s o l u t e l y
t r u e a n d s o i s t h e e n c l o s e d a r t i c l e f r o m t h e R a i l w a y G a z e t t e .
S o m e t h i n g m u s t b e d o n e a n d d o n e s o o n , i n a b i g a n d
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BISHOP BRENT ON THE PHILIPPINES 1 35
members of t h e C a b i n e t h e p a s s e d o n t h e c r i t i c i s m s a n d i n -
s i s t e d u p o n t h e n e e d o f m e e t i n g t h e f a c t o r s t h a t p r o d u c e d
t h e m .
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` N o v e m b e r 7 , 1 9 1 3 : B i s h o p B r e n t c a m e a t h a l f - p a s t f i v e t o
t e l l o f c o n d i t i o n s i n t h e P h i l i p p i n e s . He says th ey have a
v e r y w r o n g i m p r e s s i o n o f t h e A d m i n i s t r a t i o n , b e l i e v i n g t h a t
t h e D e m o c r a t i c P a r t y ' s a d v e n t t o p o w e r m e a n s i m m e d i a t e
s e l f - g o v e r n m e n t f o r t h e m . H e d o e s n o t b e l i e v e i t p o s s i b l e t o
g i v e t h e m s e l f - g o v e r n m e n t u n t i l t h e s c h o o l c h i l d r e n o f t o -
d a y b e c o m e o l d e n o u g h t o t a k e a n a c t i v e p a r t i n p u b l i c
a f f a i r s .
` I c o m p l i m e n t e d h i m u p o n t h e w o r k h e i s d o i n g , a n d s u g -
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1 3 8 INTIMATE PAPERS OF COLONEL HOU
`November 25, 1913 : T o - d a y w a s C a b i n e t d a y , a n
m a i n e d t o m e e t t h e d i f f e r e n t m e m b e r s a s t h e y c a m e
t h e r e w a s s o m e t h i n g I h a d t o s a y t o e a c h . . . .
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` D e c e m b e r 1 2 , 1 9 1 3 : H o u s t o n a n d B u r l e s o n c a m e a
s e e m e . I f i r s t t o o k u p w i t h t h e m t h e q u e s t i o n o f
o f f i c e r s n o t m a k i n g s p e e c h e s w i t h o u t t h e P r e s i d e n t ' s
s i o n , a n d p e r h a p s n o t m a k i n g a n y s p e e c h e s u n l e s s t h
d e n t h a d s o m e t h i n g i n p a r t i c u l a r f o r t h e m t o s a y
c o u n t r y a b o u t t h e i r d e p a r t m e n t s . I t h o u g h t t h e
h abi t of members of the Cabinet making indiscr
s p e e c h e s w a s v e r y b a d , a n d o f t e n e m b a r r a s s i n g . I s
t h a t i f t h e P r e s i d e n t w o u l d d e s i g n a t e t h e m t o s p
c e r t a i n s u b j e c t s a t c e r t a i n t i m e s , w h a t t h e y s a i d w o
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1 4 0 INTIMA TE PA PERS OF COLONEL HO
m a d e b y t h e P o s t m a s t e r - G e n e r a l a n d t h e A t t o r n e y
t o r e s i g n , i f t h e i r w i t h d r a w a l w o u l d m a k e i t e a s i e r
P r e s i d e n t t o a p p o i n t H o u s e S e c r e t a r y o f S t a t e .
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c u r r e d i n t h e e a r l y a u t u m n o f 1 9 1 5 , a f t e r B r y a n ' s r e s
' B u r l e s o n a n d G r e g o r y [ n o t e d H o u s e o n J u n e 2
t h o u g h t p e r h a p s I w a s r e f u s i n g t o b e c o m e S e c r e t a r y
b e c a u s e i t w o u l d g i v e T e x a s t h r e e m e n i n t h e C a b
a l l f r o m A u s t i n . T h e y t h e r e f o r e o f f e r e d t o s e n d
r e s i g n a t i o n s i f I w o u l d a c c e p t .
` W h e n I t o l d t h e P r e s i d e n t a b o u t B u r l e s o n a n d
o f f e r i n g t o r e s i g n s o a s t o l e a v e m e f r e e t o a c c e p t t
t a r y s h i p o f S t a t e w i t h o u t e m b a r r a s s m e n t t o h i m , h e
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1 4 2 INTIMATE PAPERS OF COLONEL HO
j u d g e . H e d i d n o t m a k e a g o o d i m p r e s s i o n o n m e p e
Y m a d e a b e t t e r i m p r e s s i o n , b u t I d o n o t r e g a r d h
v e r y b e s t k i n d o f m a t e r i a l . I f I s h o u l d a c t w h o l l y
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i m p r e s s i o n s , I ' d g u e s s i n f a v o r o f Y .
H o w e v e r , i f y o u g e n t l e m e n t h i n k i t w i s e s t t o s e l
w i l l r e c o m m e n d h i s a p p o i n t m e n t a n d t a k e t h e c h a
s a i d t h a t h e w a s n o t c e r t a i n a b o u t a c c e p t a n c e i f
W e o u g h t t o k n o w w h e t h e r h e w i l l , b e f o r e a n y f o r m a
i s m a d e t o h i m .
W i l l y o u s e e t h a t t h e r e s t i s d o n e ?
C a l l e d y o u o n t h e ' p h o n e , b u t y o u w e r e r e p o r t e d
t h e P r e s i d e n t .
S i n c e r e l y
MCRE Y
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ATTORNEY-GENERAL GREGORY 1 4 3
c e s s f u l h e b e c a m e . H e i s n o t o n l y a b l e , b u t i s a s l o y a l a s t h e
L e g i o n o f C a e s a r . '
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C o l o n e l H o u s e t o A t t o r n e y - G e n e r a l G r e g o r y
PRIDE'S CROSSING, MASSACHUSETTS
August 2 0 , 1 9 1 4
MY DEAR FRIEND
. . . I a m s o e a g e r f o r y o u r s u c c e s s a n d s o a n x i o u s i t m a y b e
b r o u g h t a b o u t w i t h o u t a n y i m p a i r m e n t o f y o u r s t r e n g t h t h a t
t h e r e a r e m a n y s u g g e s t i o n s t h a t h a v e c o m e t o m e s i n c e o u r
l a s t t a l k .
D o b e c a r e f u l a b o u t m a k i n g a p p o i n t m e n t s t o o s o o n . T a k e
y o u r t i m e a b o u t t h e m a n d d o n o t l e t f r i e n d s h i p h a v e any
u n d u e i n f l u e n c e u p o n you . . . .
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148 INTIMATE PAPERS OF COLONEL HOU
Watson, Stuar t Gibbone y, Cla re nc e She ar n, Mon
H a r e , F r a n c i s L y n d e S t e t s o n , M c A n e n y , a n d s o m a n y
I c a n n o t e v e n t h i n k o f t h e m . E v e r y p h a s e o f t h e N
S t a t e e l e c t i o n h a s b e e n r e f e r r e d t o m e t o - d a y . T e
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p a r t y n o t i c e s , a r r a n g e m e n t s f o r m e e t i n g s , h a v e a l l p
f o r v i s a . I a m l i t e r a l l y t i r e d o u t a n d s h a l l b e g l a d
e l e c t i o n h a s c o m e a n d g o n e . . . .
' M a y 2 3 , 1 9 14 [ o n a n A t l a n t i c l i n e r ] : I h a d s e v e r a l
m e s s a g e s , o n e f r o m M r s . , w h o d e s i r e s h e r h u s b
i s n o w C o n s u l a t , a p p o i n t e d t o t h e v a c a n c y i n
E v e n a t s e a t h e r e i s n o r e s t f r o m t h e o f f i c e - s e e k e r s .
` N o v e m b e r 4 , 1 9 1 4 : L o u l i e a n d I t o o k t h e 1 2 . 0 8 f
i n g t o n . Major- Gene ral w e n t w i t h u s b y i n v i t
s h a l l b e m o r e c a r e f u l n e x t t i m e , f o r h e l i t e r a l l y t a l k
NEWSPAPER NOTORIETY 1 4 9
t r o u b l e s i m m e d i a t e l y b e g i n a n e w a n d I r e c e i v e c o m m u n i c a -
t i o n s f r o m u n h e a r d - o f q u a r t e r s a s w e l l a s f r o m f r i e n d s w h o
h a v e b e e n l o s t f o r m a n y y e a r s . . . . '
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A n d l a t e r :
` . . . I a m s u f f e r i n g f r o m t h e a f t e r - e f f e c t s o f t h e P r e s i d e n t ' s
v i s i t . A l l t h e l a t e n t c r a n k s i n t h e c o u n t r y a r e a t m e . S o m e
t o k i l l , ' s o m e t o a m u s e , b u t m o s t o f t h e m t o i n s t r u c t c o n -
c e r n i n g w h a t i s b e s t t o b e d o n e i n e v e r y p h a s e o f g o v e r n -
m e n t . . . . '
H o u s e a l s o a s k e d h i m s e l f w h a t w o u l d b e t h e e f f e c t o f h i s
g r o w i n g r e p u t a t i o n u p o n t h e m i n d o f t h e P r e s i d e n t a n d
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1 5 2 INTIMATE PAPERS OF COLONEL HOU
p l a c e w h e n r e a c t i o n a r y f o r c e s w e r e s t i r r i n g f e e l i n g
h i m b e c a u s e o f h i s p r o p o s e d a n t i - t r u s t l e g i s l a t i o n .
` M a y 1 1 , 1 9 1 3 : C a p t a i n B i l l M c D o n a l d o n c e t o l d
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h e a t t r i b u t e d h i s s t i l l b e i n g a l i v e t o t h e f a c t t h a t
n e v e r h e s i t a t e d t h e f r a c t i o n o f a s e c o n d , b u t h a d a l w
s t r a i g h t t o w a r d s t h e p o i n t o f d a n g e r , a n d t h e c o u r a g
o t h e r f e l l o w h a d a l w a y s f a i l e d . I u r g e d t h i s a t t i t
t h e P r e s i d e n t a s s t r o n g l y a s I k n e w h o w , a n d t o l d h i
t h e m o s t e s s e n t i a l t h i n g o f a l l . . . .
` A p r i l 2 7 , 1 9 1 4 : W e t a l k e d o f t h e d e s i r a b i l i t y o f
t h e p r o g r e s s i v e c a u s e f o r w a r d . I t h o u g h t u n l e s s w e d
w e c o u l d n o t j u s t i f y b e i n g i n t h e p o s i t i o n w e w e r e . W
o f t h e p o l i t i c a l r e s u l t s o f s u c h a c o u r s e , a n d c a m e t o
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154 INTIMATE PAPERS OF COLONEL HOU
c e i v e d t h e i d e a o f w r i t i n g a n o v e l a s a m e d i u m t o e x p
e c o n o m i c a n d p o l i t i c a l t h e o r i e s . T h a t w i n t e r i n A
w a s s e r i o u s l y i l l .
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` W h e n I b e g a n t o c o n v a l e s c e a t h o m e , a n d b e f o r
a b l e t o g e t a b o u t , I w r o t e " P h i l i p D r u : A d m i n i s t r
w a s s u r p r i s e d a t t h e r a p i d i t y w i t h w h i c h I w r o t e , f
n o t c e r t a i n w h e n I b e g a n t h a t I c o u l d d o i t a t a l l .
` I w a s a l s o s u r p r i s e d t o f i n d h o w m u c h I w a s i n t e r
d o i n g t h i s k i n d o f w o r k . I h a d w r i t t e n p l a t f o r m s , s
e t c . , f o r d i f f e r e n t c a n d i d a t e s a n d o f f i c i a l s , a n d n
a r t i c l e s f o r c a m p a i g n p u r p o s e s , b u t t h i s w a s a n e n t i
d e p a r t u r e . I d i d n o t s p e n d m o r e t h a n t h i r t y d a y s
f i r s t d r a f t o f t h e b o o k . M e z e s r e a d a n d a p p r o v e d i t
PHILIP DRU: ADMINISTRATOR 1 5 5
t h e t e n e m e n t f i r e - w h i c h I e x p e c t t o t a k e o u t l a t e r a n d
p u t i n m o r e s e r i o u s s t u f f .
I t i s n o t m u c h o f a n o v e l , a s y o u w i l l s o o n d i s c o v e r ; a t t h e
s a m e t i m e , u n l e s s i t w e r e k n o w n b y t h a t n a m e i t s a u d i e n c e
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w o u l d b e r e d u c e d a t l e a s t n i n e t y - n i n e p e r c e n t . I f i t w a s c a l l e d
w h a t I r e a l l y m e a n i t t o b e , o n l y t h o s e w h o t h i n k p r e t t y
m u c h a s I d o w o u l d r e a d i t , a n d t h o s e I a m t r y i n g t o r e a c h
w o u l d n e v e r l o o k a t i t .
F a i t h f u l l y y o u r s
E. M . HOUSE
B u t t h i s w a s t h e s p r i n g o f 1 9 1 2 , a n d a l l o f H o u s e ' s e n e r g i e s
wer e taken up with the p re- convention campaign that
. T h e e a r l y s u m m e r h e
1 5 6 INTIMATE PAPERS OF COLONEL HO
W h a t e v e r t h e l i t e r a r y m e r i t s o f ` P h i l i p D r u , ' i t g i
i n s i g h t i n t o t h e m a i n p o l i t i c a l a n d s o c i a l p r i n c i
a c t u a t e d H o u s e i n h i s c o m p a n i o n s h i p w i t h P r e s i d e n
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T h r o u g h i t r u n s t h e n o t e o f s o c i a l d e m o c r a c y r e m i n i
L o u i s B l a n c a n d t h e r e v o l u t i o n a r i e s o f 1 8 4 8 : ` T h i
' d e d i c a t e d t o t h e u n h a p p y m a n y w h o h a v e l i v e d
l a c k i n g o p p o r t u n i t y . . . . ' ` T h e t i m e i s n o w m e
n e a r w h e n i t w i l l b e j u s t a s r e p r e h e n s i b l e f o r t h e
s t r o n g t o h o l d i n s u b j e c t i o n t h e m e n t a l l y w e a k , a n d
t h e m t o b e a r t h e g r i e v o u s b u r d e n s w h i c h a m i s c
c i v i l i z a t i o n h a s i m p o s e d u p o n t h e m . ' G o v e r n m e n t ,
i n g l y , m u s t b e i n s p i r e d b y t h e s p i r i t o f c h a r i t y r a t
t h e s p i r i t o f r u t h l e s s e f f i c i e n c y . E s p e c i a l l y m u s t p r
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1 5 8 INTIMATE PAPERS OF COLONEL HO
To such an ex tent had Colonel House f ormula
i d e a s u p o n n a t i o n a l p r o b l e m s b e f o r e t h e e l e c t i o n o f
` I n r e g a r d t o " P h i l i p D r u , " ' w r o t e H o u s e i n 1 9 1 6 ,
t o s a y t h a t t h e r e a r e s o m e t h i n g s i n i t I w r o t e h a s t i l
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w h i c h I d o n o t c o n c u r , b u t m o s t o f i t I s t a n d u p o n
b o t h m y e t h i c a l a n d p o l i t i c a l f a i t h . '
I I
F o u r g r e a t l e g i s l a t i v e p r o b l e m s c o n f r o n t e d W i l
t h e i r s o l u t i o n c o n s t i t u t e s h i s c h i e f c l a i m , i n m a t t e r
m e s t i c p o l i t i c s , t o t h e t i t l e o f s t a t e s m a n . T h e y c o n c e
r e v i s i o n o f t h e t a r i f f , w i t h t h e i n t r o d u c t i o n o f a n i n
l a w , t h e c r e a t i o n o f t h e F e d e r a l R e s e r v e b a n k i n g s y s
c o n t r o l o f t r u s t s , a n d t h e r e g u l a t i o n o f i n d u s t r i a l r e
THE MONEY TRUST 1 5 9
O r g a n i z e d c a p i t a l , ` W a l l S t r e e t ' i n p o p u l a r p a r l a n c e , h a d
s e c u r e d a c o n t r o l o f b a n k i n g c r e d i t s w h i c h , i f i t w e r e e x -
t e n d e d , m i g h t p l a c e t h e i n d u s t r i a l l i f e o f t h e c o u n t r y i n t h e
p o w e r o f p r i v a t e a n d a t l e a s t p a r t i a l l y i r r e s p o n s i b l e i n t e r e s t s.
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A g a i n s t t h i s s o - c a l l e d ` c r e d i t t r u s t ' M r . B r y a n h a d p r o t e s t e d
i n 1 8 9 6 : ` L e t t h e G o v e r n m e n t g o o u t o f t h e b a n k i n g b u s i n e s s , '
t h e f i n a n c i a l m a g n a t e s h a d c r i e d ; t o w h i c h B r y a n r e t o r t e d ,
`Let the banks go out of the Gove rnme nt business . ' I f
p r i v a t e i n d i v i d u a l s c o u l d r e l e a s e o r w i t h h o l d c r e d i t s a t w i l l ,
i t m e a n t a c o n t r o l o f i n d u s t r y a n d i n e q u a l i t y o f o p p o r t u n i t y
a t c o m p l e t e v a r i a n c e w i t h t r a d i t i o n a l A m e r i c a n p r i n c i p l e s .
C o l o n e l H o u s e t o S e n a t o r C u l b e r s o n
1 6 0 INTIMATE PAPERS OF COLONEL HOUS
i n o r d e r t o b e p r e p a r e d t o a s s i s t t h e P r e s i d e n t w h e n h e
m e e t t h e c o n g r e s s i o n a l c o m m i t t e e s . T h e t a s k w h i c h
H o u s e s e t h i m s e l f w a s p r i m a r i l y t o p r e v e n t t h e P r e s
e l e c t f r o m c o m m i t t i n g h i m s e l f t o a n y o n e s c h e m e u n t
p r o b l e m h a d b e e n t h o r o u g h l y s t u d i e d ; l a t e r h e g u i
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m e a s u r e s o t h a t i t w a s l e f t i n t h e c o n t r o l o f e x p e r t s a
s e r v e d f r o m t h e h e r e s i e s o f p o l i t i c a l i n c o m p e t e n t s
C o l o n e l w a s t h e u n s e e n g u a r d i a n a n g e l o f t h e b i l l , c o n
a s s i s t i n g t h e S e c r e t a r y o f t h e T r e a s u r y a n d t h e C h a i r
t h e S e n a t e a n d H o u s e C o m m i t t e e s i n t h e i r a c t i v e a n d s u
f u l l a b o r o f t r a n s l a t i n g i t i n t o l a w . W i l s o n , w h o w a s a
o f a t e n d e n c y t o a v o i d a d v i c e , p r o v e d h i m s e l f i n f a c t
f a r f r o m t h e s e l f - c o n f i d e n t d o c t r i n a i r e p i c t u r e d b y h i
n e n t s , a n d i n t h e m a t t e r o f c u r r e n c y r e f o r m h e w a s
CURRENCY REFORM 1 6 1
c o n f e r e n c e s w i t h t h e b a n k e r s t h e m s e l v e s , e s p e c i a l l y t h o s e
w h o h a d h a d p r a c t i c a l e x p e r i e n c e i n d r a f t i n g p r e v i o u s b i l l s
f o r R e p u b l i c a n A d m i n i s t r a t i o n s .
` D e c e m b e r 1 9 , 1 9 1 2 : I t a l k e d w i t h P a u l W a r b u r g o v e r t h e
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t e l e p h o n e r e g a r d i n g c u r r e n c y r e f o r m . I told of my Wash-
i n g t o n t r i p a n d w h a t I h a d d o n e t h e r e t o g e t i t i n w o r k i n g
o r d e r ; t h a t t h e S e n a t o r s a n d C o n g r e s s m e n s e e m e d a n x i o u s
t o d o w h a t G o v e r n o r W i l s o n d e s i r e d a n d t h a t I k n e w t h e
P r e s i d e n t - e l e c t t h o u g h t s t r a i g h t c o n c e r n i n g t h e i s s u e .
` F e b r u a r y 2 6 , 1913 : I went to the Harding di nner and
t a l k e d w i t h t h e g u e s t s i n v i t e d t o m e e t m e . I t w a s a n i n t e r -
e s t i n g o c c a s i o n . I f i r s t t a l k e d t o M r . F r i c k , t h e n w i t h D e n -
man, and af terw ards w ith Otto Kahn .
162 INTIMATE PAPERS OF COLONEL HO
` I u r g e d h i m n o t t o a l l o w . . . the Sena te Commi
c h a n g e w h a t w e h a d a g r e e d u p o n i n a n y o f t h e e s
f e a t u r e s . H e p r o m i s e d t o b e f i r m . I a d v i s e d u s i n g
l o n g a s i t w a s e f f e c t i v e , b u t , w h e n i t w a s n o t , I w o u
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t h e P r e s i d e n t a n d S e c r e t a r y o f t h e T r e a s u r y t o h i s
` I s p o k e t o t h e P r e s i d e n t a b o u t t h i s a f t e r d i n n e r
v i s e d t h a t M c A d o o a n d I w h i p t h e G l a s s m e a s u r e i n
s h a p e , w h i c h h e c o u l d e n d o r s e a n d t a k e t o O w e n 1 a s
M y o p i n i o n w a s t h a t O w e n w o u l d b e m o r e l i k e l y t o a
a s a p r e s i d e n t i a l m e a s u r e t h a n a s a m e a s u r e c o m i n g
House Committee on Banking and Curr enc y . '
T h e C u r r e n c y B i l l w a s b r o u g h t i n t o t h e H o u s e o
s e n t a t i v e s e a r l y i n t h e e x t r a s e s s i o n , i t s m a i n f e a t
DISCUSSIONS WITH BOSTON BANKERS 1 6 3
' Q u i n c y w a n t e d t o k n o w w h a t I t h o u g h t t h e r e s u l t w o u l d
b e o f t h e i r t h r e a t t o w i t h d r a w t h e i r n a t i o n a l b a n k c h a r t e r s
a n d t a k e o u t s t a t e c h a r t e r s . I t h o u g h t t h e t h r e a t w a s p u e r i l e ,
a n d n o t t o b e d i s c u s s e d , a n d t h a t t h e b i l l w o u l d b e p a s s e d n o
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m a t t e r w h a t a c t i o n t h e y t o o k i n t h a t d i r e c t i o n . '
O n t h e f o l l o w i n g d a y , H o u s e d i n e d w i t h t h e m e m b e r s o f
t h e B o s t o n C l e a r i n g H o u s e A s s o c i a t i o n t o d i s c u s s t h e b i l l .
H e w e n t i n n o o p t i m i s t i c f r a m e o f m i n d . ` I h a v e a f e e l i n g , '
h e w r o t e , ` t h a t t h e y a r e n o t c o m i n g f o r t h e p u r p o s e o f d i s -
c u s s i n g t h e m e a s u r e w i t h o p e n m i n d s , b u t a r e a n t a g o n i s t i c t o
i t . I s h a l l b e a l o n e t o d e f e n d t h e m e a s u r e . '
H i s f o r e b o d i n g s w e r e a p p a r e n t l y r e a l i z e d , f o r h e n o t e d
1 6 4 INTIMATE PAPERS OF COLONEL HO
C o l o n e l H o u s e t o M r . E . S . M a r t i n
BEVERLY, MASS
S e p t e m b e r 2
DEAR MARTIN :
. . . T h e C u r r e n c y B i l l s h o u l d g o t h r o u g h t h e H o
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w e e k , b u t i t w i l l h a v e a h a r d e r r o a d i n t h e S e n a t e
b e e n w o r k i n g u p o n i t a s s i d u o u s l y . McAdoo has b
t h r e e o r f o u r t i m e s , a n d i t s e e m s t o m e t h a t I h a v e s
b a n k e r a n d p o l i t i c a l e c o n o m i s t i n t h e E a s t .
T h e b a n k e r s , s a d t o r e l a t e , k n o w n e x t t o n o t h i n g
a n d n o n e o f t h e m a g r e e s a s t o w h a t i s b e s t . T h e o
n i m i t y o f o p i n i o n a m o n g s t t h e m i s t h a t t h e b i l l s
m a d e f o r t h e m a n d b e o p e r a t e d b y t h e m , a n d t h e
u n d e r s t a n d t h a t t h e m a n u f a c t u r e r s , m e r c h a n t s , r a
CONFERENCES ON THE CURRENCY 1 6 5
f e a t u r e s o f t h e O w e n - G l a s s B i l l t h a t h e d o e s n o t a p p r o v e .
I p r o m i s e d t o p u t h i m i n t o u c h w i t h M c A d o o a n d S e n a t o r
O w e n , s o t h a t h e m i g h t d i s c u s s i t w i t h t h e m .
`Senator Murr ay Cra ne 1 f o l l o w e d W a r b u r g . H e h a s b e e n
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i n t o u c h w i t h S e n a t o r s W e e k s a n d N e l s o n o f t h e C u r r e n c y
C o m m i t t e e , a n d u r g e d t h e m t o b r i n g a b o u t q u i c k a c t i o n i n
o r d e r t h a t t h e b u s i n e s s c o m m u n i t y c o u l d h a v e d o n e w i t h
t h i s u n c e r t a i n t y a n d c o u l d g o a h e a d w i t h t h e r e n e w e d h o p e a
p r o p e r c u r r e n c y m e a s u r e w i l l g i v e t h e m . H e t e l e p h o n e d m e
l a t e r t h a t h e h a d b e e n i n c o m m u n i c a t i o n w i t h W a s h i n g t o n ,
a n d h e a d v i s e d t h a t w e b r i n g s o m e p r e s s u r e u p o n t h e D e m o -
c r a t i c i n s u r g e n t s o f t h e C o m m i t t e e . I call ed up McAdoo
i m m e d i a t e l y a n d a s k e d h i m t o c o n v e y t h i s i n f o r m a t i o n t o
166 INTIMATE PAPERS OF COLONEL HO
and Mr . D o d g e , M r . S c h i f f s a y i n g I w a s t h e M o s e s
would be the Aarons . He asked if I knew my Bi
e n o u g h f o r t h i s t o b e c l e a r t o m e . I t o l d h i m I d i d
b a t e d t h e i d e a t h a t t h e P r e s i d e n t w a s s t u b b o r n i n h
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u p o n t h e c u r r e n c y m e a s u r e . I t h o u g h t h e h a d t o b e
h a d t o m a k e u p h i s m i n d a s t o w h a t w a s g o o d a n d w
b a d i n t h e i n n u m e r a b l e s u g g e s t i o n s t h a t c a m e t o
t h a t w a s a l l h e w a s d o i n g . I a d v i s e d a g a i n s t g o i n
P r e s i d e n t w i t h n e w s u g g e s t i o n s . I t h o u g h t t h e y s
taken to Sec re tar y McAdoo, Sen ator Owe n, and M
i f t h e y a g r e e d a s t o t h e a d v i s a b i l i t y o f a c c e p t i n g t
P r e s i d e n t w o u l d p r o b a b l y a l s o a c c e p t t h e m . '
THE FEDERAL RESERVE ACT 1 6 7
that the main j ob was accompl ished, House admitted he
l a c k e d s u f f i c i e n t i n t e r e s t i n a n y m e r e c e r e m o n y t o k e e p h i m
i n W a s h i n g t o n .
I I I
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A s e v e n t s d e v e l o p e d , C o l o n e l H o u s e ' s c o n n e c t i o n w i t h t h e
F e d e r a l R e s e r v e A c t w a s b y n o m e a n s e n d e d w h e n i t b e c a m e
l a w , f o r t h e r e r e m a i n e d t h e p r o b l e m o f t h e a p p o i n t m e n t o f
t h e f i v e G o v e r n o r s o f t h e F e d e r a l R e s e r v e B o a r d w h o , w i t h
t h e S e c r e t a r y o f t h e T r e a s u r y a n d t h e C o m p t r o l l e r o f t h e
C u r r e n c y , a c t a s t h e c o o r d i n a t i n g b o d y o f t h e s y s t e m . The
p e r s o n n e l o f t h e B o a r d w a s o b v i o u s l y a m a t t e r o f t h e f i r s t
i m p o r t a n c e , n o t m e r e l y f o r t h e s a k e o f a d m i n i s t r a t i v e e f -
168 INTIMATE PAPERS OF COLONEL HO
i s n o t s o f i n e a t y p e . I p l a y e d t h e p a r t o f s c h o o l m a
u s u a l , a n d q u e s t i o n e d h i m c l o s e l y a b o u t h i m s e l f
b u s i n e s s c a r e e r .
` J a n u a r y 2 1 , 1 9 1 4 : A f t e r d i n n e r w e [ W i l s o n a n
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w e n t t o t h e P r e s i d e n t ' s s t u d y a s u s u a l , a n d b e g a n
t h e F e d e r a l R e s e r v e B o a r d a p p o i n t m e n t s . I i n s i s t e
w a s t h e m o s t i m p o r t a n t c o n s t r u c t i v e l e g i s l a t i v e
t h a t h a d b e e n p a s s e d s i n c e t h e f o u n d a t i o n o f t h e
a n d t h o u g h t i t s s u c c e s s o r f a i l u r e w o u l d l a r g e l y d e p
t h e p e r s o n n e l o f t h e B o a r d . H e r e p l i e d , " M y d e a r f r
n o t f r i g h t e n m e a n y m o r e t h a n I a m n ow . " I s a w n o
a l a r m , b e c a u s e f o r t h i s p a r t i c u l a r B o a r d t h e r e w a s p
g o o d m a t e r i a l t o c h o o s e f r o m . . . .
THE FEDERAL RESERVE BOARD 1 6 9
C o l o n e l H o u s e t o t h e P r e s i d e n t
AUSTIN, TExAS, February 21, 1914
DEAR GOVERNOR
I f i n d t h a t M r . X o f D a l l a s i s t o o o l d t o b e c o n s i d e r e d , s o
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h e w i l l h a v e t o b e e l i m i n a t e d .
B u r l e s o n , w h o i s h e r e t o - d a y , t e l l s m e t h a t D o c t o r Y , o f
w h o m y o u s p e a k , i s a c r a n k o f t h e f i r s t w a t e r a n d w o u l d
n o t d o .
I d o n o t k n o w M r . Z , a n d t h e o b j e c t i o n t o h i m m i g h t b e
t h a t h e i s n o t s u f f i c i e n t l y p r o m i n e n t f o r h i s a p p o i n t m e n t t o
c a r r y w e i g h t . T h a t i s s o m e t h i n g t o b e c o n s i d e r e d i n t h i s
B o a r d i f i t i s t o b e t h o u g h t o f i n t h e s a m e s e n s e a s t h e S u -
pre me Court .
1 7 0 INTIMATE PAPERS OF COLONEL HO
c a r e f u l i n v e s t i g a t i o n . W h a t I m e a n i s t h a t t h e i r r
d a t i o n s w o u l d b e p o l i t i c a l , a n d t h e r e f o r e l a r g e l y w
`March 25, 1914 : Houston, McAdoo, Wil liams
[ w r o t e H o u s e ] d i s c u s s e d t h e d i v i s i o n o f t h e c o u n t r y
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t r i c t s a n d t h e l o c a t i o n o f t h e r e g i o n a l r e s e r v e b a n k
` I n t h e e v e n i n g t h e P r e s i d e n t a n d I d i n e d a l o n e
i m m e d i a t e l y t o h i s s t u d y t o h a v e a n o l d - t i m e b u s i n e s
i n r e g a r d t o t h e F e d e r a l R e s e r v e B o a r d . I foun
a d d e d n o n a m e s t o t h o s e I h a d g i v e n h i m b e f o r e I
Tex as . W e c o n c l u d e d , h o w e v e r , t h a t I s h o u l d g e t
n e w m a t e r i a l a n d s u b m i t i t t o h i m n e x t w e e k , w h e n
t o b e a b l e t o v i s i t m e i n N e w Y o r k . '
THE FEDERAL RESERVE BOARD 1 7 1
D u r i n g t h e f o l l o w i n g w e e k s , M c A d o o a n d H o u s e h a d m a n y
c o n f e r e n c e s , a s a r e s u l t o f w h i c h t h e P r e s i d e n t w a s r e a d y b y
t h e e n d o f A p r i l t o m a k e h i s a p p o i n t m e n t s . House would
h a v e b e e n p l e a s e d t o h a v e H o u s t o n a p p o i n t e d G o v e r n o r o f
t h e F e d e r a l R e s e r v e B o a r d , b u t W i l s o n w o u l d n o t c o n s e n t t o
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h i s l e a v i n g t h e C a b i n e t a t t h i s t i m e . ` I w i s h t h e r e w e r e t w o
H o u s t o n s i n s t e a d o f o n e , ' h e h a d t o l d H o u s e o n F e b r u a r y 1 8 .
` I r e a l l y d o n o t s e e h o w I c a n s p a r e h i m f r o m t h e S e c r e t a r y -
s h i p o f A g r i c u l t u r e , p a r t i c u l a r l y a t t h i s j u n c t u r e w h e n w e a r e
c o n s i d e r i n g r u r a l c r e d i t s a n d w h e n w e a r e j u s t b e g i n n i n g t o
b e a b l e t o g u i d e t h e f a r m e r s i n n e w d i r e c t i o n s . W e h a v e n o t
y e t e n t i r e l y c o n v i n c e d t h e m o f o u r u s e f u l n e s s . '
I n s t e a d , t h e P r e s i d e n t a c c e p t e d H o u s e ' s s u g g e s t i o n o f
1 7 2 INTIMATE PAPERS OF COLONEL HO
names proposed . I h a d t a k e n t h e p r e c a u t i o n t o t h r e
m a t t e r s o u t w i t h M c A d o o a n d c o u l d t e l l t h e P r e s i
s t a t e o f m i n d . I a m a n x i o u s f o r t h i s B o a r d t o a d m i n i
c u r r e n c y l a w s u c c e s s f u l l y , f o r I a m c e r t a i n t h e P r e s i d e
u t a t i o n i n h i s t o r y w i l l r e s t l a r g e l y u p o n i t s s u c c e s s o r
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` A p r i l 2 8 , 1 9 1 4 : A f t e r d i n n e r w e w e n t t o t h e o f f i c e
P r e s i d e n t t o s i g n h i s m a i l . W e r e a d t h e M e x i c a n d e s
t o g e t h e r a n d a f t e r w a r d g o t d o w n t o t h e r e a l f i n i s
F e d e r a l R e s e r v e B o a r d . He took his pen and wr o
their names : Ric har d Olne y fi rst, then Paul W
H a r d i n g , W h e e l e r , a n d M i l l e r . H e t u r n e d t o m e a n
"To whom would you give the ten- year te rm?" I
g i v i n g i t t o M i l l e r , w h i c h h e d i d . H e g a v e O l n e y t
y e a r t e r m , W a r b u r g f o u r y e a r s , H a r d i n g a n d W h e e
BRYAN AND THE FEDERAL RESERVE ACT 1 7 3
IV
T h e c l o s e o f t h e f i r s t l e g i s l a t i v e s e s s i o n o f t h e W i l s o n A d -
m i n i s t r a t i o n w a s a s e a s o n o f t r i u m p h f o r t h e D e m o c r a t i c
P a r t y . T w o o f t h e m a j o r p r o b l e m s h a d b e e n m e t w i t h v i g o r
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a n d h o n e s t y , a n d s e t t l e d , i n p r i n c i p l e a t l e a s t , t o t h e s a t i s -
f a c t i o n o f t h e n a t i o n . T h e i n c o m e t a x p r o v i s i o n s o f t h e T a r i f f
A c t a n d t h e F e d e r a l R e s e r v e S y s t e m o f t h e C u r r e n c y A c t
e s t a b l i s h e d a s o l i d b a s i s u p o n w h i c h n a t i o n a l f i n a n c e s c o u l d
r e s t s e c u r e l y d u r i n g t h e d a y s o f s t r e s s t h a t f o l l o w e d t h e o u t -
b r e a k o f w a r i n E u r o p e . T h e t r i u m p h o f t h e A d m i n i s t r a t i o n
w a s t h e g r e a t e r i n v i e w o f t h e f a i l u r e o f t h e p r e c e d i n g R e p u b -
l i c a n A d m i n i s t r a t i o n s t o s e t t l e t h e c u r r e n c y p r o b l e m . T h e
m a i n p r i n c i p l e s o f t h e s o l u t i o n f i n a l l y c a r r i e d t h r o u g h b y W i l -
1 7 4 INTIMATE PAPERS OF COLONEL HO
t h e h e l m w h o s t e e r s t h e o l d s h i p i n t h i s f a s h i o n . I f I '
h u n d r e d y e a r s a g o I ' d h a v e s a i d , ` T h e r e ' s t h e h a n d
i n t h i s . '
Your s W
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Mr. J a c o b W . S c h i f f t o C o l o n e l H o u s e
NEw YORK, D e c e m b e r 2
MY DEAR COLONEL HOUSE
I w a n t t o s a y a w o r d o f a p p r e c i a t i o n t o y o u f o r t h e
b u t n o d o u b t e f f e c t i v e w o r k y o u h a v e d o n e i n t h e i n t
c u r r e n c y l e g i s l a t i o n a n d t o c o n g r a t u l a t e y o u , t h a t t
u r e h a s f i n a l l y b e e n e n a c t e d i n t o l a w . W e a l l k n o w
INTEREST IN INTERNATIONAL AFFAIRS 1 7 5
C u r r e n c y B i l l . H e m a d e a s p e e c h i n a l l w a y s w o r t h y o f h i m -
s e l f - w h i c h i s s a y i n g m u c h . . . .
S i n c e r e l y y o u r s
FRANKLIN K. LANE
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T h e f a c t t h a t h e h a d h a d s o m e s h a r e i n t h e l e g i s l a t i v e
a c c o m p l i s h m e n t o f t h e s e m o n t h s w a s t h e r e w a r d t h a t H o u s e
s o u g h t f o r t h e p a i n s a n d e f f o r t h e h a d g i v e n t o h e l p i n m a k i n g
W i l s o n ' s A d m i n i s t r a t i o n a s u c c e s s . T o a f r i e n d w h o w r o t e
c o m p l a i n i n g t h a t H o u s e ' s a v e r s i o n f o r h o l d i n g o f f i c e w o u l d
d e p r i v e h i m o f t h e p u b l i c c r e d i t t h a t b e l o n g e d t o h i m , t h e
C o l o n e l r e p l i e d : ` I a m s a t i s f i e d w i t h t h e c o n s c i o u s n e s s o f
h a v i n g t a k e n p a r t i n t h i n g s t h a t a r e w o r t h w h i l e . '
T h e s e n t e n c e w a s n o t e n t i r e l y a c c u r a t e , f o r , a l t h o u g h
CHAPTER VII
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ASPECTS OF FOREIGN POLICY
I f s o m e o f t h e v e t e r a n d i p l o m a t s c o u l d h a v e h e a r d u s , t h e y w
f a l l e n i n a f a i n t .
S i r W i l l i a m T y r r e l l t o H o u s e , N o v e m b e r
I
NOTHING i s m o r e s t r a n g e t h a n t h e c h a i n o f c i r c u
w h i c h f i n a l l y b r o u g h t P r e s i d e n t W i l s o n t o p l a y a
s u p r e m e i m p o r t a n c e i n t h e a f f a i r s o f t h e w o r l d , a n d t
h i s w h o l e b e i n g u p o n a p o l i c y o f i n t e r n a t i o n a l s e r
WILSON AND THE FOREIGN SERVICE 1 7 7
p e r m i t h i m t o s a t i s f y h i s p e n c h a n t f o r p o l i t i c s , h e i n t e r p r e t e d
t h e w o r d ` p o l i t i c s ' i n i t s b r o a d e s t s e n s e , a n d i n c l u d e d i n t e r -
n a t i o n a l r e l a t i o n s . D u r i n g h i s c a r e e r i n T e x a s h e h a d n e v e r
c e a s e d t o s t u d y c u r r e n t d i p l o m a c y ; a n d r u n n i n g a l l t h r o u g h
h i s v a r i e d a c t i v i t i e s a s t h e P r e s i d e n t ' s a d v i s e r i n 1 9 1 3 t h e r e
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i s o b v i o u s t h e d e s i r e t o f r e e h i m s e l f f r o m d e t a i l s o f d o m e s t i c
p o l i t i c s a n d t o f i n d t i m e t o h e l p i n t h e f o r m u l a t i o n o f a p o s i -
t i v e f o r e i g n p o l i c y . W i t h t h e p a s s i n g o f t h e l e g i s l a t i v e p r o -
gramme of 1913, he f el t convince d that the moment hadc o m e f o r W i l s o n t o l a y i t s b r o a d f o u n d a t i o n s . A y e a r a n d a
h a l f l a t e r , o n J u n e 2 4 , 1 9 1 5 , h e w r o t e : `To my min d, the
P r e s i d e n t h a s n e v e r a p p r e c i a t e d t h e i m p o r t a n c e o f o u r f o r -
e i g n p o l i c y a n d h a s l a i d u n d u e e m p h a s i s u p o n d o m e s t i c a f -
1 7 8 INTIMATE PAPERS OF COLONEL HO
a d h e r e n t o f 1 6 - 1 i n ' 9 6 . S u r e l y s u c h a o n e h a d e a
reward ! 1
H o u s e w a s e n t i r e l y o f t h e P r e s i d e n t ' s o p i n i o n . H
t h a t e v e n t h e h i g h e s t c o n s u l a r o f f i c e s s h o u l d b e k e
C i v i l S e r v i c e R e g u l a t i o n s , a n d i t w a s a t h i s i n s i s t e n
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m e n d a t i o n t h a t d i p l o m a t e s d e c a r r i e r e , s u c h a s W i l l i
l i p s a n d H . P . F l e t c h e r , w h o h a d p r o v e d t h e i r a b i l i
R e p u b l i c a n A d m i n i s t r a t i o n s , w e r e b r o u g h t b a c k i
d i p l o m a t i c s e r v i c e o r p r o m o t e d . A n d h e w a r n e d t h e
d e n t a g a i n s t a p p o i n t m e n t s t h a t m i g h t s e e m c o n n e c
b u s i n e s s i n t e r e s t s .
` A p r i l 1 8 , 1 9 1 3 : I t o l d M r . B r y a n [ r e c o r d e d H o u s
DIPLOMATIC APPOINTMENTS 1 7 9
t i e n c e w i t h t h e C i v i l S e r v i c e . H e s a i d t h e P r e s i d e n t t o l d h i m
I had re commended , a n d t h e P r e s i d e n t d e s i r e d t o a p -
point him . Mr . B r y a n s a i d , " O f c o u r s e h e c a n d o a s h e
p l e a s e s , b u t I a m c e r t a i ns o n e o f t h o s e s u p e r c i l i o u s
p e r s o n s w h o w i l l b e c o n s t a n t l y l o o k i n g d o w n u p o n m e . " '
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C o l o n e l H o u s e t o t h e P r e s i d e n t
NEW YORK, O c t o b e r 8 , 1 9 1 4
DEAR GOVERNOR :
O n e o r t w o p e o p l e h a v e a s k e d m e t o s u g g e s t X f o r t h e
Mex ic an Embassy .
I h a r d l y t h i n k i t i s n e c e s s a r y t o c a u t i o n y o u a b o u t t h i s ,
b u t I f e e l t h a t p e r h a p s I h a d b e t t e r d o s o .
1 8 0 INTIMATE PAPERS OF COLONEL HOU
corde d the Colonel, and the app ointment w as no
W i t h H o u s e t h e P r e s i d e n t d i s c u s s e d a t l e n g t h t h e c h
m e n f o r S t . J a m e s ' s , B e r l i n , R o m e , V i e n n a , a n d P a r
F o r t h e C o u r t o f S t . J a m e s ' s , W i l s o n e x p r e s s e d h i
a n x i o u s t o f i n d a m a n w h o c o u l d c o n t i n u e t h e t r a d i t
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t a b l i s h e d b y A d a m s , B a y a r d , a n d H a y . B u t f i r s t P
E l i o t , a n d t h e n R i c h a r d O l n e y , d e c l i n e d t h e p o s t .
H o u s e , w h o w a s h i m s e l f f r e q u e n t l y s u g g e s t e d f o r t h i
t i o n , u r g e d W a l t e r H i n e s P a g e . T h e l a t t e r w a s p e
m a g n e t i c , p o s s e s s e d a g e n i a l a n d d i s c r i m i n a t i n g w
c o u l d b o a s t o f a d i s t i n g u i s h e d j o u r n a l i s t i c c a r e e r . O
2 0 , H o u s e , r e c o r d i n g a c o n v e r s a t i o n w i t h t h e P r e s
wh ich Mr . W i l s o n e x p r e s s e d h i s d i s c o u r a g e m e n t a t
o f m a t e r i a l f o r t h e i m p o r t a n t a m b a s s a d o r s h i p s , w r
APPOINTMENT OF WALTER H. PAGE 1 8 1
` P a g e a r r i v e d p r o m p t l y . H e w a s e x c i t e d o v e r t h e n e w s I
had conveye d . H e a s k e d m e t o t e l l h i m e x a c t l y h o w i t h a p -
pened . I t o l d h i m I h a d s u g g e s t e d h i s n a m e t o t h e P r e s i d e n t
two months a g o . . . .I h a d t a l k e d t o t h e P r e s i d e n t f r o m t i m e
t o t i m e a b o u t t h e m a t t e r , a n d w h e n I d i n e d w i t h h i m o n
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T u e s d a y h e h a d a u t h o r i z e d m e t o f i n d w h e t h e r h e , P a g e ,
w o u l d a c c e p t .
` H e w a s i m m e n s e l y p l e a s e d w i t h t h e c o m p l i m e n t , b u t e x -
p r e s s e d d o u b t a s t o h i s a b i l i t y t o f i l l t h e p l a c e . I t w a s s o
e n t i r e l y d i f f e r e n t f r o m a n y t h i n g h e h a d p r e v i o u s l y d o n e . . . .
` M a r c h 2 8 , 1 9 1 3 : W a l t e r P a g e t e l e p h o n e d a r o u n d n i n e
o ' c l o c k : " I h a v e d e c i d e d t o t u r n m y f a c e t o w a r d s t h e E a s t , "
w h i c h m e a n t h e w o u l d a c c e p t t h e p o s t t o G r e a t B r i t a i n . I
1 8 2 INTIMATE PAPERS OF COLONEL HOU
t o m a i n t a i n h i m s e l f , a n d y e t h e s a i d h e h a d e n o u g h s
b l o o d t o u n d e r t a k e i t . H e w a s s o m e w h a t d i s t u r b e d
h e h a d n o t h e a r d f r o m t h e P r e s i d e n t , a n d a s k e d m e
I t h o u g h t i t w a s a c t u a l l y s e t t l e d.
` H o u s t o n t h e n t o l d o f h i s e x p e r i e n c e . H e s a i d ,
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n e v e r t o t h i s g o o d d a y r e c e i v e d a n y n o t i f i c a t i o n o
p o i n t m e n t a s S e c r e t a r y o f A g r i c u l t u r e , e x c e p t i n g t h a
I r e c e i v e d f r o m M r . H o u s e . " A n d f u r t h e r , " I w a s u
w h e t h e r I s h o u l d c o m e t o W a s h i n g t o n , b u t I c o n c l u d
b e t t e r d o s o . I c a m e , a n d I h a d n o n o t i f i c a t i o n t h
n a l l y s o m e c a r d s w e r e s e n t t o m y w i f e a n d t o m e , i n v
t o l u n c h a t t h e W h i t e H o u s e a f t e r t h e I n a u g u r a t i
w e n t , t h e P r e s i d e n t s h o o k h a n d s w i t h m e a n d s a i d
g l a d t o s e e m e , b u t n o t h i n g e l s e . T h e P r e s i d e n t ' s S
THOMAS NELSON PAGE 1 8 3
w h e n h e w a s t r y i n g t o c o n c e n t r a t e u p o n t h e f r a m i n g o f t h e
F e d e r a l R e s e r v e A c t ; b u t o n t h e o n e h a n d t h e P r e s i d e n t , a n d
o n t h e o t h e r e v e r y o n e w h o d e s i r e d a d i p l o m a t i c p o s t , a s -
s a i l e d h i m f o r a d v i c e a n d a s s i s t a n c e .
` M a r c h 1 0 , 1 9 1 3 : A n o t h e r s t r e a m o f c a l l e r s a l l day, and
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l o n g d i s t a n c e t e l e p h o n e s f r o m W a s h i n g t o n a n d e l s e w h e r e .
T h i s j o b o f b e i n g " a d v i s e r t o t h e P r e s i d e n t " m a y h a v e i t s
c o m p e n s a t i o n s , b u t i t c e r t a i n l y h a s i t s d r a w b a c k s . . . .
`March 11, 1913 : A g a i n a n o t h e r d a y o f o f f i c e - s e e k e r s .
T h o m a s N e l s o n P a g e c a l l e d . He did not mention his own
a s p i r a t i o n s , b u t I b r o u g h t u p t h e s u b j e c t m y s e l f . I t o l d h i m
t h a t i t h a d b e e n t h e P r e s i d e n t ' s i n t e n t i o n t o a p p o i n t h i m
e i t h e r t o F r a n c e o r I t a l y , b u t I w a s a f r a i d n o w t h a t h e
1 8 4 INTIMATE PAPERS OF COLONEL HOU
s l i g h t , b u t t h e y w e r e b e t t e r n o w t h a n t h e y h a d b e
l a u g h e d a n d s a i d , " I d o n o t b e l i e v e t h a t u n t i l r i g h t
I h a d a n y c h a n c e s a t a l l . " T h a t , I r e p l i e d , w a s t r u e
h i m , f u r t h e r m o r e , i f M c C o m b s a n d M o r g e n t h a u w e r
f o r e i g n a p p o i n t m e n t s t h a t f i v e o u t o f t h e n i n e t e e
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p l a c e s w o u l d h a v e g o n e t o N e w Y o r k , w h i c h w a s o u t
p r o p o r t i o n t o h e r s h a r e . H e s a w t h e p o i n t . H e d i d
lie ve McCombs would acce pt . H e e v i d e n t l y d o e s
McCombs ; h e i s a s l i k e l y t o d o o n e t h i n g a s a n o t h e
` S e p t e m b e r 2 9 , 1 9 1 3 : X i s s i t t i n g o n t h e d o o r m a
R u m o r s t h a t M c C o m b s i s n o t t o t a k e t h e A m b a s s a d o
F r a n c e h a v e s t a r t e d h i s h o p e s a f r e s h . . . . '
I I
JAMES W. GERARD 1 8 5
h o l m w r o t e f r e q u e n t l y t o h i m , a n d H o u s e e v i d e n t l y s p a r e d
n e i t h e r t i m e n o r e f f o r t i n k e e p i n g t h e m i n f o r m e d o f p o l i t i c a l
dev el opments at home .
T h e C o l o n e l ' s c o r r e s p o n d e n c e w i t h G e r a r d ' a t B e r l i n a n d
Walte r Page at London was vol uminous .
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` I t o l d G e r a r d [ r e c o r d e d H o u s e ] t h a t h e w o u l d g e t v e r y
m e a g r e i n f o r m a t i o n f r o m t h e S t a t e D e p a r t m e n t c o n c e r n i n g
t h e h a p p e n i n g s i n A d m i n i s t r a t i o n c i r c l e s , a n d I p r o m i s e d t o
k e e p h i m m e a s u r a b l y w e l l - p o s t e d i n o r d e r t h a t h e m i g h t c o n -
f e r w i t h o u t e m b a r r a s s m e n t w i t h t h e K a i s e r o r t h e M i n i s t e r
f o r F o r e i g n A f f a i r s . In turn, he said h e w ould wri te me
e v e r y t e n d a y s . '
1 8 6 INTIMATE PAPERS OF COLONEL HO
A m b a s s a d o r G e r a r d t o C o l o n e l H o u s e
BERLIN, N o v e m b e r
MY DEAR COLONEL
N o w t h a t I h a v e p r e s e n t e d m y l e t t e r s t o t h e K
h a v e s o m e t h i n g t o r e p o r t .
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P u r s u a n t t o y o u r s u g g e s t i o n I s t o p p e d i n L o n d o n t o
a n d h a d t o w a i t n e a r l y a w e e k f o r h i m , a s h e w a s i n
w i t h C a r n e g i e . I f o u n d h i m a m o s t a g r e e a b l e a n d a
m a n , a n d , f r o m a l l I h e a r d i n L o n d o n , h e i s a g r e a t s
I s p e n t t h e r e m a i n d e r o f m y t i m e i n P a r i s , p r i n c
f u r n i t u r e s h o p s , b u t a r r i v e d h e r e t h e 6 t h O c t o b e r
K a i s e r w a s a w a y a n d I w a s n o t r e c e i v e d u n t i l l a s t W
T h e K a i s e r h a s p e r m i t t e d m e t o w e a r o r d i n a r y
LETTER FROM AMBASSADOR GERARD 1 8 7
I h a v e t a k e n u p a l o t o f t h i n g s w h i c h f o r m e r A m b a s s a d o r s
d i d n o t . I a m t a k i n g a n a c t i v e p a r t i n t h e A m e r i c a n B e n e v o -
l e n t S o c i e t y , t h e A m e r i c a n C h u r c h ( w h e r e L a n i e r a n d I s i t
e v e r y S u n d a y i n t h e f r o n t p e w ) , t h e A m e r i c a n I n s t i t u t e , a n d
the Amer ic an Lunch Club, the Amer ic an Association of
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Commerce and Trader s, etc. , and my wif e w ill become
Pre sident of th e Americ an Woman Club, a ve ry w orthy
c h a r i t y w h i c h t a k e s c a r e o f t h e n u m e r o u s g i r l s t u d e n t s i n
B e r l i n .
W e m u s t h a v e m a d e a w o n d e r f u l s i g h t w h e n w e w e r e p r e -
s e n t e d t o t h e K a i s e r ; t h e y s e n t t h e R o y a l c a r r i a g e s f o r u s
w i t h f o o t m e n s t a n d i n g b e h i n d i n p o w d e r e d w i g s , o u t r i d e r s ,
e t c . , t h o u g h w e l o o k e d r a t h e r d i s m a l i n o u r d r e s s s u i t s . I n
188 INTIMATE PAPERS OF COLONEL HO
b a s s a d o r t o S t . J a m e s ' s w a s p l e a s e d t o h a v e a c o r r e
t o w h o m h e m i g h t w r i t e f r a n k l y a n d t h r o u g h w h o m
i n f l u e n c e t h e P r e s i d e n t . Whe n House came to Lo
J u n e , 1 9 1 3 , P a g e g r e e t e d h i m w a r m l y a n d s h a r e d
h i s h o p e s a n d d i f f i c u l t i e s .
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` I d i n e d w i t h P a g e l a s t n i g h t [ w r o t e C o l o n e l
J u n e 1 9 ] a n d r e m a i n e d w i t h h i m u n t i l h a l f - p a s t t w
H e f i n a l l y w a l k e d h o m e w i t h m e t o o u r h o t e l .
` H e h a d m a n y c u r i o u s a n d i n t e r e s t i n g e x p e r i e n c e
l a t e a n d h e w a s m u c h d i s t u r b e d a t s o m e o f h i s s o c
d e r s . T h e o n e w h i c h d i s t r e s s e d h i m m o s t w a s a t t h
N o r f o l k ' s t h e o t h e r e v e n i n g . H e t o o k P r i n c e s s
WALTER PAGE AS AMBASSADOR 189
Mr. P a g e h a d g r e a t s u c c e s s i n w i n n i n g t h e r e g a r d a n d r e -
s p e c t o f t h e B r i t i s h p e o p l e a n d t h e G o v e r n m e n t t o w h i c h
h e w a s a c c r e d i t e d . H i s bonhommie, h i s t r a n s p a r e n t h o n e s t y
o f p u r p o s e a n d m e t h o d , h i s e v i d e n t a n x i e t y t o d i s c o v e r
m e a n s o f p r o m o t i n g A n g l o - A m e r i c a n f r i e n d s h i p , s o o n p l a c e d
r e l a t i o n s b e t w e e n t h e t w o G o v e r n m e n t s u p o n a c o r d i a l p e r -
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s o n a l b a s i s , w h i c h P a g e , l i k e H o u s e , b e l i e v e d t o b e t h e o n l y
f i r m f o u n d a t i o n f o r i n t e r c o u r s e b e t w e e n n a t i o n s . The Am-
b a s s a d o r a n d h i s w i f e h a d w o n t h e h e a r t s o f t h e B r i t i s h e v e n
b e f o r e t h e t r y i n g m o n t h s o f t h e w a r , i n w h i c h P a g e ' s h a t r e d
o f G e r m a n m i l i t a r i s m i n t e n s i f i e d B r i t i s h a f f e c t i o n f o r h i m .
O n J u l y 1 2 , 1 9 1 4 , C o l o n e l H o u s e n o t e d o f a c o n v e r s a t i o n
w i t h t h e E n g l i s h j o u r n a l i s t , S i d n e y B r o o k s :
190 INTIMATE PAPERS OF COLONEL HO
Dep artme nt under Mr . B r y a n a s w o r s e t h a n u n f
A n d y e t a t t h e c o n c l u s i o n o f a l m o s t e v e r y l o n g l e t
t h e a s s u r a n c e t h a t i n t h e m a i n h e w a s e n j o y i n g h i s
t h e i n t i m a t i o n t h a t t h e v e x a t i o n s w e r e m i n o r b y -
` A s f o r t h i s E m b a s s y , ' h e w r o t e A p r i l 2 7 , 1 9 14 , ` w e ' r
o n b e t t e r . W e n o w g e t a n s w e r s t o q u e s t i o n s , a n d
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e v e r b e e n d i s p o s e d t o c o m p l a i n , t h e r e ' s n o e x c u s e
p l a i n i n g n o w . '
A l l t h e d i f f i c u l t i e s w i t h w h i c h t h e S t a t e D e p a r t
t o c o n t e n d , H o u s e e x p l a i n e d : t h e n e e d o f a p e r i o d o
e n c e , t h e p r e s s u r e o f p o l i t i c a l f a c t o r s , t h e l a c k
` P l e a s e b e a r i n m i n d t o o , ' h e w r o t e t o P a g e , ` t h a t
t h e S t a t e D e p a r t m e n t i s w o r k i n g d a y a n d n i g h t a n d i s
s h o r t o f h e l p . T h e y e x p e c t a b i l l o f r e l i e f f r o m
THE MONROE DOCTRINE
III
C o l o n e l H o u s e ' s c o n c e p t i o n o f s u c h a p o l i c y w a s f a r -
r e a c h i n g. H e b e l i e v e d t h a t t h e t i m e h a d p a s s e d w h e n t h e
U n i t e d S t a t e s c o u l d p o s e e f f e c t i v e l y a s t h e p r o t e c t o r o f a l l
t h e A m e r i c a n s t a t e s , a n d h e w a n t e d t o b r i n g a b o u t a d e f i n i t e
1 9 1
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f r i e n d l y u n d e r s t a n d i n g w i t h t h e g r e a t S o u t h A m e r i c a n
s t a t e s u p o n t h e b a s i s o f a n e q u a l p a r t n e r s h i p . H e r e a l i z e d
a c u t e l y t h e f e e l i n g i n S o u t h A m e r i c a , h o s t i l e t o t h e U n i t e d
S t a t e s a n d b a s e d u p o n t h e c o n s c i o u s n e s s t h a t t h e M o n r o e
D o c t r i n e ( a s t h e y i n t e r p r e t e d i t ) w a s t h o r o u g h l y o n e - s i d e d
a n d a c c o r d i n g l y d i s t a s t e f u l t o L a t i n - A m e r i c a n s e n s i b i l i t i e s .
I f i t c o u l d b e t r a n s f o r m e d i n t o a c o m m o n p o l i c y a n d a c o m -
1 9 2 INTIMATE PAPERS OF COLONEL HO
remnant o f a n a g e t h a t w a s p a s t . What he wanted w
s o r t o f c o o p e r a t i v e u n d e r s t a n d i n g w i t h t h e g r e a t
P o w e r s t h a t m i g h t h e l p t o p r e s e r v e t h e p e a c e o f t h e w
w h i c h t h e U n i t e d S t a t e s h a d v i t a l m a t e r i a l i n t e r e s
c o n v i c t i o n w a s n o t l e s s e n e d b y h i s r e a l i z a t i o n t
E u r o p e a n s i t u a t i o n w a s c r i t i c a l a n d m i g h t a t a n y
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r e s u l t i n a g e n e r a l E u r o p e a n w a r .
S u c h a p o l i c y i m p l i e d a f r a n k r e c o g n i t i o n t h a t t h e
u p o n w h i c h A m e r i c a n t r a d i t i o n s r e s t e d h a d d i s a p p e
i t w e r e t o b e d e v e l o p e d s u c c e s s f u l l y , a w o r k i n g u n d
i n g w i t h G r e a t B r i t a i n w o u l d b e n e c e s s a r y , b o t h b e c
p r e s e n c e o f t h e B r i t i s h i n L a t i n A m e r i c a c o u l d n o t w
i g n o r e d a n d a l s o b e c a u s e t h e i m p e r i a l p o w e r o f G r e a t
w a s n e c e s s a r y t o a n y f e a s i b l e p l a n o f i n t e r n a t i o n a l
THE PANAMA TOLLS CONTROVERSY 1 9 3
h a v e a g r e e d t h a t , d e s p i t e t h e o v e r w h e l m i n g m a j o r i t y i n
C o n g r e s s t h a t f a v o r e d e x e m p t i o n , t h e A m e r i c a n c o n t e n t i o n
o u g h t n o t t o b e u p h e l d . ' I t w a s o f s u p r e m e i m p o r t a n c e t o
e m p h a s i z e i n t e r n a t i o n a l e t h i c s b y a n i n s i s t e n c e u p o n t h e
s a n c t i t y o f t r e a t i e s . O n J a n u a r y 2 4 , 1 9 1 3 , H o u s e d i s c u s s e d
t h e m a t t e r w i t h W i l s o n
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` I a s k e d h i m c o n c e r n i n g h i s v i e w s i n r e g a r d t o t h e P a n a m a
C a n a l to l l s co n t r ov e r s y w i t h G r e a t B r i t a i n . I w a s g l a d t o
f i n d t h a t h e t o o k t h e s a m e v i e w t h a t I h a v e , a n d t h a t i s t h a t
t h e c l a u s e s h o u l d b e r e p e a l e d . '
A c t i o n c o u l d n o t b e t a k e n b y t h e P r e s i d e n t d u r i n g t h e
1 9 4 INTIMATE PAPERS OF COLONEL HO
t h e y l i k e u s , b u t d o n ' t k n o w w h a t t o t h i n k o f o u r
m e n t . O u r G o v e r n m e n t , t h e y d o n ' t t r u s t o r a d m i r
H e a r t i l y y o u r s
WALTERH
I f t h e B r i t i s h f e l t t h e y h a d c a u s e o f c o m p l a i n t
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A m e r i c a n G o v e r n m e n t o v e r t h e m a t t e r o f t h e C a n a
t h e A m e r i c a n G o v e r n m e n t , o n t h e o t h e r h a n d , f e l t
B r i t i s h w e r e h a m p e r i n g W i l s o n ' s p o l i c y i n M e x i c o .
i s h A m b a s s a d o r i n M e x i c o , S i r L i o n e l C a r d e n , w a s
b e a n a d v o c a t e o f H u e r t a a n d w a s s u p p o s e d t o r e p r e
B r i t i s h o i l i n t e r e s t s o f L o r d C o w d r a y . H u e r t a w a s
t o h a v e m a d e e x t r a v a g a n t p r o m i s e s o f c o n c e s s i o n s
SIR EDWARD GREY 1 9 5
t i o n a l h o n o r s , w i t h n o a p p a r e n t s e n s e o f h i s o w n i m p o r t a n c e ,
d r i v e n , o v e r - h a r d p e r h a p s , b y w h a t h e f e l t t o b e h i s d u t y a n d
t a k i n g n o c r e d i t t h e r e f o r . A s s t a t e s m a n , m o r e o v e r , t h e B r i t -
i s h F o r e i g n S e c r e t a r y a p p r o a c h e d H o u s e ' s i d e a l , s u p r e m e l y
d i s t i n g u i s h e d a s h e w a s b y s i n c e r i t y o f p u r p o s e a n d h o n e s t y
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of method ; a b o v e a l l a d i p l o m a t w h o d i d n o t r e g a r d d i p l o -
m a c y a s a m y s t e r i o u s i n t r i g u e , b u t r a t h e r a s a m e a n s b y w h i c h
t h e r e p r e s e n t a t i v e s o f d i f f e r e n t s t a t e s c o u l d d i s c u s s f r a n k l y
t h e c o i n c i d e n c e o r t h e c l a s h o f n a t i o n a l i n t e r e s t s a n d r e a c h a
p e a c e a b l e u n d e r s t a n d i n g . H o u s e w a s t h e n a n d a l w a y s c o n -
v i n c e d t h a t f o r e i g n p o l i c y s h o u l d b e c o n d u c t e d l i k e p e r s o n a l
b u s i n e s s , f r o m w h i c h i t d i f f e r e d o n l y i n d e g r e e o f i m p o r t a n c e ;
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ANGLO-AMERICAN RELATIONS 1 9 7
` S i r E d w a r d s a i d h e q u i t e u n d e r s t o o d t h e P r e s i d e n t ' s
p o s i t i o n a n d s y m p a t h i z e d w i t h i t , a n d h i s G o v e r n m e n t w e r e
p e r f e c t l y w i l l i ng t o a l l o w t h e m a t t e r t o r e s t a s s u g g e s t e d . '
A m b a s s a d o r W . H . P a g e t o C o l o n e l H o u s e
LONDON, J u l y 8 , 1913
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DEAR MR . HOUSE
I h a d a n i n t e r v i e w t o - d a y w i t h S i r E d w a r d G r e y a b o u t a
m a t t e r o f s t a t e b u s i n e s s ; a n d , w h e n I r o s e t o g o , h e f o l l o w e d
m e t o t h e d o o r a n d s t o p p e d m e a n d s a i d t h a t h e o w e d m e
m u c h f o r t h e p l e a s u r e I h a d g i v e n h i m i n m a k i n g h i m a c -
q u a i n t e d w i t h y o u ; a n d h e w i s h e d m e t o t e l l y o u t h a t h e
s h o u l d e x p e c t t o s e e y o u w h e n e v e r y o u s h o u l d c o m e t o L o n -
d o n : ` I w a s m u c h i n t e r e s t e d i n w h a t h e t o l d m e - m a n
1 9 8 INTIMATE PAPERS OF COLONEL HO
S i r W i l l i a m T y r r e l l , t o t h e U n i t e d S t a t e s t o c a n
w h o l e m a t t e r o f A n g l o - A m e r i c a n r e l a t i o n s w i t h t h
d e n t a n d h i s a d v i s e r . T h i s w a s t h e m o r e i m p o r t a n t
t h e n e w B r i t i s h A m b a s s a d o r , S i r C e c i l S p r i n g - R i c e ,
a n d u n a b l e t o t a k e u p h i s d u t i e s a c t i v e l y . T y r r e l l
b e a n i d e a l s e l e c t i o n . H e s h a r e d t h e c o m p l e t e c o n f i
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G r e y a n d h i s v i e w s o n i n t e r n a t i o n a l r e l a t i o n s , s o
m e r e l y c o u l d h e g i v e t o W i l s o n G r e y ' s e x a c t i d e a s ,
m i g h t c l a i m f r o m t h e P r e s i d e n t a n e q u a l f r a n k n e s s .
u n d e r s t o o d b e t t e r t h e i n s a n d o u t s o f C o n t i n e n t a l p
o r r e a l i z e d m o r e a c u t e l y h o w g r e a t a n a s s e t t o t h e
American sympathy might become in case of tro
Europe . H e p o s s e s s e d , m o r e o v e r , a n a l m o s t b o y i s h
s i a s m f o r t h e t a s k i n h a n d , w h i c h c o m p l e t e l y w o n t h
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WILSON AND SIR WILLIAM TYRRELL 2 0 1
m u c h a s I h a d d o n e t h e d a y b e f o r e . S i r W i l l i a m r e p l i e d m u c h
a s h e h a d t o m e . T h e P r e s i d e n t s p o k e f r a n k l y a n d w e l l ; s o
d i d S i r W i l l i a m . I t w a s a n e x t r e m e l y i n t e r e s t i n g d i s c u s s i o n .
` T h e P r e s i d e n t , o f h i s o w n v o l i t i o n , b r o u g h t u p t h e a r b i -
t r a t i o n t r e a t y a n d t h e P a n a m a t o l l s q u e s t i o n a n d , m u c h t o m y
s u r p r i s e , t o l d S i r W i l l i a m w h a t h e h a d i n m i n d , n o t o n l y a s t o
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h i s v i e w s , b u t a l s o h o w h e e x p e c t e d t o p u t t h e m i n t o f o r c e .
H e a s k e d h i m t o c o n v e y t o S i r E d w a r d G r e y h i s s y m p a t h y
w i t h t h e v i e w t h a t o u r t r e a t y w i t h E n g l a n d s h o u l d r e m a i n i n -
v i o l a b l e , b u t t o a s k h i m t o h a v e p a t i e n c e u n t i l h e h a d t i m e t o
d e v e l o p t h e m a t t e r p r o p e r l y . He thought an overwhelming
m a j o r i t y o f o u r p e o p l e h e l d h i s v i e w s , b u t t h e r e w a s a n o p -
p o s i t i o n c o m p o s e d l a r g e l y o f H i b e r n i a n p a t r i o t s , b o t h i n t h e
S e n a t e a n d o u t , t h a t a l w a y s d e s i r e d a f l i n g a t E n g l a n d
2 0 2 INTIMATE PAPERS OF COLONEL HO
i n g t o p l a c e t h e i r c a r d s o n t h e t a b l e ; a n d t h e r e l a t i
v e l o p e d w i t h t h e B r i t i s h t h r o u g h S i r W i l l i a m T y r
i n t i m a t e . T y r r e l l r e s p o n d e d r e a d i l y . ` Y o u w i l l f
k n o w , ' h e w r o t e t o H o u s e o n J a n u a r y 2 0 , 1 9 1 4 , ` t
n e s s o f m y u t t e r a n c e , b u t t h a t i s t h e b a s i s o f o u r
s h i p , i s n ' t i t ? ' A s a r e s u l t o f t h i s i n t i m a c y , a q u i t e
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b u t n o n e t h e l e s s s i g n i f i c a n t , u n d e r s t a n d i n g w a s r
T h e B r i t i s h F o r e i g n O f f i c e m a d e p l a i n t o S i r L i o
t h a t h e m u s t n o t t a k e s t e p s t o i n t e r f e r e i n a n y w a y
s o n ' s a n t i - H u e r t a p o l i c y i n M e x i c o . Tyrrell on
2 6 s h o w e d t o H o u s e d e s p a t c h e s f r o m G r e y , p l a i n l y i
t h i s ; a n d h e n c e f o r t h t h e A d m i n i s t r a t i o n p r o f i t
B r i t i s h i n f l u e n c e . I t i s h a r d l y a n e x a g g e r a t i o n t o
t h e a b d i c a t i o n a n d f l i g h t o f H u e r t a , i n J u l y , 1 9 1 4
SPRING-RICE AND THE TOLLS PROBLEM 203
e n d o f i t w a s c o n c e r n e d , t h e B r i t i s h G o v e r n m e n t w o u l d p e r -
h a p s l o s e s o m e t h i n g m o r e b y t h e i r i n t e r p r e t a t i o n o f t h e
t r e a t y t h a n b y o u r s ; b u t t h e t h i n g t h e y h a d m o s t i n m i n d
w a s m a i n t a i n i n g i n v i o l a b l e t r e a t y o b l i g a t i o n s . H e s a i d i n
s o u t h e r n E u r o p e t h a t q u e s t i o n w a s c o n s t a n t l y t o t h e f o r e ;
a n d t h e n e x t t i m e i t a r o s e a f t e r t h e U n i t e d S t a t e s h a d v i o -
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l a t e d t h e H a y - P a u n c e f o t e T r e a t y , t h e f a c t w o u l d b e t h o r -
o u g h l y t h r e s h e d o u t , a n d i t w o u l d b e s a i d t h a t B r i t a i n m a d e
n o o b j e c t i o n t o t h e v i o l a t i o n o f a t r e a t y w h e r e t h e U n i t e d
S t a t e s w a s c o n c e r n e d , b u t w h e n o n e o f t h e s m a l l e r n a t i o n s
o f e a s t e r n E u r o p e d i d s o a g r e a t h u e a n d c r y w a s r a i s e d . '
H o u s e h a d t a k e n u p t h e t o l l s p r o b l e m w i t h W i l s o n i n O c -
2 0 4 INTIMATE PAPERS OF COLONEL HO
t o k e e p o n g o o d t e r m s w i t h G r e a t B r i t a i n . I e x p l
t h e P r e s i d e n t ' s h a n d s w o u l d b e t i e d i n M e x i c o i f
h a v e t h e s y m p a t h y o f G r e a t B r i t a i n i n h i s p l a n s
s a w t h e p o i n t a n d a g r e e d t o h e l p i n b r i n g i n g S e n a t
m a n a r o u n d t o a m o r e r e a s o n a b l e v i e w . H e p r o m i s e
u p o n t h i s a t o n c e , a n d I a g r e e d t o c o n f e r w i t h
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l a t e r a n d t r y t o p e r s u a d e h i m t o a c c e p t t h e P r e s i d
i c y . . . .
`January 2 1 , 1 9 1 4 : W e [ W i l s o n a n d H o u s e ] . . .
w a s b e s t t o b r i n g t h e m a t t e r t o t h e a t t e n t i o n o f
i m m e d i a t e l y , s o t h a t t h e B r i t i s h G o v e r n m e n t w
s o m e t h i n g t o g o o n w h e n P a r l i a m e n t c o n v e n e d F e b
W e d e c i d e d i t w a s b e s t n o t t o s e e S e n a t o r O ' G o r m
PRESIDENTIAL MESSAGE ON THE TOLLS 205
both Committee and Senate . I t y i e l d e d , h o w e v e r , b e f o r e
W i l s o n ' s i n s i s t e nc e . O n M a r c h 5 , t h e s u p p o r t o f t h e S e n a t e
C o m m i t t e e a p p a r e n t l y a s s u r e d t o h i m , t h e P r e s i d e n t i n a
m e s s a g e t o C o n g r e s s f o r m a l l y a s k e d t h e r e p e a l o f t h e c l a u s e
e x e m p t i n g f r o m t o l l s v e s s e l s e n g a g e d i n c o a s t w i s e t r a d e .
H e b a s e d h i s d e m a n d c h i e f l y u p o n t h e f a c t t h a t e v e r y w h e r e ,
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e x c e p t i n c e r t a i n q u a r t e r s o f t h e U n i t e d S t a t e s , o p i n i o n h e ld
t h a t t h e c l a u s e v i o l a t e d t h e H a y - P a u n c e f o t e T r e a t y .
` W h a t e v e r m a y b e o u r o w n d i f f e r e n c e s o f o p i n i o n [ s a i d
W i l s o n t o C o n g r e s s ] c o n c e r n i n g t h i s m u c h - d e b a t e d m e a s u r e ,
i t s m e a n i n g i s n o t d e b a t e d o u t s i d e t h e U n i t e d S t a t e s . E v e r y -
w h e r e e l s e t h e l a n g u a g e o f t h e t r e a t y i s g i v e n b u t o n e i n t e r -
p r e t a t i o n , a n d t h a t i n t e r p r e t a t i o n p r e c lu d e s t h e e x e m p t i o n
2 0 6 INTIMATE PAPERS OF COLONEL HO
g e t t i n g t h e m e a s u r e t h r o u g h H o u s e a n d S e n a t e r e s p
f i n a l l y b o r e f r u i t . I n J u n e t h e r e p e a l o f t h e s p e c i
tion became law . From this time forward, th
S t a t e s G o v e r n m e n t c o u l d c o u n t u p o n t h e s y m p a t
Edwa rd Grey .
` J u n e 2 7 , 1 9 1 4 [ L o n d o n ] : I l u n c h e d w i t h S i r E d w
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S i r W i l l i a m T y r r e l l , a n d W a l t e r P a g e [ w r o t e C o l o n e
We talked from 1 . 3 0 u n t i l 3 . 3 0 . . . . Sir Edward a
p r a c t i c a l l y a l l t h e t a l k i n g , P a g e a n d S i r W i l l i a m o
s i o n a l l y j o i n i n g i n .
` W e s p o k e f i r s t o f t h e P a n a m a t o l l s r e p e a l b i l l
w a r d e x p r e s s e d p l e a s u r e a t t h e f i n e w a y i n w h i c h t
d e n t d i d i t a n d w i t h o u t a n y n e g o t i a t i o n s b e t w e e
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LEAGUE OF AMERICAN STATES PROPOSED 209
S o m e w e e k s l a t e r , t h e p l a n h a d t a k e n m o r e d e f i n i t e f or m
i n t h e C o l o n e l ' s t h o u g h t s a n d h e d e c i d e d t h a t h e w o u l d g o
t o W a s h i n g t o n t o i m p r e s s i t u p o n t h e P r e s i d e n t - a s t i l l
m o r e u n u s u a l s t e p o n h i s p a r t a n d o n e t h a t i n d i c a t e d h o w
m u c h i m p o r t a n c e h e a t t a c h e d t o t h e s c h e m e . W h a t C o l o n e l
H o u s e h a d i n m i n d w a s n o t h i n g l e s s t h a n a r a t h e r l o o s e
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l e a g u e o f A m e r i c a n s t a t e s w h i c h s h o u l d g u a r a n t e e s e c u r i t y
f r o m a g g r e s s i o n a n d f u r n i s h a m e c h a n i s m f o r t h e p a c i f i c
s e t t l e m e n t o f d i s p u t e s .
The reader will doubtless observe that what House
p l a n n e d b e a r s a c l o s e r e l a t i o n s h i p t o t h e L e a g u e o f N a t i o n s
w h i c h W i l s o n u l t i m a t e l y a d v o c a t e d f o r t h e w o r l d a t l a r g e .
E s p e c i a l l y s i g n i f i c a n t i s t h e a c c o u n t w h i c h t h e C o l o n e l g i v e s
2 10 INTIMATE PAPERS OF COLONEL HO
r e p u b l i c a n f o r m o f g o v e r n m e n t a n d m u t u a l g u a r a n
t e r r i t o r i a l i n t e g r i t y . '
`2nd . M u t u a l a g r e e m e n t t h a t t h e G o v e r n m e n t
o f t h e c o n t r a c t i n g p a r t i e s a c q u i r e c o m p l e t e c o n t r
i t s j u r i s d i c t i o n o f t h e m a n u f a c t u r e a n d s a l e o f m u n i
w ar . "
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` H e w i s h e d t o k n o w i f - , t h e r e w a s a n y t h i n g e l s e .
t h i s w a s s u f f i c i e n t , t a k e n i n c o n j u n c t i o n w i t h t
P e a c e T r e a t i e s w h i c h h a d a l r e a d y b e e n c o n c l u d e d
t h e r e p u b l i c s o f t h e t w o c o n t i n e n t s .
` H e t h e n w e n t t o h i s l i t t l e t y p e w r i t e r a n d m a d e
w h a t h e h a d w r i t t e n , a n d h a n d e d i t t o m e t o u s e
t h r e e S o u t h A m e r i c a n A m b a s s a d o r s w i t h w h o m
BRYAN AND PAN-AMERICAN POLICY 2 1 1
d e n t a n d I w e r e p r e p a r i n g f o r t h e l i n k i n g o f t h e W e s t e r n
H e m i s p h e r e a n d s h o w e d h i m w h a t t h e P r e s i d e n t h a d
w r i t t e n , e x p l a i n i n g w h y i t w a s t h o u g h t b e s t t h a t I s h o u l d d o
i t . He acquiesced in a most generous way, whi ch proved
m y f o r e c a s t t o t h e P r e s i d e n t w a s c o r r e c t . . . . A f t e r b u t a
f e w m i n u t e s ' c o n v e r s a t i o n u p o n t h e s u b j e c t o f t h i s p r o p o s e d
l e a g u e , h e b e g a n t o d i s c u s s t h e V e n e z u e l a M i n i s t e r ' s p r o -
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p o s a l c o n c e r n i n g t h e c a l l i n g o f a c o n v e n t i o n o f b e l l i g e r e n t
a n d n e u t r a l n a t i o n s , f o r t h e p u r p o s e o f s e c u r i n g t h e r i g h t s o f
n e u t r a l s . H e a l s o d i s c u s s e d t h e R u s s i a n t r e a t y , w h i c h h a d
b e e n t e n t a t i v e l y s u g g e s t e d a s b e i n g p o s s i b l e a t t h i s t i m e .
A f t e r t h a t h e g o t o f f o n p r o h i b i t i o n , a n d I w a s g l a d t o t a k e
h i m t o h i s o f f i c e a n d p r o c e e d t o o t h e r b u s i n e s s . . . . '
212 INTIMATE PAPERS OF COLONEL HO
States and would transform the Monroe Doctrine
p r o t e c t i v e a s s u r a n c e o n t h e p a r t o f o n e s t a t e i n t o
covenant . W h e t h e r o r n o t a P a n - A m e r i c a n P a c t o f
h e s u g g e s t e d w o u l d p r o v e a n e f f e c t i v e g u a r a n t y
might be doubtful ; b u t i t w o u l d c e r t a i n l y e l i m i
i m p l i c a t i o n o f i n f e r i o r i t y w h i c h S o u t h A m e r i c a
from the traditional form of the Monroe Doctri
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s e c u r e s u c h m o r a l a d v a n t a g e s , h o w e v e r , t h e S o u t h
S t a t e s m u s t r e n o u n c e a l l a g g r e s s i v e d e s i g n s . Wou
prove equal to the opportunity offered them? T
a s s u m e d a l s o t h a t t h e s m a l l e r L a t i n - A m e r i c a n S t a
a t t a i n e d a d e g r e e o f p o l i t i c a l s t a b i l i t y w h i c h w o u l
them to maintain the promises which they mad
a s s u m p t i o n w a s a t l e a s t q u e s t i o n a b l e .
TALK WITH THE ARGENTINE AMBASSADOR 213
t e n c e s o n e a n d t w o . He was tremendously impressed with
t h e s i g n i f i c a n c e o f t h e f i r s t a r t i c l e , a n d s a i d i t s t r u c k a n e w
n o t e a n d w o u l d c r e a t e a n e p o c h i n g o v e r n m e n t a l a f f a i r s .
W h e n I t o l d h i m t h e P r e s i d e n t h a d w r i t t e n t h e m e m o r a n d u m
o n t h e t y p e w r i t e r h i m s e l f , h e a s k e d p e r m i s s i o n t o k e e p i t ,
saying it would become an historical document of much
v a l u e .
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`I urged him to communicate with his Government by
c a b l e a n d t o g i v e m e a n a n s w e r b y M o n d a y o r T u e s d a y . He
f e l t c o n f i d e n t t h e r e p l y w o u l d b e f a v o r a b l e . H e t o o k m y
a d d r e s s i n N e w Y o r k a n d s a i d h e w o u l d c o m m u n i c a t e w i t h
m e w i t h o u t d e l a y . I l e t h i m u n d e r s t a n d t h a t w h e n t h e
South America n Governme nts had acted upon the matter
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ANOTHER TALK WITH AMBASSADOR NAON 215
C o l o n e l H o u s e t o t h e P r e s i d e n t
NEw YORK, D e c e mb e r 2 6 , 1 9 1 4
DEA R GOVERNOR :
I a m e n c l o s i n g y o u a c o p y o f a l e t t e r f r o m d a G a m a w h i c h
I h a v e j u s t r e c e i v e d a n d w h i c h I k n o w w i l l p l e a s e y o u a s
m u c h a s i t h a s m e .
A s y o u k n o w , I h a d a t e l e p h o n e t a l k w i t h N a o n ; b u t h e
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s p o k e s u c h b r o k e n E n g l i s h a n d t h e c o n n e c t i o n w a s s o b a d ,
t h a t I c o u l d n o t g a t h e r t h e s e n s e o f h i s m e s s a g e . He pro-
m i s e d t o w r i t e , b u t I h a v e n o t h i n g f r o m h i m y e t. I g l e a n e d
e n o u g h t o k n o w t h a t h e w a n t e d t o h a v e a n o t h e r c o n f e r e n c e ;
t h e r e f o r e I t o l d h i m I w o u l d b e i n W a s h i n g t o n e a r l y n e x t
w e e k .
T h i s i s a m a t t e r o f s u c h f a r - r e a c h i n g c o n s e q u e n c e t h a t I
216 INTIMATE PAPERS OF COLONEL HO
` H e t h o u g h t C h i l e w o u l d h e s i t a t e t o c o m e i n . . .
t a l k e d w i t h t h e C h i l e a n A m b a s s a d o r s i n c e I w a s i n
t o n a n d h a d n o t r e c e i v e d m u c h e n c o u r a g e m e n t . I
t h a t t h e U n i t e d S t a t e s w o u l d n o t f a v o r t h e a c q u i s
t e r r i t o r y b y t h e o t h e r r e p u b l i c s , e i t h e r b y w a r o r o t
a n d t h a t C h i l e m i g h t a s w e l l a c c e p t t h a t c o n d i t i
f o r m a l c o n v e n t i o n . He replied that Argentina h
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s a m e v i e w , a n d w o u l d n o t w i l l i n g l y p e r m i t t e r r i t o
g r a n d i z e m e n t i n S o u t h A m e r i c a . '
T h e C o l o n e l r e t u r n e d t o t h e W h i t e H o u s e t o r e
Wilson .
' W e d i s c u s s e d t h e b e s t m e a n s o f b u t t o n i n g - u p t
WAITING TO HEAR FROM CHILE 217
a n e n g a g e m e n t w i t h t h e C h i l e a n A m b a s s a d o r f o r e l e v e n
o ' c l o c k .
`I found he had not hear d from his Governme nt . H e
g a v e a c h a n g e o f m i n i s t r y a s t h e r e a s o n , a n d w a s s u r e h e
w o u l d r e c e i v e a f a v o r a b l e r e p l y . I could not see how he
c o u l d f a i l t o d o s o . T h i s w a s n o t r e a l l y i n a c c o r d a n c e w i t h
Naon's statement to me, but I found Naon wrong in the
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f i r s t e s t i m a t e o f t h e m a n n e r i n w h i c h B r a z i l a n d C h i l e w o u l d
r e c e i v e t h e p r o p o s a l s .
`January 1 3 , 1 9 1 5 : I f o u n d t h e C h i l e a n A m b a s s a d o r v e r y
c o r d i a l , b u t h e h a d n o t h e a r d f r o m h i s G o v e r n m e n t r e g a r d -
i n g t h e P r e s i d e n t ' s p r o p o s a l . I t o l d h i m t h e S e n a t e w o u l d
a d j o u r n i n a b o u t s i x t y d a y s a n d w o u l d n o t m e e t a g a i n f o r
2 18 INTIMATE PAPERS OF COLONEL HO
C o l o n e l H o u s e r e c e i v e d t h e f o l l o w i n g l e t t e r f r o
s a d o r S u a r e z
Ambassador Suarez t o C o l o n e l H o u s e
W A S H I NGTON , J a n u a r y
MY DEAR SI R :
. . . I w i s h e d t o i n f o r m y o u t h a t I h a v e s i n c e t w o
e x p e c t e d r e p l y f r o m C h i l e . I t i s f a v o r a b l e i n p r i n
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p r a i s e s t h e i d e a a s a g e n e r o u s a n d p a n - a m e r i c a n o
A l t h o u g h i t i s s o m e t i m e s n o t a l i t t l e d i f f i c u l t t
p r o p e r e x p r e s s i o n s t o r e n d e r a n i d e a a g r e e a b l e t
p a r t i e s , I h o p e w e s h a l l s u c c e e d w h e n t h e m o m e n t
c u s s i n g t h e d e v e l o p m e n t o f o u r f i r s t a c c o r d c o m e s
Mr. B r y a n h a s t o l d m e l a t e l y t o b e i n f u l l a c q
PAN-AMERICA AND MEXICO 219
I I I
Colonel Hous e left for Europe on Jan uary 31, 1915 .
H e n c e f o r t h h i s t i m e a n d h i s e n e r g i e s w e r e c h i e f l y o c c u p i e d
w i t h t h e p r o b l e m s t h a t a r o s e f r o m t h e E u r o p e a n w a r , b u t
h i s i n t e r e s t n e v e r f l a g g e d i n t h e P a n - A m e r i c a n p o l i c y w h i c h
h e h a d d o n e s o m u c h t o i n a u g u r a t e . H e i n s i s t e d u p o n i t s
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g e n e r a l v a l u e a s a n e x a m p l e , w h i c h m i g h t l a t e r b e f o l l o w e d
i n E u r o p e , o f i n t e r n a t i o n a l o r g a n i z a t i o n i n p l a c e o f i n t e r -
n a t i o n a l a n a r c h y ; h e e m p h a s i z e d i t s s p e c i a l v a l u e i n v i e w o f
t h e p e r s i s t e n t u n e a s i n e s s r e s u l t i n g f r o m t h e a l w a y s u n s e t t l e d
Mexican problem . F o r t h e e l i m i n a t i o n o f H u e r t a h a d n o t
l e d t o a n y d i m i n u t i o n o f d i s o r d e r ; a t t a c k s u p o n A m e r i c a n
l i v e s a n d p r o p e r t y c o n t i n u e d , a n d A m e r i c a n p u b l i c o p i n i o n ,
2 2 0 INTIMATE PAPERS OF COLONEL HO
`January 25 ,1915 : I t a l k e d t o M r . B r y a n o f m y s
a commission form of gov ernment for Mexico,
A. B . C . P o w e r s a n d o u r s e l v e s a c t i n g j o i n t l y . He
f a i r l y w e l l o f i t , b u t w a s n o t a s e n t h u s i a s t i c a s t h e
I talked of the South American concord and ma
m a t t e r s . '
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C o l o n e l H o u s e t o t h e P r e s i d e n t
PARIS, FRANCE, M a r c h
DEA R GOVERNOR:
S i n c e I h a v e b e e n o v e r h e r e , e v e r y n o w a n d t h e
r a i s e s i t s h e a d .
I t w o u l d b e o f e n o r m o u s a d v a n t a g e t o y o u r p r e s t i
c o u l d p l a c e t h a t p r o b l e m w e l l o n t h e r o a d t o s e
NO PROGRESS ON PAN-AMERICA 2 21
a n d s e t t l e d o r d e r . . M e x i c o i s starving and without a
Gov e r n m e n t . ' E v e n s o , h e h e s i t a t e d t o t a k e a n y p o s i t i v e
a c t i o n .
C o l o n e l H o u s e w a s i n E u r o p e f r o m J a n u a r y t o J u n e . On
h i s r e t u r n h e f o u n d t h a t , d e s p i t e t h e c o r d i a l a p p r o v a l g i v e n
by Argentina and Brazil, no progress had been made by
W il s on o r B r ya n in p u sh i ng t he P a n- A m er i ca n Pa c t t o a
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d e f i n i t e c o n c l u s i o n . C l e a r l y , m u c h o f t h e d e l a y m i g h t b e
a t t r i b u t e d t o t h e h e s i t a t i o n s o f t h e C h i l e a n A m b a s s a d o r ,
b u t i t s e e m e d p l a i n a l s o t h a t t h e S e c r e t a r y o f S t a t e h a d n o t
taken up the matter with energy . H e l a c k e d t h e s o r t o f
a b i l i t y n e c e s s a r y t o t r a n s l a t e i d e a s i n t o f a c t s . M r . Bryan
h a d i m a g i n a t i o n a n d f o r e s i g h t ; m a n y o f h i s i d e a s w h i c h
b e g a n a s s u b j e c t s o f r i d i c u l e e n d e d b y b e c o m i n g l a w s , b u t ,
2 2 2 INTIMATE PAPERS OF COLONEL HO
d i d n o t g o t h r o u g h b e f o r e t h e e n d o f t h e w a r , i t m i g
d o s o .
` I s u g g e s t e d t o F l e t c h e r t h e a d v i s a b i l i t y o f h i s v i s
d i f f e r e n t S o u t h A m e r i c a n c o u n t r i e s t o f u r t h e r t h e
I t h o u g h t i f C h i l e c o n t i n u e d t o o b s t r u c t , w e s h o u l d
w i t h o u t h e r . T h e s m a l l e r r e p u b l i c s w o u l d a g r e e a
A r g e n t i n a a n d B r a z i l , i t m a d e b u t l i t t l e d i f f e r e n c e
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C h i l e c a m e i n o r r e m a i n e d o u t . '
With the appointment of Mr . L a n s i n g a s S e c r
S t a t e , i n J u l y , 1 9 1 5 , f o l l o w i n g B r y a n ' s r e s i g n a t
impetus was given to the proposals which Ho
i n i t i a t e d . ` I a m a g a i n u r g i n g a c t i o n i n t h a t d i r e c t
C o l o n e l w r o t e o n J u l y 1 8 t o T h o m a s N e l s o n P a g e
CONFERENCE WITH SECRETARY LANSING 223
h e w o u l d p r o b a b l y h a v e g o n e a h e a d w i t h i t i f . . . he had
h a d a s S e c r e t a r y o f S t a t e a b e t t e r e x e c u t i v e , y e t i t m i g h t
h a v e b e e n d o n e e v e n u n d e r t h e u n f a v o r a b l e c i r c u m s t a n c e s
w i t h w h i c h h e h a d t o c o n t e n d . . . .
` I f i n d h i m [ L a n s i n g ] t h o r o u g h l y f a m i l i a r w i t h t h e m a -
c h i n e r y f o r s u c h d e s i g n s , a n d h e s e e m s t o b e e n e r g e t i c a n d
a m b i t i o u s t o m a k e a r e c o r d . '
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P r a c t i c a l e f f e c t s o f t h i s c o n f e r e n c e w e r e n o t s l o w t o
a p p e a r . I n t h e fi r s t pl a c e , M r . L a n s i n g t o o k u p a t l e a s t p a r t
o f t h e s u g g e s t i o n t h a t C o l o n e l H o u s e h a d m a d e t h e p r e c e d i n g
J a n u a r y a n d w h i c h t h e P r e s i d e n t a n d S e c r e t a r y B r y a n h a d
not pushed forward ; n a m e l y , t h a t t h e S o u t h A m e r i c a n
P o w e r s s h o u l d b e c a l l e d i n t o a s s i s t i n t h e s e t t l e m e n t o f t h e
2 24 INTIMATE PAPERS OF COLONEL HO
He thought when the A . B . C . C o n f e r e n c e r e s u m e
8 t h o f O c t o b e r , w e w o u l d p e r h a p s h a v e t o r e c o g n
r a n z a . W e w e r e b o t h o f t h e o p i n i o n t h a t G e n e r a l
w a s r e s p o n s i b l e f o r t h e a c c e l e r a t e d f o r t u n e s o f
a n d t h a t h e w o u l d p e r h a p s f i n a l l y t u r n o u t t o b e
o f t h e h o u r " i n M e x i c o . W e a g r e e d t h a t i f Ca r r a n
b e r e c o g n i z e d h e m u s t f i r s t g u a r a n t e e r e l i g i o u s f r e e
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a m n e s t y f o r a l l p o l i t i c a l o f f e n c e s , i n s t i t u t e t h e l a n
w h i c h h a d b e e n p r o m i s e d , g i v e p r o t e c t i o n t o f o r e i g n
r e c o g n i z e t h e i r j u s t c l a i m s . '
D e s p i t e t h e s t e a d y n e g a t i v e r e t u r n e d b y C a r r a n z
i n v i t a t i o n t o m e e t w i t h t h e o t h e r M e x i c a n l e a d
c o n f e r e n c e o f A m e r i c a n s t a t e s a t W a s h i n g t o n r e f u s
NEW DRAFT OF THE PAN-AMERICAN PACT 225
o f c o m m u n i t y o f i n t e r e s t , a l i k e i n m a t t e r s p o l i t i c a l a n d a l i k e
i n m a t t e r s e c o n o m i c , i s l i k e l y t o g i v e t h e m a n e w s i g n i f i c a n c e
a s f a c t o r s i n i n t e r n a t i o n a l a f f a i r s a n d i n t h e p o l i t i c a l h i s t o r y
o f t h e w o r l d . '
U n d e r t h e i n f l u e n c e o f t h i s d i s p l a y o f t h e U n i t e d S t a t e s '
d e s i r e t o c o o p e r a t e r a t h e r t h a n t o c o n t r o l , M r . L a n s i n g
f o u n d i t p o s s i b l e t o c o n t i n u e d i s c u s s i o n s o n t h e d e f i n i t e P a n -
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American Pact . On October 19, House wrote to Walter
Hines Page : `Lansing is pushing the South American
p r o p o s a l . T h e P r e s i d e n t , L a n s i n g , a n d I w e n t i n t o t h i s
t h o r o u g h l y s o m e t w o w e e k s a g o a n d d e c i d e d u p o n a c o u r s e
o f a c t i o n w h i c h w e b e l i e v e w i l l a c c e l e r a t e m a t t e r s a n d p e r -
h a p s b r i n g i t t o a c o n c l u s i o n b e f o r e C o n g r e s s m e e t s . '
2 2 6 INTIMATE PAPERS OF COLONEL HO
B e f o r e A m b a s s a d o r N a o n s a i l e d , I s u b m i t t e d t o
p r o p o s i t i o n s a n d h e w a s e n t i r e l y s a t i s f i e d w i t h t h e
T h i s m o r n i n g I s a w t h e B r a z i l i a n A m b a s s a d o r a n d
approved . T h i s a f t e r n o o n I a s k e d t h e C h i l e a n A m
t o c o m e a n d s e e m e , a n d a f t e r a l o n g d i s c u s s i o n o f
q u e s t i o n h e c h a n g e d h i s v i e w s i n r e g a r d t o t h e c o
a n d s a i d t h a t h e c o u l d s e e n o r e a s o n w h y C h i l e c
a c c e p t t h e p r o p o s i t i o n s a s r e d r a f t e d . I urged on
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a d v i s a b i l i t y o f s p e e d y a c t i o n a n d h e a g r e e d t h a t h e
once communi cate them to his Government and
t h e n e w C a b i n e t , w h i c h c o m e s i n t o o f f i c e o n D e c e m b
w o u l d a c t i m m e d i a t e l y a n d c a b l e h i m i n s t r u c t i o n s
i n g l y .
I f e e l c o n v i n c e d t h a t t h e A m b a s s a d o r w i l l d o a l l
GREAT BRITAIN AND PAN-AMERICA 2 27
u p . ' I n d e e d , t h e m a t t e r s e e m e d s o c l o s e t o c o m p l e t i o n t h a t
o n J a n u a r y 6 , 1 9 1 6 , M r . W i l s o n , i n h i s a d d r e s s t o t h e P a n -
A m e r i c a n S c i e n t i fi c C o n g r e s s , s t a t e d p u b l i c l y t h e g i s t o f t h e
p r o p o s a l s .
B u t m o r e d e l a y s i n t e r v e n e d . H o u s e a g a i n l e f t f o r E u r o p e i n
D e c e m b e r , r e m a i n i n g a b r o a d u n t i l M a r c h ; a n d , a p p a r e n t l y ,
d u r i n g h i s a b s e n c e l i t t l e p r o g r e s s w a s m a d e i n o v e r c o m i n g
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t h e f i n a l d i f f i c u l t i e s . W h i l e i n E u r o p e , a l t h o u g h e n g a g e d o n
c o m p l e x a n d e v e n m o r e f a r - r e a c h i n g b u s i n e s s , t h e C o l o n e l d i d
n o t f o r g e t t h e P a n - A m e r i c a n P a c t a n d t o o k w h a t o c c a s i o n
h e m i g h t t o a s s i s t i t . I t w a s t h e s u b j e c t o f d i s c u s s i o n b e -
t w e e n h i m a n d t h e C h i l e a n M i n i s t e r t o G r e a t B r i t a i n , S e n o r
E d u a r d e s , a n d a l s o m e m b e r s o f t h e B r i t i s h C a b i n e t . H e
w a s h o p e f u l o f B r i t i s h s u p p o r t , a n d e v e n c o n s i d e r e d t h e
22 8 INTIMATE PAPERS OF COLONEL HO
' E d u a r d e s w a s d e l i g h t e d w i t h t h i s s u g g e s t i o n .
t h e d a y I p r o p o s e d i t t o L a n s d o w n e . , H e w a s s t a r
s a i d i t w a s a m a t t e r n e e d i n g c a r e f u l c o n s i d e r a t i o
J a p a n m i g h t c o n s i d e r i t w a s d i r e c t e d a t h e r . I
J a p a n s h o u l d b e t a k e n a t h e r w o r d . S h e h a s r e p e a t
s h e h a d n o d e s i g n s i n t h e W e s t e r n H e m i s p h e r e , a
B r i t a i n n e e d o n l y a c c e p t h e r a s s u r a n c e s a t t h e i r f
L a n s d o w n e f a v o r e d t h e p r o p o s a l , b u t d e c l a r e d i t
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i m p o r t a n c e t h a t c a r e f u l t h o u g h t s h o u l d b e g i v e n i
` F e b r u a r y 2 1 , 1 9 1 6 : T h e f i r s t q u e s t i o n I t o o
Grey was the suggestion which came to me y
r e g a r d i n g t h e P a n - A m e r i c a n P a c t . I t o l d G r e y I
t i o n e d i t t o L a n s d o w n e a n d h e t h o u g h t i t a g r e
p r o v i d e d i t w a s s o g u a r d e d a s n o t t o o f f e n d t h e
GREAT BRITAIN AND PAN-AMERICA2 29
t h e P r e s i d e n t , t e l l i n g h i m w h a t I h a d p r o p o s e d t o G r e y , b u t
w i t h o u t g i v i n g d e t a i l s . . . .
` I g a v e L o r e b u r n 1 a summary of what I had told Grey
concerning the Pan-American P act and what Grey had
promised to do in the House of Commons provided the
C a n a d i a n P r i m e M i n i s t e r a p p r o v e d . G r e y f e l t t h a t a m a t t e r
a p p e r t a i n i n g s o l e l y t o A m e r i c a n a f f a i r s s h o u l d f i r s t b e s u b -
mitted to the Canadian Government, and th is was being
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d o n e b y c a b l e .
` I s u g g e s t e d t o L o r e b u r n t h a t h e p r e p a r e a s p e e c h i n a d -
v a n c e , w i t h o u t s a y i n g a n y t h i n g t o G r e y , s o w h e n t h e a n -
n o u n c e m e n t w a s m a d e i n t h e C o m m o n s h e c o u l d g i v e i t h i s
w a r m a p p r o v a l i n t h e H o u s e o f L o r d s . H e w a s e a g e r t o d o t h i s ,
f o r h e s a i d i t p r e s e n t e d t o h i s m i n d a m a g n i f i c e n t p r o s p e c t .
2 30INTIMATE PAPERS OF COLONEL HO
In consequence of what Sir M . d e B u n s e n t o
t h o u g h t i t d e s i r a b l e t o s e e t h e C h i l e a n M i n i s t e r b e f o
a n y t h i n g i n p u b l i c . I f o u n d h i m p l e a s e d w i t h w h a t
s a i d t o h i m , b u t i n s i s t i n g v e r y c a r e f u l l y t h a t t h e i d e
n e r s h i p m u s t b e e m p h a s i z e d a n d t h a t o f t u t e l a g e s u
H e a d m i t t e d t h a t y o u h a d d o n e t h i s , b u t h e m a d e
t h a t i f I m a d e a n y p u b l i c s t a t e m e n t i t m u s t b e e v i d
I w a s f o u n d i n g m y s e l f n o t o n l y o n w h a t P r e s i d e n
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h a d s a i d , b u t o n t h e f e e l i n g s o f t h e A . B . C . c o u
S o u t h A m e r i c a a s w e l l .
I a s k e d h i m t o s e n d m e a s t a t e m e n t w h i c h h e
P r e s i d e n t o f C h i l e h a d m a d e f a v o u r a b l e t o t h e i d e a ,
i f I h a d t o s a y a n y t h i n g i n p u b l i c I m i g h t r e f e r t o i
a s t o w h a t P r e s i d e n t W i l s o n h a d s a i d .
MEXICO AND THE PAN-AMERICAN PACT 231
l i b e r a l p a t r i o t , c r o s s e d t h e f r o n t i e r a n d m u r d e r e d s e v e n t e e n
A m e r i c a n c i t i z e n s a t C o l u m b u s , N e w M e x i c o . T h e p u n i t i v e
e x p e d i t i o n u n d e r P e r s h i n g w h i c h w a s s e n t a f t e r h i m a c r o s s
t h e b o r d e r , l e d t o v e r b a l a n d m i l i t a r y r e t a l i a t i o n o n t h e p a r t
o f C a r r a n z a w h i c h t h r e a t e n e d t o p r o d u c e f o r m a l w a r f a r e
between Mexico and the United States . The atmosphere
during the spring and summer months was by no means
favorable to the completion of the Pan-American P act .
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Furthermore, Mr . F l e t c h e r , w h o h a d b e e n g i v e n c h a r g e o f
t h e n e g o t i a t i o n s , d i s c o v e r e d a n u n w i l l i n g n e s s t o s e t t l e u p o n
d e t a i l s t h a t n u l l i f i e d t h e a g r e e m e n t u p o n t h e p r i n c i p l e
w h i c h t h e S o u t h A m e r i c a n s t a t e s h a d p r o f e s s e d .
T h e d i f f e r e n c e s w e r e s l i g h t o n t h e s u r f a c e , b u t t h e y p r o v e d
s u f f i c i e n t t o d e l a y a n d f i n a l l y t o p r e v e n t s i g n a t u r e o f t h e
2 3 2 INTIMATE PAPERS OF COLONEL HO
T h u s t h e s u m m e r d r a g g e d a l o n g . I n S e p t e m b e r ,
t h e s u b s i d e n c e o f t h e M e x i c a n c r i s i s , t h e A r g e n t i n
s a d o r d e c l a r e d h i m s e l f r e a d y t o s i g n ; b u t C h i l e s t i l
a n d B r a z i l t e n d e d t o f o l l o w h e r e x a m p l e . T h e l a s t
i n C o l o n e l H o u s e ' s p a p e r s f o r 1 9 1 6 t o t h e p l a n w h i c
s t a r t e d n e a r l y t w o y e a r s b e f o r e , i s d a t e d O c t o b e r 1
' F l e t c h e r c a l l e d t o r e p o r t o n t h e P a n - A m e r i c a n P e
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H e d i d n o t g o f u r t h e r w i t h A m b a s s a d o r N a o n , w h o i s
t o s i g n f o r A r g e n t i n a , b e c a u s e L a n s i n g h a d p r o m
M i i l l e r , B r a z i l i a n S e c r e t a r y o f S t a t e f o r F o r e i g n
t h a t h e w o u l d n o t m o v e a c t i v e l y i n t h e m a t t e r u n t i l
o f N o v e m b e r , w h i c h w o u l d g i v e M i i l l e r t i m e t o r
B r a z i l a n d a s c e r t a i n t h e w i l l o f h i s G o v e r n m e n t
FA I LU RE OF T HE PAN-A MERI CA N P LAN 233
g r e a t e r e q u a n i m i t y b e c a u s e h i s e y e s a l r e a d y c a u g h t t h e v i s i o n
o f t h e U n i t e d S t a t e s e n t e r i n g a n d v i v i f y i n g a l a r g e r c o n c e r t
t h a n t h a t o f p u r e l y A m e r i c a n s t a t e s . T h e d e v e l o p m en t o f
o u r r e l a t i o n s w i t h E u r o p e , f o r c e d b y t h e w a r , b r o u g h t u p o n
t h e h o r i z o n t h e n e e d o f a w o r l d o r g a n i z a t i o n i n t o w h i c h t h e
A m e r i c a s m i g h t c o n c e i v a b l y b e d r a w n .
E v e n b e f o r e t h e w a r H o u s e r e a l i z e d t h a t t h e t r a d i t i o n a l
s e p a r a t i o n o f t h e U n i t e d S t a t e s f r o m E u r o p e i n m a t t e r s
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p o l i t i c a l c o u l d n o t b e m a i n t a i n e d i n d e f i n i t e l y a n d t h a t t h e
t i m e h a d c o m e w h e n p o l i t i c a l e v e n t s o f m o m e n t i n E u r o p e
m u s t i n e v i t a b l y p r o v e o f d i r e c t i m p o r t a n c e t o t h e U n i t e d
S t a t e s . I t w a s t h i s r e a l i z a t i o n t h a t l e d h i m t o g i v e o v e r t h e
a c t i v e d i r e c t i o n o f t h e P a n - A m e r i c a n s c h e m e w h i l e h i s c h i e f
i n t e r e s t w a s c a u g h t i n t h e E u r o p e a n s i t u a t i o n . I t l e d h i m t o
2 3 4 I N T I M A T E P A P ERS O F C OLONEL H O
A R T I C L E I I I
T h a t t h e h i g h c o n t r a c t i n g p a r t i e s fu r t h e r a g r e e , F i r s t , t h a
t i o n s , o f w h a t e v e r c h a r a c t e r , a r i s i n g b e t w e e n a n y t w o o r m
w h i c h c a n n o t b e s e t t l e d b y t h e o r d i n a r y m e a n s o f d i p l o m a
s p o n d e n c e s h a l l , b e f o r e a n y d e c l a r a t i o n o f w a r o r b e g i n n i n g o f
b e f i r s t s u b m i t t e d t o a p e r m a n e n t i n t e r n a t i o n a l c o m m i s s i o n f
g a t i o n , o n e y e a r b e i n g a l l o w e d f o r su c h i n v e s t i g a t i o n ; a n d , S
i f t h e d i s p u t e i s n o t s e t t l ed b y i n v e s t i g a t i o n , t o s u b m i t t h e s a
t r a t i o n , p r o v i d e d t h e q u e s t i o n i n d i s p u t e d o e s n o t a f f e c t t h e
d e p e n d e n c e , o r v i t a l i n t e r e s t s o f t h e n a t i o n s c o n c e r n e d o r t h
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o f t h i r d p a r t i e s .
ARTIC LE IV
T o t h e e n d t h a t d o m e s t i c t r a n q u i l l i t y m a y p r e v a i l w i t h i n t
t o r i e s , t h e h i g h c o n t r a c t i n g p a r t i e s f u r t h e r s e v e r a l l y c o v e n a n
t h a t t h e y w i l l n o t p e r m i t t h e d e p a r t u r e f r o m t h e i r r e s p e c t i v
t i o n s o f a n y m i l i t a r y o r n a v a l e x p e d i t i o n h o s t i l e t o t h e e s t a b
e r n m e n t o f a n y o f t h e h i g h c o n t r a c t i n g p a r t i e s , a n d t h a t t h e y w
CHAPTER IX
THE GREAT ADVENTURE
T h e s i t u a t i o n i s e x t r a o r d i n a r y . I t i s m i l i t a r i s m r u n s t a r k mad . . . . There
i s s o m e d a y t o b e a n a w f u l c a t a c l y s m . . . .
H o u s e t o W i l s o n , May 29, 1 9 1 4 , f r o m B e r l i n
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I
A T t h e b e g i n n i n g o f W i l s o n ' s A d m i n i s t r a t i o n t h e r e w e r e f e w
c i t i z e n s o f t h e U n i t e d S t a t e s w h o p r o f e s s e d a k n o w l e d g e o f ,
o r a n i n t e r e s t i n , E u r o p e a n p o l i t i c s . T h e t r a d i t i o n s o f t h e
n i n e t e e n t h c e n t u r y s t i l l h e l d t h e p u b l i c m i n d - t r a d i t i o n s
which laid down, as the primary principle of American
236 INTIMATE PAPERS OF COLONEL HOU
e s t a b l i s h e d i n t h e O r i e n t , a n d t h e f o r t u n e s o f
b r o u g h t t h e P h i l i p p i n e s u n d e r t h e U n i t e d S t a t e s f l a
G o v e r n m e n t c l a i m e d a p o s i t i o n o f e q u a l i t y w i t h t h
p e a n P o w e r s i n t h e F a r E a s t a n d , u n d e r t h e d i r e c
H a y , h a d e n t e r e d i n t o c l o s e c o o p e r a t i o n w i t h t h e m
T h e a c q u i s i t i o n o f P o r t o R i c o , t h e c o n t r o l o f C u b a , t
ting of the Panama Canal, assured predominance
Caribbean . A l m o s t u n c o n s c i o u s l y , t h e c o u n t r y h a d
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a w o r l d p o w e r , a n d i t w a s c e r t a i n t h a t p o l i t i c a l c o n t a
E u r o p e m u s t b e c o m e m o r e f r e q u e n t a n d c l o s e , f o r t h
E u r o p e a n s t a t e s w e r e a l s o w o r l d p o w e r s a n d t h e i r i n t
touched ours at many points . E c o n o m i c a n d i n t e l
i n t e r c o u r s e w i t h E u r o p e w a s i n t i m a t e a n d c o n s t a n t ;
i n t e r c o u r s e w a s h e n c e f o r t h i n e v i t a b l e .
THE EUROPEAN SITUATION IN 1913 237
drawn about Germany . T h e y f e a r e d e s p e c i a l l y t h e d e v e l o p -
m e n t o f a n a g g r e s s i v e R u s s i a n p o l i c y i n t h e B a l k a n s t h a t
w o u l d d e s t r o y G e r m a n y ' s a l l y , A u s t r i a , a n d c u t o f f t h e r o a d
t o t h e s o u t h e a s t . O n c e m o r e , i n 1 9 1 1 , t h e y t r i e d t o b r e a k
t h e E n t e n t e , n o w t h e T r i p l e E n t e n t e , a n d a g a i n t h e y f a i l e d .
C o u n s e l s i n G e r m a n y w e r e e v i d e n t l y d i v i d e d . T h e r e w e r e
t h o s e , s u c h a s t h e C h a n c e l l o r , v o n B e t h m a n n H o l l w e g , a n
a m i a b l e b u t a n a e m i c p e r s o n a l i t y , w h o h o p e d t o f i n d a s o l u -
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t i o n i n a p e a c e a b l e u n d e r s t a n d i n g -e s p e c i a l l y w i t h t h e
B r i t i s h , w i t h o u t w h o s e h e l p R u s s i a n p l a n s i n t h e N e a r E a s t
c o u l d n o t s u c c e e d . B u t t h e r e w e r e o t h e r s w h o i n s i s t e d t h a t
G e r m a n y m u s t p r e c i p i t a t e a w a r a t t h e f i r s t f a v o r a b l e m o -
m e n t , b e f o r e R u s s i a w a s r e a d y . T h e a g g r e s s i v e s p i r i t h a d
b e e n t a u g h t f o r a g e n e r a t i o n b y t h e p r o f e s s o r s , i t w a s r a m -
238 INTIMATE PAPERS OF COLONEL HOo t h e r h a n d , c o u l d o n l y i n t e n s i f y t h e d i p l o m a t i c c r
i n c r e a s i n g t h e f e a r s o f G e r m a n y a n d g i v i n g a l e v e
Ge r m a n m i l i t a r i s t s w h o d e s i r e d w a r .
I n Ru s s i a a n d i n F r a n c e m i l i t a r y d e v e l o p m e n t
o r d e r o f t h e d a y . There were many who looked u
g e n e r a l w a r a s i n e v i t a b l e ; t h e Du a l A l l i a n c e m u s t
a n d m u s t o m i t n o s t e p w h i c h m i g h t i n c r e a s e i t s d i
a n d m i l i t a r y w ei g h t . A n y o t h e r p o l i c y wo u l d l a y
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c o n t r o l o p e n t o t h e c h a r g e o f c r i m i n a l n e g l i g e n c e .
s t e p t a k e n s e e m e d t o t r a n s f o r m t h e D u a l A l l i a n c
d e f e n s i v e t o a n o f f e n s i v e c o m b i n a t i o n a n d i n e v i t a b
l a t e d t h e f e a r s a n d t h e b e l l i g e r e n c e o f G e r m a n y .
Eu r o p e t h u s p r e p a r e d f o r w a r a n d , a s W i l l i a
S u m n e r u s e d t o s a y , ` W h a t y o u p r e p a r e f o r y o u g e
PLAN TO AVERT A WAR 2 3 9
planned a p o l i c y o f c o o p e r a t i o n w h i c h s h o u l d i n c l u d e t h e
U n i t e d S t a t e s , G r e a t B r i t a i n , a n d G e r m a n y . H e s a w t h a t t h e
c r u x o f t h e d a n g e r l a y i n t h e a n i m o s i t y o f G e r m a n s a n d
B r i t i s h , a n d h e h o p e d t h a t i t m i g h t b e a l l a y e d b y g e t t i n g
the two countries to work towards a common end . Ger-
m a n y ' s e x p a n s i v e e n e r g y , h e t h o u g h t , m i g h t b e t u r n e d
i n t o m o r e u s e f u l c h a n n e l s t h a n K r u p p f a c t o r i e s a n d d r e a d -
noughts .
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`January 2 2 , 1 9 1 3 : M a r t i n l u n c h e d w i t h u s [ C o l o n e l H o u s e
r e c o r d e d ] . . . . I t o l d h i m t h a t I w a n t e d t o g e t G o v e r n o r
Wilson to let me bring about an understanding between
G r e a t B r i t a i n , t h i s c o u n t r y , a n d G e r m a n y , i n r e g a r d t o t h e
240 INTIMATE PAPERS OF COLONEL HO
i f I w o u l d l u n c h w i t h t h e G e r m a n A m b a s s a d o r u p
s t e a d o f d o w n t o w n , a n d I p r o m i s e d t o d o s o . . . .
` M a y 9 , 1 9 1 3 : I l u n c h e d a t D e l m o n i c o ' s w i t h t
A m b a s s a d o r , C o u n t v o n B e r n s t o r f f , a n d M r . S p e y
` T h e C o u n t t a l k e d r a t h e r m o r e f r e e l y t h a n I a n t
a d i p l o m a t o f h i s t r a i n i n g w o u l d . He spoke of M
a n d o f t h e d i f f e r e n t a s s i s t a n t s i n t h e S t a t e D e p a r t m e
g o o d d e a l o f f r e e d o m . H e a l s o c r i t i c i z e d e x - S e c r e
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a n d H u n t i n g t o n W i l s o n , h i s F i r s t A s s i s t a n t .
` T h e m o s t i n t e r e s t i n g p a r t o f h i s c o n v e r s a t i o n
lunch, when Mr . S p e y e r l e f t u s a n d B e r n s t o r f f a n d
down the Avenue alone . I s u g g e s t e d , t h a t i t w o
g r e a t t h i n g i f t h e r e w a s a s y m p a t h e t i c u n d e r s t a n d i n
E n g l a n d , G e r m a n y , J a p a n , a n d t h e U n i t e d S t a t e s
P L AN T I NG T H E SEEDS OF P EA C E 2 4 1
t i o n s , b e u n i t e d a n d l e d t o c l e a n u p t h e t r o p i c s , t h e g r e a t
a r m i e s m i g h t g r a d u a l l y b e c o m e s a n i t a r y p o l i c e , a s i n P a n a m a ,
a n d f i n a l l y g r a d u a l l y f o r g e t t h e f i g h t i n g i d e a a n d a t l a s t
d i s s o l v e . . . . '
B u t P a g e f e l t t h a t t h e E u r o p e a n s w e r e t o o t r a d i t i o n a l l y
m i n d e d t o e m b a r k u p o n s u c h a p l a n , w h i c h h a d i n i t s o m e -
t h i n g s u g g e s t i v e o f t h e S e c r e t a r i a t o f t h e L e a g u e o f N a t i o n s .
` O n t h e C o n t i n e n t o f E u r o p e , ' h e w r o t e , ` t h e K a i s e r i s
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p r o b a b l y t h e f o r e m o s t m a n . Y e t h e c a n n o t t h i n k f a r b e y o n d
the provincial views of the Germans . In England, Sir
E d w a r d G r e y i s t h e l a r g e s t - v i s i o n e d s t a t e s m a n . Yet ev en
h e d o e s n o t s e e m t o h a v e a d e f i n i t e l y c o n s t r u c t i v e m i n d . '
H o u s e d i d n o t f o r c e h i s i d e a s u p o n t h e B r i t i s h a t t h i s t i m e ,
2 4 2 INTIMATE PAPERS OF COLONEL HO
t i o n s w i t h D u m b a , l p a r t i c u l a r l y i n r e g a r d t o s o m e
t h e p o l i t i c a l s i t u a t i o n i n s o u t h e a s t e r n E u r o p e . H
o n e t i m e M i n i s t e r a t B u c h a r e s t a n d , o f c o u r s e , k
B a l k a n s i t u a t i o n t h o r o u g h l y . '
I n N o v e m b e r a r r i v e d S i r W i l l i a m T y r r e l l , G r e y '
t a r y , w i t h w h o m H o u s e f o u n d i t p o s s i b l e t o d i s c u s
c a n d o r e v e r y s o r t o f i n t e r n a t i on a l q u e s t i o n . A f t e r
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w i t h T y r r e l l t h e u n d e r s t a n d i n g a s t o W i l s o n ' s M e x i c
a n d P a n a m a t o l l s , t h e C o l o n e l p r o c e ed e d t o i m p a r t
p l a n , w h i c h h e h a d f o r m u l a t e d w i t h s o m e d e f i n i t e n
e x i s t i n g c r i s i s h e h o p e d t o t i d e o v e r b y a n u n d e r
t h a t w o u l d l e a d t o a l i m i t a t i o n o f a r m a m e n t s . I f
PLAN TO SEE THE KAISER 243
` H e d i d n o t t h i n k i t n e c e s s a r y f o r m e t o t a k e a n y c r e d e n -
t i a l s . H e a d v i s e d h a v i n g o u r A m b a s s a d o r i n Ge r m a n y
w h i s p e r t o t h e K a i s e r t h a t I w a s " t h e p o w e r b e h i n d t h e
t h r o n e " i n t h e U n i t e d S t a t e s . T h a t i f t h i s w e r e d o n e , I
w o u l d h a v e t o w a r n o u r A m b a s s a d o r t o t e l l o f f i c i a l B e r l i n I
d i d n o t c a r e f o r " f u s s a n d f e a t h e r s " ; o t h e r w i s e I w o u l d h a v e
r e d c a r p e t s l a i d f o r m e a l l o v e r B e r l i n .
` H e t h o u g h t I s h o u l d p r o c e e d q u i e t l y a n d s e c r e t l y , b u t
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s h o u l d s e c u r e a n a u d i e n c e w i t h t h e K a i s e r a n d s a y t o h i m ,
a m o n g o t h e r t h i n g s , t h a t E n g l a n d a n d A m e r i c a " h a d b u r i e d
t h e h a t c h e t " a n d t h e r e w a s a s t r o n g f e e l i n g t h a t G e r m a n y
s h o u l d c o m e i n t o t h i s g o o d f e e l i n g a n d e v i d e n c e t h e i r g o o d
i n t e n t i o n b y a g r e e i n g t o s t o p b u i l d i n g a n e x t r a v a g a n t n a v y ,
a n d t o c u r t a i l m i l i t a r i s m g e n e r a l l y .
244 INTIMATE PAPERS OF COLONEL HO
I n J a n u a r y h e w r o t e t o G e r a r d t o m a k e s u r e o f t h e
p l a n s ; h e l e a r n e d t h a t W i l h e l m I I w o u l d b e i n C o r f
l a t e s p r i n g , t h a t h e w o u l d r e t u r n t o P o t s d a m , g o o n
f o r t h e r a c e s , t h e n on a c r u i s e i n N o r w e g i a n w a t e r s , a
t o h i s e s t a t e s o n t h e R h i n e. ,
H o u s e c h o s e t h e e a r l
m e n t a v a i l a b l e a n d c a b l e d G e r a r d t o a r r a n g e t h e i
f o r J u n e , a f t e r t h e K a i s e r ' s r e t u r n f r o m C o r f u .
T h e C o l o n e l f e l t h i m s e l f a l r e a d y i n s u c h c l o s e t o
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t h e s i t u a t i o n i n G r e a t B r i t a i n t h a t h e b e l i e v e d t h e c
he must underta ke would be a study of current
p s y c h o l o g y a n d e s p e c i a l l y t h e c h a r a c t e r o f W i l l i a m
January we find him taking lunch with Benja
W h e e l e r a n d q u i e t l y e x t r a c t i n g i n f o r m a t i o n .
BENJAMIN IDE WHEELER ON THE KAISER 245
s a i d t h e K a i s e r h a d t o l d h i m t h a t h i s o b j e c t i n b u i l d i n g a
n a v y w a s n o t t o t h r e a t e n E n g l a n d , b u t t o a d d p r e s t i g e t o
G e r m a n y ' s c o m m e r c e u p o n t h e s e v e n s e a s . He had spo ken
of how impossible war shoul d be between England and
G e r m a n y , o r , i n f a c t , h o w u t t e r l y f o o l i s h a n y g e n e r a l E u r o -
p e a n w a r w o u l d b e . H e t h i n k s t h e c o m i n g a n t a g o n i s m i s b e -
t w e e n t h e A s i a t i c s a n d t h e W e s t e r n p e o p l e s a n d t h a t w i t h i n
t w e n t y y e a r s t h e W e s t e r n p e o p l e s w i l l r e c o g n i z e t h i s a n d
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s t a n d t o g e t h e r m o r e o r l e s s a s a u n i t .
` W h e e l e r t o l d o f h o w n a r r o w l y a g e n e r a l E u r o p e a n w a r
w a s a v e r t e d l a s t M a r c h o v e r t h e B a l k a n e m b r o g l i o , a n d h o w
t h e E m p e r o r t h i n k s h e s a v e d t h e d a y b y h i s s u g g e s t i o n o f
c r e a t i n g t h e S t a t e o f A l b a n i a . ' T h e K a i s e r t o l d W h e e l e r
t h a t h e h a d w a r n e d R u s s i a i f t h e y a t t a c k e d A u s t r i a , h e
246 INTIMATE PAPERS OF COLONEL HO
Irwin Laughlin, Counsellor of the American Emb
S t . J a m e s ' s .
` A p r i l 9 , 1 9 1 4 : W e f e l l t o t a l k i n g a b o u t m y p l a n
c r e a s i n g a r m a m e n t s . L a u g h l i n w a s t h r e e y e a r s F i r s
t a r y o f t h e A m e r i c a n E m b a s s y a t B e r l i n . D u r i n g t
h e t a l k e d w i t h t h e G e r m a n C h a n c e l l o r r e g a r d i n g
m e n t , a n d h e d i d n o t b e l i e v e t h e r e w a s o n e c h a n c e i
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l i o n o f m y g e t t i n g G e r m a n y t o c o n s e n t t o a n a v a l h
` I s u r p r i s e d h i m b y t e l l i n g h i m o f t h e d i r e c t i n f o
had of the Kaiser himself -none of which, thou
f a v o r a b l e t o my p l a n , b u t r a t h e r c o i n c i d i n g w i t h L a
v i e w s . But what impressed him was the method I
m i n d o f a c c o m p l i s h i n g r e s u l t s . I e x p l a i n e d m y p u r
THE GREAT ADVENTURE 247
` A p r i l 1 6 , 1 9 1 4 : A t h a l f - p a s t n i n e I l e f t t o g o t o t h e B o r d e n
H a r r i m a n s ' i n o r d e r t o m e e t t h e g u e s t s , s i n c e M r s . H a r r i m a n
h a d t o l d t h e m I w o u l d d o s o . P r i n c e M u n s t e r , P r i n c e P a u l
Troubetskoy and his wife , Ambassad or Dumba, General
W o o d , a n d s e v e r a l o t h e r s w e r e t h e r e . I t a l k e d w i t h P r i n c e
M u n s t e r f o r a w h i l e a b o u t t h e G e r m a n E m p e r o r , i n o r d e r t o
g e t m o r e i n f o r m a t i o n a b o u t h i m . . . .
` A p r i l 2 8 , 1 9 1 4 : I s p o k e t o t h e P r e s i d e n t a b o u t w h a t I w a s
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doing in reg ard to Germany and the Kaiser, a nd he re-
marked, "You are p reparing to make the ground fallow. "
I a s k e d a g a i n w h e t h e r h e w a s c e r t a i n t h a t h e w i s h e d m e t o
g o a t t h i s p a r t i c u l a r t i m e . H e r e p l i e d , " T h e o b j e c t y o u h a v e
i n m i n d i s t o o i m p o r t a n t t o n e g l e c t
248 INTIMATE PAPERS OF COLONEL HO
I I I
C o l o n e l H o u s e t o t h e P r e s i d e n t
A MERI C AN E
BERLIN, M a y
DEA R GOVERNOR :
I w a s f a i r l y w e l l i n f o r m e d a s t o t h e s i t u a t i o n h e
r e a c h e d Ge r m a n y . P r i n c e M u n s t e r a n d t h e C o
Moltke were fellow passen gers, and I ca me to
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M o l t k e w e l l . ,
M u n s t e r i s w h a t w e w o u l d c a l l a r e a c t i o n a r y , a
h i m d o a l l t h e t a l k i n g . V o n M o l t k e , o n t h e c o n t
p e r h a p s t h e o n l y n o b l e i n G e r m a n y w h o h a s a d e t a c h
o f v i e w a n d s e e s t h e s i t u a t i o n a s w e d o . H e g a v e m e
TO THE PRESIDENT FROM BERLIN 249
p u r p o s e s I g i v e a s m y o w n , a n d y o u c o m e i n n o f u r t h e r t h a n
w h a t m a y b e a s s u m e d b e c a u s e o f o u r r e l a t i o n s .
T h e s i t u a t i o n i s e x t r a o r d i n a r y . I t i s m il i t a r i s m r u n s t a r k
m a d . U n l e s s s o m e o n e a c t i n g f o r y o u c a n b r i n g a b o u t a
d i f f e r e n t u n d e r s t a n d i n g , t h e r e i s s o m e d a y t o b e a n a w f u l
c a t a c l y s m . N o o n e i n E u r o p e c a n d o i t . T h e r e i s t o o m u c h
h a t r e d , t o o m a n y j e a l o u s i e s . Whenever England consents,
F r a n c e a n d R u s s i a w i l l c l o s e i n o n G e r m a n y a n d A u s t r i a .
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England does not want Germany wholly c rushed, for sh e
w o u l d t h e n h a v e t o r e c k o n a l o n e w i t h h e r a n c i e n t e n e m y ,
R u s s i a ; b u t i f G e r m a n y i n s i s t s u p o n a n e v e r - i n c r e a s i n g
n a v y , t h e n E n g l a n d w i l l h a v e n o c h o i c e .
T h e b e s t c h a n c e f o r p e a c e i s a n u n d e r s t a n d i n g b e t w e e n
2 5 0 INTIMATE PAPERS OF COLONEL HO
B r i t i s h A m b a s s a d o r , a n d C o u n t a n d C o u n t e s s v o
w h o w e r e i n v i t e d a t o u r r e q u e s t .
' V o n T i r p i t z a n d I l e f t t h e d i n i n g - r o o m t o g e t
s t o o d i n o n e o f t h e d r a w i n g - r o o m s a n d t a l k e d f o
H e e v i d e n c e d a d e c i d e d d i s l i k e f o r t h e B r i t i s h , a d i
a l m o s t a m o u n t e d t o h a t r e d . O n e o f t h e t h i n g s t
m e m o s t w a s h i s s u g g e s t i o n t h a t t h e E n g l i s h " l o
u p o n G e r m a n s a n d c o n s i d e r e d t h e m t h e i r i n f e r i o r s
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' V o n T i r p i t z s p o k e o f t h e a n t i - G e r m a n f e e l i
U n i t e d S t a t e s a n d c i t e d o u r n e w s p a p e r s i n e v i d e n
H e a l s o s p o k e o f A d m i r a l M a h a n ' s a r t i c l e s w h i c h h a
B r i t i s h l e a n i n g . I a s s u r e d h i m o u r n e w s p a p e r s d i d
c a t e o u r r e a l f e e l i n g , a n d a s k e d h i m w h e t h e r t h e
TALK WITH VON TIRPITZ 2 5 1
` I p o i n t e d o u t th e d a n g e r i n t h i s p r o g r a m m e , f o r , w h i l e
G r e a t B r i t a i n d i d n o t d e s i r e t o s e e G e r m a n y c r u s h e d b e c a u s e
i t w o u l d l e a v e h e r t o r e c k o n a l o n e w i t h h e r a n c i e n t e n e m y ,
R u s s i a , a t t h e s a m e t i m e s h e c o u l d n o t v i e w w i t h e q u a n i m i t y
t h e e v e r - i n c r e a s i n g n a v a l s t r e n g t h o f G e r m a n y c o m b i n e d
w i t h h e r l a r g e a n d e f f i c i e n t s t a n d i n g a r m y . I f i t c a m e t o a
d e c i s i o n a s t o w h e t h e r G e r m a n y s h o u l d b e c r u s h e d o r b e p e r -
m i t t e d t o h a v e a n a v y s u f f i c i e n t t o o v e r c o m e B r i t i s h s u -
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p r e m a c y a t s e a , t h e i r p o l i c y w o u l d c l e a r l y b e t o l e t G e r m a n y
g o u n d e r .
` I t h o u g h t a n u n d e r s t a n d i n g c o u l d b e b r o u g h t a b o u t b e -
tween Germany and England . H e h o p e d s o , b u t h e d i d n o t
t r u s t E n g l a n d , b e c a u s e t h e E n g l i s h w e r e n o t " r e l i a b l e . "
2 5 2INTIMATE PAPERS OF COLONEL HO
I V
Not withou t d i f f i c u l t y a n d t h e e x e r c i s e o f d i
adroitness, Ambassador Gerard had arranged th
s h o u l d h a v e a p r i v a t e t a l k w i t h t h e K a i s e r. O f f i c
p r o t e s t e d . T h e F o r e i g n O f f i c e w a s p e r f e c t l y w i l l i n g
C o l o n e l s h o u l d r e c e i v e t h e s a t i s f a c t i o n o f a n i n t e r
t h e y i n s i s t e d t h a t s o m e m e m b e r o f t h e c i v i l G o
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m u s t b e p r e s e n t . H o u s e w a s e q u a l l y d e f i n i t e i n h i s i
t h a t i t m u s t b e a t e t e - a - t e t e o r n o t h i n g . ` I f t h a t i
s i b l e , ' h e h a d w r i t t e n G e r a r d , ` t h e n p l e a s e d o n o
a b o u t i t a t a l l . ' H e w a n t e d t o b e s u r e t h a t t h e f r a
t h e c o n v e r s a t i o n s h o u l d n o t b e i m p e d e d b y o f f i c i a l
ENTERTAINED BY THE KAISER 2 5 3
H o u s e a n d G e r a r d , i n t h e i r b l a c k e v e n i n g d r e s s s u i t s , p r o -
v i d e d a g r o t e s q u e s o m b r e n e s s q u i t e o u t o f k e e p i n g w i t h t h e i r
s u r r o u n d i n g s-l i k e t w o b l a c k c r o w s , ' a s t h e K a i s e r h i m s e l f
d e s c r i b e d t h e m w i t h m o r e p u n g e n c y t h a n p o l i t e n e s s .
` J u n e 1 , 1 9 1 4 : G e r a r d a n d I [ r e c o r d e d H o u se ] s e t f o r t h f o r
P o t s d a m a t h a l f - p a s t n i n e . W e a r r i v e d t o o e a r l y a n d w a n -
d e r e d a b o u t u n t i l n e a r l y e l e v e n , a n d t h e n e n t e r e d t h e P a l a c e .
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W e f o u n d o u r s e l v e s t o b e t h e o n l y g u e s t s i n v i t e d t o t h e
S c h r i p p e n f e s t .
`We were taken through a beautiful sweep of rooms,
r u n n i n g a c r o s s t h e p a r k f r o n t , u n t i l w e c a m e t o a s i d e e n -
t r a n c e . H e r e w e w a i t e d a f e w m i n u t e s u n t i l t h e K a i s e r w a s
2 5 4 INTIMATE PAPERS OF COLONEL HO
h a y n ; 1 t h e m a n t o m y l e f t w a s s o m e g e n e r a l f r o
b u t I d i d n o t c a t c h h i s n a m e . T h e E m p e r o r t a l k
t h e t a b l e w i t h o u r p a r t y , m o s t l y w i t h G e n e r a l v o n
h a y n . . . . T h e f o o d w a s d e l i c i o u s a n d t h e m e a l
p e r h a p s f i f t y m i n u t e s . . . .
` I h a d c a u t i o n e d G e r a r d b e f o r e c o m i n g t o B e r l i n n
t h e t i t l e o f " C o l o n e l " w h e n r e f e r r i n g t o m e o r w h
d u c i n g m e a f t e r I a r r i v e d . T h i s d i d n o t s e r v e m y
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for Bernstorff had cabled of my coming, so
"Colonel" immediately . M o s t o f m y t i m e a t l u n
u s e d i n e x p l a i n i n g t o m y n e i g h b o r s t h e k i n d o f
was -not a real one in the European sense, bu
w o u l d s a y i n A m e r i c a , a g e o g r a p h i c a l o n e . M y e x
CONVERSATION WITH THE KAISER 2 5 5
o r f i f t e e n f e e t a w a y , q u i t e o u t o f h e a r i n g . A t f i r s t I t h o u g h t
I w o u l d n e v e r g e t H i s M a j e s t y p a s t h i s h o b b i e s , b u t f i n a l l y V
I d r e w h i m t o t h e s u b j e c t I h a d c o m e t o d i s c u s s . . . . I f o u n d
h i m m u c h l e s s p r e j u d i c e d a n d m u c h l e s s b e l l i g e r e n t t h a n v o n
T i r p i t z. H e d e c l a r e d h e w a n t e d p e a c e b e c a u s e i t s e e m e d t o
G e r m a n y ' s i n t e r e s t . Germany had been p oor, she was now
g r o w i n g r i c h , a n d a f e w m o r e y e a r s o f p e a c e w o u l d m a k e h e r
s o . "She was menaced on every side . T h e b a y o n e t s o f
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E u r o p e w e r e d i r e c t e d a t h e r , " a n d m u c h m o r e o f t h i s h e
g a v e m e . Of England, he spoke kindly and admirin gly .
E n g l a n d , A m e r i c a , a n d G e r m a n y w e r e k i n d r e d p e o p l e s a n d
s h o u l d d r a w c l o s e r t o g e t h e r . O f o t h e r n a t i o n s h e h a d b u t
l i t t l e o p i n i o n . . . .
2 5 6 INTIMATE PAPERS OF COLONEL HO
` I s p o k e o f t h e c o m m u n i t y o f i n t e r e s t s b e t w e e n
G e r m a n y , a n d t h e U n i t e d S t a t e s , a n d t h o u g h t i f t
t o g e t h e r t h e p e a c e o f t h e w o r l d c o u l d b e m a i n t a
a s s e n t e d t o t h i s q u i t e r e a d i l y . However, in my
t h e r e c o u l d b e n o u n d e r s t a n d i n g b e t w e e n E n g l a n d
m a n y s o l o n g a s h e c o n t i n u e d t o i n c r e a s e h i s n a v
p l i e d t h a t h e m u s t h a v e a l a r g e n a v y i n o r d e r t
G e r m a n y ' s c o m m e r c e i n a n a d e q u a t e w a y , a n d o n
s u r a t e w i t h h e r g r o w i n g p o w e r a n d i m p o r t a n c e . H e
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i t w a s n e c e s s a r y t o h a v e a n a v y l a r g e e n o u g h t o b
d e f e n d t h e m s e l v e s a g a i n s t t h e c o m b i n e d e f f o r t s
and France . ,
' I a s k e d w h e n h e w o u l d r e a c h t h e e n d o f h i s n
CONVERSATION WITH THE KAISER2 5 7
p u r p o s e t o g o d i r e c t l y t o E n g l a n d , w h e r e I s h o u l d t a k e t h e
matter up with tha t Government as I had done with him .
` I e x p l a i n e d t h a t I e x p e c t e d t o f e e l m y w a y c a u t i o u s l y
a n d s e e w h a t c o u l d b e a c c o m p l i s h e d , a n d , i f h e w i s h e d i t , I
w o u l d k e e p h i m i n f o r m e d . H e a s k e d m e t o d o t h i s a n d s a i d
l e t t e r s w o u l d r e a c h h i m " t h r o u g h o u r f r i e n d Z i m m e r m a n n
h e r e i n t h e F o r e i g n O f f i c e . " . . .
` I t a l k e d t o t h e K a i s e r o n t h e t e r r a c e f o r t h i r t y m i n u t e s
a n d q u i t e a l o n e . Gerard and Zimmerma nn stood some ten
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feet away . T h e r e w a s a s p e c i a l t r a i n s c h e d u l ed ' t o l e a v e
P o t s d a m a t t h r e e o ' c l o c k , a n d t h e t i m e w a s g r o w i n g p e r i l -
o u s l y n e a r a n d e v e r y o n e w a s b e c o m i n g u n e a s y . T h e Em -
p r e s s h e r s e l f c a m e u p o n t h e t e r r a c e a t o n e t i m e f o r t h e p u r -
2 5 8 INTIMATE PAPERS OF COLONEL HO
a l t h o u g h t h e E m p e r o r m a d e n o p r o m i s e s , h e l e f t H
s u f f i c i e n t e n c o u r a g e m e n t t o p r o c e e d i n t a k i n g u
w i t h t h e B r i t i s h . ` I a m g l a d t o t e l l y o u , ' h e w r o
f r o m P a r i s , ` t h a t I h a v e b e e n a s s u c c e s s f u l a s I a n t
. . . I a m v e r y h a p p y o v e r w h a t h a s b e e n a c c o m p l
I a m e a g e r t o g e t t o L o n d o n t o s e e w h a t c a n b e d o
I h a v e a f e e l i n g t h a t t h e s o i l w i l l b e m u c h m o r e f a
W h a t i m p r e s s e d H o u s e c h i e f l y i n G e r m a n y w a s n o
a w i l l t o w a r b a s e d u p o n a n y d e f i n i t e p l a n , b u t a n
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i n g n e r v o u s n e s s w h i c h m i g h t a t a n y m o m e n t r e s u l t i
l e s s a t t a c k , a n d a c o m p l e t e i n a b i l i t y t o a p p r o a c h t
w i t h i n t e l l i g e n t p o i s e a n d c a p a c i t y f o r c o m p r o m i s e
` I find that both England and Germany [he w
TA LK WI TH HERRIC K I N P ARIS 2 5 9
` J u n e 8 , 1 9 1 4 : I h a v e s p e n t a q u i e t w e e k i n P a r i s , m y m o s t
a r d u o u s d u t y b e i n g t o d o d g e A m e r i c a n s a n d o t h e r s w a n t i n g
t o s e e m e . W e h a v e h a d m a n y i n v i t a t i o n s t o d i n ne r a n d
l u n c h e o n, a l l o f w h i c h h a v e b e e n d e c l i n e d , a l t h o u g h o n e
c a m e f r o m o u r A m b a s s a d o r .
` I c a l l e d o n H e r r i c k , l i t h a v i n g b e e n u n d e r s t o o d t h a t I
w o u l d d o s o w h e n I w a s r e a d y t o t a l k w i t h h i m . M r . R o o s e -
v e l t h a d b e e n w i t h h i m t h e d a y b e f o r e , a n d h e t o l d m e s o m e -
t h i n g o f T . R . ' s m e n t a l a n d p h y s i c a l a c t i v i t i e s . H e r r i c k
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m a d e t h e p r e d i c t i o n t h a t T . R . w a s g e t t i n g r e a d y t o g o b a c k
h o m e a n d t o g i v e t h e D e m o c r a t s a t h o r o u g h l y u n h a p p y
t i m e . I r e p l i e d t h a t I w a s s u r e h e c o u l d d o n o t h i n g t h a t w o u l d
d i s t r e s s u s s o m u c h a s i t w o u l d h i s f e l l o w R e p u b l i c a n s .
' H e r r i c k r e a d p a s s a g e s f r o m h i s f o r t h c om i n g b o o k u p o n
2 6 0 INTIMATE PAPERS OF COLONEL HOU
t i m e H o u s e f o l l o w e d h i s h a b i t o f s e e i n g p e o p l e o f i n
a n d i n f o r m a t i o n -c h a t t i n g w i t h S i r H o r a c e P l u n k e
L o r d B r y c e , l u n c h i n g a t t h e E m b a s s y w i t h R o o s e v e
other notables, and meeting such varied types a
Curzon and Henry James, the Bishop of London an
S a r g e n t , d i n i n g a t B u r d e t t - C o u t t s ' p a l a t i a l h o m e i n
d i l l y a n d d i s c u s s i n g i t s a r t t r e a s u r e s a n d m a n u s c r i p
r e c k o n i n g t h e w e a l t h o f n a t i o n s w i t h S i r G e o r g e P a
t h e S t a t i s t .
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O n J u n e 1 7 , H o u s e , S i r E d w a r d G r e y , S i r W i l l i a m T
a n d P a g e h a d l u n c h t o g e t h e r . T h e C o l o n e l t o l d o f h i
t o G e r m a n y a n d h i s p r o p o s i t i o n t o t h e K a i s e r .
`Sir Edward was visibly impressed [ recorded C
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TALK WITH SIR E. GREY ON GERMANY 261
s p i r i t i n G e r m a n y a n d o f t h e h i g h t e n s i o n o f t h e p e o p l e , a n d I
f e a r e d s o m e s p a r k m i g h t b e f a n n e d i n t o a b l a z e . I t h o u g h t
G e r m a n y w o u l d s t r i k e q u i c k l y w h e n s h e m o v e d ; t h a t t h e r e
w o u l d b e n o p a r l e y o r d i s c u s s i o n ; t h a t w h e n s h e f e l t t h a t a
d i f f i c u l t y c o u l d n o t b e o v e r c o m e b y p e a c e f u l n e g o t i a t i o n , s h e
w o u l d t a k e n o c h a n c e s b u t w o u l d s t r i k e . I t h o u g h t t h e K a i s e r
h i m s e l f a n d m o s t o f h i s i m m e d i a t e a d v i s e r s d i d n o t w a n t w a r ,
b e c a u s e t h e y w i s h e d G e r m a n y t o e x p a n d c o m m e r c i a l l y a n d
g r o w i n w e a l t h , b u t t h e a r m y w a s m i l i t a r i s t i c a n d a g g r e s s i v e
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a n d r e a d y f o r w a r a t a n y t i m e .
` I t o l d h i m t h e r e w a s a f e e l i n g i n G e r m a n y , w h i c h I s h a r e d ,
t h a t t h e t i m e h a d c o m e w h e n E n g l a n d c o u l d p r o t e c t h e r s e l f
n o l o n g e r m e r e l y b e c a u s e o f h e r i s o l a t e d p o s i t i o n ; t h a t m o d -
e r n i n v e n t i o n s h a d s o c h a n g e d c o n d i t i o n s t h a t t h e G e r m a n s
2 6 2 INTIMATE PAPERS OF COLONEL HOU
m e n t i o n e d t h a t h e , S i r E d w a r d , h a d n e v e r b e e n o n t
t i n e n t a n d t h e r e f o r e c o u l d n o t u n d e r s t a n d G e r m a
E d w a r d r e p l i e d t h a t w h i l e t h i s w a s n o t l i t e r a l l y t r u e
n e a r l y s o ; a g r e a t m a n y y e a r s a g o h e w e n t t o I n
c r o s s e d t h e C o n t i n e n t o f E u r o p e , t h o u g h p r a c t i c a l l y
s t o p p i n g , a n d t h e o t h e r d a y h e w a s i n P a r i s w i t h t
f o r s e v e r a l d a y s . '
C o l o n e l H o u s e t o t h e P r e s i d e n t
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LONDON, June 1
DEAR G OVERNOR :
. . . I f o u n d S i r E d w a r d a w i l l i n g l i s t e n e r a n d v e r
a n d s y m p a t h e t i c . I a m t o s t a y t h e w e e k - e n d w i t h T
a n d l u n c h w i t h S i r E d w a r d n e x t W e d n e s d a y . I n t h
LUNCHEON WITH SIR EDWARD GREY 26 3
LONDON, June 2 6 , 1 9 1 4
MY DEAR FRIEND
I h a d a v e r y i n t e r e s t i n g l u n c h e o n w i t h S i r E d w a r d G r e y
W e d n e s d a y . Th e o t h e r g u e s t s w e r e t h e L o r d C h a n c e l l o r , '
t h e E a r l o f C r e w e , a n d S i r W i l l i a m T y r r e l l . P a g e h a d t o g o
t o O x f o r d t o t a k e h i s d e g r e e a n d c o u l d n o t b e w i t h u s .
I d i d n o t g o i n t o t h e d e t a i l s o f m y t r i p t o G e r m a n y a g a i n ,
f o r I t o o k i t f o r g r a n t e d t h a t S i r E d w a r d h a d g i v e n t h e m t o
bo t h Halda n e a n d Crewe .
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I g a v e i t a s m y o p i n i o n t h a t i n t e r n a t i o n a l m a t t e r s c o u l d
b e w o r k e d o u t t o a d v a n t a g e i n m u c h t h e s a m e w a y a s i n d i -
v i d u a l s w o u l d w o r k o u t p r i v a t e a f f a i r s , a n d I t h o u g h t t h a t
m o s t o f t h e m i s u n d e r s t a n d i n g s w e r e b r o u g h t a b o u t b y f a l s e
2 6 4 INTIMATE PAPERS OF COLONEL HOU
m o s t i n t e r e s t i n g c o n v e r s a t i o n w i t h h i m . I f o u n d h i
l i a r l y i l l - i n f o r m e d r e g a r d i n g A m e r i c a a n d i t s i n s t i t u t
w i l l t e l l y o u m o r e o f t h i s w h e n w e m e e t .
I a m l u n c h i n g w i t h t h e P r i m e M i n i s t e r o n T h u r s
n e x t w e e k , a n d I w i l l w r i t e y o u a g a i n w h e n a n y t h i n g f
o f i m p o r t a n c e f o l l o w s . . . .
Y o u r f a i t h f u l a n d a f f e c t i o n a t e
E . M. H
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H o u s e n o t m e r e l y e m p h a s i z e d t h e n e g a t i v e a s p e c t
p r o b l e m , t h e n e c e s s i t y o f r e m o v i n g t h e f a c t o r s t h a t
e n e d w a r i n E u r o p e , b u t a l s o u r g e d t h e i m p o r t a n c e o f
t i v e p o l i c y o f i n t e r n a t i o n a l c o o p e r a t i o n w i t h a c o n s t
p u r p o s e . I t w a s t h e s a m e p l a n h e h a d d i s c u s s e d w i
A CAUSE OF INTERNATIONAL FRICTION 265
h a n d t o b r i n g a b o u t c o n d i t i o n s b y w h i c h s u c h l o a n s m a y b e
r e a s o n a b l y s a f e .
I s u g g e s t e d t h a t e a c h o f t h e s e c o u n t r i e s s h o u l d t e l l i t s
p e o p l e t h a t i n t h e f u t u r e u s u r i o u s i n t e r e s t a n d c o n c e s s i o n s
which involve the undoing of weak and debt-involved
c o u n t r i e s w o u l d n o l o n g e r b e c o u n t e n a n c e d ; t h a t t h e
s a m e r u l e m u s t h e r e a f t e r p r e v a i l i n s u c h i n v e s t m e n t s a s i s
n o w m a i n t a i n e d i n a l l c i v i l i z e d l a n d s i n r e g a r d t o p r i v a t e
l o a n s .
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I b r o u g h t t h i s m a t t e r u p a t l u n c h e o n o n W e d n e s d a y , a n d
G r e y , H a l d a n e , a n d C r e w e w e r e e q u a l l y c o r d i a l i n t h e i r d i s -
c u s s i o n o f i t . I t o l d t h e m I w a n t e d t o g e t t h e i r v i e w s s o t h a t
t h e y m i g h t b e l a i d b e f o r e y o u w h e n I r e t u r n e d .
2 6 6 INTIMATE PAPERS OF COLONEL HOU
p r o p o s a l , s o t h a t t h e F o r e i g n O f f i c e m i g h t b e f u l l y
o f i t s b e a r i n g .
C o l o n e l H o u s e t o t h e P r e s i d e n t
LONDON, J u l y
MY DEAR FRIEND
. . . S i r C e c i l S p r i n g - R i c e , S i r W i l l i a m T y r r e l l ,
P a g e , a n d T h o m a s N e l s o n P a g e , w h o i s n o w h e r e , t o o
w i t h m e y e s t e r d a y t o g o i n t o a m o r e d e t a i l e d d i s c u s s
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T y r r e l l t o l d m e t h a t S i r E d w a r d G r e y w a s d e e p l y
e s t e d [ i n t h e s u g g e s t i o n ] a n d a p p r o v e d e n t i r e l y i t s
p u r p o s e , a n d t h a t y o u c o u l d c o u n t u p o n t h i s G o v e r
c o o p e r a t i o n .
PLAN FOR INTERNATIONAL COOPERATION 2 6 7
T y r r e l l , S p r i n g - R i c e , a n d I m e e t a g a i n o n W e d n e s d a y t o
b r i n g t h e m a t t e r i n t o f i n a l f o r m . Page m a y o r m a y n o t be
p r e s e n t. I t h i n k p e r h a p s h e h a d b e t t e r n o t b e , f o r t h e r e a s o n
t h a t i t w o u l d l e n d s o m e t h i n g o f a n o f f i c i a l c h a r a c t e r t o i t ,
w h i c h w e w i s h t o a v o i d .
I t o u c h e d l i g h t l y u p o n t h i s s u b j e c t t o t h e K a i s e r a n d I
f e e l s u r e h e , t o o , w i l l a p p r o v e . T h i s w a s f o r t u n a t e , f o r t h e
r e a s o n t h a t i t c a n b e s a i d i t w a s b r o u g h t t o h i s a t t e n t i o n
f i r s t .
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Y o u r f a i t h f u l a n d a f f e c t i o n a t e
E. M . H O U S E
P . S . A s P a g e p u t s i t , t h i s i s a c o n c r e t e e x a m p l e o f w h a t
2 6 8 INTIMATE PAPERS OF COLONEL HOU
h i s r o u n d o f s o c i a l e n g a g e m e n t s w h i c h m i g h t l a t e r b e
t o d i p l o m a t i c a d v a n t a g e . Sidney B rooks , of the
a s k e d h i m w h e t h e r h e w i s h e d t o m e e t ` p o l i t i c i a n s o r
m e n,' an d i t w a s w i t h h i m t h a t House br e a k f a s t e
Lloyd G e o r g e .
` J u n e 2 5 , 1 9 1 4 : S i d n e y B r o o k s c a l l e d a t n i n e o ' c l o
m o r n i n g [ r e c o r d e d H o u s e ] , a n d w e w e n t t o t h e C h a n c e
t h e E x c h e q u e r ' s f o r b r e a k f a s t . W e w e r e a t r i f l e .
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L l o y d G e o r g e w a s w a i t i n g f o r m e . T h e r e w e r e a l s o a t
f a s t G o v e r n o r C l i f f o r d o f t h e G o l d C o a s t c o u n t r y , a n
G e o r g e ' s d a u g h t e r . I t w a s a m o s t i n f o r m a l a f f a i r , e a
g o i n g t o a s i d e t a b l e a n d h e l p i n g h i m s e l f t o w h a t e v e r d
THE SERAJEVO ASSASSINATION 2 6 9
b e t h a t m a n y o f t h e m w o u l d b e s t r i p p e d o f t h e i r w e a l t h a n d
h a n g e d t o l a m p - p o s t s . H e a g r e e d t o t h i s .
`Mr . A s q u i t h c a s t t h e u s u a l s l u r u p o n M r . B r y a n . I e x -
p l a i n e d w h y t h e P r e s i d e n t h a d t a k e n h i m i n t o h i s C a b i n e t .
H e u n d e r s t o o d t h a t t h e P r e s i d e n t h a d a c t e d w i s e l y a n d y e t
h e c o n s i d e r e d i t e x t r e m e l y u n f o r t u n a t e t h a t t h e n e c e s s i t y
e x i s t e d . T h i s i s t h e u s u a l c o m m e n t I h e a r e v e r y w h e r e , i n
G e r m a n y , i n F r a n c e , a n d h e r e . They do no t do Mr . B r y a n
j u s t i c e , b u t i t i s a b s o l u t e l y u s e l e s s t o f i g h t h i s b a t t l e s , b e -
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c a u s e i n d o i n g s o y o u d i s c r e d i t t h e p u r p o s e y o u a r e s t r i v i n g
f o r . '
V I
2 7 0 INTIMATE PAPERS OF COLONEL HOU
l i t t l e s u s p i c i o n t h a t t h e c a r t e b l a n c h e s o c a r e l e s s l y v o
w o u l d e n d i n w o r l d w a r a n d t h e d e s t r u c t i o n o f t h e
T h e h i g h e r o f f i c i a l s o f t h e a r m y a n d n a v y w e r e n o t r e c
B e r l i n ; t h e F o r e i g n S e c r e t a r y r e m a i n e d o n h i s h o n
p l a n s f o r t h e K a i s e r ' s c r u i s e w e r e n o t i n t e r r u p t e d . A
d o r G e r a r d w r o t e c h e e r f u l l y t o H o u s e o f h i s r e t u r n
U n i t e d S t a t e s i n A u g u s t .
A m b a s s a d o r G e r a r d t o C o l o n e l H o u s e
B E R L I N ,
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J u l y
MY DEAR COLONEL :
. . . Have been on A . ' s y a c h t a t K i e l , a n d M r s . G
s t i l l t h e r e . I c a m e u p f o r o u r C o l o n y c e l e b r a t i o n o f
o f J u l y .
BRITISH MESSAGES TO THE KAISER 2 7 1
p l a n n e d h e r a t t a c k u p o n S e r b i a , a n d G e r m a n y b l i n d l y a p -
p r o v e d , w h i l e t h e w h e e l s o f w a r w e r e a l r e a d y b e i n g g e a r e d ,
t h e B r i t i s h F o r e i g n O f f i c e m a d e d e f i n i t e a l b e i t r a t h e r b e l a t e d
r e s p o n s e t o t h e s u g g e s t i o n s o f H o u s e . O n J u l y 3 t h e C o l o n e l
h e a r d f r o m T y r r e l l t h a t G r e y w a n t e d h i m t o l e t t h e K a i s e r
k n o w o f t h e p e a c e a b l e s e n t i m e n t s o f t h e B r i t i s h i n o r d e r t h a t
f u r t h e r n e g o t i a t i o n s m i g h t f o l l o w . H o u s e a t o n c e w r o t e a
l o n g l e t t e r t o H i s I m p e r i a l M a j e s t y .
C o l o n e l H o u s e t o t h e P r e s i d e n t
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LONDON, J u l y 3 , 1 9 1 4
MY DEAR FRIEND
. . . T y r r e l l b r o u g h t w o r d t o m e t o - d a y t h a t S i r E d w a r d
G r e y w o u l d l i k e m e t o c o n v e y t o t h e K a i s e r t h e i m p r e s s i o n s
2 7 2 INTIMATE PAPERS OF COLONEL HOU
C o l o n e l H o u s e t o t h e K a i s e r
AMERICAN
LONDON, J u l
H i s I m p e r i a l M a j e s t y ,
E m p e r o r o f G e r m a n y , ' K i n g o f P r u s s i a ,
B e r l i n , G e r m a n y .
S I R :
Y o u r I m p e r i a l M a j e s t y w i l l d o u b t l e s s r e c a l l o u r c o
t i o n a t P o t s d a m a n d t h a t w i t h t h e P r e s i d e n t ' s c o n s
a p p r o v a l I c a m e t o E u r o p e f o r t h e p u r p o s e o f a s c e r
w h e t h e r o r n o t i t w a s p o s s i b l e t o b r i n g a b o u t a b e t t e
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s t a n d i n g b e t w e e n t h e G r e a t P o w e r s , t o t h e e n d t h a
m i g h t b e a c o n t i n u a t i o n o f p e a c e , a n d l a t e r a b e n
e c o n o m i c r e a d j u s t m e n t, whi c h a l e s s e n i n g o f a r m
w o u l d e n s u r e .
LETTER TO THE KAISER 2 7 3
c o n c l u s i o n u p o n l e a v i n g w a s t h a t h e r s t a t e s m e n h a v e g i v e n
o v e r a l l t h o u g h t o f r e v e n g e , o r o f r e c o v e r y o f t h e t w o l o s t
p r o v i n c e s . H e r p e o p l e i n g e n e r a l s t i l l h a v e h o p e s i n b o t h
d i r e c t i o n s , b u t h e r b e t t e r - i n f o r m e d r u l e r s w o u l d b e q u i t e
c o n t e n t i f F r a n c e c o u l d b e s u r e o f h e r a u t o n o m y a s i t n o w
e x i s t s .
I t w a s t h e n , S i r , t h a t I c a m e t o E n g l a n d a n d w i t h h i g h
h o p e s , i n w h i c h I h a v e n o t b e e n d i s a p p o i n t e d .
I f i r s t a p p r o a c h e d S i r E d w a r d G r e y , a n d I f o u n d h i m s y m -
p a t h e t i c t o t h e l a s t d e g r e e . A f t e r a t w o h o u r s ' c o n f e r e n c e ,
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w e p a r t e d w i t h t h e u n d e r s t a n d i n g t h a t w e s h o u l d m e e t
a g a i n w i t h i n a f e w d a y s . T h i s I i n f e r r e d t o m e a n t h a t h e
w i s h e d t o c o n s u l t w i t h t h e P r i m e M i n i s t e r a n d h i s c o l l e a g u e s .
A t o u r n e x t c o n f e r e n c e , w h i c h a g a i n l a s t e d f o r t w o h o u r s ,
2 7 4 INTIMATE PAPERS OF COLONEL HOU
q u i t e u n o f f i c i a l , y e t i t i s w r i t t e n i n s y m p a t h y w i t h t
k n o w n v i e w s o f t h e P r e s i d e n t , a n d , I a m g i v e n t o
s t a n d , w i t h t h e h o p e f r o m H i s B r i t a n n i c M a j e s t y ' s
m e n t t h a t i t m a y b r i n g a r e s p o n s e f r o m Y o u r M a j e s
m a y p e r m i t a n o t h e r s t e p f o r w a r d .
P e r m i t m e , S i r , t o c o n c l u d e b y q u o t i n g a s e n t e n c
l e t t e r w h i c h h a s c o m e t o m e f r o m t h e P r e s i d e n t :
` Y o u r l e t t e r f r o m P a r i s , w r i t t e n j u s t a f t e r c o m i
B e r l i n , g i v e s m e a t h r i l l o f d e e p p l e a s u r e . Y o u h a v e ,
a n d b e l i e v e , b e g u n a g r e a t t h i n g a n d I r e j o i c e w i t h
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h e a r t . '
I h a v e , t h e h o n o r t o b e , S i r , w i t h t h e g r e a t e s t
Your Majest y's
V e r y o b e d i e n t s e r v a n t ,
A CONVERSATION WITH THE PRESIDENT 275
r e s p e c t w a s t o b e a n h i s t o r i c a l f a c t o r o f v i t a l i m p o r t a n c e .
A m o n g H o u s e ' s p a p e r s t h e r e i s a s i g n i f i c a n t m e m o r a n d u m
w h i c h h e m a d e o f a c o n v e r s a t i o n w i t h t h e P r e s i d e n t s o o n
a f t e r t h e b e g i n n i n g o f t h e w a r .
` A u g u s t 3 0 , 1 9 1 4 : I e x p l a i n e d m y p l a n a b o u t t h e b a c k -
w a r d n a t i o n s a n d h o w e n t h u s i a s t i c a l l y i t w a s r e c e i v e d b y t h e
B r i t i s h G o v e r n m e n t , a n d h o w m u c h t h e y t h o u g h t i t w o u l d
d o t o w a r d b r i n g i n g a b o u t a b e t t e r u n d e r s t a n d i n g b e t w e e n
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t h e G r e a t P o w e r s . I b e l i e v e d i f w e h a d h a d a n o p p o r t u n i t y
t o p u t t h i s i n t o e f f e c t , i n a l l h u m a n p r o b a b i l i t y s u c h a w a r
a s t h i s w o u l d n o t h a v e o c c u r r e d -b e c a u s e w i t h t h e P o w e r s
m e e t i n g a t r e g u l a r i n t e r v a l s , a n d w i t h s u c h a c o n c r e t e e x -
CHAPTER X
WILSON AND THE WAR
H e [ W i l s o n ] g o e s e v e n f u r t h e r t h a n I i n h i s c o n d e m n a t i o n o f
p a r t i n t h i s w a r . . . .
E x t r a c t f r o m D i a r y o f C o l o n e l H o u s e , A u g u s t
I
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COLONEL HOUSE s a i l e d o n J u l y 2 1 a n d a r r i v e d i
e i g h t d a y s l a t e r . I m m e d i a t e l y b e f o r e h e l e f t , w o r d
r i e d t o h i m t h a t t h e B r i t i s h F o r e i g n O f f i c e h a d a w a
BRITISH DELIBERATION 2 7 7
quarrel must begin with a German attack upon France,
p r e f a c e d b y t h e c y n i c a l a n d b r u t a l o n s l a u g h t u p o n B e l g i u m .
G r e a t B r i t a i n , c o m m i tt e d t o t h e d e f e n c e o f B e l g i u m b y l e g a l ,
a n d t o t h a t o f Fr a n c e b y ' m o r a l , e n g a g e m e n t s , i m p e l l e d b y
h e r o w n n a t i o n a l i n t e r e s t , c o u l d n o t s t a n d a s i d e . I t w a s t h e
g e n e r a l w a r .
Ho u s e r e a c h e d B o s t o n a n d w e n t u p t o t h e N o r t h S h o r e
w h i l e t h e i s s u e o f t h e c r i s i s w a s y e t u n d e t e r m i n e d . He s t i l l
h o p e d t h a t t h e a s s u r a n c e s h e h a d s e n t W i l l i a m I I o f B r i t i s h
g o o d f e e l i n g m i g h t s t r e n g t h e n t h e K a i s e r ' s p e a c e f u l i n c l i n a -
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t i o n , a n d t h a t E n g l a n d a n d G e r m a n y m i g h t w o r k t o g e t h e r
for a pacific solution, as they had in 1913 . If o n l y t h e B r i t i s h
h a d b e e n l e s s d e l i b e r a t e i n t h e i r c o n s i d e r a t i o n o f H o u s e ' s
p r o p o s a l s , a n u n d e r s t a n d i n g m i g h t h a v e b e e n r e a c h e d b e f o r e
27 8 INTIMATE PAPERS OF COLONEL HOU
E m p e r o r , b u t t h e c o n s e r v a t i v e d e l a y o f S i r E d w a r d
c o n f r e r e s m a d e t h a t i m p o s s i b l e .
T h e n i g h t b e f o r e I s a i l e d , S i r E d w a r d s e n t m e w o r d
w a s w o r r i e d o v e r c o n d i t i o n s , b u t h e d i d n o t a n t i c i p a
h a s f o l l o w e d . I h a v e a f e e l i n g t h a t i f a g e n e r a l w a r i s
a v e r t e d , i t w i l l b e b e c a u s e o f t h e b e t t e r f e e l i n g t h a t
b r o u g h t a b o u t b e t w e e n En g l a n d a n d G e r m a n y . E n g
e x e r t i n g a r e s t r a i n i n g h a n d u p o n F r a n c e a n d , a s
p o s s i b l e , u p o n R u s s i a ; b u t h e r i n f l u e n c e w i t h t h e l
s l i g h t .
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I f t h e m a t t e r c o u l d h a v e b e e n p u s h e d a l i t t l e f u r t h
m a n y w o u l d h a v e l a i d a h e a v y h a n d u p o n Au s t r
p o s s i b l y p e a c e c o u l d h a v e b e e n c o n t i n u e d u n t i l a
u n d e r s t a n d i n g c o u l d h a v e b e e n b r o u g h t a b o u t .
THE WAR BEGINS 2 7 9
m a t t e r s w i t h a s m u c h f r e e d o m w i t h o n e a n o t h e r a s i f t h e y
h a d a n a c t u a l w r i t t e n a l l i a n c e . . . .
T h e g r e a t d a n g e r i s t h a t s o m e o v e r t a c t m a y o c c u r w h i c h
w i l l g e t t h e s i t u a t i o n o u t o f c o n t r o l . G e r m a n y i s e x c e e d i n g l y
n e r v o u s a n d a t h i g h t e n s i o n , a n d s h e k n o w s t h a t h e r b e s t
c h a n c e o f s u c c e s s i s t o s t r i k e q u i c k l y a n d h a r d ; t h e r e f o r e
h e r v e r y a l a r m m i g h t c a u s e h e r t o p r e c i p i t a t e a c t i o n a s a
m e a n s o f s a f e t y .
P l e a s e l e t m e s u g g e s t t h a t y o u d o n o t l e t M r . B r y a n m a k e
a n y o v e r t u r e s t o a n y o f t h e P o w e r s i n v o l v e d . T h e y l o o k u p o n
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h i m a s a b s o l u t e l y v i s i o n a r y , a n d i t w o u l d l e s s e n t h e w e i g h t
o f y o u r i n f l u e n c e i f y o u d e s i r e t o u s e i t y o u r s e l f l a t e r . . . .
I f I t h o u g h t I c o u l d l i v e t h r o u g h t h e h e a t , I w o u l d g o t o
280 INTIMATE PAPERS OF COLONEL HOU
T h e E m p e r o r t o o k n o t e o f i t s c o n t e n t w i t h t h e g
i n t e r e s t . A l a s , a l l H i s s t r o n g a n d s i n c e r e e f f o r t s t o
p e a c e h a v e e n t i r e l y f a i l e d . I a m a f r a i d t h a t R u s s i a
c e d u r e w i l l f o r c e t h e o l d w o r l d a n d e s p e c i a l l y m y c o
t h e m o s t t e r r i b l e w a r ! T h e r e i s n o c h a n c e n o w t o d i s
p o s s i b i l i t y o f a n u n d e r s t a n d i n g , s o m u c h d e s i r e d , w h i
l a y t h e f o u n d a t i o n f o r p e r m a n e n t p e a c e a n d s e c u r i t
W i t h a s s u r a n c e s o f m y h i g h r e g a r d , I r e m a i n ,
C o l o n e l ,
S i n c e r e l y y o u r s
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ZIMMER
F r o m A m b a s s a d o r P a g e i n L o n d o n t h e r e c a m e a v e i
e m p h a t i c r e f e r e n c e t o t h e e f f o r t s w h i c h H o u s e h a d
MEMORANDUM ON THE CAUSE OF THE WAR 281
c o n v e r s a t i o n s w i t h t h e G e r m a n Amb assa d o r i n London,
a l a r m e d t h e w a r p a r t y a n d t h e y t o o k a d v a n t a g e o f t h e
A r c h d u k e ' s m u r d e r a n d t h e K a i s e r ' s a b s e n c e t o p r e c i p i t a t e
m a t t e r s , b e l i e v i n g t h e y w e r e c o m i n g t o t h e e n d o f t h e p a s s a g e
a n d t h a t i t w a s n o w o r n e v e r . '
T h e h y p o t h e s i s i s i n t e r e s t i n g , n o t e n t i r e l y c o n c l u s i v e .
Ei g h t m o n t h s a f t e r w a r d s H o u s e m a d e a p r i v a t e m e m o -
r a n d u m , t h e g i s t o f w h i c h a c c o r d s i n g e n e r a l w i t h t h e o p i n i o n s
o f l a t e r h i s t o r i a n s w h o w e r e a b l e t o s t u d y t h e G e r m a n o f f i c i a l
d o c u m e n t s .
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` A p r i l 1 5 , 1 9 1 5 : I a m o f t e n a s k e d m y v i e w s a s t o t h e c a u s e
o f t h e w a r [ h e w r o t e ] , a n d , w h i l e I n e v e r g i v e t h e m , I m i g h t
a s w e l l r e c o r d t h e m h e r e .
282 INTIMATE PAPERS OF COLONEL HOUS
m u s t i n e v i t a b l y l e a d t o w a r . G e r m a n y h a s b e e n i n t h e
o f a g r o u p o f m i l i t a r i s t s a n d f i n a n c i e r s , a n d i t h a s b e
c o n s e r v e t h e i r s e l f i s h i n t e r e s t s t h a t t h i s t e r r i b l e s i t u a t i
b e e n m a d e p o s s i b l e . '
I I
W i l s o n h a d t o m e e t t h e p o l i t i c a l c r i s i s a t a m o m e n t
h e w a s o v e r w h e l m e d w i t h d o m e s t i c t r o u b l e , f o r h i s w i f
a t t h e p o i n t o f d e a t h . ` H i s b u r d e n s a r e h e a v i e r t h a
P r e s i d e n t ' s s i n c e L i n c o l n , ' w r o t e H o u s e t o P a g e o n A u g u
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` H e h a s g r o w n e n o r m o u s l y i n p o p u l a r i t y w i t h i n t h e l a s
d a y s a n d t h e r e i s s c a r c e l y a d i s s e n t i n g n o t e t h r o u g h o u
c o u n t r y . I b e l i e v e h e w i l l l i v e i n h i s t o r y a s o n e o f t h e
e s t P r e s i d e n t s , i f n o t t h e g r e a t e s t , t h a t t h i s c o u n t r
THE PRESIDENT'S OFFER OF MEDIATION 283
done him . N e v e r t h e l e s s , j u s t n o w i t i s i m p o s s i b l e t o m a k e
p e o p l e t h i n k d i f f e r e n t l y .
I t m a y i n t e r e s t y o u t o h e a r t h a t O l n e y e x p r e s s e d r e g r e t
t h a t h e d i d n o t a c c e p t y o u r t e n d e r o f t h e A m b a s s a d o r s h i p t o
Lo n d o n . H e s a i d h e h a d n o i d e a i t w o u l d m e a n a n y t h i n g
m o r e t h a n s o c i a l a c t i v i t y .
M y h e a r t i s f u l l o f d e e p a p p r e c i a t i o n f o r y o u r l e t t e r o f
August 3 . I n e v e r w o r r y w h e n I d o n o t h e a r f r o m y o u . No
h u m a n a g e n c y c o u l d m a k e m e d o u b t y o u r f r i e n d s h i p a n d
a f f e c t i o n . T h a t m y l i f e i s d e v o t e d e n t i r e l y t o y o u r i n t e r e s t s ,
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I b e l i e v e y o u k n o w , a n d I n e v e r c e a s e f r o m t r y i n g t o s e r v e
y o u .
Y o u r f a i t h f u l a n d a f f e c t i o n a t e
284 INTIMATE PAPERS OF COLONEL HOU
E n t e n t e e l e m e n t s , e s p e c i a l l y o n t h e A t l a n t i c s e a b o a
a t t h e m o m e n t , a s C o l o n e l H o u s e i n d i c a t e s , g e n e r a l a r t
o p i n i o n s e e m e d t o a p p r o v e i t h e a r t i l y . Wilso n ba
a p p e a l , n o t u p o n i n d i f f e r e n c e t o t h e w a r , b u t u p o n t h e
t h a t m i g h t a r i s e f o r t h e U n i t e d S t a t e s i f f a c t i o n s s h o u
f o r m s u p p o r t i n g t h e o n e o r t h e o t h e r o f t h e b e l l
g r o u p s .
` I t w i l l b e e a s y t o e xc i t e p a s s i o n [ s a i d t h e P r e s i d e n
d i f f i c u l t t o a l l a y i t . T h o s e r e s p o n s i b l e f o r e x c i t i n g
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a s s u m e a h e a v y r e s p o n s i b i l i t y , r e s p o n s i b i l i t y f o r n o
t h i n g t h a n t h a t t h e p e o p l e o f t h e U n i t e d S t a t e s , w h o s
o f t h e i r c o u n t r y a n d w h o s e l o y a l t y t o i t s G o v e r n m e n t
NEUTRALITY OF THE UNITED STATES 285
t h e e n t i r e n a t i o n c a u s e f o r c o n s t a n t c o n g r a t u l a t i o n t h a t y o u
a r e a t t h e h e l m a n d s e r v i n g i t a s n o o t h e r m a n c o u l d .
O f c o u r s e t h e w a r c o n t i n u e s t o b e a m o s t d i s t u r b i n g a n d
u n c e r t a i n e l e m e n t . I a m s o r r y t h a t J a p a n i n j e c t e d h e r s e l f
i n t o t h e g e n e r a l m e l e e , f o r i t w i l l p l a c e a n a d d i t i o n a l s t r a i n
u p o n u s n o t t o b e c o m e i n v o l v e d .
T h e s a d d e s t f e a t u r e o f t h e s i t u a t i o n t o m e i s t h a t t h e r e i s
n o g o o d o u t c o m e t o l o o k f o r w a r d t o . I f t h e A l l i e s w i n , i t
m e a n s l a r g e l y t h e d o m i n a t i o n o f R u s s i a o n t h e C o n t i n e n t o f
Europe ; a n d i f G e r m a n y w i n s , i t m e a n s t h e u n s p e a k a b l e
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t y r a n n y o f m i l i t a r i s m f o r g e n e r a t i o n s t o c o m e .
F u n d a m e n t a l l y t h e G e r m a n s a r e p l a y i n g a r o l e t h a t i s
a g a i n s t t h e i r n a t u r a l i n s t i n c t s a n d i n c l i n a t i o n s , a n d i t s h o w s
h o w p e r v e r t e d m e n m a y be c o m e by h abi t a n d e n v i r o n m e n t
2 8 6 INTIMATE PAPERS OF COLONEL HO
S t a t e s s h o u l d e n t e r t h e w a r . T h e o d o r e R o o s e v e l t ,
t o b e c o m e o n e o f t h e m o s t o u t s p o k e n o f t h o s e w
d e m a n d e d p a r t i c i p a t i o n , w r i t i n g i n t h e O u t l o o k , c
l a t e d t h e c o u n t r y o n t h e s e p a r a t i o n f r o m E u r o p e w h
m i t t e d i t s n e u t r a l i t y . , A m b a s s a d o r P a g e , w h o h i m s e
m o n t h s l a t e r i n s i s t e d t h a t t h e U n i t e d S t a t e s m u s
r e l a t i o n s w i t h G e r m a n y, wro t e t o House o n Aug
1 9 1 4 : ` . . . W h a t a m a g n i f i c e n t s p e c t a c l e o u r c o u n
s e n t s ! W e e s c a p e m u r d e r , w e e s c a p e b r u t a l i z a t i o n
h a v e t o s e t t l e i t ; w e g a i n i n e v e r y w a y . ' A n d t h e
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A m b a s s a d o r , S i r C e c i l S p r i n g - R i c e , w r o t e t o t h e C o
S e p t e m b e r 1 2 , ` I h o p e a n d b e l i e v e t h a t a t a n y r a t e
o f t h e w o r l d w i l l k e e p o u t o f i t . '
One of t h e r a r e Ameri c a n s w h o a t t h e m o m e n t
DR. ELIOT TO THE PRESIDENT 2 8 7
b y m a n y m o n t h s a n d p e r h a p s h a v e s a v e d t h e n e e d o f a n
A m e r i c a n e x p e d i t i o n a r y f o r c e . W o u l d i t n o t a l s o h a v e b e e n
a d i r e c t s t e p t o w a r d a l e a g u e o f n a t i o n s ? P r e s i d e n t W i l s o n
w a s s o f a r i m p r e s s e d b y h i s a r g u m e n t s t h a t h e r e a d t h e
e a r l i e r l e t t e r t o h i s C a b i n e t a n d d i s c u s s e d t h e s u g g e s t i o n
c a r e f u l l y w i t h H o u s e . H e w r o t e t o E l i o t , h o w e v e r , t h a t h e
d i d n o t r e g a r d i t a s p r a c t i c a b l e .
Dr . E l i o t t o t h e P r e s i d e n t
ASTICOU, MAINE, A u g u s t 8 , 1 9 1 4
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DEAR PRESIDENT WILSON
I h a v e h e s i t a t e d t h r e e d a y s t o m a i l t h e e n c l o s e d l e t t e r t o
y o u , a n d s h o u l d s t i l l h e s i t a t e t o f o r w a r d i t w h i l e y o u a r e
o v e r w h e l m e d w i t h s o r r o w , d i d I n o t r e c a l l t h a t u n d e r s u c h
288 INTIMATE PAPERS OF COLONEL HOU
e n f o r c i n g a g a i n s t t h o s e t w o c o u n t r i e s n o n - i n t e r c o u r
t h e r e s t o f t h e w o r l d b y l a n d a n d s e a ? T h e s e t w o
h a v e n o w s h o w n t h a t t h e y a r e u t t e r l y u n t r u s
n e i g h b o r s , a n d m i l i t a r y b u l l i e s o f t h e w o r s t s o r t-b e i n g f a r t h e w o r s e o f t h e t w o , b e c a u s e s h e h a s a l r e
l a t e d n e u t r a l t e r r i t o r y .
I f t h e y a r e a l l o w e d t o s u c c e e d i n t h e i r p r e s e n t e n t e
t h e f e a r o f s u d d e n i n v a s i o n w i l l c o n s t a n t l y h a n g o v e
o t h e r E u r o p e a n p e o p l e s ; a n d t h e i n c r e a s i n g b u r d e n s
p e t i t i v e a r m a m e n t s w i l l h a v e t o b e b o r n e f o r a n o t h
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y e a r s. W e s h a l l i n e v i t a b l y s h a r e i n t h e s e l o s s e s a n d
T h e c o s t o f m a i n t a i n i n g i m m e n s e a r m a m e n t s p r e v e n t s
g r e a t P o w e r s f r o m s p e n d i n g t h e m o n e y t h e y o u g h t t
o n i m p r o v i n g t h e c o n d i t i o n o f t h e p e o p l e , a n d p r o m o
DR . ELIOT' S PROPOSAL 289
I s i t . f e a s i b l e t o o p e n p o u r p a r l e r s b y c a b l e o n t h i s s u b j e c t ?
T h e U n i t e d S t a t e s i s c l e a r l y t h e b e s t c o u n t r y t o i n i t i a t e s u c h
a p r o p o s a l . I n s o d o i n g t h i s c o u n t r y w o u l d b e s e r v i n g t h e
g e n e r a l c a u s e o f p e a c e , l i b e r t y , a n d g o o d w i l l a m o n g m e n .
This i d e a i s n o t a w h o l l y n e w o n e t o m e . The r e c e n t
abominable acts of Austria-Hungary and Ger many have
br o u g h t t o m y m i n d a g a i n t h e p a s s a g e s o n t h e `Fear o f
I n v a s i o n , ' a n d t h e ` E x e m p t i o n o f P r i v a t e P r o p e r t y f r o m
C a p t u r e a t S e a , ' w h i c h I w r o t e a y e a r a g o i n m y r e p o r t t o
t h e C a r n e g i e E n d o w m e n t f o r I n t e r n a t i o n a l P e a c e , e n t i t l e d
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Some Roads Toward Peace, pp . 1 6 - 1 7 . T h e o u t r a g e o u s a c -
t i o n s o f t h e l a s t f o r t n i g h t h a v e r e e n f o r c e d t h e s t a t e m e n t s
I t h e n m a d e , a n d h a v e s u g g e s t e d a n e w a n d g r a v e r a p p l i c a -
t i o n o f t h e d o c t r i n e s t h e r e i n s e t f o r t h .
2 9 0 INTIMATE PAPERS OF COLONEL HOU
AsTICOU, MAINE, August 2
DEAR PRESIDENT WILSON
I n r e v i s i n g a l e t t e r I h a d w r i t t e n y o u o n A u g u
a m p l i f y i n g t h e p r o p o s a l c o n t a i n e d i n m y l e t t e r o f
6 t h , I h a v e c o m e t o t h e c o n c l u s i o n t h a t i t w o u l d
d e s i r a b l e ` t o o p e n p o u r p a r l e r s b y c a b l e o n t h i s s u b
t h e p r e s e n t m o m e n t , e v e n i f i t w e r e f e a s i b l e . T w o c o
t i o n s h a v e l e d m e t o t h i s c o n c l u s i o n : ( 1 ) W e a p p a r
n o t p o s s e s s f u l l i n f o r m a t i o n o n t h e r e a l p u r p o s e s a n d
o f e i t h e r R u s s i a o r G e r m a n y ; a t l e a s t t h e t h i n k i n g
p u b l i c d o e s n o t p o s s e s s t h i s i n f o r m a t i o n , a n d t h e r e f
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n o t j u s t l y f i x o n G e r m a n y t h e c h i e f r e s p o n s i b i l i t y
p r e s e n t c a t a c l y s m . The extre m e r a s h n e s s o f G e
a c t i o n c a n n o t b u t s u g g e s t t h a t e l e m e n t s o f t h e s i
DR . ELIOT' S SECOND THOUGHTS 2 9 1
p r o d u c t i o n a n d c o m m e r c e w h i c h h a s a l r e a d y t a k e n p l a c e
s i n c e J u l y 3 1 s t i s u n e xa m p l e d i n t h e h i s t o r y o f t h e w o r l d ; a n d
y e t t h e d e s t r u c t i o n o f l i f e a n d p r o p e r t y h a s h a r d l y b e g u n .
I f s e v e n n a t i o n s c a n g i v e t h i s d e m o n s t r a t i o n , t h e o t h e r
n a t i o n s h a d b e t t e r k e e p o u t o f t h e c o n f l i c t .
O n r e f l e c t i o n , I h a v e a l s o c o m e t o t h i n k t h a t m u c h p u b l i c
d i s c u s s i o n o f t h e i n t e r e s t o f f r e e g o v e r n m e n t s i n t h e r e f o r m a -
t i o n o f t h e m i l i t a r y m o n a r c h i e s o f E u r o p e w i l l b e n e c e s s a r y
b e f o r e A m e r i c a n p u b l i c o p i n i o n w i l l s a n c t i o n f o r c i b l e o p p o s i -
t i o n t o o u t r a g e s c o m m i t t e d b y t h o s e m o n a r c h i e s o n w e a k e r
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a n d f r e e r n e i g h b o r s .
I r e m a i n o f t h e o p i n i o n t h a t , i n t h e i n t e r e s t s o f c i v i l i z a t i o n
a n d p e a c e , n e i t h e r G e r m a n y n o r A u s t r i a - H u n g a r y s h o u l d b e
2 9 2 INTIMATE PAPERS OF COLONEL HOU
b e e n f r e q u e n t l y p u t f o r w a r d . I t r e s t s u p o n s u p p o s i
p r e j u d i c e , a n d n o t u p o n e v i d e n c e . S o m u c h i s p l a
H o u s e ' s a c c o u n t o f h i s v i s i t t o t h e P r e s i d e n t ' s s u m m
a t C o r n i s h a t t h e e n d o f A u g u s t , 1 9 1 4 .
` A u g u s t 3 0 , 1 9 1 4 : I w a s g l a d t o f i n d t h e P r e s i d e n t
s o d e l i g h t f u l l y [ r e c o r d e d . t h e C o l o n e l ] . The h o u s e
o n e o f a n E n g l i s h p l a c e . T h e v i e w i s s u p e r b , a n d t h e
m e n t a n d f u r n i s h i n g s a r e c o m f o r t a b l e a n d a r t i s t i c
P r e s i d e n t s h o w e d m e m y r o o m h i m s e l f . I t w a s t h e
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W i l s o n u s e d t o o c c u p y a n d w a s n e x t t o h i s , w i t h a
bathroom between . W e a r e i n o n e w i n g o f t h e h o
q u i t e t o o u r s e l v e s . A s m a l l s t a i r w a y l e a d s d o w n t o h i s
a n d i t w a s t h e r e t h a t w e s a t a n d d i s c u s s e d m a t t e r s u n t
THE PRESIDENT'S VIEWS ON THE WAR 293
t h o u g h t i t w o u l d h a v e m a d e n o d i f f e r e n c e , f o r t h e r e a s o n
t h a t t h e K a i s e r w a s a t C o r f u a n d i t w a s i m p o s s i b l e f o r m e t o
a p p r o a c h h i m s o o n e r t h a n I d i d . . . .
` I w a s i n t e r e s t e d t o h e a r h i m e x p r e s s a s h i s o p i n i o n w h a t I
h a d w r i t t e n h i m s o m e t i m e a g o i n o n e o f m y l e t t e r s , t o t h e
e f f e c t t h a t i f G e r m a n y w o n i t w o u l d c h a n g e t h e c o u r s e o f o u r
c i v i l i z a t i o n a n d m a k e t h e U n i t e d S t a t e s a m i l i t a r y n a t i o n .
H e a l s o s p o k e o f h i s d e e p r e g r e t , a s i n d e e d I d i d t o h i m i n
t h a t s a m e l e t t e r , t h a t i t w o u l d c h e c k h i s p o l i c y f o r a b e t t e r
i n t e r n a t i o n a l e t h i c a l c o d e .
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` H e f e l t d e e p l y t h e d e s t r u c t i o n o f L o u v a i n , a n d I f o u n d
h i m a s u n s y m p a t h e t i c w i t h t h e G e r m a n a t t i t u d e a s i s t h e
b a l a n c e o f A m e r i c a . H e g o e s e v e n f u r t h e r t h a n I i n h i s c o n -
d e m n a t i o n o f G e r m a n y ' s p a r t i n t h i s w a r , a n d a l m o s t a l l o w s
2 9 4 INTIMATE PAPERS OF COLONEL HOU
i n t e n d e d s h o u l d b e o n e o f s t r i c t n e u t r a l i t y . H e f e l t
o w e d i t t o t h e w o r l d t o p r e v e n t t h e s p r e a d i n g o f t
f l a g r a t i o n , t h a t h e o w e d i t t o t h e c o u n t r y t o s a v e i t
h o r r o r s o f w a r . T h e r e w a s a l s o s o m e t r u t h i n t h e
i m p r e s s i o n t h a t h e l o o k e d u p o n t h e w a r a s a d i s t a n t
t e r r i b l e a n d t r a g i c , b u t o n e w h i c h d i d n o t c o n c e r n u s
i n t h e p o l i t i c a l s e n s e . H e h a d n o t y e t c o m e t o r e a l i
h i s g r e a t o p p o r t u n i t y w a s t o l i e i n f o r e i g n a f f a i r s .
C o l o n e l H o u s e s a w i n t h e w a r a g r e a t c h a n c e t
a b o u t a r e v o l u t i o n i n i n t e r n a t i o n a l o r g a n i z a t i o n
p r e s s i n g u p o n t h e p u b l i c m i n d t h e n e e d o f a n e w s t a n
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i n t e r n a t i o n a l m o r a l s . T h e c o d e o f c o n d u c t f o r n a t i o n s
b e a s h i g h a s t h a t f o r i n d i v i d u a l s a n d , i f p u b l i c o p i n i
b e b r o u g h t t o r e a l i z e t h i s n e c e s s i t y , H o u s e b e l i e v
INTERNATIONAL MORALS 2 95
i n d i v i d u a l m o r a l s . No h i g h - m i n d e d m a n w o u l d t h i n k o f
d o i n g a s a n i n d i v i d u a l w h a t h e s e e m s p e r f e c t l y r e a d y t o d o as
a r e p r e s e n t a t i v e o f a S t a t e . I t h a s b e e n t h o u g h t e n t i r e l y
l e g i t i m a t e t o l i e , d e c e i v e , a n d b e c r u e l i n t h e n a m e o f
p a t r i o t i s m . I e n d e a v o r e d t o p o i n t o u t t h a t w e c o u l d n o t g e t
v e r y f a r t o w a r d a p r o p e r i n t e r n a t i o n a l u n d e r s t a n d i n g u n t i l
o n e n a t i o n t r e a t e d a n o t h e r a s i n d i v i d u a l s t r e a t o n e a n o t h e r .
W e s e e t h e w r e c k i n d i v i d u a l s m a k e o f t h e m s e l v e s b y d e -
v o t i n g a l l t h e i r t i m e t o s e l f i s h i n t e r e s t s , a n d , w h i l e t h e y m a y
a c q u i r e t h i n g s t h a t s e e m t o t h e m w o r t h w h i l e , i n t h e e n d
t h e y l o s e t h e r e g a r d o f t h e i r f e l l o w m e n a n d f i n d t h e m s e l v e s
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u n h a p p y be c a u s e o f t h e m . '
H o u s e b e l i e v e d t h a t t h e U n i t e d S t a t e s s h o u l d l e a d i n a
2 9 6 INTIMATE PAPERS OF COLONEL HOU
m o r e d e l i g h t f u l i n a c c o m p l i s h m e n t, a n d w o u l d a
m o r e t o h i s f a m e . I r e f e r r e d p a r t i c u l a r l y t o h i s f o r e i g
w h i c h , i f p r o p e r l y f o l l o w e d , w o u l d b r i n g h i m w o r
r e c o g n i t i o n .
` I f i n d t h e P r e s i d e n t s i n g u l a r l y l a c k i n g i n a p p r e c i
t h e i m p o r t a n c e o f t h i s E u r o p e a n c r i s i s. He s e e m
i n t e r e s t e d i n d o m e s t i c a f f a i r s , a n d I f i n d i t d i f f i c u l t t o
a t t e n t i o n c e n t r e d u p o n t h e o n e b i g q u e s t i o n .
` C o n g r e s s w i l l a d j o u r n n o w w i t h i n a f e w d a y s , a
i t i s o u t o f t h e w a y i t i s m y p u r p o s e t o m a k e a d r i v e
P r e s i d e n t a n d t r y t o g e t h i m a b s o r b e d i n t h e g r e a t e
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b l e m o f w o r l d - w i d e i n t e r e s t t h a t h a s e v e r c o m e , o r m
c o m e , b e f o r e a P r e s i d e n t o f t h e U n i t e d S t a t e s . '
TALK WITH WOOD ON PREPAREDNESS 297
abo u t t h e a r m y ' s p r e p a r e d n e s s . W e d i s c u s s e d t h e i n t e r -
n a t i o n a l s i t u a t i o n , p a r t i c u l a r l y r e g a r d i n g J a p a n a n d t h e
p o s s i b i l i t y o f t r o u b l e t h e r e , a n d w h a t w o u l d b e n e c e s s a r y t o
b e d o n e . H e s a i d M a n i l a w a s n o w s o f o r t i f i e d t h a t w e c o u l d
h o l d i t f o r a y e a r a t t h e m i n i m u m , a n d t h a t w i t h i n a s h o r t
w h i l e H a w a i i w o u l d b e i n a s i m i l a r l y i m p r e g n a b l e p o s i t i o n .
H e t h o u g h t t h e P a n a m a C a n a l w a s s o n e a r c o m p l e t i o n t h a t
i t c o u l d b e u s e d i n t w e n t y d a y s i n t h e e v e n t o f a n e m e r g e n c y .
W e p r o m i s e d t o k e e p i n c l o s e t o u c h w i t h o n e a n o t h e r f r o m
n o w o n . '
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I f , a s H o u s e h o p e d , t h e U n i t e d S t a t e s w e r e t o t a k e t h e
l e a d i n a n i n t e r n a t i o n a l m o v e m e n t t o p r e v e n t f u t u r e w a r o r
t o r e n d e r i t l e s s l i k e l y , i t w a s o f v i t a l i m p o r t a n c e t h a t t h e
2 9 8 INTIMATE PAPERS OF COLONEL HOU
u r g e d t h a t i m m e d i a t e s t e p s b e t a k e n t o s t r e n g t h
a r m y a n d n a v y . H e f o u n d t h e P r e s i d e n t c o l d . W i
n o t v i s u a l i z e t h e r o l e A m e r i c a m i g h t p l a y i n t h e s a m
a s H o u s e ; h e b e l i e v e d t h a t t h e U n i t e d S t a t e s s h o u l d
e x a m p l e o f p a c i f i c i d e a l i s m w h i c h w a s a t t h e o t h e r p
m i l i t a r y p r e p a r a t i o n , a n d h e f e l t h i m s e l f s u p p o r t e d
m a s s o f p u b l i c o p i n i o n w h i c h , u n t i l a r o u s e d b y t h e p
t h e o p p o r t u n i t y o f t h e s i t u a t i o n , o p p o s e d t h e s a c
n e c e s s a r y t o p r e p a r e d n e s s .
: L o u l i e a n d I [ r e c o r d e d H o u s e ]
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` N o v e m b e r 3 , 1 9 1 4
w i t h G e n e r a l a n d M r s . L e o n a r d W o o d a t G o v e r n o r ' s
I w i s h e d t o s e e t h e G e n e r a l b e f o r e I w e n t t o W a s
I a m s t r o n g l y o f t h e o p i n i o n t h a t i t i s t i m e f o r t h i s
TALK WITH WILSON ON PREPAREDNESS 299
w h i c h t h e m i l i t a r y p a r t y e v i d e n t l y h a v e i n m i n d . H e s a i d
s h e w o u l d n o t h a v e t h e m e n . I r e p l i e d t h a t s h e c o u l d n o t
w i n u n l e s s s h e h a d a t l e a s t t w o o r t h r e e m i l l i o n m e n u n d e r
a r m s a t t h e e n d . H e e v i d e n t l y t h o u g h t t h e a v a i l a b l e m e n
w o u l d b e c o m p l e t e l y w i p e d o u t .
` I i n s i s t e d i t w a s t i m e t o d o a g r e a t c o n s t r u c t i v e w o r k f o r
t h e a r m y a n d o n e w h i c h w o u l d m a k e t h e c o u n t r y t o o p o w e r -
f u l f o r a n y n a t i o n t o t h i n k o f a t t a c k i n g u s . H e t o l d m e t h e r e
w a s r e a s o n t o s u s p e c t t h a t t h e G e r m a n s h a d l a i d t h r o u g h o u t
t h e c o u n t r y c o n c r e t e f o u n d a t i o n s f o r g r e a t g u n s , s i m i l a r t o
t h o s e t h e y l a i d i n B e l g i u m a n d F r a n c e . H e a l m o s t f e a r e d t o
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e x p r e s s t h i s k n o w l e d g e a l o u d , f o r , i f t h e r u m o r g o t a b r o a d ,
i t w o u l d i n f l a m e o u r p e o p l e t o s u c h a n e x t e n t t h a t h e w o u l d
b e a f r a i d o f t h e c o n s e q u e n c e s . G e n e r a l W o o d h a s t h e m a t t e r
3 00 INTIMATE PAPERS OF COLONEL HOU
n e c e s s a r y t o s e e h i m . I w a n t e d t o f i n d o u t w h a t h i
w e r e r e g a r d i n g t h e a r m y . I f o u n d h i m i n v i o l e n t o p p
t o a n y k i n d o f i n c r e a s e b y t h e r e s e r v e p l a n . H e d i d
l i e v e t h e r e w a s t h e s l i g h t e s t d a n g e r t o t h i s c o u n t
f o r e i g n i n v a s i o n , e v e n i f t h e G e r m a n s w e r e s u c c e s s f
t h o u g h t a f t e r w a r w a s d e c l a r e dt h e r e w o u l d b e p l e n t y
t o m a k e a n y p r e p a r a t i o n s n e c e s s a r y . H e t a l k e d a
c e n t l y a s m y l i t t l e g r a n d c h i l d , J a n e T u c k e r . H e s p o
g r e a t f e e l i n g , a n d I f e a r h e m a y g i v e t r o u b l e . . . .
` N o v e m b e r 2 5 , 1 9 1 4 [ c o n v e r s a t i o n w i t h W i l s o n ] : W e
o f t h e e v e r = p r e s e n t t o p i c o f t h e w a r . I h a v e g o t t e n f r
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a u t h o r i t y t h a t I t a l y w o u l d n o w b e w i t h t h e A l l i e s i f
b e e n p r e p a r e d . S h e f o u n d h e r e q u i p m e n t w a s n o t s u f
t o b e e f f e c t i v e , b u t s h e i s p u t t i n g h e r s e l f i n s h a p e t o
WILSON'S ATTITUDE ON PREPAREDNESS 3 01
e x c e p t o f a n e g a t i v e s o r t , p u b l i c o p i n i o n w a s s l o w t o p e r c e i v e
t h e n e e d o f m i l i t a r y e f f i c i e n c y , a n d i n s o m e q u a r t e r s , a s t h e
f o l l o w i n g l e t t e r i n d i c a t e s , W i l s o n ' s a t t i t u d e r e c e i v e d t h e
m o s t e n t h u s i a s t i c a p p r o v a l .
Mr. G e o r g e F o s t e r P e a b o d y t o C o l o n e l H o u s e
NEw Y O RK, D e c e m b e r 1 6 , 1 9 1 4
DEAR COLONEL HOUSE
A s I a m w r i t i n g t o y o u a t t h e W h i t e H o u s e , I s h a l l v e n t u r e
t o s a y t o y o u t h a t I t h i n k G e n e r a l L e o n a r d W o o d ' s a d d r e s s
t o t h e M e r c h a n t s ' A s s o c i a t i o n a n d o t h e r s r e s p e c t i n g u n p r e -
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p a r e d n e s s o f o u r a r m y m o s t u n s u i t a b l e a n d a l s o r e f l e c t i n g
u p o n t h e P r e s i d e n t ' s m a g n i f i c e n t p r e s e n t a t i o n o f t h e w h o l e
s i t u a t i o n i n h i s a d d r e s s t o C o n g r e s s .
302 INTIMATE PAPERS OF COLONEL HOU
Europ e ; p r e p a r a t i o n s f o r w a r h a d p r o d u c e d f e a r ,
p r e d i s p o s e s t o v i o l e n c e a n d c a t a s t r o p h e . ' 1 A l l t h i
a p p r e c i a t e d , a n d h e s y m p a t h i z e d w i t h W i l s o n ' s d r e
m i l i t a r y p r e p a r a t i o n i n t h e U n i t e d S t a t e s m i g h t d e s t
c a l m s p i r i t n e c e s s a r y t o t h e r e s c u e o f t h e w o r l d f r o m
o f m a d n e s s .
B u t a l t h o u g h t o t h i s d e g r e e , a n d b e c a u s e o f h i s h o r r o
i d e a o f m a s s s l a u g h t e r , H o u s e r e g a r d e d h i m s e l f a s a p
h e c o u l d n o t a v o i d t h e f a c t t h a t i n t e r n a t i o n a l p a c i f
c o m e s m e r e a n a e m i a u n l e s s o r g a n i z e d t o i n c l u d e i n i t
e n c e a l l t h e g r e a t P o w e r s . I n t h e g r e a t e s t c r i s i s o f
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t h e U n i t e d S t a t e s w a s h e l p l e s s t o p l a y a n y r o l e e x c
o f p a s s i v i t y . T o p r o t e c t o u r r i g h t s e f f e c t i v e l y , t o
w o r l d t o e s c a p e f r o m t h e n i g h t m a r e i n w h i c h i t w a s
THE QUESTION OF CONTRABAND 3 0 3
I r o n i c a l l y e n o u g h , i n v i e w o f l a t e r d e v e l o p m e n t s , i t w a s a
d i s p u t e w i t h t h e B r i t i s h o v e r t h e i r c o n t r o l o f t r a d e w h i c h
f i r s t a w a k e n e d a g e n e r a l s e n s e o f o u r n a t i o n a l p r o x i m i t y t o
t h e f i g h t i n g f r o n t . B r i t i s h s u p e r v i s i o n o f w a r - t i m e n e u t r a l
t r a d e h a s a l w a y s b e e n s t r i c t , a n d i t s i n t e r p r e t a t i o n o f t h e
m e a n i n g o f `cont r aba n d ' br o a d . F r o m t h e B r i t i s h p o i n t
o f v i e w i t w o u l d h a v e b e e n f l y i n g i n t h e f a c e o f P r o v i d e n c e
t o s u r r e n d e r t h e o p p o r t u n i t i e s o f f e r e d b y t h e m a s t e r y o f t h e
s e a . T h e E n t e n t e A l l i e s w e r e n a t u r a l l y i n t e r e s t e d i n p r e -
v e n t i n g t h e a r r i v a l i n G e r m a n y , d i r e c t l y o r i n d i r e c t l y , o f a n y
a r t i c l e s t h a t m i g h t h e l p t h e e n e m y t o p r o l o n g t h e w a r , f o r
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i n a m o d e r n w a r a l m o s t a n y a r t i c l e o f c o m m o n n e c e s s i t y ,
s u c h a s c o t t o n , o i l , c o p p e r , o r f o o d s t u f f s , m a y b e o f a s m u c h
m i l i t a r y v a l u e a s w h a t w a s f o r m e r l y d e c l a r e d c o n t r a b a n d o f
304 INTIMATE PAPERS OF COLONEL HO
p e a c e - l o v i n g m a n a n d d e s i r e d t o d o e v e r y t h i n g i n h i
t o p r e v e n t i t , b u t p o p u l a r f e e l i n g m a d e i t i m p o s s i b l
` T h e P r e s i d e n t s a i d : "Madis o n a n d I are t h e o
Princ e t o n m e n t h a t h a v e be c o m e Presi d e n t . The
s t a n c e s o f t h e W a r o f 1 8 1 2 a n d n o w r u n p a r a l l e l . I
h o p e t h e y w i l l n o t g o f u r t h e r. "
` I t o l d t h e B r i t i s h A m b a s s a d o r a b o u t t h i s c o n v e
H e w a s g r e a t l y i m p r e s s e d , a n d s a i d t h a t i n h i s c a b l
S i r E d w a r d G r e y h e w o u l d c a l l a t t e n t i o n n o t o n l y
p a s s a g e i n t h e P r e s i d e n t ' s b o o k , b u t t o h i s c o m m e n
u p o n i t . '
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I n v i e w o f t h e s t r o n g s y m p a t h y f o r t h e E n t e n t e
t h e U n i t e d S t a t e s , t h e d a n g e r o f a n a c t u a l b r e a k w a s
ATTITUDE OF AMBASSADOR PAGE 305
d e f e a t o f G e r m a n y a n d t h e m a i n t e n a n c e o f g o o d f e e l i n g
b e t w e e n G r e a t B r i t a i n a n d A m e r i c a , t h e l o s s e s a n d i n c o n -
v e n i e n c e s o f n e u t r a l s d i d n o t c o u n t . ` E v e r y t h i n g i s g o i n g
w e l l h e r e , I t h i n k , ' h e w r o t e t o H o u s e , S e p t e m b e r 1 5 , 1 9 1 4 .
` T h e B r i t i s h G o v e r n m e n t i s m o s t c o n s i d e r a t e o f u s i n a l l
l a r g e w a y s . T h e s m a l l e r q u e s t i o n s o f s h i p s a n d p r i z e s , e t c . ,
a r e r e a l l y i n t h e h a n d s o f t h e A d m i r a l t y -e a l l y , t h o ' n o t
nominally - a n d t h e y a r e c o n d u c t e d o n a w a r b a s i s . '
I t w a s w i t h s o m e i r r i t a t i o n t h a t t h e A m b a s s a d o r d i s -
c o v e r e d t h a t i n t h e U n i t e d S t a t e s B r i t i s h s e i z u r e o f s h i p s a n d
p r i z e s w a s n o t r e g a r d e d a s a ` s m a l l e r q u e s t i o n , ' a n d h e d i d
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n o t c o n c e a l h i s l a c k o f s y m p a t h y w i t h t h e a r g u m e n t s d r a f t e d
b y t h e l e g a l a d v i s e r s t o t h e S t a t e D e p a r t m e n t i n p r o t e c t i o n
3 0 6 INTIMATE PAPERS OF COLONEL HO
w i l l c o m e t o Wash i n g t o n i m m e d i a t e l y . P a g e i s e
d i s t u r b e d .
A f f e c t i o n a t e l y y o u r s
E. M .
T h e P r e s i d e n t r e p l i e d t h a t i f P a g e w a s d i s t u r b e
a t t i t u d e o f t h e S t a t e D e p a r t m e n t , h e , W i l s o n , w a s
d i s t u r b e d b y t h a t o f t h e A m b a s s a d o r . I f P a g e w e r
p r e s e n t t h e A m e r i c a n G o v e r n m e n t , h e m u s t s e e t h e
u n d e r d i s c u s s i o n i n t h e l i g h t i n w h i c h t h e y w e r e s e e
U n i t e d S t a t e s . W i l s o n i n s i s t e d t h a t P a g e ' s a d v i c
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g r e a t v a l u e , b u t h e e x p r e s s e d t h e f e a r t h a t P a g e ' s
f e e l i n g f o r t h e B r i t i s h c a s e m i g h t p r o v e a d a n g e r .
h i m s e l f w a s s o m e t i m e s d i s p a r a g i n g i n h i s r e m a r k
CONFERENCE WITH SPRING-RICE 307
A f t e r d i n n e r w e t a l k e d f o r a w h i l e , u n t i l a l a r g e p a c k a g e o f
p a p e r s c a m e f r o m t h e S t a t e D e p a r t m e n t m a r k e d " u r g e n t . "
T h i s w a s t h e s i g n a l f o r . . . t h e f a m i l y t o l e a v e , a n d t h e P r e s -
i d e n t a n d I i m m e d i a t e l y g o t d o w n t o w o r k .
` X h a d w r i t t e n a l o n g l e t t e r t o P a g e , c o n c e r n i n g t h e
D e c l a r a t i o n o f L o n d o n a n d i t s e f f e c t u p o n n e u t r a l s h i p p i n g .
X ' s l e t t e r o f i n s t r u c t i o n t o P a g e w a s e x c e e d i n g l y u n d i p l o -
m a t i c , a n d I u r g e d t h e P r e s i d e n t n o t t o p e r m i t i t t o b e
s e n t . . . .
` I t h e n s u g g e s t e d t h a t h e p e r m i t m e t o h a v e a c o n f e r e n c e
w i t h S i r C e c i l S p r i n g - R i c e a n d g e t a t t h e b o t t o m o f t h e
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c o n t r o v e r s y . H e e x p r e s s e d w a r m a p p r o v a l o f t h i s p l a n . A f t e r
t h i s w e w e n t t o b e d , p r e t t y t i r e d a n d s o m e w h a t w o r r i e d .
308 INTIMATE PAPERS OF COLONEL HOU
t h e d i f f i c u l t y , w h i c h h e s a i d w o u l d n e v e r h a v e a r i s e
St a t e De p a r t m e n t h a d t a l k e d t h e m a t t e r o v e r w i
f r a n k l y i n t h e b e g i n n i n g . H i s G o v e r n m e n t ' s a t t i t
b e e n k n o w n a t t h e S t a t e D e p a r t m e n t f o r a m o n t h ,
n o t a w o r d o f o b j e c t i o n h a d b e e n r a i s e d . I f h e h a
w h a t t h e f e e l i n g o f t h i s c o u n t r y w a s , h e w o u l d h a v
i t u p w i t h h i s G o v e r n m e n t a n d t h e i r a t t i t u d e w o u
b e e n m o d i f i e d . A s i t w a s , t h e y h a d a l r e a d y p u b l i s h e
i n t e n t i o n o f d o i n g t h e t h i n g s t o w h i c h o u r G o v
o b j e c t e d , a n d i t w o u l d b e d i f f i c u l t t o h a n d l e i t n o w
t o s a v e t h ea m o u r - p r o p r e o f h i s G o v e r n m e n t
.
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` W e o u t l i n e d a d e s p a t c h f o r t h i s G o v e r n m e n t t o
P a g e , a n d t h e n w e o u t l i n e d t h e d e s p a t c h w h i c h w e
PAGE ON ENGLAND AND AMERICA 3 0 9
j u s t m e n t . I c a n n o t s e e h o w t h e r e c a n b e a n y s e r i o u s t r o u b l e
b e t w e e n E n g l a n d a n d A m e r i c a , w i t h a l l o f u s f e e l i n g a s w e
d o ; b u t o f c o u r s e w e m u s t n e e d s b e c a r e f u l i n t h e m a n n e r o f
d o i n g t h i n g s-o r t h e A m e r i c a n p e o p l e , a s y o u k n o w , a r e
e x c e e d i n g l y s e n s i t i v e r e g a r d i n g c e r t a i n q u e s t i o n s , a n d i t
w o u l d n o t b e a d v i s a b l e f o r t h e P r e s i d e n t , w i t h a l l h i s p o w e r
a n d p o p u l a r i t y , t o g o c o u n t e r t o t h i s s e n t i m e n t . . . .
F a i t h f u l l y y o u r s
E. M . HOUSE
Am b a s s a d o r W . H. P a g e t o C o l o n e l H o u s e
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LONDON, N o v e m b e r 9 , 1 9 1 4
MY DEAR HOUSE
. . .
310 INTIMATE PAPERS OF COLONEL HOU
p a t i e n t . The r e ' l l be p l e n t y o f t i m e l e f t t o q u a r r e l w
d i r e p e r i o d i s p a s t . . . .
It ' s n o t i m e , t h e n , t o q u a r r e l o r t o b e b u m p t i o u s
c a r g o o f o i l o r o f c o p p e r , o r t o d e a l w i t h t h e s e G o v '
t h i ng s w er e n or m al . Th a n k G o d , y o u a r e 3 0 0 0 m i l
i t . I w i s h I w e r e 3 0,0 0 0 . . . .
Y o u r s h e a r t i l y WUn f o r t u n a t e l y , t h e o i l a n d t h e c o p p e r e x p o r t e r s
Un i t e d S t a t e s f e l t d i f f e r e n t l y a n d p r o t e s t s p o u r e d
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t h e S t a t e De p a r t m e n t i n W a s h i n g t o n . For Mr. P a
w a s i n v i t a l s y m p a t h y w i t h t h e A l l i e d c a u s e , t h e s i
w a s w or s e t h an t r y i ng . Hi s n e r v e s b e c a m e t a u t . A
PAGE'S VEXATIONS 3 1 1
w h i l e a g o t o t e l e g r a p h t h a t I ` c o n f e r r e d ' w i t h t h e n e u t r a l
M i n i s t e r s , m e a n i n g , o f c o u r s e , t h a t I t a l k e d w i t h t h e m a n d
f o u n d o u t w h a t f a c t s I c o u l d . I t w a s t h e i r s h i p s t h a t w e r e
s t o p p e d , w i t h A m e r i c a n c a r g o e s . I g o t b a c k a d e s p a t c h f r o m
W a s h i n g t o n s a y i n g I h a d n o a u t h o r i t y t o b e m a k i n g s h i p p i n g
a n d t r a d e a g r e e m e n t s w i t h n e u t r a l P o w e r s - t h e y d i d t h a t
t h e m s e l v e s a t W a s h i n g t o n ! N o w w h a t d a m f o o l i n t h e S t a t e
Depart m e n t s u p p o s e d t h a t I was m a k i n g a g r e e m e n t s w i t h
a n y G o v t . o r t h a t I w a s d o i n g a n y t h i n g b u t t r y i n g d a y a n d
n i g h t t o g e t a n A m e r i c a n c a r g o r e l e a s e d a n d t o p r e v e n t
m o r e f r o m b e i n g s t o p p e d - I d o n ' t k n o w , n o r c a r e t o k n o w ;
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a n d I h a v e n ' t a t r a c e o f a s h a d e o f a d r e a m o f f e e l i n g a b o u t
i t . Anybod y ' s a t l ibe r t y t o t h i n k a n y t h i n g abo u t m e h e
p l e a s e s ; I ' v e l o n g s i n c e c e a s e d t o c a r e a f i g . A m a n i n a d i f f i -
3 1 2 INTIMATE PAPERS OF COLONEL HOU
a n y q u a r t e r b u t W a s h i n g t o n . S u s p i c i o n , I h a v e n o
g e n e r a l l y s l e e p s i n t h e b e d w i t h I g n o r a n c e . . . .
H e a r t i l y y o u r s
WALTER H .
C o l o n e l H o u s e t o A m b a s s a d o r W . H. P a g e
NEW YORK , D e c e m b e r 4
DEAR PAG E
I h a v e j u s t r e t u r n e d f r o m W a s h i n g t o n . . . .
T h e P r e s i d e n t w i s h e s m e t o a s k y o u p l e a s e t o b e c
n o t t o e x p r e s s a n y u n n e u t r a l f e e l i n g , e i t h e r b y w
m o u t h , o r b y l e t t e r , a n d n o t e v e n t o t h e S t a t e D e p a
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H e s a i d t h a t b o t h M r . B r y a n a n d M r . L a n s i n g h a d r e
u p o n y o u r l e a n i n g i n t h a t d i r e c t i o n , a n d h e t h o u g h t i t
RELATIONS WITH SPRING-RICE 3 1 3
I f t h e S t a t e D e p a r t m e n t h a d d i f f i c u l t i e s i n i m p r e s s i n g i t s
p o i n t o f v i e w u p o n t h e Ameri c a n Ambas s a d o r i n Londo n,
t h e r e w a s a l s o c a u s e f o r s o m e a n x i e t y b e c a u s e o f p e t t y m i s -
u n d e r s t a n d i n g s w i t h t h e B r i t i s h A m b a s s a d o r i n W a s h i n g t o n .
S i r C e c i l S p r i n g - R i c e w a s a d i p l o m a t i s t o f d i s t i n c t i o n a n d a
s c h o l a r o f c h a r m . D u r i n g t h e . e a r l y w e e k s o f t h e w a r , h i s
r e l a t i o n s w i t h o u r G o v e r n m e n t w e r e o f t h e m o s t c o r d i a l s o r t .
H o u s e k e p t i n c l o s e t o u c h w i t h h i m , a n d t h e f o l l o w i n g l e t t e r
i n d i c a t e s t h e t o n e o f t h e i r i n t e r c o u r s e
A m b a s s a d o r S p r i n g - R i c e t o C o l o n e l H o u s e
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BR ITISH EMBASSY
WASHINGTON, N o v e m b e r 5 , 1 9 1 4
31 4 INTIMATE PAPERS OF COLONEL HOU
d e t e r m i n e d b y i t s u l t i m a t e d e s t i n a t i o n , a n d n o t t
w h e r e i t i s l a n d e d , i s e v i d e n t l y a p p l i c a b l e t o c e r t a i
like Genoa , Rotterdam, and Copenhagen which a
b a c k d o o r s o f G e r m a n y . A j u s t c a u s e o f c o m p l a i n t w
t h e s e i z u r e o f g o o d s r e a l l y d e s t i n e d f o r n e u t r a l s a n d
m a k i n g a r r a n g e m e n t s by w h i c h s u c h g o o d s w i l l be
m a r k e d b y t h e s e n d e r h e r e i f h e w i s h e s i t . I hop e
c e m b e r t h e s e a r r a n g e m e n t s w i l l b e i n w o r k i n g o r d e r
f u r t h e r i n c o n v e n i e n c e s u f f e r e d . I a m t e l e g r a p h i n g a b
n o w a n d a m a n i s a r r a n g i n g w i t h t h e c o p p e r m e n h
a n a m i c a b l e u n d e r s t a n d i n g. A p r o t e s t , r e s e r v i n g a l l
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c o u l d b e m a d e a t o n c e i n c a s e s o f u n r e a s o n a b l e o r p r
d e t e n t i o n .
THE AMBASSADOR'S RUFFLED FEELINGS 315
b e e n m e t , b u t w h a t h e o b j e c t e d t o w a s t h e w a y i n w h i c h i t
h a d b e e n g i v e n p u b l i c i t y a n d t h e m a n n e r i n w h i c h o u r p r e s s
h a d t r e a t e d i t . . . .
I t r i e d t o e x p l a i n t o S p r i n g - R i c e h o w b a d l y t h e P r e s i d e n t
f e l t . H e a c c e p t e d t h a t p a r t , b u t b l a m e d t h e S t a t e D e p a r t -
m e n t m o s t u n r e s e r v e d l y a n d s a i d i t w a s i m p o s s i b l e t o c o n -
d u c t d i p l o m a t i c n e g o t i a t i o n s o f a d e l i c a t e n a t u r e t h r o u g h t h e
n e w s p a p e r s . H e c l a i m e d t h a t i t w a s n o t t h e f i r s t t i m e a n d
t h a t h e h e s i t a t e d t o t a k e u p f u r t h e r m a t t e r s w i t h t h e m ; i n
f a c t , h e i n t e n d e d t o a b s e n t h i m s e l f f r o m t h e D e p a r t m e n t
i n f u t u r e . He h a d n o d o u b t w e w o u l d a l l b e p r o - G e r m a n s
w i t h i n s i x m o n t h s , t h a t t h e G e r m a n s w e r e s t r o n g a n d h a d a
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t h o r o u g h o r g a n i z a t i o n , a n d t h e y w o u l d f i n a l l y b r e a k d o w n
a n y a n t i - G e r m a n s e n t i m e n t w h i c h n o w e x i s t e d . . . .
3 1 6 INTIMATE PAPERS OF COLONEL HOU
p h o n e t h a t i t w a s , a f a c t w h i c h I a l r e a d y k n e w
a s I c o u l d k n o w a n y t h i n g t h a t h a d n o t h a p p e n e d u
o w n e y e s . . . .
` D e c e m b e r 3 1 , 1 9 1 4 : I r e c e i v e d t h e a c c o m p a n y i n g
f r o m S p r i n g - R i c e a f e w m i n u t e s a g o . H e i s e v i d e n t l y
h u m o r a g a i n . I a m e x c e e d i n g l y g l a d . . . . '
A m b a s s a d o r S p r i n g - R i c e t o C o l o n e l H o u s e 1
I h a v e j u s t r e c e i v e d c o p y o f t h e n o t e t h a t i s t h e
t o P a g e a n d i t s e e m s t o m e a v e r y f a i r j u s t c o u r t e
f i r m p r e s e n t m e n t o f t h e c a s e t o w h i c h n o o b j e c t i o n w
c o u l d b e r a i s e d o n t h e g r o u n d o f i t s f o r m . I a m s u r e
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c r e a t e a v e r y l a s t i n g i m p r e s s i o n a n d w i l l r e m a i n
r e c o r d s a s a n h o n o u r a b l e e f f o r t t o s o l v e i n a n a m i c a
A EUROPEAN MISSION 3 1 7
m e n t . H e w a s o n t e r m s o f i n t i m a c y w i t h S i r E d w a r d G r e y
a n d S i r W i l l i a m T y r r e l l .
W i l s o n ' s d e c i s i o n w a s h a s t e n e d b y a n o t h e r f a c t o r w h i c h
a s s u m e d t h e f i r s t i m p o r t a n c e a t t h e c l o s e o f t h e y e a r . A l l
t h r o u g h t h e a u t u m n C o l o n e l H o u s e h a d e n g a g e d i n f r e q u e n t
c o n f e r e n c e s w i t h t h e G e r m a n a n d B r i t i s h A m b a s s a d o r s c o n -
c e r n i n g t h e p o s s i b i l i t y o f A m e r i c a n m e d i a t i o n . T h e q u e s t i o n
a s k e d b y t h e P r e s i d e n t w a s w h e t h e r t h i s p o s s i b i l i t y m i g h t b e
c h a n g e d t o a p r o b a b i l i t y , a n d h e s a w n o m e a n s o f a n s w e r i n g
i t e x c e p t t h r o u g h t h e E u r o p e a n m i s s i o n w h i c h H o u s e a g r e e d
t o u n d e r t a k e .
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CHAPTER XI
PLANS OF MEDIATION
T h e m o s t s e r i o u s d i f f i c u l t y . . . i s t h e d e e p - r o o t e d d i s t r u s t E
f o r G e r m a n d i p l o m a c y a n d p r o m i s e s . S o m e t h i n g o f t h i s i s a l s o
Germans for England .
H o u s e t o W i l s o n , S e p t e m b e r
I
COLONEL HOUSE w a s n o t o n e o f t h e m u l t i t u d e w h i c h ,
a s t h e w a r l a s t e d , b e l i e v e d t h e c r i p p l i n g o f G e r m
g r e a t e c o n o m i c a n d p o l i t i c a l P o w e r t o b e a n e s s e n t i a l
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o f f u t u r e p e a c e . O n t h e c o n t r a r y , h e w a s c o n v i n c e
s t r o n g , a l b e i t d e m i l i t a r i z e d , G e r m a n y w a s n e c e s s a r
EARLY OVERTURES OF MEDIATION 3 1 9
d o w n a r m s . I t w a s n o m o r e t h a n a s u g g e s t i o n , a n d H o u s e
h i m s e l f d i d n o t b e l i e v e t h a t i t w o u l d l e a d t o p r a c t i c a l r e s u l t s .
B u t t h e m e s s a g e i s s i g n i f i c a n t , f o r i t s k e t c h e d w h a t w a s , f o u r
y e a r s l a t e r , t o b e t h e A m e r i c a n p l a n f o r l a s t i n g p e a c e a n d
i n i t , a s i n t h e P a n - A m e r i c a n P a c t , i s t h e p r i n c i p l e o f t h e
L e a g u e o f N a t i o n s C o v e n a n t-n o r g a n i z a t i o n t o g u a r a n -
t e e t e r r i t o r i a l i n t e g r i t y a n d t o p r o v i d e f o r d i s a r m a m e n t .
C o l o n e l H o u s e t o A m b a s s a d o r G e r a r d
PRIDE'S CROSSING , MASSACHUSETTS
A u g u s t 17, 1 9 1 4
DEAR J UDGE
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. . . T h e K a i s e r h a s s t o o d f o r p e a c e a l l t h e s e y e a r s , a n d i t
3 20 INTIMATE PAPERS OF COLONEL HO
W i t h E u r o p e d i s a r m e d a n d w i t h t r e a t i e s g u a r a n t e
a n o t h e r ' s t e r r i t o r i a l i n t e g r i t y , s h e m i g h t g o f o r w
e v e r y a s s u r a n c e o f i n d u s t r i a l exp a n s i o n a n d p e
p e a c e .
F a i t h f u l l y y o u r s
E . M.
T h e d i f f i c u l t y w a s t h a t t h e v i c t o r i o u s a d v a n c
G e r m a n a r m i e s t h r o u g h B e l g i u m a n d n o r t h e r n F r a n
i n g t h e m o n t h o f A u g u s t , p r e v e n t e d a n y c o n s i d e r
p e a c e i n B e r l i n ; o n t h e o t h e r h a n d , t h e t r e a t m e n t t
o u t t o t h e i n v a d e d r e g i o n s i n f l a m e d t h e F r e n c h , B
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a n d B r i t i s h a n d c r y s t a l l i z e d t h e i r d e t e r m i n a t i o n
LETTER TO HERR ZIMMERMANN 3 2 1
House w a s o f t h e s a m e o p i n i o n , and a r g u e d t h a t i f t h e
Germans were wise they would accept what terms they
m i g h t , b e f o r e t h e u l t i m a t e c o n s e q u e n c e s o f d e f e a t b e c a m e
a p p a r e n t . A t t h e v e r y m o m e n t o f t h e d e c i s i o n o n t h e M a r n e ,
h e h a d w r i t t e n t o Z i m m e r m a n n , s u g g e s t i n g t h a t t h e t i m e w a s
a p p r o a c h i n g w h e n P r e s i d e n t W i l s o n ' s o f f e r o f m e d i a t i o n
m i g h t b e t a k e n i n o t h e r t h a n a n a c a d e m i c s e n s e .
C o l o n e l H o u s e t o t h e P r e s i d e n t
PRIDE'S CROSSING, MASSACHUSETTS
S e p t e m b e r 5 , 1 9 1 4
DEAR GOVERNOR :
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I a m e n c l o s i n g y o u a l e t t e r t o H e r r Z i m m e r m a n n . I f y o u
3 2 2 INTIMATE PAPERS OF COLONEL HOU
N o w t h a t H i s M a j e s t y h a s s o b r i l l i a n t l y s h o w n t
o f h i s a r m y , w o u l d i t n o t b e c o n s i s t e n t w i t h h i s
e n d e a v o r t o m a i n t a i n p e a c e , t o c o n s e n t t o o v e r t u r
m a d e i n t h a t d i r e c t i o n ?
I f I c o u l d s e r v e i n a n y w a y a s a m e d i u m , i t w o u
g r e a t s o u r c e o f h a p p i n e s s t o m e ; a n d I s t a n d r e a d
i m m e d i a t e l y u p o n a n y s u g g e s t i o n t h a t Y o u r E x c e l l
c o n v e y o r h a v e c o n v e y e d c o n f i d e n t i a l l y t o m e .
W i t h a s s u r a n c e s o f m y h i g h e s t e e m , I a m , m y d
Z i m m e r m a n n ,
S i n c e r e l y y o u r s
EDWARD M.
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THE AUSTRIAN AMB ASSADOR TALK S 3 2 3
C o l o n e l H o u s e t o t h e P r e s i d e n t
PRIDE'S CROSSING, MASSACHUSETTS
S e p t e m b e r 6 , 1 9 1 4
DEAR GOVERNOR :
L a s t n i g h t I h a d a c o n f e r e n c e w i t h t h e A u s t r i a n A m b a s -
s a d o r . H e t a l k e d v e r y i n d i s c r e e t l y a n d , i f o n e w i l l s i t s t i l l , h e
w i l l t e l l a l l h e k n o w s . I s a t v e r y s t i l l .
I l e a r n e d t h a t t h e G e r m a n s w e r e m a k i n g a m i g h t y e f f o r t t o
g a i n a d e c i s i v e v i c t o r y i n F r a n c e a n d t h a t , w h e n t h a t w a s
a c c o m p l i s h e d , t h e y w o u l d b e r e a d y t o c o n s i d e r o v e r t u r e s f o r
p e a c e .
I a l s o l e a r n e d t h a t t h e i r g r e a t f e a r w a s s t a r v a t i o n . A u s t r i a
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i s f a i r l y s e l f - s u s t a i n i n g a n d , b e c a u s e o f h e r c l o s e p r o x i m i t y t o
R o u m a n i a , s h e w o u l d n o t u n d u l y s u f f e r ; b u t G e r m a n y f a c e s
3 2 4 INTIMATE PAPERS OF COLONEL HOU
I I
C o l o n e l H o u s e w a s u n d e r n o i l l u s i o n a s t o t h e d i f f i
b e g i n n i n g p a r l e y s . H e h a d o b s e r v e d t h e p a t h e t i c f a i
t h e a t t e m p t o f M r . O s c a r S t r a u s , w h o h a d e n g a g e d i
d i s c u s s i o n s w i t h Count B e r n s t o r f f a n d h o p e d t o
G e r m a n o f f e r t o t h e A l l i e s t h r o u g h M r . W i l s o n ; s
t a l k e d , a n d a l l h o p e o f s u c c e s s i m m e d i a t e l y e v a p o r a t e
f i a s c o d i d n o t e n h a n c e H o u s e ' s r e s p e c t f o r t h e d i s c r e
t h e G e r m a n A m b a s s a d o r , n o r w o u l d i t t e n d t o f a c
o t h e r a t t e m p t s . F u r t h e r m o r e , a l t h o u g h H o u s e a r g u
w e r e h e i n t h e s h o e s o f t h e G e r m a n l e a d e r s h e w o u
e v e r y c o n c e s s i o n f o r p e a c e , h e d i d n o t p l a c e g r e a t c o
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i n t h e i r p o l i t i c a l g o o d s e n s e . On Septe mber 10 he
` E n g l a n d w i l l n o t s t a n d f o r p e a c e u n l e s s i t a l s o m e a
B ERNSTORFF AND SPRING- RICE 3 2 5
F o r t h e m o m e n t , E n g l a n d d o m i n a t e s h e r a l l i e s . L a t e r , s h e
m a y n o t . S h e w o u l d p r o b a b l y b e c o n t e n t n o w w i t h a n a g r e e -
m e n t f o r g e n e r a l d i s a r m a m e n t a n d a n i n d e m n i t y f o r B e l -
g i u m . G e r m a n y , I t h i n k , w o u l d b e g l a d t o g e t s u c h t e r m s .
S h a l l I g o o n , o r s h a l l I g i v e S i r C e c i l s o m e s a t i s f a c t o r y r e a s o n
f o r w a n t i n g t o s e e h i m ?
N o w t h a t I a m i n t o u c h w i t h B e r n s t o r f f , I h o p e t o p e r -
s u a d e h i m t o c l o s e h i s m o u t h f o r a w h i l e . H e p r o m i s e s t h a t
n o h u m a n b e i n g s h a l l k n o w o f t h e s e n e g o t i a t i o n s .
T h e w o r l d e x p e c t s y o u t o p l a y t h e b i g p a r t i n t h i s t r a g e d y
- , a n d s o i n d e e d y o u w i l l , f o r G o d h a s g i v e n y o u t h e p o w e r t o
s e e t h i n g s a s t h e y a r e . `
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Y o u r f a i t h f u l a n d a f f e c t i o n a t e
E. M . HOUSE
3 2 6 INTIMATE PAPERS OF COLONEL HOU
F o r t u n a t e l y H o u s e w a s , e v e n a s e a r l y a s t h i s , o n t
i n t i m a t e t e r m s w i t h t h e B r i t i s h A m b a s s a d o r . T
h a d a l r e a d y g o n e o v e r i m p o r t a n t d e s p a t c h e s t o P a
G r e y , t o g e t h e r w o r k i n g f o r t h e e l i m i n a t i o n o f u n d i p
p h r a s e s . S p r i n g - R i c e w r o t e t o H o u s e i n a p r i v a t e c o
t h e l a t t e r f e l t f r e e t o c a l l o n h i m a t a n y t i m e w h e n
p o r t a n c e o f t h e b u s i n e s s i n h a n d w a r r a n t e d . From h
C o l o n e l h a d a l r e a d y g a t h e r e d t h a t t h e A l l i e s w o u l d n
s i d e r a m a k e s h i f t p e a c e . ` Y o u w i l l u n d e r s t a n d t h a t n
i s a n y g o o d w h i c h s i m p l y m e a n s a n a r m e d t r u c e w i t h
w a r a t t h e e n d o f i t . ' T h u s w r o t e t h e A m b a s s a d o r t
o n Septe mbe r 12 . ` W e w a n t n o t o n l y t h e e n d o f a
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t h e e n d o f a l l w a r s : a n d u n f o r t u n a t e l y n o t r e a t y h a s
s l i g h t e s t i m p o r t a n c e . W e h a v e s u f f e r e d t o o s e v e r
TALK WITH SPRING-RICE 3 2 7
i n h a n d . I f o u n d h i m u n w i l l i n g t o c o n f e r w i t h B e r n s t o r f f ,
w h o m h e c o n s i d e r s t h o r o u g h l y u n r e l i a b l e . H e s a y s h e h a s a
b a d r e p u t a t i o n n o t o n l y i n E n g l a n d b u t i n G e r m a n y , a n d
t h a t h e w a s s e n t t o A m e r i c a b e c a u s e i t w a s t h o u g h t h e c o u l d
d o n o h a r m h e r e . . . .
` I e x p l a i n e d t o S i r C e c i l t h e s i t u a t i o n a s I s a w i t. F i r s t ,
t h a t a t t h i s t i m e G r e a t B r i t a i n d o m i n a t e d t h e A l l i e s , w h i c h
p e r h a p s s h e w o u l d n o t d o l a t e r . S e c o n d , t h a t G r e a t B r i t a i n
c o u l d p r o b a b l y o b t a i n f r o m G e r m a n y , f o r t h e A l l i e s , a d i s -
a r m a m e n t a g r e e m e n t w i t h c o m p e n s a t i o n f o r B e l g i u m . T h i s
w a s w h a t G r e a t B r i t a i n w a n t e d a n d n o t t h e d i s m e m b e r m e n t
o f G e r m a n y , w h i c h w o u l d s u r e l y f o l l o w e v e n o v e r h e r p r o -
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t e s t s , p r o v i d e d t h e A l l i e s w e r e s i g n a l l y v i c t o r i o u s .
` H e a g r e e d t o a l l t h i s , b u t s a i d t h e G e r m a n s w e r e s o u n -
328 INTIMATE PAPERS OF COLONEL HOU
a r r i v e d . H e b e l i e v e s i t w o u l d n o t d o f o r t h e P r e s i
m a k e a n y p r o p o s a l s a s t o t e r m s , b u t m e r e l y t o h o l d
i n a n a b s o l u t e l y n e u t r a l p o s i t i o n . . . .
` I w a s s u c c e s s f u l i n m a k i n g S i r C e c i l s e e t h a t i t
w i s e f o r G r e a t B r i t a i n t o t a k e a n y b i g g a m b l e i n t h i s c
I f s h e c o u l d g e t d i s a r m a m e n t a n d c o m p e n s a t i o n f o r B
s h e h a d b e t t e r a c c e p t i t a n d n o t r i s k t h e s t u p e n d o u s
q u e n c e s o f d e f e a t . I a l s o m a d e h i m s e e t h a t i f t h e A l
a n d G e r m a n y w a s t h o r o u g h l y c r u s h e d, the r e w o u l d
h o l d i n g R u s s i a b a c k a n d t h e f u t u r e s i t u a t i o n w o u l d h a
l e s s p r o m i s i n g t h a n t h e p a s t . '
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T h e c a b l e w h i c h S p r i n g - R i c e s e n t t o S i r E d w a r d
t h e r e s u l t o f t h i s c o n v e r s a t i o n , e m b o d y i n g t h e A
SPRING -RICE TO SIR EDWARD GREY 3 2 9
I f o t h e r P o w e r s a r e w i l l i n g t o m a k e s u g g e s t i o n s i n o r d e r t o
e f f e c t a n a g r e e m e n t o n t h e b a s i s o f t h e s e t w o p r i n c i p l e s , t h e n
n e g o t i a t i o n s c o ul d b e g i n . I f t h e y h a v e o t h e r p r o p o s a l s t o
m a k e , i t w o u l d b e a s w e l l t h a t t h e y s h o u l d b e m a d e k n o w n a s
s o o n a s p o s s i b l e f o r r e a s o n s g i v e n a b o v e , a n d t h e P [ r e s i d e n t ]
w o u l d b e p e r f e c t l y w i l l i n g t o f a c i l i t a t e e x c h a n g e o f i d e a s a s
f r i e n d l y i n t e r m e d i a r y , w i t h o u t e x p r e s s i o n o f o p i n i o n .
G [ e r m a n y ] i s d o i n g h e r b e s t t o p u t E [ n g l a n d ] i n t h e w r o n g
b y c a u s i n g a b e l i e f t h a t E [ n g l a n d ] i s r e j e c t i n g G [ e r m a n y ] ' s
f r i e n d l y o v e r t u r e s .
I t w o u l d b e d a n g e r o u s f o r E [ n g l a n d ] t o p e r s i s t i n non
p o s s u m u s a t t i t u d e . , A l t h o u g h i t i s f u l l y u n d e r s t o o d t h a t s h e
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c a n n o t n e g o t i a t e w i t h o u t k n o w l e d g e o f o t h e r t w o , i t w o u l d
b e t o a d v a n t a g e o f a l l t h r e e t h a t G [ e r m a n y ] s h o u l d b e f o r c e d
3 30 INTIMATE PAPERS OF COLONEL HOU
n e g o t i a t i o n s i s t h e d e e p - r o o t e d d i s t r u s t E n g l a n d
G e r m a n d i p l o m a c y a n d p r o m i s e s . S o m e t h i n g o f t h i s
f e l t b y t h e G e r m a n s t o w a r d s E n g l a n d .
A n o t h e r d i f f i c u l t y w a s e x p r e s s e d b y B e r n s t o r f f ,
e f f e c t t h a t n e i t h e r s i d e w i s h e d t o b e p l a c e d i n t h e p o s
i n i t i a t i n g p e a c e p r o p o s a l s . T h i s c a n b e a v o i d e d , h o w e
s o m e s u c h w a y a s i s b e i n g d o n e n o w , f o r t h e y w i l l s o
t h e m s e l v e s t a l k i n g a b o u t i t a n d w i l l n o t b e s o s e n s i t i
Y o u r f a i t h f u l a n d a f f e c t i o n a t e
E. M . H
NEW YORK, O c t o b e r
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DEAR GOVERNOR :
Du m b a c a m e t o s e e m e a n d h a n d e d m e t h e e n
LETTER FROM SPRING-RICE 3 3 1
B r i t i s h f e l t , a n d n o t w i t h o u t s o m e j u s t i f i c a t i o n , t h a t i t w a s h a r d
t o r e c o n c i l e B e r n s t o r f f ' s s u g g e s t i o n s o f p e a c e w i t h t h e c a m -
p a i g n o f h a t e a g a i n s t E n g l a n d w h i c h B e r l i n w a s w h i p p i n g u p .
A m b a s s a d o r S p r i n g - R i c e t o C o l o n e l H o u s e
WASHING TON, D .C . , S e p t e m b e r 2 4 , 1 9 1 4
MY DEAR COLONEL
. . . T h e m e s s a g e w e n t t o i t s d e s t i n a t i o n a n d i s b e i n g c o n -
s i d e r e d b y t h e b i g b u g s t h e r e . I n t h e m e a n w h i l e I n o t e t h a t
t h e a s s u r a n c e m a d e t o y o u a n d o t h e r s b y y o u r f r i e n d [ B e r n -
s t o r f f ] h a s b e e n p u b l i c l y a n d o f f i c i a l l y r e p u d i a t e d b y h i s e m -
p l o y e r s , s o t h a t h e c a n n o t b e r e g a r d e d a s e i t h e r a u t h o r i z e d o r
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r e s p o n s i b l e . A n y s u g g e s t i o n s f r o m t h i s q u a r t e r t h a t o n e
3 3 2 INTIMATE PAPERS OF COLONEL HOU
q u e n t d e v e l o p m e n t s , a n d I s a i d I t h o u g h t t h e d i f f i c u
t h e n e c e s s i t y o f t a l k i n g w i t h t h e p a r t n e r s [ F r a
R u s s i a ] .
D u r i n g t h e c o n v e r s a t i o n I a s k e d w h e t h e r h e b e l i e
t i m e w a s p r o p i t i o u s f o r n e g o t i a t i o n s t o b e g i n ; a n d
s w e r e d t h e r e w a s n o t t h e s l i g h t e s t d o u b t , p r o v i d e d a
i n g w e d g e c o u l d b e s t a r t e d o n t h e I s l a n d [ E n g l a n d ]
o p i n i o n , a f u l l c o o p e r a t i o n c o u l d b e c o u n t e d o n i n h i s
b u t h e t o l d m e t h i s w a s i n s t r i c t e s t c o n f i d e n c e . H e
n e g o t i a t i o n s c o u l d s t a r t o n t h e I s l a n d a n d c o u l d
a b s o l u t e l y s e c r e t , t h a t h e c o u l d a r r a n g e f o r a f a v o r a
c e p t i o n a n d v i s i t t o h i s c o u n t r y . H i s p r i n c i p a l a p p r e
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w a s p u b l i c o p i n i o n o n I s l a n d a n d p a r t n e r s -h e n c e n
LETTER FROM W. H. PAGE 3 3 3
t i m e , a n d t h e n t h e y w i l l u s e i t a s a m e a n s o f b e g i n n i n g p e a c e
c o n v e r s a t i o n s . I c o u l d s e e t h a t S i r Ce c i l w a s t h o r o u g h l y o f
t h e o p i n i o n t h a t G e r m a n y s h o u l d b e b a d l y p u n i s h e d b e f o r e
peace was made. Th e r e w a s s o m e t h i n g o f r e s e n t m e n t a n d
a l m o s t v i n d i c t i v e n e s s i n h i s a t t i t u d e . He s a i d t o f o r g i v e
G e r m a n y n o w a n d t o m a k e p e a c e , w a s s i m i l a r t o f o r g i v i n g a
b u l l y a n d m a k i n g p e a c e w i t h h i m a f t e r h e h a d k n o c k e d y o u
down and trampled upon you pretty much to his satis-
f a c t i o n . '
I I I
Fr o m t h e Am e r i c a n A m b a s s a d o r s i n L o n d o n a n d B e r l i n ,
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Ho u s e r e c e i v e d c o n f i r m a t i o n o f t h e f a c t t h a t b o t h s i d e s w e r e
d e t e r m i n e d t o c a r r y t h e c o n f l i c t t o a f i n i s h . Mr. Pa g e s y m -
3 3 4 INTIMATE PAPERS OF COLONEL HOU
o f b u s i n e s s . T h a t w o u l d b e p l a y i n g d i r e c t l y i n t o B e r n
h a n d s . C i v i l i z a t i o n m u s t b e r e s c u e d . W e l l , t h e r e ' s n
f o r i t t i l l G e r m a n m i l i t a r i s m i s d e a d . . . .
Y o u r s h e a r t i l y WLONDON, S e p t e m b e r 2
MY DEAR HOUSE
. . ` T h e w a r w i l l b e g i n n e x t s p r i n g ' -o s a i d K
y e s t e r d a y . A n d p r o b a b l y t h a t ' s t r u e . T h e F r e n c h w i l
t h e y c a n t i l l c o l d w e a t h e r c o m e s , a n d t h e R u s s i a
s m a s h A u s t r i a . T h e n i n t h e s p r i n g t h e E n g l i s h w i l
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w i t h a m i l l i o n a n d a h a l f f r e s h m e n a n d g e t t h e f o x
A WAR OF SELF-DEFENCE 3 35
f o o d a n d p o w d e r a n d m e n . T h e E n g l i s h c a n ' t s t o p t i l l t h e
G e r m a n s a r e w i l l i n g t o r e i n s t a t e B e l g i u m a n d t o p a y f o r i t s
a w f u l r a p e . -Y e t , I p r a y H e a v e n , I a m m i s t a k e n ; f o r t h e
s h e e r a w f u l n e s s o f t h i s t h i n g p a s s e s b e l i e f . We sa y t o o n e
a n o t h e r , R o c k e f e l l e r i s w o r t h 4 0 0 o r 5 0 0 o r 1 0 0 0 m i l l i o n s o f
d o l l a r s . That means nothing : i t i s t o o b i g . If a m an be
w o r t h $ 1 0 0 , 0 0 0 , o r h a l f - a - m i l l i o n , o r a m i l l i o n , o r e v e n t e n
m i l l i o n s , w e c a n c o m p r e h e n d i t . S o , w h e n I s a y t h a t p e r h a p s
3 , 0 0 0 , 0 0 0 m e n h a v e b e e n k i l l e d -t h a t m e a n s n o t h i n g . We
h a v e n o e x p e r i e n c e t o m e a s u r e i t b y . H e n c e t h i s u n b e l i e v -
a b l e c o u r a g e g o e s o n . . . . We have l o s t o u r c o m m o n h u m a n
b e a r i n g s , a n d a l l t h e o l d m e a s u r e m e n t s o f t h i n g s a r e t h r o w n
away, and we have no new measurem ents ; w e a r e s i m p l y
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d a z e d . . . .
3 3 6 INTIMATE PAPERS OF COLONEL HOU
C o u n t e s s v o n M o l t k e t o C o l o n e l H o u s e
C R E I S A U ( S C H L E S I E N ) , O c t o b e r
DEAR MR . H O U S E ,
I h a v e s o o f t e n t h o u g h t o f y o u r r e m a r k t o m e i n B
May : ` E u r o p e i s i n a d a n g e r o u s s t a t e .' How d a n g
n e v e r r e a l i z e d ; I w o n d e r i f y o u d i d ? T h e p r e s e n t
a f f a i r s s e e m s l i k e a b a d d r e a m ; o n e c a n h a r d l y r e a l
t h i s e m b i t t e r e d s t r u g g l e i s a f a c t . . . .
O n l y o n e g r e a t v a l u e h a s t h i s w a r b r o u g h t w i t h i t
G e r m a n y a t l e a s t - a l l t h a t w a s b e s t a n d n o b l e s
n a t i o n h a s r i s e n t o t h e s u r f a c e ; m a t e r i a l i s m , l u x u r y
i s h n e s s h a v e s l i p p e d f r o m u s , a n d e a c h o n e o f u s f e e l
a r e b e t t e r m e n a n d w o m e n t h a n b e f o r e . B u t i t i s a h
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t o p a y .
LETTER FROM AMBASSADOR GERARD 3 3 7
l a n d . A l s o o v e r t h e c o n d i t i o n o f G e r m a n p r i s o n e r s i n o t h e r
c o u n t r i e s , p a r t i c u l a r l y R u s s i a . T h e h a t e h e r e a g a i n s t E n g -
l a n d i s p h e n o m e n a l -a c t u a l o d e s o f h a t e a r e r e c i t e d i n t h e
m u s i c h a l l s . T h e p e o p l e a r e s t i l l d e t e r m i n e d , a n d s e e m t o b e
b e a t i n g t h e R u s s i a n s i n s p i t e o f r e p o r t s f r o m t h e A l l i e d p r e s s .
O n t h e F r e n c h F r o n t t h e r e i s n o t h i n g t o r e p o r t . T h e R e i c h -
s t a g v o t e d a n o t h e r l a r g e c r e d i t a n d t h e n a d j o u r n e d . Onl y
L i e b k n e c h t o b j e c t e d , a n d s i n c e t h e n h i s o w n p a r t y h a s r e -
p r o v e d h i m . L i f e s e e m s p e r f e c t l y n o r m a l h e r e a n d p r o v i s i o n s
a r e o n l y s l i g h t l y h i g h e r . Wo m e n s e n d t h e i r o n l y s o n s o f
f i f t e e n t o f i g h t , a n d n o m o u r n i n g i s w o r n a n d i t i s e t i q u e t t e t o
c o n g r a t u l a t e a f a m i l y w h o h a s l o s t a s o n o n t h e b a t t l e - f i e l d .
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T h e l o s s e s t o d a t e h e r e a l o n e a r e 4 5 0 0 o f f i c e r s a n d 8 3 , 0 0 0
3 38 INTIMATE PAPERS OF COLONEL HOU
p a r l e y s w h i c h h e h a d s e n t t o G r e y t h r o u g h S p r i n
S u c h p r e s s u r e m i g h t e a s i l y b e c o n s t r u e d a s a m o v e
G e r m a n y f r o m t h e d e f e a t w h i c h m a n y o p t i m i s t s be
w o u l d b e i n f l i c t e d u p o n h e r i n t h e s p r i n g . T h e C o l o n
s e l f w a n t e d t o s e e G e r m a n y s u f f i c i e n t l y b e a t e n s o t
i s s u e o f m i l i t a r i s m w o u l d b e s e t t l e d f o r a l l t i m e t o
B u t h e f e l t s t r o n g l y t h a t u n l e s s s o m e b e g i n n i n g w e
t o w a r d p e a c e i n t h e e a r l y w i n t e r , t h e m o s t f a v o r a b l e
t u n i t y w o u l d b e l o s t . F o r t h e m o m e n t , m i l i t a r y m o
h a d r e a c h e d a d e a d l o c k . I n t h e s p r i n g e a c h s i d e w
t h e c h a n c e o f v i c t o r y a n d w o u l d r e f u s e c o n v e r s a t i o n
t h e y h a d t r i e d o u t t h e i r n e w a r m i e s . T h e e n d o f t h e
w a s n e c e s s a r i l y t h e p s y c h o l o g i c a l m o m e n t f o r n e g o t i
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LETTER FROM HERR ZIMMERMANN 3 3 9
h e a r t , a l t h o u g h t h e r e w a s a h i n t t h a t , i f t h e o t h e r s i d e m a d e
a d v a n c e s , G e r m a n y m i g h t n o t b e u n r e a s o n a b l e .
H e r r Z i m m e r m a n n t o C o l o n e l H o u s e
BERLIN, D e c e m b e r 3 , 1 9 1 4
MY DEAR COLONEL :
P l e a s e p a r d o n m e f o r a l l o w i n g s o m u c h t i m e t o e l a p s e b e -
f o r e a n s w e r i n g y o u r l e t t e r o f S e p t e m b e r 5 t h w h i c h w a s b e -
s i d e s l o n g d e l a y e d i n r e a c h i n g m e . I r e a d w h a t y o u w r o t e
w i t h g r e a t i n t e r e s t , b u t i t s e e m s t o m e t h a t c o n s i d e r i n g t h e
t u r n e v e n t s h a v e t a k e n s o f a r a n d t h e a p p a r e n t l y u n a b a t e d
z e a l o f o u r o p p o n e n t s , t h e q u e s t i o n o f m e d i a t i o n h a s n o t y e t
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r e a c h e d t h e s t a g e f o r a c t i o n .
3 4 0 INTIMATE PAPERS OF COLONEL HOU
B u t a s l o n g a s y o u k i n d l y o f f e r y o u r s e r v i c e s i n a m
s e l f i s h w a y , a g r e e i n g t o a c t u p o n a n y s u g g e s t i o n t h a
v e y t o y o u , s o i t s e e m s t o m e w o r t h w h i l e t r y i n g t o s
t h e l a n d l i e s i n t h e o t h e r c a m p .
N e e d l e s s t o s a y , y o u r c o m m u n i c a t i o n s w i l l a l w a y s
c o m e a n d c o n s i d e r e d c o n f i d e n t i a l . . . .
S i n c e r e l y y o u r s
ZIMMER
B e r n s t o r f f i n s i s t e d t h a t i f H o u s e w o u l d c o m e t o G
h e w o u l d f i n d t h e B e r l i n G o v e r n m e n t e n t i r e l y r e a
T h e t w o h a d l u n c h t o g e t h e r i n W a s h i n g t o n i n m i d - D e
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FAVORABLE REPLY FROM GREAT BRITAIN 341
` I r e g a r d m y c o n v e r s a t i o n w i t h B e r n s t o r f f a s s a t i s f a c t o r y ,
a l t h o u g h s h o u l d a c t u a l p a r l e y s c o m m e n c e I m a y h a v e d i f f i -
c u l t y i n h o l d i n g h i m t o a n y v e r b a l a g r e e m e n t s t h e y m a y
m a k e . H o w e v e r , I k e p t t h i s m i s g i v i n g w e l l u n d e r c o v e r . '
T h r e e d a y s l a t e r , H o u s e r e c e i v e d t h e m e s s a g e f r o m t h e
B r i t i s h f o r w h i c h h e h a d w a i t e d s o l o n g . I t w a s n o t e n t i r e l y
u n e q u i v o c a l , b u t i t i n d i c a t e d a t l e a s t t h a t t h e r e m i g h t b e
s o m e c h a n c e o f B r i t i s h c o n s i d e r a t i o n o f a G e r m a n o f f e r .
` D e c e m b e r 2 0 , 1 9 1 4 : A t 9 . 4 5 , P h i l l i p s o f t h e S t a t e D e p a r t -
m e n t t e l e p h o n e d t o s a y t h e B r i t i s h A m b a s s a d o r d e s i r e d t o
. s e e m e i n t h e m o r n i n g a b o u t a m a t t e r o f i m p o r t a n c e . I t o l d
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3 4 2 INTIMATE PAPERS OF COLONEL HO
w a n t e d t o g o i n t o a d i s c u s s i o n o f w h a t s u c h a s e
w o u l d e n t a i l . I t s e e m e d t o m e f o o t l e s s t o u n d e r t a k
d i s c u s s i o n a t t h i s t i m e , f o r i t w o u l d p r o b a b l y c o v e r
o f w e e k s , i f n o t m o n t h s , e v e n a f t e r t h e P o w e r s h
p a r l e y s . I t o l d h i m i t w a s n o t m y i d e a t h a t t h e y s h
f i g h t i n g , e v e n a f t e r c o n v e r s a t i o n s b e g a n , a n d t h a t
s t i c e n e e d n o t b e b r o u g h t a b o u t u n t i l a t l e a s t a t
u n d e r s t a n d i n g a s t o w h a t w o u l d c o n s t i t u t e a p e
s e t t l e m e n t w a s w e l l w i t h i n s i g h t .
`He thought France woul d probab ly desire t h
p a r t o f L o r r a i n e , a n d h e t h o u g h t R u s s i a w o u l d l
s t a n t i n o p l e . H e w o n d e r e d i f G e r m a n y w o u l d a c c e d e
f o r m e r r e q u e s t . I t h o u g h t t h a t w a s s o m e t h i n g t o b e
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THE OUTLOOK FOR MEDIATION 3 4 3
A l l i e s a n d l e t u s k n o w a s s o o n a s p o s s i b l e w h e t h e r i t w a s a d -
v i s a b l e f o r m e t o c o m e t o L o n d o n .
` I a s k e d h i m t o e x p l a i n t h a t w e h a d n o d i s p o s i t i o n t o f o r c e
t h e i s s u e , b u t i t w o u l d b e i n a d v i s a b l e t o l e t t h e G e r m a n s h a v e
t h e a d v a n t a g e o f h a v i n g e x p r e s s e d a w i l l i n g n e s s t o b e g i n
p a r l e y s u p o n s u c h t e r m s , a n d t h e n h a v e t h e A l l i e s r e f u s e . . . .
` R e t u r n i n g t o t h e W h i t e H o u s e , I f o u n d t h e P r e s i d e n t
a n x i o u s l y a w a i t i n g m e . A f t e r t e l l i n g w h a t h a d p a s s e d , w e
d i s c u s s e d w h a t w a s b e s t t o d o r e g a r d i n g B e r n s t o r f f , a n d w e
c a m e t o t h e c o n c l u s i o n t h a t i t w o u l d b e w e l l t o l e a v e h i m
a l o n e u n t i l I h a d h e a r d s o m e t h i n g d i r e c t f r o m t h e A l l i e s ; a n d
t h e n w e c o u l d p u t t h e q u e s t i o n s q u a r e l y u p t o B e r n s t o r f f b y
t e l l i n g h i m I w a s r e a d y t o g o t o L o n d o n , b u t h e m u s t n o t l e t
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3 4 4 INTIMATE PAPERS OF COLONEL HOU
m i g h t b e s e c u r e d f r o m t h e c h i e f s o f g o v e r n m e n t ; a n
c o u l d a t l e a s t h e l p t o a p p e a s e t h e a n t i - A m e r i c a n s e
t h a t w a s b e c o m i n g a p p a r e n t i n a l l t h e b e l l i g e r e n t n
H e w a s c o n f i r m e d i n t h i s f e e l i n g b y m e s s a g e s f r o m
a n d Sir Edwar d G r e y .
A m b a s s a d o r G e r a r d t o C o l o n e l H o u s e
BERLIN, D e c e m b e r 2 9
MY DEAR COLONEL :
. . . T h a n k s f o r t h e ` t i p ' a b o u t t h e G e r m a n l a d i e s
i c a n - b o r n ) w h o w r i t e h o m e a b o u t t h i s E m b a s s y . ,
d o ubt l e s s a Frau v o n , w h o t h r e a t e n e d m e (
w r i t i n g ) t h a t s h e w o u l d c o m p l a i n t o t h e P r e s i d e n t b e c
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w o u l d n o t a c c e p t h e r i n v i t a t i o n t o d i n n e r o r i n v i t e h e
LETTERS FROM AMBASSADOR GERARD 345
F r a n c e , E n g l a n d , a n d R u s s i a w i t h o u t s u c h i n s p e c t i o n . A l s o ,
t h e y a r e q u i t e ` s o r e ' b e c a u s e C h a n d l e r A n d e r s o n f r o m o u r
E m b a s s y i n L o n d o n w a s a l l o w e d t o c o m e h e r e a n d i n s p e c t
p l a c e s w h e r e E n g l i s h w e r e c o n f i n e d , b u t w h e n w e ( a n d t h i s
w a s a n e x p r e s s c o n d i t i o n o f a l l o w i n g A n d e r s o n h e r e ) s o u g h t
t o s e n d s o m e o n e f r o m h e r e t o l o o k a t E n g l i s h c a m p s , w e
w e r e m e t b y t h i s o r d e r ( s e e m y l o n g c a b l e t o D e p a r t m e n t ) .
H a v e b e e n w o r k i n g h a r d g e t t i n g c o t t o n i n a n d d y e s t u f f s
o u t .
T h e E m p e r o r h a s b e e n s i c k f o r a f e w d a y s , b u t n e i t h e r I
n o r a n y o n e e l s e s a w h i m . T h e y s a y h e i s q u i t e a n g r y a t
A m e r i c a n s o v e r t h e s a l e o f a r m s , b u t I d o n ' t t h i n k h e w o u l d
s h u t u p K r u p p s ' f a c t o r y i f w e w e r e a t w a r w i t h J a p a n , a n d
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3 4 6 INTIMATE PAPERS OF COLONEL HOU
t h e G e r m a n s . T h e y w r i t e m a n y a r t i c l e s a c c u s i n g t h
d e n t o f b e i n g a g a i n s t G e r m a n y a n d s a y t h a t Se
B r y a n i s u n n e u t r a l b e c a u s e h i s s o n - i n - l a w i s a
o f f i c e r . . . .
I n t h e m e a n t i m e , h o w e v e r , I s e e m t o b e g e t t i n g
m o s t o f t h e m a t t e r s I h a v e i n h a n d , i n s p i t e o f t h e
l a r i t y o f A m e r i c a n s . Wh y w a s a n o r d e r s e n t m e f
S t a t e D e p a r t m e n t t e l l i n g m e n o t t o v i s i t o r i n s p e c t t
o f B r i t i s h p r i s o n e r s h e r e ? 1 T h a t i s t h e o n l y w a y I
g o o d t r e a t m e n t f o r t h e p r i s o n e r s . I s i t b e c a u s e
L o n d o n d o e s n ' t w a n t t o v i s i t t h e c a m p s i n E n g l a
Spanis h Ambas s a d o r v i s i t s t h e c a m p s o f t h e Fre
R u s s i a n p r i s o n e r s , a n d i t i s c o n s i d e r e d a n e s s e n t i a l
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t h e d u t y o f a n A m b a s s a d o r w h o t a k e s o v e r t h e i n t e
GREY ON THE AMERICAN ATTITUDE 3 4 7
J a g o w i s a t t h e f r o n t . I get o n v e r y w e l l w i t h Zi m m e r-
m a n n . . . .
B e s t w i s h e s t o M r s . H o u s e f r o m u s b o t h .
E v e r y o u r s
JAMES W. G ERARD
G e r m a n a n t a g o n i s m t o w a r d t h e U n i t e d S t a t e s , c o m b i n e d
w i t h c o n f i d e n c e i n m i l i t a r y v i c t o r y , w o u l d n o t f a c i l i t a t e a
p l a n f o r A m e r i c a n m e d i a t i o n . S t i l l m o r e d i s h e a r t e n i n g w a s
a m e s s a g e f r o m S i r Ed w a r d G r e y p a s s e d o n t o H o u s e b y
t h e B r i t i s h A m b a s s a d o r i n Washing t o n . G r e y s t a t e d f r a n k l y
t h a t t h e B r i t i s h w e r e d i s a p p o i n t e d b y t h e a t t i t u d e o f t h e
United State s G o v e r n m e n t a n d w e r e i n c l i n e d t o be s u s-
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p i c i o u s o f t h e m o t i v e s t h a t a c t u a t e d P r e s i d e n t W i l s o n .
3 4 8 INTIMATE PAPERS OF COLONEL HO
A t t h e b e g i n n i n g o f t h e w a r t h e r e w a s , n o d o u b t , a
a n d p u r e l y A m e r i c a n s e n t i m e n t w h i c h w a s s t i r r e
w r o n g d o n e t o B e l g i u m a n d w h i c h a p p r o v e d o f o u r a
g o i n g i n t o w a r . T h i s f e e l i n g w a s n o d o u b t g e n u i n e a
s p r e a d a n d f o u n d e d r a t h e r o n i d e a l s o f c o n d u c t t h a n
h i s t o r y , o r l a n g u a g e . B u t w e f e e l t h a t t h e G e r m a n
t h e m s e l v e s a s p a r t i s a n s , t h a t t h e y w o r k a c t i v e l y i n A
e v e r y w h e r e e l s e b y a l l m e a n s i n t h e i r p o w e r , f o r t h e s
E u r o p e o f t h e G e r m a n a r m s , a n d t h a t t h e y a i m o n e
a n o t h e r a t m a k i n g t h e i r i n f l u e n c e f e l t i n t h e p r e s s , i n b
a n d i n e v e r y b r a n c h o f t h e G o v e r n m e n t . U p o n t h e i
a n d u p o n t h e s u c c e s s w h i c h h a s a t t e n d e d i t s o f a r ,
f o u n d s h o p e s t h a t t h e a t t i t u d e o f t h e U n i t e d S t a t e s
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m e n t w i l l b e i n c r e a s i n g l y d i s a d v a n t a g e o u s t o t h e A l l
BRITISH OPINION UNJUSTIFIED 3 4 9
I t h i n k i t i s o n l y f a i r t h a t h e s h o u l d b e w a r n e d t h a t s h o u l d
. p e o p l e i n E n g l a n d c o m e t o b e l i e v e t h a t t h e d o m i n a n t i n f l u -
e n c e i n U n i t e d S t a t e s p o l i t i c s i s G e r m a n , i t w o u l d t e n d t o
c r e a t e a n u n t o w a r d s t a t e o f p u b l i c o p i n i o n w h i c h w e s h o u l d
g r e a t l y r e g r e t .
T h e a b o v e i s p u r e l y p e r s o n a l a n d m u s t b e s o r e g a r d e d ; b u t
I t h i n k i t i s m y d u t y u n d e r t h e c i r c u m s t a n c e s t o g i v e t h i s
p e r s o n a l a n d f r i e n d l y w a r n i n g a s t o t h e p r o b a b l e t r e n d o f
p u b l i c s e n t i m e n t .
E. G REY
B r i t i s h o p i n i o n , a s e x p r e s s e d b y G r e y , o f t h e o f f i c i a l a t t i -
t u d e a s s u m e d b y t h e U n i t e d S t a t e s , w a s t o a l a r g e d e g r e e u n -
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j u s t i f i e d a n d r e s t e d m o r e u p o n e m o t i o n t h a n u p o n f a c t . I f
3 5 0 INTIMATE PAPERS OF COLONEL HOU
VI
` J a n u a r y 1 2 , 1 9 1 5 : I t o o k t h e 1 2 . 0 8 f o r W a s h i n
f o u n d S a m u e l H u s t o n T h o m p s o n o f t h e D e p a r t m
J u s t i c e , a n d H . C . W a l l a c e o n t h e t r a i n . A t B a l
D a v i e s a n d H a r r i s , D i r e c t o r o f t h e C e n s u s , m e t
a l t o g e t h e r , I h a d n o r e s t .
' M c A d o o a n d G r a y s o n w e r e a t t h e s t a t i o n t o m
A f t e r I h a d d r e s s e d f o r d i n n e r , I w e n t i n t o t h e P r e s
s t u d y ; a n d i n a f e w m i n u t e s h e c a m e i n . W e h a d
t w e l v e m i n u t e s ' c o n v e r s a t i o n b e f o r e d i n n e r , a n d d u r i n
t w e l v e m i n u t e s i t w a s d e c i d e d t h a t I s h o u l d g o t o E u
J a n u a r y 3 0 . I h a d p r a c t i c a l l y d e c i d e d b e f o r e I
W a s h i n g t o n t h a t t h i s w a s n e c e s s a r y , a n d I w a s c e r t a i n
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I g a v e m y t h o u g h t s t o t h e P r e s i d e n t , h e w o u l d a g r
CONFERENCE WITH THREE AMB ASSADORS 3 5 1
t i m e I t o l d h i m o f m y p l a n s f o r t h e d a y ; t h a t i s , I s h o u l d s e e
t h e S o u t h A m e r i c a n A m b a s s a d o r s , t h e B r i t i s h A m b a s s a d o r ,
a n d M r . B r y a n . I c o n s i d e r e d i t i m p o r t a n t f o r u s t o d e c i d e
w h a t r e a s o n t o g i v e S p r i n g - R i c e f o r m y g o i n g o v e r . I
t h o u g h t i t w a s b e s t t o t e l l h i m I w a n t e d t o t r y o u t t h e
G e r m a n s , a n d t h e P r e s i d e n t s a i d , " O f c o u r s e , i f y o u s t o p
o v e r i n L o n d o n a n d s e e t h e B r i t i s h G o v e r n m e n t i n t h e m e a n -
t i m e , t h a t w o u l d b e e x p e c t e d a n d c o u l d n o t o f f e n d t h e s e n s i -
b i l i t i e s o f t h e B r i t i s h A m b a s s a d o r . "
` I m e t S p r i n g - R i c e a t P h i l l i p s ' a t 1 0 . 4 5 . I f o u n d h i m i n
r a t h e r a s u l k y m o o d . H e b e g a n t o t a l k a b o u t t h i s c o u n t r y ' s
a t t i t u d e t o w a r d t h e A l l i e s , a n d i n d i c a t e d t h a t t h e A l l i e s
w o u l d n o t r e c e i v e t h e g o o d o f f i c e s o f t h e P r e s i d e n t c o r d i a l l y .
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3 5 2 INTIMATE PAPERS OF COLONEL HO
t h e m i n t o a r e c e p t i v e f r a m e o f m i n d . H e e v i d e n t l y
d o n e s o , a n d h e w a s n o t p a r t i c u l a r l y n i c e i n h e l p i n
I t w a s r a t h e r a w k w a r d a t f i r s t . B o t h J u s s e r a n d a
m e t i e f f w e r e v i o l e n t i n t h e i r d e n u n c i a t i o n o f t h e
a n d e v i n c e d a t o t a l l a c k o f b e l i e f i n t h e i r s i n c e r i t
t h o u g h t m y m i s s i o n w o u l d b e e n t i r e l y f r u i t l e s s .
` L a t e r , I b r o u g h t t h e m a r o u n d t o t h e v i e w t h a t a t
w o u l d b e w e l l w o r t h w h i l e t o f i n d h o w u t t e r l y u n r e l i
t r e a c h e r o u s t h e G e r m a n s w e r e , b y e x p o s i n g t h e i r f a
t e n s e s o f p e a c e t o t h e w o r l d . T h a t s u i t e d t h e m b e t t e
w a s n o t a g r e a t w h i l e b e f o r e w e w e r e a l l m a k i n g m
t h e y w e r e o f f e r i n g m e e v e r y f a c i l i t y t o m e e t t h e
t h e i r G o v e r n m e n t s . I f o u n d t h e m s o m e w h a t s e n s i t i
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m y g o i n g t o L o n d o n a n d B e r l i n ; e a c h t h o u g h t P e t r
TALK WITH BERNSTORFF 3 5 3
` T o g e t h e r w e o u t l i n e d w h a t t h i s l e t t e r s h o u l d c o n t a i n , a n d
h e i s t o s e n d m e a d r a f t o f i t i n a d a y o r t w o f o r m e t o l o o k
o v e r a n d m a k e s u g g e s t i o n s w h i c h s e e m p e r t i n e n t . H e s a i d h e
w o u l d w r i t e i t h i m s e l f o n h i s l i t t l e t y p e w r i t e r , s o t h a t n o t
e v e n h i s c o n f i d e n t i a l s t e n o g r a p h e r w o u l d k n o w o f i t . . . .
` J a n u a r y 1 4 , 1 9 1 5 : C o u n t v o n B e r n s t o r f f c a l l e d a t 2 . 3 0 .
W e h a d a n i n t e r e s t i n g a n d s a t i s f a c t o r y t a l k , a n d h e e x p r e s s e d
p l e a s u r e t h a t I w a s g o i n g t o E u r o p e s o s o o n a n d s a i d h e
w o u l d n o t i f y h i s G o v e r n m e n t a t o n c e . I t o l d h i m f r a n k l y o f
m y m e e t i n g w i t h t h e Allie d Ambas s a d o r s y e s t e r d a y, and
t h a t n o n e o f t h e m t h o u g h t t h e G e r m a n s w e r e s i n c e r e i n t h e i r
d e s i r e f o r p e a c e . . . .
` I s u g g e s t e d h e a d v i s e h i s G o v e r n m e n t n o t t o m a k e u s e l e s s
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3 5 4 INTIMATE PAPERS OF COLONEL HOU
A m e r i c a n s r e g a r d i n g t h e P a n - A m e r i c a n P a c t , h e h
o n h i s h a n d s m a n y d e t a i l s o f l o c a l p o l i t i c s w h i c h , w
c o n t i n u e d r e s i d e n c e i n N e w Y o r k , w e r e g e n t l y s t
h i s d i r e c t i o n . H e d i d n o t e x p e c t t o r e m a i n l o n g i n
A s m a t t e r s t u r n e d o u t , h e s t a y e d t h e r e f o r n e
m o n t h s .
N o t h i n g i l l u s t r a t e s s o e x a c t l y t h e P r e s i d e n t ' s p u
s e n d i n g h i m a b r o a d a s t h e l e t t e r o f c r e d e n t i a l s w h i c
w a s t o c a r r y . I n t h i s l e t t e r W i l s o n e m p h a s i z e s t h e f
H o u s e w a s r e p r e s e n t i n g n o t a n o f f i c i a l a t t e m p t a t m e
b u t m e r e l y t h e d e s i r e o f t h e P r e s i d e n t t o s e r v e a s a
f o r c o n f i d e n t i a l c o m m u n i c a t i o n t h r o u g h w h i c h t h e
e r e n t n a t i o n s m i g h t e x c h a n g e v i e w s w i t h r e g a r d t
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WAR-MAD GERMANY
c u l a b l e l o s s o f m e n , t o d r i v e t h e G e r m a n s t h r o u g h B e l g i u m .
I t w o u l d t a k e p e r h a p s f o u r y e a r s a n d a n u n l i m i t e d n u m b e r o f
m e n t o i n v a d e G e r m a n y . H e h a s l i t t l e c o n f i d e n c e i n t h e
a b i l i t y o f R u s s i a n a i d i n c o n q u e s t o f G e r m a n y . R u s s i a h a s
w h i p p e d A u s t r i a a n d w i l l w h i p T u r k e y , b u t h e h o p e s f o r
l i t t l e m o r e f r o m h e r .
S p e a k i n g o n l y f o r h i m s e l f a n d i n t h e p r o f o u n d e s t c o n f i -
d e n c e , h e t o l d m e o f a p e a c e p r o p o s a l w h i c h h e s a i d t h e
P r e s i d e n t , a t G e r m a n y ' s r e q u e s t , h a s s u b m i t t e d t o E n g l a n d .
H e t e l l s m e t h a t t h i s p r o p o s a l i s t o e n d t h e w a r o n c o n d i t i o n
t h a t G e r m a n y g i v e s u p B e l g i u m a n d p a y s f o r i t s r e s t o r a t i o n .
F r e n c h ' s p e r s o n a l o p i n i o n i s t h a t E n g l a n d w o u l d h a v e t o
a c c e p t s u c h a n o f f e r i f i t s h o u l d b e a c c o m p a n i e d w i t h a d d i -
t i o n a l o f f e r s t o s a t i s f y t h e o t h e r a l l i e s , s u c h , f o r e x a m p l e , a s
3 5 5
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3 5 6 INTIMATE PAPERS OF COLONEL HOU
i t s e e m s t o u s , i t w o u l d n o t s u r p r i s e m e t o s e e t h i s m
n a t i o n - i n - a r m s g o t o l e n g t h s h o w e v e r e x t r e m e .
G E
V I I I
B e f o r e s a i l i n g , H o u s e s p e n t a n o t h e r t w e n t y - f o u r h
W a s h i n g t o n , p a r t l y t o m a k e f i n a l a r r a n g e m e n t s , c h i
h a v e t h e p l e a s u r e o f p e r s o n a l f a r e w e l l w i t h t h e P r e s
w h o a t n o t i m e i n h i s c a r e e r s h o w e d h i m s e l f m o r e a p
t i v e o f t h e C o l o n e l ' s e f f o r t s .
` J a n u a r y 2 4 , 1 9 1 5 : I l e f t t o - d a y o n t h e 1 2 . 0 8 f o r W
t o n . T h e r e w a s n o o n e I k n e w o n t h e t r a i n a n d I h a d
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FINAL ARRANGEMENTS FOR MISSION 3 5 7
e n c e. H e t h o u g h t i t w o u l d b e w e l l t o d o t h i s a n d t h a t t h e
A m e r i c a n p e o p l e w o u l d d e s i r e i t`Januar y 2 5 , 1 9 1 5 : I w e n t t o P h i l l i p s ' a t t e n o ' c l o c k t o
m e e t t h e B r i t i s h A m b a s s a d o r . H e s e e m e d p l e a s e d t h a t I w a s
h o l d i n g t o m y i n t e n t i o n t o l e a v e o n S a t u r d a y . I a g a i n r e -
q u e s t e d t h a t h e a r r a n g e w i t h S i r E d w a r d G r e y , b y c a b l e ,
a n e n g a g e m e n t i m m e d i a t e l y u p o n m y a r r i v a l . H e s a i d S i r
E d w a r d l e f t S a t u r d a y a f t e r n o o n s a n d d i d n o t r e t u r n u n t i l
M o n d a y m o r n i n g , b u t , i f I t h o u g h t b e s t , h e k n e w S i r E d w a r d
w o u l d r e m a i n i n t o w n . I d i d n o t c o n s i d e r t h i s n e c e s s a r y , f o r
m y b o a t w o u l d p r o b a b l y g e t i n S a t u r d a y a n d I w o u l d n o t b e
in London until Sunday ; t h e r e f o r e M o n d a y w o u l d b e t i m e
e n o u g h . He i s c a b l i n g S i r E d w a r d t o a s k m e f o r l u n c h o n
Mo n d a y .
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3 58 INTIMATE PAPERS OF COLONEL HOU
w e r e m o i s t w h e n h e s a i d h i s l a s t w o r d s o f f a r e w e l l .
" Y o u r u n s e l f i s h a n d i n t e l l i g e n t f r i e n d s h i p h a s m e a
t o m e , " a n d h e e x p r e s s e d h i s g r a t i t u d e a g a i n a n d a g a i
i n g m e h i s " m o s t t r u s t e d f r i e n d . " H e d e c l a r e d I
o n l y o n e i n a l l t h e w o r l d t o w h o m h e c o u l d o p e n h i s
m i n d .
` I a s k e d i f h e r e m e m b e r e d t h e f i r s t d a y w e m e t , s o
a n d a h a l f y e a r s a g o . H e r e p l i e d , " Y e s , b u t w e h a
o n e a n o t h e r a l w a y s , a n d m e r e l y c a m e i n t o u c h t h e n ,
p u r p o s e s a n d t h o u g h t s w e r e a s o n e ." I told him h
h e h a d b e e n t o m e ; h o w I h a d t r i e d a l l m y l i f e t o f
o n e w i t h w h o m I c o u l d w o r k o u t t h e t h i n g s I h a d s o d
h e a r t , a n d I h a d b e g u n t o d e s p a i r , b e l i e v i n g m y l i f e
m o r e o r l e s s a f a i l u r e , w h e n h e c a m e i n t o i t , g i v i n
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CHAPTER XII
A QUEST FOR PEACE
I f e v e r y b e l l i g e r e n t n a t i o n h a d a S i r E d w a r d G r e y a t t h e h e a d o f i t s
a f f a i r s , t h e r e w o u l d b e n o w a r . . . .
E x t r a c t f r o m D i a r y o f C o l o n e l H o u s e , F e b r u a r y 7 , 1 9 1 5
I
ON J a n u a r y 3 0 , 1 9 1 5 , C o l o n e l H o u s e s a i l e d f r o m N e w Y o r k
u p o n t h e L u s i t a n i a . I t w a s o n e o f t h e l a s t o f h e r v o y a g e s .
F o r H o u s e i t w a s o n e o f t h e f i r s t o f t h e a d v e n t u r o u s m i s s i o n s
i n w h i c h h e a t t e m p t e d t o t r a n s l a t e i n t o f a c t h i s d o c t r i n e t h a t
a n e w c o d e o f i n t e r n a t i o n a l e t h i c s m u s t b e i m p r e s s e d u p o n
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3 60 INTIMATE PAPERS OF COLONEL HOU
t i o n o r h e l p f r o m a n y o n e , i sa s
m u c h o f a t a s k a s e v e n
a l l m y w i l l i n g n e s s t o a s s u m e r e s p o n s i b i l i t y , d e s i r e . '
H o w e v e r d i f f i c u l t a n d d e l i c a t e , C o l o n e l H o u s e r
t h e a t t e m p t a s n e c e s s a r y . N o m a t t e r h o w s l i g h t t h e
o f p e a c e , t h a t c h a n c e s h o u l d b e p u r s u e d u p o n e v e r y o c
E u r o p e w a s c a u g h t i n a h o r r o r f r o m w h i c h s h e c o
r e s c u e h e r s e l f ; i f a n o u t s i d e r c o u l d h e l p , t h e d u t y
p e r a t i v e . F u r t h e r m o r e , a s t h e w a r p r o c e e d e d , f e e
t h e b e l l i g e r e n t c o u n t r i e s t u r n e d a g a i n s t t h e n e u t r a l s
p e c i a l l y t h e g r e a t e s t n e u t r a l , t h e U n i t e d S t a t e s . ` H e
n o t w i t h m e i s a g a i n s t m e . ' N o o n e w a s b e t t e r f i t t
H o u s e t o e x p l a i n t h e m o t i v e s o f t h e U n i t e d S t a t e s G
m e n t , f o r h e w a s t h e c l o s e s t f r i e n d o f t h e P r e s i d e n t .
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AMERICAN FLAG ON THE LUSITANIA 3 6 1
I n v i e w o f t h e t r a g i c f a t e o f t h e L u s i t a n i a t h r e e m o n t h s
l a t e r , t h e v o y a g e o f H o u s e i n F e b r u a r y h o l d s s o m e s e n t i -
m e n t a l i n t e r e s t .
` F e b r u a r y 5 , 1 9 1 5 : O u r v o y a g e h a s a b o u t c o m e t o a c l o s e .
T h e f i r s t t w o d a y s w e h a d s u m m e r s e a s , b u t j u s t a f t e r p a s s i n g
t h e B a n k s a g a l e c a m e s h r i e k i n g d o w n f r o m L a b r a d o r a n d i t
l o o k e d a s i f w e m i g h t p e r i s h . I h a v e n e v e r w i t n e s s e d s o
g r e a t a s t o r m a t s e a . I t l a s t e d f o r t w e n t y - f o u r h o u r s , a n d
t h e L u s i t a n i a , b i g a s s h e i s , t o s s e d a b o u t l i k e a c o r k i n t h e
r a p i d s .
` T h i s a f t e r n o o n , a s w e a p p r o a c h e d t h e I r i s h c o a s t , t h e
A m e r i c a n f l a g w a s r a i s e d . I t c r e a t e d m u c h e x c i t e m e n t , a n d
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3 6 2 INTIMATE PAPERS OF COLONEL HO
C o l o n e l H o u s e h a d a l l t h e a d v a n t a g e o f b e i n g a l r e
i n t i m a t e t e r m s w i t h t h e B r i t i s h s t a t e s m e n , s o t h a t
n o t w a s t e t i m e i n p r e l i m i n a r i e s . C h a r a c t e r i s t i c a l
e v e r , h e w a i t e d u n t i l h e l e a r n e d t h e e s s e n t i a l s o f t h e
s i t u a t i o n a s t h e B r i t i s h s a w t h e m , b e f o r e h e s u g g e
p o s s i b i l i t y o f p e a c e n e g o t i a t i o n s . And alwa ys he
i m p r e s s i o n o f o n e w h o c a m e t o d i s c o v e r m e t h o d s r a t
a s a m e d d l e r w i t h a n i d e e f x e .
C o l o n e l H o u s e t o t h e P r e s i d e n t
LONDON, F e b r u a r y
DEAR GOVERNOR :
W e a r r i v e d h e r e S a t u r d a y a f t e r n o o n , a n d I i m m e
a r r a n g e d a p r i v a t e c o n f e r e n c e w i t h G r e y f o r e l e v e n
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CONFERENCE WITH SIR EDWARD GREY 363
a t p r e s e n t t o i m p r e s s I t a l y a n d R u m a n i a t o k e e p t h e m f r o m
p a r t i c i p a t i n g . I f t h e d i f f e r e n c e s b e t w e e n B u l g a r i a a n d S e r b i a
c o u l d b e a d j u s t e d , R u m a n i a w o u l d c o m e i n a t o n c e a n d s o
p r o b a b l y w o u l d G r e e c e ; b u t t h e y a r e a f r a i d t o d o s o a s l o n g
a s B u l g a r i a i s n o t s a t i s f i e d .
T h e d i f f i c u l t y w i t h R u s s i a i s n o t o n e o f m e n , b u t o f t r a n s -
p o r t a t i o n . T h e y h a v e n o t a d e q u a t e l y p r o v i d e d f o r t h i s ,
w h i l e G e r m a n y h a s t o t h e s m a l l e s t d e t a i l . I t p r e v e n t s t h e m
f r o m p u t t i n g a t t h e f r o n t a n d m a i n t a i n i n g m o r e t h a n o n e a n d
o n e h a l f m i l l i o n t o t w o m i l l i o n m e n .
T h e m o s t i n t e r e s t i n g p a r t o f t h e d i s c u s s i o n w a s w h a t t h e
f i n a l t e r m s o f s e t t l e m e n t m i g h t b e a n d h o w t h e d i f f i c u l t
q u e s t i o n o f a r m a m e n t s c o u l d b e a d j u s t e d . . . .
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3 6 4 INTIMATE PAPERS OF COLONEL HO
t h e g a m e. H e d i d n o t a c c e p t t h i s a s o u r f u l l d u t y
p a s s e d o n t o o t h e r t h i n g s . . . .
I a m m a k i n g a p o i n t t o i n f l u e n c e o p i n i o n o v e r h e
a b l y t o y o u a n d t o A m e r i c a . T h e r e h a s b e e n c o n s
c r i t i c i s m o f u s , a n d I w a s t o l d t h a t a t a p u b l i c m e e
o t h e r d a y , w h e n t h e n a m e o f t h e U n i t e d S t a t e s
t i o n e d , t h e r e w a s s o m e h i s s i n g . I f i n d , t h o u g h , t h a t
g e n t p e o p l e o v e r h e r e a r e w h o l l y s a t i s f i e d w i t h y o u
I t o o k t e a y e s t e r d a y w i t h o n e o f t h e e d i t o r i a l w r i t e
Time s a n d d i n e d w i t h t h e M a n a g i n g E d i t o r l a s t n i
n i g h t I d i n e w i t h o u r f r i e n d , A . G . G a r d i n e r . I s h a l l
a b o u t t h a t l a t e r .
A f f e c t i o n a t e l y y o u r s
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A SIGNIFICANT CONVERSATION 3 6 5
d i c a t e s t h e e m b a r r a s s m e n t w h i c h t h e t e r r i t o r i a l a s p i r a t i o n s
o f F r a n c e a n d R u s s i a t h e n a n d a l w a y s c a u s e d t h e B r i t i s h ,
b u t a l s o b e c a u s e o f G r e y ' s s u g g e s t i o n t h a t t h e U n i t e d S t a t e s
s h o u l d c o o p e r a t e a t t h e e n d o f t h e w a r i n a g e n e r a l o r g a n i z a -
t i o n d e s i g n e d t o g u a r a n t e e p e a c e . E v e n m o r e s i g n i f i c a n t w a s
t h e r e i t e r a t i o n b y H o u s e o f h i s e a r l i e r p l a n , p r o v i d i n g f o r a
s c h e m e o f l i m i t i n g a r m a m e n t s a n d a g u a r a n t y o f t e r r i t o r i a l
i n t e g r i t y .
T h e t w o m e n w h o s a t d i s c u s s i n g t h e s e q u e s t i o n s b e f o r e
a n d a f t e r l u n c h , w e r e d e s t i n e d t o p l a y a l a r g e p a r t i n t h e c r e -
a t i o n o f t h e L e a g u e o f N a t i o n s . G r e y f r o m t h e v e r y b e g i n -
n i n g o f t h e w a r i n s i s t e d t h a t i t m i g h t h a v e b e e n p r e v e n t e d i f
t h e c o n f e r e n c e h e h a d p r o p o s e d h a d b e e n a c c e p t e d b y G e r -
m a n y ; h e n e v e r w a v e r e d i n h i s c o n v i c t i o n t h a t u n t i l s o m e
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3 6 6 INTIMATE PAPERS OF COLONEL HOU
P r u s s i a , b u t h i s a t t a c k o n R u s s i a n P o l a n d f a i l e d . I n
r o b t h e R u s s i a n s o f f u r t h e r o f f e n s i v e p o w e r , i t s e e m e
s a r y t o c a r r y t h r o u g h t h e c o n q u e s t o f P o l a n d a n d t o
G a l i c i a . T h i s a t t a c k u p o n t h e R u s s i a n a r m i e s w a s t
i m p o r t a n t i n t h a t n e g o t i a t i o n s f o r a n A u s t r o - I t a l i a n
m e n t w e r e n o t p r o c e e d i n g s m o o t h l y a n d t h e r e a p p e a
m i n e n t d a n g e r t h a t I t a l y m i g h t j o i n t h e A l l i e s . T o m
n e w e n e m y , A u s t r i a m u s t b e f r e e d f r o m t h e t h r e a t o f
a t t a c k s .
I f G e r m a n y m o b i l i z e d h e r m a i n s t r e n g t h i n t h e E a
w o u l d b e u n a b l e t o p u s h a v i g o r o u s o f f e n s i v e a g a i
F r e n c h a n d B r i t i s h i n t h e W e s t . B u t h e r e s h e p o s s e
g r e a t a d v a n t a g e , a s u p e r i o r i t y o f m u n i t i o n s , a n d u p
s h e c o u n t e d . I t w a s v i t a l t h a t G r e a t B r i t a i n , s l o w
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NOTE ON THE SUBMARINES 36 7
o f t h e U n i t e d S t a t e s t o v i e w t h e a c t i n a n y o t h e r l i g h t t h a n
a s a n i n d e f e n s i b l e v i o l a t i o n o f n e u t r a l r i g h t s . . . . T h e G o v -
e r n m e n t o f t h e U n i t e d S t a t e s w o u l d b e c o n s t r a i n e d t o h o l d
t h e I m p e r i a l G e r m a n G o v e r n m e n t t o a s t r i c t a c c o u n t a b i l i t y
f o r s u c h a c t s o f t h e i r n a v a l a u t h o r i t i e s a n d t o t a k e a n y s t e p s
i t m i g h t b e n e c e s s a r y t o t a k e t o s a f e g u a r d A m e r i c a n l i v e s
a n d p r o p e r t y a n d t o s e c u r e t o A m e r i c a n c i t i z e n s t h e f u l l e n -
j o y m e n t o f t h e i r a c k n o w l e d g e d r i g h t s o n t h e h i g h s e a s . '
T h e s e n e w d e v e l o p m e n t s c o m p l i c a t e d , H o u s e ' s m i s s i o n ,
b u t d i d n o t a l t e r h i s u n d e r l y i n g p u r p o s e , w h i c h w a s t o p r o -
c e e d t o B e r l i n a f t e r h i s c o n v e r s a t i o n s w i t h t h e B r i t i s h , p r o -
v i d e d h e r e c e i v e d a d i r e c t i n t i m a t i o n t h a t t h e G e r m a n s
w o u l d r e c e i v e h i m . T h e C o l o n e l r e f u s e d t o g o t o G e r m a n y
u n l e s s i n v i t e d . A t W a s h i n g t o n , B e r n s t o r f f k e p t i n s i s t i n g
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3 6 8 INTIMATE PAPERS OF COLONEL HO
s h e w a s , a n d t h a t s h e w a s s p a r r i n g f o r a d v a n t a g e
d e s i r e d m e t o c o m e o n B e r n s t o r f f ' s i n v i t a t i o n , u n s o l
t h e G o v e r n m e n t , i n o r d e r t h a t t h e y m i g h t s a y , i n
n e g o t i a t i o n s f a i l e d , t h a t t h e y h a d n e v e r b e e n a p a r t y
` S i r E d w a r d t h o u g h t t h e G e r m a n s w e r e n o t r e a d y
l e y s , b u t w e r e f e n c i n g f o r t h e p u r p o s e o f g e t t i n g t h e
a d i s a d v a n t a g e s o t h a t t h e y m i g h t s a y t o F e r d i n a n
g a r i a a n d o t h e r s t h a t t h e A l l i e s w e r e m a k i n g o v e r
p e a c e . I t o o k t h e v i e w t h a t , w h i l e i t w a s d o u b t f u l
t h e m i l i t a r y p a r t y w a s y e t r e a d y f o r p e a c e , I f e l t c e
K a i s e r a n d h i s e n t o u r a g e were .
` S i r E d w a r d s a i d h e h a d t o l d D e l c a s s e , F r e n c h
f o r F o r e i g n A f f a i r s , o f m y v i s i t a n d o f o u r c o n v e r s
Su n d a y . Delcasse thought that th e Allies had
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I
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A PROPOSED INTERNATIONAL COVENANT 369
' T y r r e l l s a i d w e h a d n o t a l w a y s f o l l o w e d t h i s p o l i c y ,
r e c i t i n g t h e A l g e c i r a s i n c i d e n t . P a g e a l s o c i t e d t h e P e r r y
a n d M o r o c c o P i r a t e s i n c i d e n t . I h e l d , n e v e r t h e l e s s , t h a t i t
w o u l d b e i m p o s s i b l e a n d t h a t a l l w e c o u l d d o w o u l d b e t o
j o i n t h e n e u t r a l s a n d b e l l i g e r e n t s i n a s e p a r a t e c o n v e n t i o n
a f t e r t h e p e a c e c o v e n a n t w a s d r a w n u p a n d s i g n e d b y t h e
b e l l i g e r e n t s . I t o l d G r e y t h a t i t w o u l d b e i m p o s s i b l e f o r o u r
G o v e r n m e n t t o t a k e p a r t i n s u c h q u e s t i o n s a s w h a t s h o u l d
b e c o m e o f A l s a c e - L o r r a i n e a n d C o n s t a n t i n o p l e , a n d t h a t w e
c o u l d n o t b e a p a r t y t o t h e m a k i n g o f t h e a c t u a l t e r m s o f
p e a c e , w h i c h t h i s f i r s t c o n v e n t i o n m u s t n e c e s s a r i l y c o v e r .
I f e l t s u r e , t h o u g h , t h a t o u r G o v e r n m e n t w o u l d b e w i l l i n g t o
j o i n a l l n a t i o n s i n s e t t i n g f o r t h c l e a r l y t h e r i g h t s o f b e l l i g e r -
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3 7 0 INTIMATE PAPERS OF COLONEL HOU
f e r e n c e y e s t e r d a y , b u t T y r r e l l d e v e l o p e d i n h i s c o n v
t o - d a y t h a t G r e a t B r i t a i n r e c o g n i z e d t h a t t h e s u b m a
c h a n g e d t h e s t a t u s o f m a r i t i m e w a r f a r e a n d i n t h e
G r e a t B r i t a i n w o u l d b e b e t t e r p r o t e c t e d b y s u c h
t h a n s h e h a s b e e n i n t h e p a s t b y m a i n t a i n i n g a n o v
i n g n a v y . ' 1
T h e c o n v e r s a t i o n s w e r e s i g n i f i c a n t , f o r t h i s i s t h e
t h e i d e a s o o n t o b e d e v e l o p e d b y H o u s e , w h i c h h e l a t e
t h e ` F r e e d o m o f t h e S e a s . ' A s G r e y a n d T y r r e l l r e a l i
p r a c t i c a l a p p l i c a t i o n o f t h e i d e a w o u l d b e o f i m m e n
t o G r e a t B r i t a i n , a n i s l a n d d e p e n d i n g f o r i t s l i f e
c o n t i n u i t y o f i t s m e r c h a n t t r a d e . But House saw
G e r m a n s , b l o c k a d e d a s t h e y w e r e a n d a l s o l a r g e l y d
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ZI M ME R M A N N O N A B E L G I A N I N D E M N I T Y 3 7 1
W h i l e w e a r e q u i t e r e a d y , a s I w r o t e y o u b e f o r e , t o d o o u r
s h a r e t o b r i n g a b o u t t h e d e s i r e d t e r m i n a t i o n o f t h e w a r , a t
t h e s a m e t i m e t h e r e a r e c e r t a i n l i m i t s w h i c h w e a r e u n a b l e t o
o v e r s t e p .
W h a t y o u s u g g e s t c o n c e r n i n g t h e p a y i n g o f a n i n d e m n i t y
t o B e l g i u m s e e m s h a r d l y f e a s i b l e t o m e . O u r c a m p a i g n i n
t h a t c o u n t r y h a s c o s t t h e G e r m a n n a t i o n s u c h i n f i n i t e s a c r i -
f i c e s o f h u m a n l i v e s t h a t a n y t h i n g i n t h e f o r m o f s u c h a d e -
c i d e d y i e l d i n g t o t h e , w i s h e s o f o u r o p p o n e n t s w o u l d c a u s e
t h e m o s t b i t t e r f e e l i n g a m o n g o u r p e o p l e .
I h e a r d t h a t y o u a r e o n y o u r w a y t o E n g l a n d a t t h i s m o -
m e n t a n d t h a t a t r i p t o G e r m a n y i s i n v i e w . I s h a l l b e m o s t
h a p p y t o s e e y o u , s h o u l d y o u c a r r y o u t y o u r i n t e n t i o n , a n d
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3 7 2 INTIMATE PAPERS OF COLONEL HOU
than any o t h e r p l a c e o n e a r t h t h a t w h e n h e h a d t i m
w a y s w e n t t h e r e . H e i s t h e l e a s t t r a v e l l e d m a n o f p r
I h a v e e v e r k n o w n .
`When we went t o the library, I sho wed him
m a n n ' s l e t t e r a n d w e d i s c u s s e d i t l o n g a n d c a r e f
t h o u g h t i t w a s u p t o h i m a n d t o m e t o d e c i d e w h e n t
n e g o t i a t i o n s f o r p e a c e . A s f a r a s I w a s c o n c e r n e d , I
w a n t t h e m t o b e g i n o n e m o m e n t b e f o r e t h e t i m e w a s
a p e a c e t h a t w o u l d j u s t i f y t h e s a c r i f i c e s o f t h e b r a v e
a l r e a d y g i v e n t h e i r l i v e s , f o r i t w a s e v e n b e t t e r f o r
d i e i f t h e r i g h t s e t t l e m e n t c o u l d b e b r o u g h t a b o u t i n
w a y . O n t h e o t h e r h a n d , n e i t h e r o f u s w o u l d w a n t t
f i c e o n e s i n g l e l i f e u s e l e s s l y ; a n d i f w e c o u l d a c c o m p
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CONVERSATION WITH GREY 3 7 3
n a n c e o f t h e t r o o p s a f t e r t h e y w e r e t h e r e , s i n c e o n l y a s i n g l e -
t r a c k r a i l w a y r a n i n t o S e r b i a .
` H e s a i d t h e y h a d n e v e r t r i e d t o i n f l u e n c e H o l l a n d t o c o m e
i n t o t h e w a r , f o r t h e y h a d n o t b e e n a b l e t o s e n d s u f f i c i e n t
t r o o p s t h e r e t o p r o t e c t h e r f r o m a n i n v a s i o n i n t h e e v e n t s h e
declared war on Germany . He thought if Germany suc-
c e e d e d i n t h e p r e s e n t e n v e l o p i n g m o v e m e n t [ i n t h e E a s t ] , s h e
w o u l d t h e n t u r n t o t h e W e s t a n d a g a i n t r y t o b r e a k t h r o u g h
t h e l i n e s a n d r e a c h P a r i s .
` I n c o n c l u s i o n , h e d i d n o t t h i n k i t w i s e f o r m e t o u n d e r t a k e
a p e a c e m i s s i o n t o G e r m a n y u n t i l a f t e r t h i s e n v e l o p i n g m o v e -
m e n t h a d e i t h e r s u c c e e d e d o r f a i l e d , f o r h e d i d n o t b e l i e v e
t h e c i v i l G o v e r n m e n t w o u l d b e a b l e t o d o a n y t h i n g i n t h e
d i r e c t i o n o f p e a c e . u n t i l v o n H i n d e n b u r g a n d t h e o t h e r m i l i -
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3 74 INTIMATE PAPERS OF COLONEL HOU
o n l y b e c a u s e i t m i g h t m a k e E n g l a n d ' s p o s i t i o n m i s
s t o o d i n G e r m a n y , b u t a l s o b e c a u s e i t w o u l d m e e t
s t o r m o f d i s a p p r o v a l h e r e , f o r t h e r e a s o n t h a t n o
l i e v e s t h a t a n y t h i n g l i k e t h e k i n d o f t e r m s t h a t E n g l
demand will be met now .
A s a m a t t e r o f f a c t , t h e r e i s n o f e e l i n g w h a t e v e r , e x
a m o n g a v e r y s m a l l c i r c l e , f o r a n y t h i n g o u t o f t h e
c e p t i n g a p e r m a n e n t s e t t l e m e n t , e v a c u a t i o n , a n d i n
t o B e l g i u m ; b u t n o o n e b e l i e v e s t h a t G e r m a n y i s r e
s u c h t e r m s .
G e r m a n y , o n t h e o t h e r h a n d , i s n o w c o n t r o l l e d
w h o l l y b y t h e m i l i t a r i s t s . T h e r e i s a p e a c e p a r t y t
t h e r e i s h e r e , a n d b o t h , s t r a n g e l y e n o u g h , a r e c o n d u c t
c i v i l G o v e r n m e n t s . T h o s e h e r e a r e m u c h m o r e p o w e
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TRIP TO GERMANY POSTPONED 3 7 5
A s a r e s u l t o f h i s c o n f e r e n c e w i t h G r e y a n d A s q u i t h ,
H o u s e d e c i d e d t h a t t h e t r i p t o G e r m a n y s h o u l d b e p o s t -
p o n e d , a t l e a s t f o r a f e w w e e k s . T h e C o l o n e l w o u l d r e p l y t o
Z i m m e r m a n n i n s u c h a w a y t h a t , i f B e r l i n w e r e r e a l l y s e r i o u s ,
t h e d o o r c o u l d b e k e p t o p e n . A m e s s a g e f r o m G e r a r d , u r g i n g
i m m e d i a t e a c t i o n , d i d n o t c h a n g e t h i s d e c i s i o n , s i n c e i t w a s
p l a i n t h a t t h e G e r m a n s t h o u g h t t h e y w e r e w i n n i n g t h e w a r
a n d G e r a r d h i m s e l f f o u n d i t d i f f i c u l t n o t t o a g r e e w i t h t h e m .
S o l o n g a s t h e y w e r e i n t h i s f r a m e o f m i n d , n e g o t i a t i o n s
w o u l d b e f r u i t l e s s , f o r t h e G e r m a n s w o u l d m e r e l y u t i l i z e c o n -
v e r s a t i o n s f o r d i p l o m a t i c p u r p o s e s , w i t h o u t a n y r e a l i n t e n -
t i o n o f m a k i n g p e a c e .
C o l o n e l H o u s e t o H e r r Z i m m e r m a n n
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37 6 INTIMATE PAPERS OF COLONEL HOU
Y o u r f a v o r a b l e r e p l y t o t h i s w i l l , I b e l i e v e , m a r k
g i n n i n g o f t h e e n d o f t h i s u n h a p p y c o n f l i c t .
I a m , my dear Herr Zimmermann
S i n c e r e l y y o u r s
E. M .
A m b a s s a d o r G e r a r d t o C o l o n e l H o u s e
BERLIN, F e b r u a r y 1
M Y D E A R C O L O N E L :
I r e c e i v e d y o u r l e t t e r f r o m L o n d o n . I saw Zimm
a l s o . H e t o l d m e h e h a d w r i t t e n y o u s a y i n g t h e y w
g l a d t o s e e y o u , e t c . , w h i c h i s , o f c o u r s e , a l l t h e y c a
I t i s f e l t h e r e t h a t w e a r e p a r t i a l t o E n g l a n d .
T h e y a r e s e r i o u s h e r e a b o u t t h i s s u b m a r i n e b l o c k
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CORRESPONDENCE WITH GERARD 3 7 7
b e s t o f my b e l i e f . I d o n o t t h i n k t h e K a i s e r e v e r a c t u a l l y
wanted the war .
T h e f e e l i n g , a s I s a i d , j u s t n o w i s v e r y t e n s e a g a i n s t A m e r -
i c a . T h e s a l e o f a r m s i s a t t h e b o t t o m , a n d t h e f a c t t h a t w e
s t a n d t h i n g s f r o m E n g l a n d t h a t w e w o u l d n o t f r o m G e r m a n y
( a c c o r d i n g t o t h e G e r m a n s ) i s t h e c a u s e . B u t i t i s v e r y r e a l
a n d m a k e s u s a l l v e r y u n c o m f o r t a b l e .
H o p e t o s e e y o u s o o n .
Y o u r s e v e r
JA M E S W . G E R A R D
P. S . I a m s u r e o f a c c e p t a n c e o f p r o p o s a l .
C o l o n e l H o u s e t o A m b a s s a d o r G e r a r d
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3 7 8 I N T IM A T E P A P E RS O F COL O N E L H O U
C o l o n e l H o u s e t o t h e P r e s i d e n t
L O N D O N , F e b r u a r y 1
D E A R G O VE R N O R :
. . . I h a d a c o n f e r e n c e w i t h S i r E d w a r d G r e y l a s t
e v e n i n g , a n d a g a i n y e s t e r d a y a t w h i c h t h e P r i m e M
a n d P a g e w e r e p r e s e n t .
B o t h A s q u i t h a n d G r e y t h o u g h t i t w o u l d b e f o o t l e s
t o g o t o B e r l i n u n t i l t h e p r e s e n t G e r m a n e n v e l o p i
m e n t i n t h e e a s t i s d e t e r m i n e d . I t l o o k s , f o r t h e m o m
f o r t h e R u s s i a n s ; a n d t h e y d o n o t w a n t m e t o b e i n B
s u c h a t i m e . I f t h i s m o v e m e n t f a i l s a n d t h i n g s g e
d e a d l o c k e d , t h e y t h i n k I s h o u l d t a k e t h a t o p p o r t u n i tt h e r e . . . .
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GREY DISCUSSES GERARD 'S LE T T E R 3 7 9
m i n e s . I t r i e d h a r d t o g e t S i r E d w a r d , a n d a f t e r w a r d s A s -
q u i t h , t o m e e t t h i s s i t u a t i o n b e f o r e t o - d a y ; b u t w i t h t h e
u s u a l B r i t i s h s l o w n e s s , t h e y p u t i t o f f u n t i l T h u r s d a y o r p e r -
h a p s n e x t T u e s d a y .
T h e p s y c h o l o g i c a l t i m e t o h a v e e n d e d t h i s w a r w a s a r o u n d
t h e e n d o f N o v e m b e r o r t h e f i r s t o f D e c e m b e r , w h e n e v e r y - '
t h i n g l o o k e d a s i f i t h a d g o t t e n i n t o a p e r m a n e n t d e a d l o c k .
Y o u w i l l r e m e m b e r w e t r i e d t o i m p r e s s t h i s u p o n S i r C e c i l
a n d t r i e d t o g e t q u i c k e r a c t i o n , b u t w i t h o u t s u c c e s s . . . .
A f f e c t i o n a t e l y y o u r s
E . M . H O U S E
` F e b r u a r y 1 8 , 1 9 1 5 : I w e n t t o 3 3 E c c l e s t o n S q u a r e a t 7 . 3 0
t o s e e S i r E d w a r d G r e y a n d w a s w i t h h i m a h a l f - h o u r . I
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3 8 0 INTIMATE PAPERS OF COLONEL HOU
c e s s f u l , w i l l h a v e f a r - r e a c h i n g e f f e c t u p o n t h e E a s t e
a t i o n , b e s i d e s g i v i n g R u s s i a a n o u t l e t a n d i n l e t . H e a
m e t h a t K i t c h e n e r s a i d h i s r e p o r t s f r o m R u s s i a w e r e t
G e r m a n s h a d n o t c a p t u r e d m o r e t h a n o n e d i v i s i o n ,
s i t u a t i o n i n t h e E a s t w a s n o t h i n g l i k e a s b a d a s r e p r
S i r E d w a r d q u a l i f i e d t h i s , h o w e v e r , b y s a y i n g t h a t
n e w s w a s n e v e r q u i t e r e l i a b l e . H e t h o u g h t a f t e r m a t t
q u i e t e d d o w n u p o n t h e E a s t e r n f r o n t a n d a d e a d l o c k h
m o r e b e e n a r r i v e d a t , a n d t h e D a r d a n e l l e s h a d b e e n
i t w o u l d b e w e l l f o r m e t o g o t o G e r m a n y . '
C o l o n e l H o u s e t o t h e P r e s i d e n t
L O N D O N , F e b r u a r y 2
D E A R G O VE R N O R :
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LETTER TO THE PRESIDENT 3 8 1
T h e B r i t i s h p u b l i c a n d a m a j o r i t y o f t h e C a b i n e t w o u l d
n o t l o o k w i t h a n y g r e a t e r f a v o r u p o n t h e o n l y t e r m s t h a t
G e r m a n y w o u l d n o w c o n c e d e , t h a n w o u l d F r a n c e a n d
R u s s i a .
S i n c e t h e w a r h a s b e g u n a n d s i n c e t h e y c o n s i d e r t h a t G e r -
m a n y w a s t h e a g g r e s s o r a n d i s t h e e x p o n e n t o f m i l i t a r i s m ,
t h e y a r e d e t e r m i n e d n o t t o c e a s e f i g h t i n g u n t i l t h e r e i s n o
h o p e o f v i c t o r y , o r u n t i l G e r m a n y i s r e a d y t o c o n c e d e w h a t
t h e y c o n s i d e r a f a i r a n d p e r m a n e n t s e t t l e m e n t . .
I t i s a l m o s t a s i m p o r t a n t t o u s t o h a v e t h e s e t t l e m e n t l a i d
u p o n t h e r i g h t f o u n d a t i o n s a s i t i s t o t h e n a t i o n s o f E u r o p e .
I f t h i s w a r d o e s n o t e n d m i l i t a r i s m , t h e n t h e f u t u r e i s f u l l o f
t r o u b l e f o r u s .
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3 8 2 INTIMATE PAPERS OF COLONEL HOU
t h e e v a c u a t i o n a n d i n d e m n i f y i n g o f B e l g i u m a n d a
m e n t t h a t w i l l e n s u r e p e r m a n e n t p e a c e . B u t , t h e r e a
c o m e s i n c o n f l i c t w i t h c o l o n i a l o p i n i o n . T h e S o u t h
c o l o n i e s h a v e n o n o t i o n o f g i v i n g u p G e r m a n A f r i c
t h e y h a v e t a k e n , a s t h e y s a y i t w i l l b e a c o n s t a n t m
t h e m t o h a v e s o p o w e r f u l a n d w a r l i k e a n e i g h b o r .
T h e s a m e a p p l i e s t o . . . t h e C a r o l i n e I s l a n d s , S a m
w h i c h t h e A u s t r a l i a n s h a v e t a k e n .
S i r E d w a r d i s t r y i n g a s s i d u o u s l y t o w o r k u p a n
u p o n b r o a d e r l i n e s , a n d h e m a y o r m a y n o t b e s u c c
b u t h e i s n o t n o w i n a p o s i t i o n t o s a y t h a t h i s w i s
p r e v a i l . . . .
Germany may be successful . I f F r a n c e o r R u s s i
w a y , s h e w i l l s o o n d o m i n a t e t h e C o n t i n e n t ; a n d i t i
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H O O VE R A T T H E E M B A S S Y 3 8 3
I g o t o G e r m a n y , u s e i t t o b r i n g f a v o r a b l e o p i n i o n t o y o u b y
i n t i m a t i n g t h a t I b e l i e v e w h e n t h e e n d c o m e s y o u w i l l i n s i s t
u p o n t h i s b e i n g d o n e ; i n o t h e r w o r d s , t h a t w i t h y o u r i n i t i a -
t i v e a n d w i t h G e r m a n y ' s c o o p e r a t i o n , G r e a t B r i t a i n c a n b e
i n d u c e d t o m a k e t h e s e t e r m s . T h i s , I t h i n k , w i l l p l e a s e t h e
G e r m a n s a n d m a y g o a l o n g w a y t o w a r d s p l a c a t i n g t h e i r
f e e l i n g s t o w a r d u sA f f e c t i o n a t e l y y o u r s
E. M . HOUSE
I v
A s o n e m i g h t e x p e c t , C o l o n e l H o u s e t o o k c a r e t o c o m e i n t o
c o n t a c t w i t h e v e r y o n e w h o m i g h t g i v e i n f o r m a t i o n o r a s s i s t -
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3 8 4 INTIMATE PAPERS OF COLONEL HOUS
h i s a p a r t m e n t a t N o . 3 Buckingham Gate . We had
d e l i g h t f u l t i m e . H e a r r a n g e d f o r u s t o b e e n t i r e l y
n o t e v e n L a d y B r y c e b e i n g t h e r e .
` H e i n q u i r e d a f t e r t h e P r e s i d e n t , a n d I t o l d o f t h e
d e n t ' s h a v i n g r e a d m e G a r d i n e r ' s s k e t c h o f h i m i n " P i l
S o c i e t y , " t h e o p e n i n g s e n t e n c e o f w h i c h I r e m e m b
" I f o n e w e r e a s k e d t o n a m e t h e g r e a t e s t l i v i n g E n g l
I t h i n k i t w o u l d b e n e c e s s a r y t o a d m i t , r e g r e t f u l l y ,
i s a S c o t s m a n b o r n i n I r e l a n d . "
' B r y c e s m i l e d a n d s a i d h e h a d n o t r e a d i t , a n d w a s
t o d o s o f o r f e a r h i s h e a d m i g h t b e t u r n e d ; a t t h e s a m
I n o t i c e d h e a s k e d m e a g a i n t h e t i t l e o f t h e b o o k .
` W e g r a d u a l l y d r i f t e d i n t o a d i s c u s s i o n o f t h e w a r
t h e p r o b l e m s f o r i t s s o l u t i o n . I t s e e m e d t o m e a g o o d
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P R I VA T E A U D I E N CE W I T H T H E KI N G 3 8 5
C o l o n e l H o u s e t o t h e P r e s i d e n t
L O N D O N , M a r c h 1 , 1 91 5
D E A R G O VE R N O R :
T h e K i n g ' s P r i v a t e S e c r e t a r y , t h e L o r d S t a m f o r d h a m ,
c a l l e d y e s t e r d a y t o b r i n g a n i n v i t a t i o n t o m e f r o m t h e K i n g
t o c a l l a t e l e v e n o ' c l o c k f o r a p r i v a t e a u d i e n c e . I w a s c u r i o u s
t o k n o w w h a t h e w a n t e d .
I w a s w i t h h i m f o r n e a r l y a n h o u r . H e i s t h e m o s t b e l l i c o s e
E n g l i s h m a n t h a t I h a v e s o f a r m e t . I h a d h o p e s t h a t h e m i g h t
w a n t t o t a l k c o n c e r n i n g p e a c e p l a n s , b u t h e e v i d e n t l y w a n t e d
t o i m p r e s s m e w i t h t h e f a c t t h a t t h i s w a s n o t i m e t o t a l k
p e a c e . H i s i d e a s e e m e d t o b e t h a t t h e b e s t w a y t o o b t a i n
p e r m a n e n t p e a c e w a s t o k n o c k a l l t h e f i g h t o u t o f t h e G e r -
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3 8 6 INTIMATE PAPERS OF COLONEL HOU
He a s k e d m e t o c o n v e y t o y o u h i s m o s t r e s p e c t f u l
m e n t s a n d a s s u r a n c e s o f d i s t i n g u i s h e d c o n s i d e r a t i o
S o m e o n e h a d e v i d e n t l y g i v e n h i m a g l i m p s e o f y o
a c t e r , f o r h e v o i c e d a l m o s t a l l I s a i d o f y o u b e f o r e I c
i t m y s e l f . . . .
A f f e c t i o n a t e l y y o u r s
E. M . H
C o l o n e l H o u s e a s k e d t h e K i n g w h y h e d i d n o t t a
s i o n t o s p e a k t o t h e B r i t i s h p u b l i c i n t h e f o r c e f u l m
which he had talked to him regarding the war
measures . H e r e p l i e d , H o u s e r e c o r d e d , ` t h a t h e d i
s o f o r t h e r e a s o n t h a t h i s d i s t i n g u i s h e d c o u s i n , t h e
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CONFERENCE WITH MR. B A L F O U R 3 8 7
I h a v e s u c c e e d e d i n k e e p i n g m y n a m e a b s o l u t e l y o u t o f t h e
E u r o p e a n p r e s s , w h i c h i s a g o o d b e g i n n i n g , a n d I r e m a i n i n
a s m u c h o b s c u r i t y a s i s p o s s i b l e f o r o n e h a v i n g s u c h w o r k i n
h a n d . N o o n e , o f c o u r s e , n o t e v e n P a g e , _ k n o w s w h e n I s e e
t h e d i f f e r e n t M i n i s t e r s o r p e r s o n a g e s o f i m p o r t a n c e ; a n d m y
c o m i n g s a n d g o i n g s a r e a s u n c h r o n i c l e d a s i f I w e r e a c r o s s -
i n g - s w e e p e r .
P a t e r n a l l y y o u r s
E. M . HOUSE
` M a r c h 4 , 1 9 1 5 [ c o n f e r e n c e b e t w e e n H o u s e a n d A . J . B a l -
f o u r ] : W e g o t a l o n g f a m o u s l y t o g e t h e r , I d o i n g m o s t o f t h e
t a l k i n g , a l t h o u g h a t t i m e s h e w o u l d b e c o m e e n t h u s i a s t i c a n d
w o u l d g e t u p a n d s t a n d b y t h e f i r e a n d d e c l a i m t o m e j u s t a s
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3 8 8 INTIMATE PAPERS OF COLONEL HOU
t l e m e n t , a n d I h a v e n o t b e e n a b l e t o t h i n k o f a w a y t
s a t i s f a c t o r y t o m e u n t i l I w a s o n t h e L u s i t a n i a with m
f r e e t o d e v o t e t o t h e s u b j e c t . I t t h e n o c c u r r e d t o m e
a l l t h e i m p o r t a n t n a t i o n s , b e l l i g e r e n t s a n d n e u t r a l s ,
a g r e e t o c e a s e t h e m a n u f a c t u r e o f m u n i t i o n s o f w a
p e r i o d o f t e n y e a r s o r m o r e , t h e q u e s t i o n t h e n o f h o
a n a r m y G e r m a n y s h o u l d h a v e , o r F r a n c e s h o u l d r e t
t h e s i z e o f G e r m a n y ' s o r G r e a t B r i t a i n ' s n a v y , n e e d
d i s c u s s e d . ,
T h e a r m i e s a n d t h e n a v i e s w o u l d r e m a i n a s t h e y a r e
e n d o f t h e w a r ; b u t w i t h o u t t h e m a n u f a c t u r e o f a n y
b a t t l e s h i p s o r m u n i t i o n s o f w a r , e v e r y t h i n g w o u l d
m a t i c a l l y b e c o m e o b s o l e t e i n a f e w y e a r s . W h a t w e
d o i s t o p l a y f o r t i m e . T i m e w i l l m a k e G e r m a n y d e m o
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LORD CURZON A JIN GO 3 8 9
t w e e n t h e U n i t e d S t a t e s a n d G r e a t B r i t a i n . H e h o p e s t o b e
a b l e t o d o b e t t e r w o r k t h a n h a s b e e n d o n e . H e s a i d u p t o
n o w t h e F o r e i g n O f f i c e h a d d o n e i t a s b a d l y a s h u m a n i n g e -
n u i t y c o u l d s u g g e s t . H e a s k e d i f I t h o u g h t t h e y c o u l d h a v e
d o n e i t w o r s e . I t h o u g h t n o t , a n d B r o o k s s e e m e d p l e a s e d a t
t h i s t r i b u t e t o t h e i r e f f o r t s . . . .
' C h a l m e r s R o b e r t s a n d I t o o k s u p p e r a t S c o t ' s . Af t e r -
w a r d I w e n t t o t h e A m b a s s a d o r ' s , a s h e w i s h e d t o s h o w m e
C o l o n e l G e o r g e 0 . S q u i e r ' s d i a r y , w h i c h h e s a i d I m u s t k e e p
i n t h e d e e p e s t c o n f i d e n c e . I t e m b a r r a s s e d m e t o h a v e t o t e l l
h i m t h a t I h a d h a d a c o p y o f t h e d i a r y f o r m o r e t h a n t w o
w e e k s .
` W e t a l k e d o f h o m e , o f t h e P r e s i d e n t , M c A d o o , a n d c o n -
d i t i o n s , a n d w e h a d a g e n u i n e l y g o o d t i m e . I l i k e P a g e .
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3 9 0I N T IM A T E P A P E RS O F COL O N E L H O U
` B a l f o u r h a s a m u c h m o r e c h a r m i n g p e r s o n a l i t y .
t o C u s t a n d s u c c e e d e d i n c h a n g i n g h i s p o i n t o f v i e w a
U n i t e d S t a t e s . . . . '
C o l o n e l H o u s e t o t h e P r e s i d e n t
L O N D O N , M a r c h
D E A R G O VE R N O R :
. . . S i n c e I l a s t w r o t e , I h a v e s e e n s o m e t h i n g o f t
p a r t y , h e a d e d b y s u c h m e n a s t h e r e c e n t L o r d C h a n
L o r d L o r e b u r n , M r . H i r s t o f t h e E c o n o m i s t , a n d o t h
N o r t h c l i f f e i s o f t h e u l t r a s e t o n t h e o t h e r s i d e .
m a r k e d t o o n e o r t w o f r i e n d s o f m i n e t h a t i f y o u h a d
o v e r h e r e t o d i s c u s s p e a c e , I s h o u l d b e r u n o u t o f
. . . I m e n t i o n t h i s t o s h o w ' t h e e x t r e m e d i f f i c u l t i e s o f
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LETTER FROM ZIMMERMANN
H e r r Z i m m e r m a n n t o C o l o n e l H o u s e
BERLIN, M a r c h 2 , 1 9 1 5
MY DEAR COLONEL
M a n y t h a n k s f o r y o u r l e t t e r o f F e b r u a r y 1 7 t h . I r e g r e t t o
s e e t h a t y o u c o n s i d e r g i v i n g u p y o u r t r i p t o B e r l i n w h i c h I
h a d c o u n t e d o n a s o f f e r i n g a m u c h m o r e s a t i s f a c t o r y o p p o r -
t u n i t y f o r a n i n t e r c h a n g e o f i d e a s t h a n h a s b e e n p o s s i b l e u p
to now .
I r e a d w i t h i n t e r e s t w h a t y o u b e l i e v e t o b e a p o s s i b l e b e -
g i n n i n g t o t h e d e s i r e d e n d . I t s e e m s t o m e , h o w e v e r , t h a t y o u
a r e t a k i n g a s a b a s i s a ; m o r e o r l e s s d e f e a t e d G e r m a n y o r o n e
n e a r l y a t t h e e n d o f h e r r e s o u r c e s . I t i s h a r d l y n e c e s s a r y
f o r m e t o s h o w i n h o w f a r t h i s i s n o t t h e c a s e . A l t h o u g h I
3 91
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3 9 2 I N T IM A T E P A P E RS O F COL O N E L H O U
a b o u t t h e b l o c k a d e o f G e r m a n y . I h a v e a s y e t n o o
i n f o r m a t i o n .
T h e C h a n c e l l o r i s n o t b o s s n o w . V o n T i r p i t z a n d
h a y n ( C h i e f o f S t a f f ) h a v e m o r e i n f l u e n c e , e s p e c i a l l y
C h a n c e l l o r b o r e s t h e E m p e r o r , a n d t h e r e a r e g r e a t i n
g o i n g o n a m o n g a l l t h e s e c o n f l i c t i n g a u t h o r i t i e s . T h e
w h o w e r e i n f a v o r o f a c c e p t i n g a r e a s o n a b l e p e a c e p r
w e r e , s t r a n g e t o s a y , t h e m i l i t a r y g e n e r a l s t a f f e n d ,
w a s v o n T i r p i t z w h o d i d n o t w a n t o u r l a s t p r o p o s a
c e p t e d . , .
I h a t e t o w r i t e i n t h e s e s p y t i m e s a n d d o m o s t e a
h o p e y o u a r e c o m i n g s o o n , o r , i f y o u a r e g o i n g t o I t a l y ,
r u n d o w n a n d r e p o r t t o y o u t h e r e i f y o u w a n t . . . .
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G R E Y ' S M E M O I R S QU O T E D 3 9 3
y e a r s a n d , w h e n t h a t w a s r e a l i z e d , t h e y m i g h t b e w i l l i n g t o
m a k e c o n c e s s i o n s .
' H e d i d n o t k n o w t h e m i n d o f R u s s i a , b u t h e b e l i e v e d b y
g i v i n g t h e m C o n s t a n t i n o p l e a n d t h e S t r a i t s , t h e y w o u l d b e
w i l l i n g t o a c q u i e s c e i n a l m o s t a n y o t h e r t e r m s t h a t m i g h t
b e a g r e e d u p o n . . . .
' T h e d i f f i c u l t y I e x p e c t t o f i n d h e r e i n t h e f i n a l n e g o t i a -
t i o n s i s , t h e r e i s n o m a n w h o d o m i n a t e s t h e s i t u a t i o n . . . .
I n G e r m a n y I s h a l l f i n d t h e s i t u a t i o n e v e n m o r e u n c e r t a i n .
I f t h e r e w e r e a P a l m e r s t o n o r a C h a t h a m h e r e , a n d a B i s -
m a r c k i n G e r m a n y , i t w o u l d b e e a s i e r . '
T h e Q u e s t f o r P e a c e h a d t h u s f a r r e v e a l e d n o t h i n g b u t t h e
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3 9 4 INTIMATE PAPERS OF COLONEL HOU
i n t h i s h o u r H o u s e s h o u l d c o m e w h e n e v e r h e w a n t e d
a t a l k . ' 1
T h e C o l o n e l ' s m i s s i o n w o u l d h a v e b e e n w o r t h w h i l e
b e c a u s e o f t h i s c l o s e p e r s o n a l u n d e r s t a n d i n g w i t h t h e
S e c r e t a r y , a n d i t w a s o n e o f t h e i m p o n d e r a b l e s t h a t
h e a v i l y i n t h e d i p l o m a t i c h i s t o r y o f t h e f o l l o w i n g y e
A p p r e c i a t i v e o f G r e y ' s h o n e s t y a n d m o d e r a t i o n , f e
t h e d e m a n d s o f F r a n c e , s u s p i c i o u s o f G e r m a n s i n c e r i
d e t e r m i n e d i f p o s s i b l e t o f i n d a t h r e a d t o t h r o w a c
c h a s m : s u c h w e r e t h e f e e l i n g s o f H o u s e w h e n o n M a r c
l e f t E n g l a n d f o r P a r i s a n d B e r l i n .
' G r e y , T w e n t y - F i v e Y e a r s ( F r e d e r i c k A . S t o k e s C o m p a n y ) , i
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CHAPTER XIII
THE FREEDOM OF THE SEAS
I f p e a c e p a r l e y s w e r e b e g u n n o w u p o n a n y t e r m s t h a t w o u l d h a v e a n y
c h a n c e o f a c c e p t a n c e , i t w o u l d m e a n t h e o v e r t h r o w o f t h i s G o v e r n m e n t
a n d t h e K a i s e r .
Zimmermann to House, March 21, 1915
I
C o l o n e l H o u s e t o t h e P r e s i d e n t
P A R I S , March 14, 1915
D E A R G O VE R N O R :
We arrived here Thursday night . A destroyer accom-
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3 9 6 I N T IM A T E P A P E RS O F COL O N E L H O U
m i g h t c a u s e t h e p r e s e n t c o n f l a g r a t i o n , a n d y o u h a d
t o E u r o p e l a s t M a y f o r t h e p u r p o s e o f s e e i n g w h a t c
d o n e t o b r i n g a b o u t a b e t t e r u n d e r s t a n d i n g ; t h a t I
t o G e r m a n y a n d h a d c o m e t o F r a n c e , ' b u t t h e y w e r e c
G o v e r n m e n t a t t h e t i m e a n d i t w a s i m p o s s i b l e t o t a l k
I w a n t e d t o l e t h i m k n o w t h a t y o u h a d h a d t h e t h
y o u r h a n d s f r o m t h e b e g i n n i n g a n d t h a t y o u u n d e r s t
s i t u a t i o n t h o r o u g h l y . . . .
I n r e p l y h e s a i d t h a t F r a n c e g r e a t l y a p p r e c i a t
k e e n i n t e r e s t a n d n o b l e d e s i r e t o b r i n g a b o u t p e a c e
w a s g l a d I h a d c o m e t o P a r i s a n d w o u l d l o o k f o r w a
i n t e r e s t t o s e e i n g m e w h e n I r e t u r n e d f r o m G e r m
s a i d h e w o u l d t h e n t e l l m e i n t h e f r a n k e s t w a y w h a
h a d i n m i n d a n d w a s w i l l i n g t o d o . I d i d n o t p r e s
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IN PARIS ON T H E W AY T O B E RLIN 3 9 7
I s h a l l b e e x c e e d i n g l y c a r e f u l a b o u t c a b l i n g y o u o r e v e n
w r i t i n g f r o m B e r l i n , f o r i t i s d a n g e r o u s t o t h e l a s t d e g r e e .
W i n s l o w t e l l s m e t h a t t h e i r s y s t e m o f e s p i o n a g e i s s o m e t h i n g
b e y o n d b e l i e f a n d t h a t o n e c a n n e v e r b e s u r e t h a t p a p e r s
h a v e n o t b e e n t a m p e r e d w i t h .
I f i n d t h a t t h e r u l i n g c l a s s i n F r a n c e d o n o t d e s i r e p e a c e ,
b u t t h a t a l a r g e p a r t o f t h e p e o p l e a n d t h e m e n i n t h e
t r e n c h e s w o u l d w e l c o m e i t . T h i s , I t h i n k , i s a l s o t r u e o f
G e r m a n y . . . .
A f f e c t i o n a t e l y y o u r s
E . M . H O U S E
P . S . G e r a r d a l s o s e n t w o r d t h a t h e t h o u g h t t h e K a i s e r
w o u l d b e d e p o s e d i n t h e e v e n t G e r m a n y w a s n o t s u c c e s s f u l
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3 9 8 INTIMATE PAPERS OF COLONEL HOU
C o l o n e l H o u s e t o t h e P r e s i d e n t
PARIS, M a r c h 1 5
D E A R G O VE R N O R :
D e C a s e n a v e c a m e t o s e e m e t o - d a y . H e i s a t t h e
t h e P r e s s B u r e a u a n d h i s p r i n c i p a l d u t i e s a r e t o s e e t
F r e n c h p a p e r s c o n t a i n t h e p r o p e r k i n d o f r e a d i n g m a
r e g a r d t o E n g l a n d , A m e r i c a , a n d o t h e r n a t i o n s . . . .
I a s k e d h i m t o b e v e r y f r a n k a n d t o t e l l m e o f
o p i n i o n . H e s a i d t h e F r e n c h p e o p l e a t l a r g e t h o u g
A m e r i c a h a d n o t h i n g i n m i n d f u r t h e r t h a n a d o l l a r .
a few Frenchmen had gone to America, had stayed
s o m e w e e k s , n o t k n o w i n g t h e l a n g u a g e , h a d v i s i t
p l a c e s a s t h e p o r k p a c k e r i e s o f C h i c a g o , a n d h a d c o
t o w r i t e b o o k s c o n c e r n i n g t h e a v a r i c e o f o u r p e o p
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F R A N CE A N D G E R M A N Y F O R A N N E X A T I O N S 3 9 9
a s p i r a t i o n s o f t h e F r e n c h f o r t e r r i t o r i a l a n n e x a t i o n s p u t o u t
o f c o u r t i m m e d i a t e l y t h e b a s e s f o r p e a c e w h i c h h e h a d
d i s c u s s e d w i t h G r e y . A m e s s a g e f r o m G e r a r d i n d i c a t e d t h a t
t h e G e r m a n s w e r e e q u a l l y d e t e r m i n e d u p o n w i d e a n n e x -
a t i o n s . ` H e w a s s u r e , ' H o u s e n o t e d a f t e r r e c e i v i n g t h e
m e s s a g e , ` t h a t t h e y w e r e n o t i n a f r a m e o f m i n d t o c o n s i d e r
s u c h p e a c e t e r m s a s t h e A l l i e s w o u l d t h i n k o f o f f e r i n g. .
. .
T h e F r e n c h n o t o n l y w a n t A l s a c e a n d L o r r a i n e , b u t s o m u c h
m o r e t h a t t h e t w o c o u n t r i e s a r e n o t w i t h i n s i g h t o f p e a c e .
I f i t i s b r o u g h t a b o u t , i t w i l l b e t h r o u g h t h e s a n i t y a n d
j u s t i c e o f S i r E d w a r d G r e y a n d B r i t i s h o p i n i o n . '
H o u s e m i g h t h a v e g i v e n u p h i s p r o p o s e d t r i p t o G e r m a n y
t h e n a n d t h e r e . B u t h e s a w t h e c h a n c e o f p l a c i n g G e r m a n -
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4 0 0 I N T IM A T E P A P E RS O F COL O N E L H O U
B e r n e a n d C o n s u l - Ge n e r a l W i l b u r f r o m Z u r i c h ,
F r a n k f o r t w i t h C o n s u l - G e n e r a l Ha r r i s o n .
W e a r r i v e d i n B e r l i n y e s t e r d a y m o r n i n g i n a s n
G e r a r d m e t u s a n d b r o u g h t u s t o h i s h o u s e . I h a
c o n f e r e n c e w i t h Z i m m e r m a n n a n d h e w a s e x c e e
c o r d i a l a n d d e l i g h t f u l . I h a v e a l w a y s l i k e d h i m a
g l a d w e h a v e r e s u m e d o u r f r i e n d l y r e l a t i o n s .
I c a n n o t w r i t e y o u v e r y f u l l y , e x c e p t i n g t o s a y t h
i s n o t h i n g t h a t e v e n l o o k s l i k e p e a c e w i t h i n s i g h t . H
I a m a c c o m p l i s h i n g m a n y t h i n g s t h a t I h a v e i n m i n
h o p e I a m d o i n g s o m e g o o d . I t l o o k s a s i f t h e r e w o
t o b e a d e c i s i v e v i c t o r y o n o n e s i d e o r t h e o t h e r
p a r l e y s c a n b e g i n .
I f I s u c c e e d i n e s t a b l i s h i n g c o r d i a l r e l a t i o n s a t
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CO N F E R E N C E W I T H ZI M ME R M A N N 4 0 1
h a v e t o b e a g r e e d u p o n b e t w e e n t h e s e t w o c o u n t r i e s . T h i s
i s s o p a t e n t t h a t I w o n d e r t h e y d o n o t r e c o g n i z e i t . I t i s
f o r t u n a t e i t i s t r u e , f o r t h e d i f f e r e n c e b e t w e e n t h e t w o i s n o t
g r e a t a n d t h e y c o u l d g e t t o g e t h e r n o w i f i t w e r e n o t f o r t h e
f a c t t h a t t h e p e o p l e i n b o t h G e r m a n y a n d E n g l a n d h a v e
b e e n l e d t o e x p e c t m u c h m o r e t h a n i s p o s s i b l e o f r e a l i z a t i o n .
N e i t h e r G o v e r n m e n t c a n f u l f i l t h e s e e x p e c t a t i o n s . I f t h e y
a t t e m p t e d t o m a k e p e a c e u p o n a d i f f e r e n t b a s i s f r o m t h a t
w h i c h t h e p e o p l e h a v e b e e n l e d t o b e l i e v e w i l l u l t i m a t e l y
c o m e a b o u t , t h e r e i s a p o s s i b i l i t y t h a t t h e G o v e r n m e n t s
w o u l d b e o v e r t h r o w n . T h a t i s t h e r e a l t r o u b l e n o w . J u s t
h o w i t c a n b e o v e r c o m e , i s t h e q u e s t i o n .
I a m t r y i n g t o g e t e v e r y o n e t o s o f t e n d o w n t h r o u g h t h e
p r e s s a n d c r e a t e a b e t t e r f e e l i n g . Z i m m e r m a n n t e l l s m e
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4 0 2 INTIMATE PAPERS OF COLONEL HOUS
m o n t h s b e c a u s e o f h i s i n t e n s e f e e l i n g a g a i n s t u s o n a
o f o u r s h i p m e n t o f m u n i t i o n s o f w a r t o t h e A l l i e s . I t
i m p o r t a n t n o w w h e t h e r I s e e h i m o r n o t , a n d I s h a l l l e
to Zimmermann' s judgment . . . .
I a m s o m e w h a t a t a l o s s a s t o w h a t t o d o n e x t , f o r
p l a i n a t t h e m o m e n t t h a t s o m e s e r i o u s r e v e r s e w i l l h a
b e e n c o u n t e r e d b y o n e o r o t h e r o f t h e b e l l i g e r e n t s b e f o
G o v e r n n e n t w i l l d a r e p r o p o s e p a r l e y s . I c a n f o r e s e e
b l o u s t i x n e s a h e a d , a n d i t w i l l b e t h e w o n d e r o f t h e a
a l l t h e G o v e r n m e n t s c o m e o u t o f i t i n t a c t .
T h e w o r l d h a s b e e n s t r a i n e d a s n e v e r b e f o r e i n i t s h i s
a n d s o m e t h i n g i s s u r e t o c r a c k s o m e w h e r e b e f o r e a
w h i l e .
I t l o o k s a s i f o u r b e s t m o v e j u s t n o w i s t o w a i t u n t i
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CONVERSATION WITH DR. RATHENAU 4 0 3
m e t o h e a r h i m s a y t h a t a s f a r a s h e k n e w , h e s t o o d a l o n e .
H e s a i d h e h a d b e g u n t o w o n d e r w h e t h e r a l l t h e r e s t w e r e
r e a l l y m a d , o r w h e t h e r t h e m a d n e s s l a y w i t h i n h i m s e l f . . . .
I t w a s a l m o s t p a t h e t i c t o h e a r h i m u r g e u s n o t t o c e a s e i n
o u r e f f o r t s t o b r i n g a b o u t p e a c e . H e s a i d i t w a s t h e n o b l e s t
m i s s i o n t h a t w a s e v e r g i v e n t o m a n a n d t h a t h e w o u l d p r a y
that we would not beco me discouraged . I h e a r t h i s n o t e
s t r u c k i n a l l t h e c o u n t r i e s . M o t h e r s a n d w i v e s , f a t h e r s a n d
b r o t h e r s , h a v e s p o k e n i n t h e s a m e s t r a i n a n d h a v e s e e m e d t o
f e e l t h a t t h e o n l y h o p e l i e s i n o u r e n d e a v o r s .
A f f e c t i o n a t e l y y o u r s
E . M H O U S E
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4 0 4 INTIMATE PAPERS OF COLONEL HOU
I t i s a d a n g e r o u s t h i n g t o i n f l a m e a p e o p l e a n d g i
a n e x a g g e r a t e d i d e a o f s u c c e s s . T h i s i s w h a t h a s h
a n d i s h a p p e n i n g i n a l m o s t e v e r y c o u n t r y t h a t i s a t w
I f t h o s e t h a t a r e i n c h a r g e o f t h e c i v i l G o v e r n m
h o l d t h e i r p o w e r w h e n p e a c e c o m e s , t h e r e w i l l b e n
o f t h e i r c o o p e r a t i o n - p r o v i d e d , o f c o u r s e , o u r r e l a t i o
n o w o r s e , a n d w i t h o u t a c t u a l w a r t h e y c o u l d n o t b e
T h i s i s a l m o s t w h o l l y d u e t o o u r s e l l i n g m u n i t i o n s
t o t h e A l l i e s . T h e b i t t e r n e s s o f t h e i r r e s e n t m e n t t o w
f o r t h i s i s a l m o s t b e y o n d b e l i e f . I t s e e m s t h a t e v e r y
t h a t i s b e i n g k i l l e d o r w o u n d e d i s b e i n g k i l l e d o r w o
a n A m e r i c a n r i f l e , b u l l e t , o r s h e l l . I n e v e r d r e a m e d
o f t h e e x t r a o r d i n a r y e x c e l l e n c e o f o u r g u n s a n d a m m
T h e y a r e t h e o n l y o n e s t h a t e x p l o d e o r a r e s o m a n u f
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G R E A T B R I T A I N A N D C O N T R A B A N D 4 0 5
t y p e s , a l t h o u g h h e s o u g h t o u t e s p e c i a l l y t h o s e w h o r e p r e -
s e n t e d t h e m o d e r a t e p o i n t o f v i e w . He h a d l o n g t a l k s w i t h
R a t h e n a u a n d v o n G w i n n e r , I w i t h S o l f , t h e M i n i s t e r f o r t h e
C o l o n i e s w h o l a t e r p l a y e d a m a j o r r o l e i n t h e f i n a l a r m i s -
t i c e n e g o t i a t i o n s , w i t h H e l f f e r i c h - ' a y o u n g m a n , ' H o u s e
n o t e d , ` w h o i s c o n s i d e r e d o n e o f t h e r i s i n g p o w e r s i n G e r -
m a n y , ' - w i t h t h e F o r e i g n M i n i s t e r , v o n J a g o w , a n d w i t h
t h e C h a n c e l l o r .
I I I
A p a r t f r o m h i s d e s i r e t o o b t a i n i n f o r m a t i o n a n d c r e a t e a n
a t m o s p h e r e f r i e n d l y t o t h e U n i t e d S t a t e s , Ho u s e w i s h e d t o
t r y o u t o n t h e G e r m a n s t h e p l a n w h i c h h e b e l i e v e d m i g h t
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4 0 6 INTIMATE PAPERS OF COLONEL HOU
A p a r t f r o m t h e p e r i l o f c o m p l i c a t i o n s w i t h A m e r i c
w e r e o t h e r e l e m e n t s i n t h e s i t u a t i o n w h i c h d i d n o t
f a v o r G r e a t B r i t a i n . T h e B r i t i s h , l i v i n g o n a n i s l
p e n d e n t f o r t h e i r l i v e s u p o n t r a d e w i t h t h e o u t s i d e w
e s p e c i a l l y w i t h t h e i r c o l o n i e s , w e r e i n a p o s i t i o n
d a n g e r t h a t w a s n o t c l e a r l y r e c o g n i z e d . T h e y h a d b
t h a t s o l o n g a s t h e i r f l e e t r e m a i n e d s u p r e m e , t h
p e r f e c t l y s a f e . But the introduction of the su
r a i s e d t h e q u e s t i o n w h e t h e r G r e a t B r i t a i n ' s o c e a
t r a d e , c a r r i e d a s i t w a s b y B r i t i s h s h i p s , c o u l d n o
s t r o y e d a n d t h e n a t i o n b e d e p r i v e d o f t h e f o o d s t u
r a w m a t e r i a l s w h i c h e n t e r e d h e r p o r t s , e v e n t h o
s u r f a c e f l e e t r e m a i n e d i n t a c t . S u c h a t h r e a t t o t h e
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P R O P O S A L T O R E S T R ICT CO N T R A B A N D 4 0 7
F o r w h a t , t h e n , c o u l d a f l e e t b e u s e d , o n e w i l l a s k . S i m p l y
f o r p u r p o s e s o f d e f e n c e , C o l o n e l H o u s e r e p l i e d ; t o p r e v e n t
t h e l a n d i n g o f a h o s t i l e m i l i t a r y f o r c e a n d t o k e e p e s s e n t i a l
p o r t s o p e n .
T h e p r o p o s a l w a s l e s s r e v o l u t i o n a r y t h a n m a n y t h o u g h t ,
a n d i t h a d b e h i n d i t t h e f o r c e o f b o t h B r i t i s h a n d A m e r i c a n
t r a d i t i o n s . S i r E d w a r d G r e y h a d i n s t r u c t e d t h e B r i t i s h
d e l e g a t i o n t o t h e S e c o n d H a g u e C o n f e r e n c e i n 1 90 7 t o w o r k
f o r a r e s t r i c t i o n o f t h e c o n t r a b a n d l i s t , a n d i t w a s a t h i s
i n s p i r a t i o n t h a t t h e d e l e g a t i o n c a r r i e d t h e i d e a t o i t s l o g i c a l
l i m i t a n d e x p r e s s e d a w i l l i n g n e s s t o a b a n d o n t h e p r i n c i p l e o f
c o n t r a b a n d o f w a r e n t i r e l y . , I n t h e i r t a l k s w i t h H o u s e i n
F e b r u a r y , G r e y a n d T y r r e l l h a d a p p r o v e d a l s o t h e p r i n c i p l e
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4 0 8 I N T IM A T E P A P E RS O F COL O N E L H O U
e n t e r a p o r t b l o c k a d e d b y t h e n a v a l f o r c e s o f a n y o f
P o w e r s . '
T h i s w a s i n e n t i r e c o n s o n a n c e w i t h t h e F i n a l A c t
F i r s t H a g u e C o n f e r e n c e , w h i c h g a v e p r e f e r e n c e t o
l a b i l i t y o f p r i v a t e p r o p e r t y i n n a v a l w a r f a r e . '
I t w a s o n l y t h e u s e o f t h e t e r m ` F r e e d o m o f t h e
a p p l i e d t o t h i s s u g g e s t i o n w h i c h w a s n e w ; a n d t h i s , i t
w a s o r i g i n a t e d b y C o l o n e l H o u s e . G r o t i u s i n 1 6
t h e t e r m m a r e l i b e r u m , a n d t h e e i g h t e e n t h a n d n i n
c e n t u r i e s b e c a m e a c c u s t o m e d t o s u c h s l o g a n s a s ` a f
o r w a r , ' 1 ` f r e e s h i p s , f r e e g o o d s , ' ` f r e e f l a g , f r e
T h e p h r a s e f r e e d o m o f t h e s e a s ' w a s i t s e l f u s e d
b y t h e F r e n c h R e v o l u t i o n a r y l e a d e r , B a r e r e , i n h i s
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T H E F R E E D O M O F T H E SE A S 4 0 9
c o u l d r e a c h t h e m , b u t c o u l d n o t c u t o f f t h e f o o d s t u f f s a n d
r a w m a t e r i a l s w h i c h t h e G e r m a n s r e c e i v e d t h r o u g h n e u t r a l
p o r t s a n d c o n t i g u o u s c o u n t r i e s . G r e a t B r i t a i n w o u l d t h u s
l o s e a n o f f e n s i v e w e a p o n o f d o u b t f u l l e g a l i t y . B u t a s
c o m p e n s a t i o n , h o w g r e a t l y B r i t i s h d e f e n s i v e s t r e n g t h w o u l d
b e e n h a n c e d ! T h e d i s a d v a n t a g e s o f h e r i s l a n d p o s i t i o n w o u l d
l a r g e l y d i s a p p e a r , h e r f o o d s u p p l y w o u l d b e s e c u r e , a n d h e r
c o m m e r c e w i t h t h e f a r - f l u n g p o r t i o n s o f t h e E m p i r e w o u l d
b e a s s u r e d w i t h o u t t h e p r o t e c t i o n o f a c o s t l y f l e e t . S u b -
m a r i n e s w o u l d n o t b e a b l e t o p r e y u p o n m e r c h a n t s h i p p i n g .
. U n d e r t h e p r i n c i p l e o f t h e F r e e d o m o f t h e S e a s , t h e P o w e r
w i t h t h e m o s t c o l o n i e s a n d t h e w i d e s t o v e r s e a s t r a d e s t o o d
t o g a i n m o s t .
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4 1 0 I N T IM A T E P A P E RS O F COL O N E L H O
b e l l i g e r e n t s . I f t h e B r i t i s h w o u l d a g r e e t o h i s p
w i t h a l l i t s u l t i m a t e a d v a n t a g e s f o r t h e m , h e p l a
p r e s e n t t h i s f a c t t o t h e G e r m a n s a s a d i p l o m a t i c
f o r G e r m a n y t h a t w o u l d j u s t i f y p e a c e p a r l e y s a n d
G e r m a n p u b l i c o p i n i o n .
C o l o n e l H o u s e t o t h e P r e s i d e n t
B ERLIN, M a r c h 2
D E A R G O VE R N O R
S o m e w a y h a s t o b e t h o u g h t o u t t o l e t t h e G o v e
d o w n e a s y w i t h t h e i r p e o p l e . T h a t i s a l m o s t , i f n o
o u r h a r d e s t p r o b l e m .
I t o c c u r r e d t o m e t o - d a y t o s u g g e s t t o t h e C h
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EFFECT OF GERMAN INDISCRETION 4 1 1
T h e C h a n c e l l o r s e e m s t o t h i n k , a n d s o d o e s Z i m m e r m a n n ,
t h a t I h a v e o f f e r e d i n t h i s s u g g e s t i o n t h e b e s t i d e a a s a
p e a c e b e g i n n i n g . . . .
I h a v e t o l d t h e m f r a n k l y a n d w i t h e m p h a s i s t h a t t h e y
c o u l d n o t e x p e c t u s t o l a y a n e m b a r g o o n t h e e x p o r t a t i o n
o f m u n i t i o n s o f w a r , a n d t h a t t h e y m u s t s o f t e n t h e i r p r e s s
a n d p e o p l e o n t h i s p o i n t . T h e y h a v e p r o m i s e d t o d o t h i s. I
h a v e t o l d t h e m I w o u l d h e l p t h e m i n t h e b i g t h i n g l a t e r a n d
t h a t t h e y m u s t b e c o n t e n t w i t h o u r e f f o r t s i n t h a t d i r e c t i o n .
I l e a v e h e r e f a i r l y s a t i s f i e d w i t h t h e s i t u a t i o n , a s w e n o w
have something definite to wo rk on and as the w arring
n a t i o n s h a v e t e n t a t i v e l y a c c e p t e d y o u a s t h e i r m e d i a t o r . . . .
A f f e c t i o n a t e l y y o u r s
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4 1 2 I N T IM A T E P A P E RS O F COL O N E L H O
IV
I n t h e m e a n t i m e H o u s e h a d ' l e f t G e r m a n y , p a s s i
t o P a r i s t h r o u g h N i c e a n d B i a r r i t z , w h e r e h e e n
c o n f e r e n c e s w i t h t h e A m e r i c a n A m b a s s a d o r s t o I t a l
S p a i n .
` A p r i l 2 , 1 9 1 5 [ N i c e ] : P a g e 1 a n d I h a v e c o n t i
t a l k s . H e h a s g i v e n t h e I t a l i a n s i t u a t i o n i n d e t a i l , g o
t h e i n t r i c a c i e s o f I t a l i a n p o l i t i c s , e s p e c i a l l y a s t o t h
b e t w e e n t h e p r e s e n t P r e m i e r , S a l a n d r a , a n d t h e l
m i e r , G i o l i t t i .
` P a g e t h i n k s I t a l y i s a c t i n g i n a w h o l l y s e l f i s h
t h a t i t m a t t e r s l i t t l e w i t h h e r w h e t h e r s h e s u p p o
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A T T ITUD E OF T H E KIN G OF SPAIN 4 1 3
` A p r i l 8 , 1 9 1 5 [ B i a r r i t z ] : A m b a s s a d o r W i l l a r d c a m e f r o m
M a d r i d t o - d a y , a r r i v i n g a t 2 . 3 0 . . . . H e s a y s t h e K i n g
d o m i n a t e s S p a i n a n d a t h e a r t h e i s a n a d v a n c e d L i b e r a l .
H e i s w e l l i n f o r m e d a n d i s a l t o g e t h e r a n i n t e l l i g e n t a n d u p -
t o - d a t e r u l e r . H i s M i n i s t e r s a r e n o t n e a r l y s o p r o g r e s s i v e ,
a n d h o l d h i m b a c k t o a c o n s i d e r a b l e d e g r e e .
` T h e K i n g d e s i r e s t o f i g u r e i n p e a c e o v e r t u r e s , b u t i s w i l l -
i n g t o a l l o w t h e P r e s i d e n t t o t a k e t h e l e a d a n d w i l l c o o p e r a t e
w i t h h i m i n a s e c o n d a r y c a p a c i t y . I t o l d W i l l a r d I d i d n o t
s e e h o w h e c o u l d f i g u r e i n i t j o i n t l y , s i n c e i t w o u l d h a v e t o
b e d o n e b y o n e o r t h e o t h e r a n d , u n l e s s t h e s i t u a t i o n c h a n g e d
i t w o u l d d o u b t l e s s b e t h e P r e s i d e n t . H o w e v e r , t h e s i t u a t i o n
c o u l d c h a n g e t o t h e d i s a d v a n t a g e o f t h e P r e s i d e n t , f o r , i f
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414 INTIMATE PAPERS OF COLONEL HOU
t i o n s t o t h e A l l i e s , a n d s o m e t i m e s t h e i r m a n n e r w a
o f f e n s i v e .
U p o n t h e s t r e e t s o n e h e s i t a t e d t o s p e a k i n E n g l i
f e a r o f b e i n g i n s u l t e d . . . .
I f e e l , h o w e v e r , t h a t w i t h t h e G o v e r n m e n t a n d w
i n f l u e n t i a l p e o p l e w i t h w h o m I t a l k e d , a b e t t e r u n d e
i n g o f o u r p u r p o s e s w a s b r o u g h t a b o u t ; a n d I h o p e t h
i n g w i l l s o o n e r o r l a t e r r e a c h t h e p e o p l e a t l a r g e . . .
The trouble with Germany i s t h a t i t i s a n t i q
s o m e o f i t s i d e a s . T h e y s t a r t e d u p o n t h e r u l e o f f o
time when the most advanced nations were going
o p p o s i t e d i r e c t i o n .
I e n d e a v o r e d t o m a k e i t c l e a r t o t h e G e r m a n G o v
t h a t t h e i r b e s t i n t e r e s t s c o u l d b e s e r v e d b y w o r k i n
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TALKS WITH DELCASSE AND POINCARE 415
one denouement of the war may be a more democratic
G e r m a n y . . . .
A f f e c t i o n a t e l y y o u r s
E. M . HOUSE
A t P a r i s C o l o n e l H o u s e d i d n o t r a i s e t h e q u e s t i o n o f
p e a c e , f o r t h e r e w a s l e s s c h a n c e o f i t t h a n e v e r . I n t h e E a s t ,
t h e G e r m a n s w e r e d r i v i n g t h e R u s s i a n s o u t o f P o l a n d . I n
t h e W e s t , t h e F r e n c h w e r e p l a n n i n g a g r e a t d r i v e i n t h e
Champagne regions . T he British were devel oping t he
a t t a c k u p o n t h e D a r d a n e l l e s . I t a l y w a s o n t h e p o i n t o f
j o i n i n g t h e A l l i e s . Both sides were trying to win over
B u l g a r i a . Every one hoped for victory . House co nfined
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4 1 6 I N T IM A T E P A P E RS O F COL O N E L H O U
C o l o n e l H o u s e t o t h e P r e s i d e n t
PARIS, A p r i l
D E A R G o v E E N O R :
I h a v e j u s t c a b l e d y o u o f m y i n t e r v i e w w i t h P o i
h a d b e e n t o l d t h a t h e w a s a u s t e r e i n h i s m a n n e r a n
q u i t e u n p r e p a r e d f o r t h e w a r m t h w i t h w h i c h h e w
m e .
H e s e e m e d t o u n d e r s t a n d m y r e l a t i o n t o y o u a n
p r e s s e d h i s a p p r e c i a t i o n o f y o u r h a v i n g s e n t m e t o
W h e n I w r o t e t h e c a b l e t o y o u o n T h u r s d a y , I
r e q u e s t t h a t y o u s e n d s o m e m e s s a g e t h a t c o u l d b e r
t o h i m a n d t o D e l c a s s e . I a f t e r w a r d s s t r u c k t h i s
f e a r l e s t i t m i g h t g i v e y o u t o o m u c h t r o u b l e .
r e c e i v e d y o u r c a b l e g r a m y e s t e r d a y , s e n d i n g m e s s
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F R E N CH I D E A O F T H E P R E SI D E N T 4 1 7
C o l o n e l H o u s e t o S e c r e t a r y B r y a n
PARIS, A p r i l 1 5 , 1 9 1 5
D E A R MR . B R Y A N :
. . . E v e r y b o d y s e e m s t o w a n t p e a c e , b u t n o b o d y i s w i l l i n g
t o c o n c e d e e n o u g h t o g e t i t . T h e y a l l a l s o s a y t h a t t h e y
d e s i r e a p e r m a n e n t s e t t l e m e n t s o t h a t n o s u c h d i s a s t e r m a y
o c c u r h e r e a f t e r , b u t , a g a i n , t h e r e i s s u c h a d i v e r g e n c e o f
i d e a s a s t o h o w t h i s s h o u l d b e b r o u g h t a b o u t t h a t f o r t h e
m o m e n t i t i s i m p o s s i b l e t o h a r m o n i z e t h e d i f f e r e n c e s .
G e r m a n y i s n o t w i l l i n g t o e v a c u a t e B e l g i u m a t a l l , n o r
e v e n F r a n c e , w i t h o u t a n i n d e m n i t y , a n d C o u n t v o n B e r n -
s t o r f f ' s s u g g e s t i o n t h a t t h i s c o u l d b e a r r a n g e d w a s w i d e
a f i e l d. T h e A l l i e s , o f c o u r s e , w i l l n o t c o n s e n t t o a n y t h i n g
l e s s ; a n d t h e r e t h e s i t u a t i o n r e s t s .
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418 INTIMATE PAPERS OF COLONEL HOU
` T h e i g n o r a n c e o f E u r o p e c o n c e r n i n g i t s e l f , t o s a y
o f A m e r i c a ,i s
a p p a l l i n g .
` F r a n c e , t o - d a y , d o e s n o t u n d e r s t a n d E n g l a n d , h
p o s e s , o r h e r f o r c e s i n t h e w a r . T h e y h a v e a n i d e a t h a
t h e m s e l v e s , a r e d o i n g i t a l l a n d t h a t E n g l a n d i s i d l i n g
a f e w F r e n c h m e n w h o h a v e b e e n i n E n g l a n d u n d e r s t a
momentum gathering force there, and t he indom
e n e r g y a n d t e n a c i t y w h i c h i n t h e e n d w i l l p r o b a b
t h e s c a l e s i n f a v o r o f t h e A l l i e s . '
C o l o n e l H o u s e t o P r e s i d e n t S . E . M e z e s
PARIS, A p r i l 1
D E A R SI D N E Y
. . . W e l e a d a b u s y a n d i n t e r e s t i n g l i f e a n d d o
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TALK WITH THE INFANTA EULALIA 419
w i f e , A m b a s s a d o r W i l l a r d , R o b e r t B l i s s , M r s . C r o s b y , a n d
Mr. a n d M r s . T u c k . I s a t b y t h e I n f a n t a a n d i m m e d i a t e l y
c a u g h t h e r a t t e n t i o n b y c o m p l i m e n t i n g h e r r e c e n t a r t i c l e
i n a n A m e r i c a n m a g a z i n e , o n t h e K a i s e r . I t h o u g h t s h e h a d
w r i t t e n c h a r m i n g l y o f h i m , a n d a n y o n e w h o k n e w h i m w o u l d
r e c o g n i z e h o w t r u t h f u l i t w a s . S h e s a i d s h e w a s f o n d o f t h e
K a i s e r , a n d h a d t r i e d t o m a k e t h e F r e n c h p e o p l e u n d e r s t a n d
t h a t h e w a s n o t t h e o g r e t h e y i m a g i n e d . W e h a d a s p i r i t e d
t a l k a b o u t t h e w a r a n d i t s o u t c o m e . S h e k n e w t h e s i t u a t i o n
i n I t a l y t h o r o u g h l y a n d o f t h e d a n g e r o u s p o s i t i o n i n w h i c h
t h e K i n g w a s . S h e a l s o k n e w t h a t t h e K i n g a n d a r i s t o c r a c y
were for Germany, but the people were in favor of the
A l l i e s . . . .
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4 2 0 INTIMATE PAPERS OF COLONEL HOU
I t o l d h i m , h o w e v e r , t h a t a f t e r v i s i t i n g R u s s i a I m
t o S a n S e b a s t i a n a n d m e e t t h e K i n g . T h i s m a k e s i t
n i t e a n d m a n y t h i n g s m a y h a p p e n t o p r e v e n t m y g o i
E v i d e n c e s t i l l c o m e s t o m e e a c h d a y o f t h e m i s
s t a n d i n g w h i c h t h e F r e n c h p e o p l e a t l a r g e h a v e o f o u
t i o n . T h e y a r e v e r y m u c h a f r a i d t h a t p e a c e w i l l b
o v e r n i g h t a n d t h a t t h e G e r m a n s w i l l n o t r e c e i v e t h e
m e n t f o r t h e i r m i s d e e d s w h i c h t h e y f e e l t h e y s o
d e s e r v e .
I n t h e c o u r s e o f t h e n e x t t w o o r t h r e e m o n t h s , t h e
t i o n w i l l b r e a k i n u p o n t h e m t h a t t h e w o n d e r f u l t h i n
e x p e c t t h e a r m y t o d o , h a v e n o t h a p p e n e d ; a n d t h e y w
b e c o m e m o r e r e a s o n a b l e i n t h e i r a t t i t u d e .
I n o t i c e t h a t D e r n b u r g h a s t a k e n t h e c u e f r o m B e r
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TALK WITH NORTHCLIFFE IN LONDON 421
t h e y s e e t h e w i s d o m o f m o d i f y i n g t h e i r h a t e c a m p a i g n i n
t h a t d i r e c t i o n .
Y o u r a f f e c t i o n a t e
E. M . H O U S E
H o u s e l e f t P a r i s f o r L o n d o n o n A p r i l 2 8 . H i s v i s i t t o
F r a n c e h a d b e e n w i t h o u t r e s u l t s o f a r a s h a s t e n i n g t h e c h a n c e
o f p e a c e w a s c o n c e r n e d , b u t h e h a d s o l i d i f i e d t h e p e r s o n a l
r e l a t i o n s w h i c h w e r e l a t e r t o b e o f i m m e n s e d i p l o m a t i c
v a l u e . I n E n g l a n d h e a t o n c e r e n e w e d h i s i n t i m a c y w i t h
B r i t i s h f r i e n d s a n d c r e a t e d n e w c o n t a c t s o f i n t e r e s t a n d i m -
p o r t a n c e .
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4 22 INTIMATE PAPERS OF COLONEL HOU
p e r f o r m i n g a s i m p o r t a n t a p a r t i n t h e w a r a s h e r r e
a n d p o s i t i o n d e m a n d e d . I a l l o w e d t h e t a l k t o r u n a l o
f e w m i n u t e s , a n d t h e n I b r o k e i n b y s a y i n g t h a t o f a
b e l l i g e r e n t s G r e a t B r i t a i n h a d p e r f o r m e d h e r p a r
G e r m a n y w a s c o n s i d e r e d t h e d o m i n a n t m i l i t a r y n a
the world and Great Britain the dominant naval
Germany had failed to maintain her dominance on
w h i l e G r e a t B r i t a i n h a d a s s e r t e d h e r s u p r e m a c y a t
w a s t h e u n d i s p u t e d m a s t e r o f i t w i t h i n a w e e k a f t e r h
t i e s b e g a n . I n a d d i t i o n t o t h i s , s h e h a d r a i s e d a n e
a r m y , s o m e t h i n g i t w a s t h o u g h t w o u l d n o t b e r e q u i
h e r , a n d s h e w a s t h e o n l y b e l l i g e r e n t w i t h a w o r
v i s i o n o f t h e w a r a n d i t s c o n s e q u e n c e s-i f f e r i
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GREY AND THE FREEDOM OF THE SEAS 423
` M a y 7 , 1 9 1 5 : I w e n t t o S i r E d w a r d G r e y ' s a t t e n o ' c l o c k .
I h a n d e d h i m t h e K i n g ' s i n v i t a t i o n t o c a l l a t 1 1 . 30 . . . . I
d e c i d e d , h o w e v e r , t o g o w i t h G r e y t o K e w a n d g e t a g l i m p s e
o f i t . B e f o r e w e s t a r t e d , I s h o w e d h i m s o m e t e l e g r a m s a n d
l e t t e r s -o n e f r o m A m b a s s a d o r W i l l a r d b e a r i n g o n t h e S p a n -
i s h s i t u a t i o n , o n e f r o m T h o m a s N e l s o n P a g e o n t h e I t a l i a n
s i t u a t i o n , a n d , m o s t i m p o r t a n t o f a l l , t h e P r e s i d e n t ' s c a b l e
c o n c e r n i n g t h e r e t e n t i o n o f A m e r i c a n c a r g o e s . . . .
`The g ates of Kew Gardens were not open when we ar-
r i v e d , b u t w e g o t t h r o u g h b y t h e p o r t e r ' s l o d g e . I h a v e n e v e r
s e e n t h e g a r d e n s s o b e a u t i f u l ; i t i s t o m e o n e o f t h e s u p e r l a -
t i v e l y b e a u t i f u l s p o t s i n E n g l a n d . G r e y s h o w e d m e t h e d i f -
f e r e n t t r e e s a n d t o l d s o m e t h i n g o f t h e m . T h e b l a c k b i r d s
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4 24 INTIMATE PAPERS OF COLONEL HOU
C o l o n e l H o u s e t o S i r E d w a r d G r e y
PARIS, A p r i l 1
D E A R S I R E D W A R D :
. . . I d i d n o t f i n d c o n d i t i o n s i n B e r l i n f a v o r a b l e f o r
c u s s i o n l o o k i n g t o w a r d s p e a c e ; c o n s e q u e n t l y I d i d n o t
l o n g o r s a y m u c h . T h e v i s i t , h o w e v e r , h a d g r e a t v a l u
f e e l t h a t I n o w k n o w t h e t r u e c o n d i t i o n s t h e r e , m
m o r e i n t e l l i g e n t l i n e o f a c t i o n p o s s i b l e .
I f o u n d b u t f e w p o i n t s w h e r e o u r i n t e r e s t a n d
t o u c h e d s t r o n g l y e n o u g h f o r m e t o c r e a t e a s y m p
f e e l i n g , b u t o n e o f t h e s e w a s w h a t w e m i g h t t e r m t h
dom of the Seas . I t w a s u p o n t h a t s u b j e c t a l o n e
a w o k e s u f f i c i e n t e n t h u s i a s m t o w a r r a n t t h e h o p e t h a
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GREY AND THE FREEDOM OF THE SEAS 425
h i m r e p l y . C o p i e s o f t h i s c o r r e s p o n d e n c e w i l l b e s e n t e i t h e r
t o t h e G e r m a n C h a n c e l l o r d i r e c t , o r t o h i m a n d Z i m m e r m a n n
through Gerard .
T h i s w i l l n e c e s s i t a t e r e p l i e s , a n d w e m a y h a v e t h e m t a l k -
i n g t o o n e a n o t h e r b e f o r e t h e y r e a l i z e i t . . . .
Y o u r a f f e c t i o n a t e
E. M . H O U S E
S i r E d w a r d G r e y t o C o l o n e l H o u s e .
3 3 E C C LE S T O N S Q U A R E , L O N D O N
A p r i l 2 4 , 1915
D E A R C O L O N E L H O U S E :
. . . Y o u r n e w s f r o m B e r l i n i s n o t e n c o u r a g i n g ; i t r e d u c e s
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4 2 6 INTIMATE PAPERS OF COLONEL HO
C o l o n e l H o u s e t o t h e P r e s i d e n t
L O N D O N , A p r i l
D E A R G O VE R N O R :
I a r r i v e d h e r e W e d n e s d a y n i g h t . I h a v e a l r e a d y
c o n f e r e n c e s w i t h S i r E d w a r d G r e y , a n d I a m t o h
f i r s t f o r m a l o n e w i t h h i m , b y a p p o i n t m e n t t h r o u g h P a
a f t e r n o o n a t f i v e o ' c l o c k .
O f c o u r s e n o o n e b u t y o u i s t o k n o w o f t h e o t h e r
f e r e n c e s .
I h a v e o u t l i n e d t o h i m t h e f u l l p l a n o f t h e F r e e d o
S e a s a n d h o w b e s t i t c a n b e b r o u g h t t o B e r l i n ' s a t t e n
w h a t c o n c e s s i o n s t h e y m u s t g i v e i n r e t u r n . I s h a l l
t h e m k n o w h o w r e c e p t i v e h e i s t o t h e i d e a , b u t s h a l
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PLANS FOR A PEACE CONFERENCE 4 2 7
w a n t e d t o h a v e a c c o m p l i s h e d b y t h e P a r i s C o n f e r e n c e i n
1 9 1 8 a n d 1 9 1 9 .
` A p r i l 3 0 , 1 9 1 5 : I t o l d G r e y . . . h o w I p l a n n e d t o o r g a n i z e
t h i s c o n v e n t i o n b y g e t t i n g t h e m a t e r i a l t h a t w a s t o c o m e b e -
f o r e i t t h o r o u g h l y p r e p a r e d a n d d i g e s t e d , i n o r d e r t h a t n o -
t h i n g s h o u l d b e l e f t t o c h a n c e . I w o u l d t r y t o g e t t h e c o m -
m i s s i o n e r s f r o m e a c h o f t h e n e u t r a l S t a t e s , a n d f r o m a s m a n y
o f t h e b e l l i g e r e n t S t a t e s a s p o s s i b l e , i n a c c o r d w i t h u s b e f o r e
t h e y c a m e t o t h e c o n v e n t i o n .
` I e x p l a i n e d m y m e t h o d s o f o r g a n i z a t i o n i n p o l i t i c a l c o n -
v e n t i o n s i n t h e p a s t ; t h a t w h i l e t h e y w e r e s e e m i n g l y s p o n -
t a n e o u s , a s a m a t t e r o f f a c t n o t h i n g w a s l e f t t o c h a n c e .
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4 2 8 INTIMATE PAPERS OF COLONEL HOU
i n t e l l i g e n t d i s c u s s i o n o f t h e q u e s t i o n s w h i c h m i g h t c
f o r e t h e p e a c e c o n f e r e n c e , I d e s i r e d t o s e e s o m e o f t
minds in England a s t o p a r t i c u l a r s u b j e c t s . I me
Lord Loreburn as being one with w hom to advise
m i r a l t y q u e s t i o n s . G r e y a p p r o v e d L o r e b u r n , b u t s u g
i n a d d i t i o n , L o r d M e r s e y , a n d s a i d B a l f o u r c o u l d a l s
s e r v i c e .
` G r e y m a k e s t h e p o i n t c l e a r t h a t w h a t e v e r g u a r
g o o d f a i t h t h e A l l i e s w o u l d w i s h f r o m G e r m a n y ,
w o u l d r e c e i v e a l i k e g u a r a n t y f r o m t h e A l l i e s . H i s m
m i n e r u n n e a r l y p a r a l l e l , a n d w e s e l d o m d i s a g r e e . I
a d v a n c e , j u s t a s I k n o w w i t h t h e P r e s i d e n t , w h a t h i
w i l l b e o n a l m o s t a n y s u b j e c t . I o f t e n c o m e i n c o n t a
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CONVERSATION WITH LORD LOREBURN 429
C o l o n e l H o u s e t o t h e P r e s i d e n t
LONDON , May 3, 1915
D E A R G O VE R N O R :
. . . I s a w L o r d L o r e b u r n t h i s m o r n i n g . H e i s n o t o n l y a
m a n t h a t c a n b e t h o r o u g h l y t r u s t e d , b u t I b e l i e v e h e i s m y
f r i e n d . H e t o l d m e t h a t h e t h o u g h t i f w e c o u l d b r i n g a b o u t
t h e F r e e d o m o f t h e S e a s , i t w o u l d b e t h e g r e a t e s t a c t o f s t a t e s -
manship that had been accomplished in centuries . H e
t h o u g h t i t w o u l d b e o f 1 0 0 p e r c e n t v a l u e t o o t h e r n a t i o n s
a n d 1 2 0 p e r c e n t t o E n g l a n d , t h o u g h w e w o u l d h a v e g r e a t
d i f f i c u l t y i n g e t t i n g t h e E n g l i s h m i n d t o s e e t h i s .
H e s p o k e o f B a l f o u r a s h a v i n g g r e a t a b i l i t y , b u t t h o u g h t
h i s m i n d w a s t o o f e m i n i n e t o g r a s p t h e s i g n i f i c a n c e o f s u c h a
measure . H e a d v i s e d , j u s t a s S i r E d w a r d d i d , t h a t I s e e
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4 3 0 INTIMATE PAPERS OF COLONEL HOU
C o l o n e l H o u s e t o H e r r Z i m m e r m a n n
LONDON , May 1
MY DEAR HERR ZIMMERMANN
S i n c e I s a w y o u i n B e r l i n , I h a v e b e e n t o S w i t z e r l
F r a n c e a n d c a m e h e r e a d a y o r t w o a g o . I h a v e c a r r
m y p l a n s a s e x p r e s s e d t o t h e C h a n c e l l o r a n d y o u a
s e e n m a n y o f o u r r e p r e s e n t a t i v e s a t t h e d i f f e r e n t E
c a p i t a l s , w h o c a m e b y a p p o i n t m e n t t o m e e t m e , a n d
d i s c u s s e d w i t h t h e m t h e q u e s t i o n s I h a d i n m i n d .
I h a v e s e e n S i r E d w a r d G r e y a n d h a v e m e n t i o n e d
t h e i n t e r e s t w h i c h t h e U n i t e d S t a t e s a n d G e r m a n y
t h e F r e e d o m o f t h e S e a s , a n d I a m p l e a s e d t o t e l l y
h e w a s a t l e a s t w i l l i n g t o l i s t e n t o t h e s u g g e s t i o n.
H e e x p l a i n e d t o m e , h o w e v e r , t h a t i f h e h i m s e l f c
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LETTER TO ZIMMERMANN 4 3 1
o u r e n d e a v o r s . I s h a l l u n d e r s t a n d t h a t n o c o m m i t m e n t s a r e
m a d e , e i t h e r d i r e c t l y o r i n d i r e c t l y , a n d t h a t e v e r y t h i n g i s
u n o f f i c i a l ; b u t t h i s s e e m s t o m e t o b e t h e m o s t p r o m i s i n g
s t a r t i n g - p o i n t .
I t w i l l t a k e a l o n g w h i l e t o m a k e a s u c c e s s f u l c a m p a i g n i n
E n g l a n d i n r e g a r d t o t h e F r e e d o m o f t h e S e a s ; b u t w e w i l l
u n d e r t a k e i t w i t h b o t h p l e a s u r e a n d e n t h u s i a s m , p r o v i d e d
o u r e f f o r t s a r e c o r d i a l l y s e c o n d e d b y t h e o t h e r n a t i o n s a t
i n t e r e s t .
P l e a s e p r e s e n t m y v e r y w a r m r e g a r d s t o t h e i r E x c e l l e n c i e s ,
t h e C h a n c e l l o r a n d t h e S e c r e t a r y o f S t a t e f o r F o r e i g n A f f a i r s ,
and believe me, my dear Herr Zimmermann,
V e r y s i n c e r e l y y o u r s
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43 2 INTIMATE PAPERS OF COLONEL HOU
t h e a t t a c k u p o n a n A m e r i c a n o i l b o a t . , House warn
t h a t t h e G e r m a n t h r e a t o f u s i n g s u b m a r i n e s r e c k l e s s l
h a v e t o b e t a k e n a t i t s f a c e v a l u e .
C o l o n e l H o u s e t o t h e P r e s i d e n t
[ T e l e g r a m ]
LONDON , May 5
I b e l i e v e t h a t a s h a r p n o t e i n d i c a t i n g y o u r d e t e r
t o d e m a n d f u l l r e p a r a t i o n , w o u l d b e s u f f i c i e n t i n t h i s i
I a m a f r a i d a m o r e s e r i o u s b r e a c h m a y a t a n y t i m e
f o r t h e y s e e m t o h a v e n o r e g a r d f o r c o n s e q u e n c e s .
EDWARD H
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CHAPTER XIV
S U B M A R I N E VE R S U S B L O C KA D E
I t h i n k w e s h a l l f i n d o u r s e l v e s d r i f t i n g i n t o w a r w i t h G e r m a n y . . . .
H o u s e t o W i l s o n , J u n e 1 6 , 19 15
I
T H E s i n k i n g o f t h e L u s i t a n i a d e s t r o y e d a l l h o p e o f b e g i n n i n g
n e g o t i a t i o n s b e t w e e n G e r m a n y a n d G r e a t B r i t a i n . I t w a s
n o w , r a t h e r , a q u e s t i o n a s t o w h e t h e r t h e U n i t e d S t a t e s i t s e l f
c o u l d r e m a i n o u t o f t h e w a r . Ambassador Page regarded
i m m e d i a t e i n t e r v e n t i o n a s i n e v i t a b l e , a n d c a b l e d W i l s o n t o
t h a t e f f e c t . ` P a g e s t r o n g l y u r g e s t h e P r e s i d e n t , ' H o u s e r e -
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4 3 4 INTIMATE PAPERS OF COLONEL HOUS
I b e l i e v e a n i m m e d i a t e d e m a n d s h o u l d b e m a d e
G e r m a n y f o r a s s u r a n c e t h a t t h i s s h a l l n o t o c c u r a g a
s h e f a i l s t o g i v e s u c h a s s u r a n c e , I s h o u l d i n f o r m h e r t h
G o v e r n m e n t e x p e c t e d t o t a k e s u c h m e a s u r e s a s w e r e
s a r y t o e n s u r e t h e s a f e t y o f A m e r i c a n c i t i z e n s .
I f w a r f o l l o w s , i t w i l l n o t b e a n e w w a r , b u t a n e n d e
e n d m o r e s p e e d i l y a n o l d o n e . O u r i n t e r v e n t i o n w i l
r a t h e r t h a n i n c r e a s e , t h e l o s s o f l i f e .
A m e r i c a h a s c o m e t o t h e p a r t i n g o f t h e w a y s , w h
m u s t d e t e r m i n e w h e t h e r s h e s t a n d s f o r c i v i l i z e d o r u n
i z e d w a r f a r e . W e c a n n o l o n g e r r e m a i n n e u t r a l s p e c t
O u r a c t i o n i n t h i s c r i s i s w i l l d e t e r m i n e t h e p a r t w e w i
w h e n p e a c e i s m a d e , a n d h o w f a r w e m a y i n f l u e n c e a
. W e a r e
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CRISIS AFTE R SINKING O F LUSITA NIA 43 5
S h e m a y a l s o t h i n k t h a t i n t h e p e a c e c o n f e r e n c e w e w o u l d
b e l i k e l y t o u s e o u r i n f l u e n c e t o s e t t l e u p o n b r o a d e r a n d
e a s i e r t e r m s f o r G e r m a n y .
O r s h e m a y t h i n k t h a t b e i n g a b l e t o t o r p e d o o u r s h i p s
w o u l d c o n t r i b u t e t o t h e i s o l a t i o n o f E n g l a n d .
I f , u n h a p p i l y , i t i s n e c e s s a r y t o g o t o w a r , I h o p e y o u w i l l
g i v e t h e w o r l d a n e x h i b i t i o n o f A m e r i c a n e f f i c i e n c y t h a t w i l l
b e a l e s s o n f o r a c e n t u r y o r m o r e . I t i s g e n e r a l l y b e l i e v e d
t h r o u g h o u t E u r o p e t h a t w e a r e s o u n p r e p a r e d a n d t h a t i t
w o u l d t a k e s o l o n g t o p u t o u r r e s o u r c e s i n t o a c t i o n , t h a t
o u r e n t e r i n g w o u l d m a k e b u t l i t t l e d i f f e r e n c e .
I n t h e e v e n t o f w a r , w e s h o u l d a c c e l e r a t e t h e m a n u f a c t u r e
o f m u n i t i o n s t o s u c h a n e x t e n t t h a t w e c o u l d s u p p l y n o t
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4 3 6 INTIMATE PAPERS OF COLONEL HOUS
S t a t e s t o c o m e i n o n t h e i r s i d e , h e s a i d , " N o b o d y b u t
f o o l c o u l d t h i n k i t w o u l d n o t b e o f b e n e f i t t o u s , a n
s u r p r i s e d t h a t a n y E n g l i s h m a n c o u l d q u e s t i o n i t .
w a s a p r o p o s o f t h e e d i t o r i a l I s h o w e d h i m f r o m t
J a m e s G a z e t t e , a n d o f c o n v e r s a t i o n s I h a d h a d w i t h s
h i s c o u n t r y m e n .
` H e s a i d , " G o d f o r b i d t h a t a n y n a t i o n s h o u l d c o m
s u c h a w a r , " a n d h e a s k e d m e t o s a y t o t h e P r e s i d e n t t
d i d n o t w a n t h i m t o t h i n k t h a t G r e a t B r i t a i n e i t h e
t h e r e q u e s t o r h a d a d e s i r e f o r u s t o e n t e r , b u t i f w e
e r e d i t n e c e s s a r y t o d o s o , i n h i s o p i n i o n i t w o u l d g
s h o r t e n t h e w a r a n d w o u l d s a v e i n n u m e r a b l e l i v e s , n o
o f t h e A l l i e s , b u t o f t h e G e r m a n s a s w e l l .
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CONVERSATION WITH LORD KITCHENER 437
b e s h o r t e n e d e n o r m o u s l y i f t h e U n i t e d S t a t e s e n t e r e d , a n d
t h a t i t w o u l d b e h e l p f u l t o a n e x t e n t w h i c h n o o n e b u t a m a n
o f h i s e x p e r i e n c e c o u l d e s t i m a t e . H e s a i d t h e c o m i n g i n o f
I t a l y w a s a s n o t h i n g c o m p a r e d t o t h a t o f t h e U n i t e d S t a t e s ,
e v e n t h o u g h s h e h a d a l a r g e t r a i n e d a r m y . . . .
` H e w a s g r e a t l y i n t e r e s t e d w h e n I g a v e i t a s m y o p i n i o n
t h a t t h e G e r m a n s d i d n o t h a v e a m a n o f t h e " f i r s t c l a s s " i n
o f f i c i a l l i f e . H e w a s a l s o i n t e r e s t e d i n v o n T i r p i t z a n d F a l k -
enhayn . T h e l a t t e r , I t h o u g h t , w a s a m u c h a b l e r m a n t h a n
von Tirpitz and an abler man than von Moltke, wh om he
s u p e r s e d e d . K i t c h e n e r s p o k e s e v e r a l t i m e s o f t h e i r m e t h o d
o f w a r f a r e , a n d s a i d h e d i d n o t d r e a m t h a t a n a t i o n c l a i m i n g
t o b e c i v i l i z e d w o u l d s t o o p t o t h e t h i n g s t h e y h a d d o n e . H e
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4 3 8 IN TIMA T E PAPERS OF COLON E L H OUS
h a s t e n t h a t d e c i s i o n . K i t c h e n e r i s n o t t h e g r e a t e s t i n
w i t h w h i c h I h a v e c o m e i n t o u c h , b u t h e h a s a m a n n
d i c a t i n g g r e a t r e s e r v e f o r c e , a n d i f I w e r e g o i n g t i g e r
I w o u l d g l a d l y h a v e h i m f o r a c o m p a n i o n .
` M a y 1 3 , 1 9 1 5 : I l u n c h e d w i t h A r t h u r B a l f o u r . W e
m o s t i n t e r e s t i n g t a l k . I t o l d o f m y i n t e r v i e w w i t h K i
a n d o f m y a d v i c e t o t h e P r e s i d e n t r e g a r d i n g t h e L u
i n c i d e n t a n d r e a d h i m m y c a b l e g r a m , w h i c h h e c o m p l i
w a r m l y . I t a l k t o B a l f o u r w i t h m o r e f r e e d o m t h a n a
i n G r e a t B r i t a i n w i t h t h e e x c e p t i o n o f G r e y , f o r I t r
i m p l i c i t l y . G r e y a n d B a l f o u r a r e t w o g r e a t g e n t l e m e n
f e e l s u r e o f t h e i r d i s c r e t i o n .
' B a l f o u r c r i t i c i z e d t h e G o v e r n m e n t f o r d e p e n d i n g
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THE PRESIDENT'S LUSITANIA NOTE 4 3 9
a n d t h e a s s u r a n c e t h a t i n h u m a n a c t s o f s u c h a k i n d w o u l d n o t
b e r e p e a t e d . T o b r e a k r e l a t i o n s w i t h o u t g i v i n g G e r m a n y
a n y c h a n c e t o a l t e r h e r s u b m a r i n e m e t h o d s w a s c o n t r a r y t o
t h e P r e s i d e n t ' s i n s t i n c t s , a n d i t i s u n l i k e l y t h a t t h e n a t i o n
w o u l d h a v e s u p p o r t e d h i m w i t h t h e d e g r e e o f u n i t y w h i c h
such a decided step demanded .
H e c h o s e t h e s e c o n d a l t e r n a t i v e , a n d o n M a y 1 3 h e s e n t t o
G e r m a n y a n o t e c o n c e i v e d a n d e x p r e s s e d w i t h v i g o r , b u t
a v o i d i n g b o t h t h e f o r m a n d t o n e o f a n u l t i m a t u m . R e h e a r s -
i n g t h e e a r l i e r a t t a c k s m a d e b y s u b m a r i n e s t h a t h a d r e s u l t e d
i n t h e l o s s o f A m e r i c a n l i v e s , ` a s e r i e s o f e v e n t s w h i c h t h e
G o v e r n m e n t o f t h e U n i t e d S t a t e s h a s o b s e r v e d w i t h g r o w i n g
c o n c e r n , ' h e d e m a n d e d t h a t t h e G e r m a n s s h o u l d
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4 4 0 I N T IM A T E P A P E RS O F COL O N E L H O U
m e m b e r s o f t h e B r i t i s h G o v e r n m e n t , a s w e l l a s L a n s
B a l f o u r , a n d B o n a r L a w o f t h e O p p o s i t i o n , g a v e `
e x p r e s s i o n s o f p r a i s e . ' 1
A r t i c u l a t e o p i n i o n , i n d e e d , w i t h r a r e e x c e p t i o n s
h o m e a n d a b r o a d , c o m m e n d e d t h e n o t e ; i t w a s o n l
a f t e r m a n y m o n t h s o f G e r m a n d i p l o m a t i c e v a s i o n s
c r i t i c s w i t h t h e a d v a n t a g e o f h i n d s i g h t c o m p l a i n e d t h
s o n s h o u l d h a v e i s s u e d a n u l t i m a t u m a n d s e t d o w n f o
m a n y a t i m e - l i m i t -a c o u r s e w h i c h m i g h t o r m i g h t n
l e d h e r t o g i v e u p t h e s u b m a r i n e c a m p a i g n i m m e d i
S i d n e y B r o o k s , w r i t i n g i n T h e E n g l i s h R e v i e w , i n s i s
` t h i s n o t e r a n k s w i t h t h e g r e a t e s t d i p l o m a t i c l i t e r a t
s e e m s a s i f o n e c o u l d s e e t h e P r e s i d e n t w r e s t l i n g w
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F R E N C H A N D E N G L I S H RE A C T I O N S 4 4 1
P r e s i d e n t W i l s o n a n d h a v e g r e a t c o n f i d e n c e i n t h e i n t e g r i t y
o f h i s p u r p o s e .
S i r F r a n c i s B e r t i e , t h e B r i t i s h A m b a s s a d o r , t o l d m e t h e
o t h e r d a y t h a t h e w a s v e r y m u c h i n h o p e s t h a t w e w o u l d n o t
g o t o w a r w i t h G e r m a n y , a s w e c o u l d b e o f v e r y m u c h m o r e
a s s i s t a n c e t o t h e A l l i e s o u t o f t h e w a r t h a n a c t i v e l y i n i t . . . . 1
V e r y t r u l y y o u r s
W I L L I A M G . S H A R P
Mr. J . S t . L o e S t r a c h e y 2 t o C o l o n e l H o u s e
L O N D O N , J u n e 1 , 1 9 1 5
MY DE AR COLO NEL HO USE,
. A s I w a s w a l k i n g h o m e h e r e j u s t n o w I w a s t h i n k i n g ,
I N T IM A T E P A P E RS O F COL O N E L H O U
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4 4 2
c e p t i n g h a r d k n o c k s a n d t h e y h a v e a c u r i o u s i d e a
w i l l n o t f i g h t u n d e r a n y c i r c u m s t a n c e s . A s a m a t t e r
t h i s i d e a i s p r e v a l e n t t h r o u g h o u t E u r o p e a n d w i l l s o
l a t e r i n v o l v e u s i n w a r . ' A f o r t n i g h t l a t e r , a f t e r
s u b m a r i n e a t t a c k , h e r e c o r d e d : ` I h a v e c o n c l u d e d t
i s i n e v i t a b l e . '
B o t h H o u s e a n d P a g e a g r e e d t h a t u n l e s s G e r m a n y
t o t h e d e m a n d s s e t f o r t h i n W i l s o n ' s n o t e a n d c e a
t o r p e d o i n g o f s h i p s w i t h o u t w a r n i n g , t h e U n i t e d
c o u l d n o t a v o i d i n t e r v e n t i o n .
U n l i k e P a g e , h o w e v e r , H o u s e s h a r e d t h e s e n t i
P r e s i d e n t W i l s o n t h a t w a r w i t h G e r m a n y c o u l d n o t b e
f i e d u n l e s s e v e r y p o s s i b l e m e a n s t o s e c u r e a p e a c e f u l
T H E E N T R Y O F IT A L Y 4 4 3
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w o u l d h a v e m e a n t t h a t w e w o u l d h a v e l o s t t h e f r i e n d s h i p o f
t h e A l l i e s o n t h e o n e h a n d , a n d w o u l d n o t h a v e m i t i g a t e d a n y
o f t h e h a t e w h i c h G e r m a n y f e e l s f o r u s . S o o n e r o r l a t e r w e
w o u l d h a v e h a d t o r e c k o n w i t h G e r m a n y u n l e s s s h e i s c o m -
p l e t e l y c r u s h e d , a n d w e w o u l d n o t h a v e h a d a s y m p a t h e t i c
f r i e n d a m o n g t h e g r e a t n a t i o n s .
G r e y a s k e d m e w h a t I t h o u g h t G e r m a n y ' s r e p l y w o u l d b e .
I t o l d h i m t h a t i f I w e r e w r i t i n g G e r m a n y ' s r e p l y I w o u l d s a y
t h a t i f E n g l a n d w o u l d l i f t t h e e m b a r g o o n f o o d s t u f f s , G e r -
m a n y w o u l d c o n s e n t t o d i s c o n t i n u e h e r s u b m a r i n e p o l i c y o f
s i n k i n g m e r c h a n t m e n . G r e y r e p l i e d t h a t i f G e r m a n y w o u l d
c o n s e n t n o t o n l y t o d i s c o n t i n u e t h a t m o d e o f w a r f a r e , b u t
w o u l d a l s o a g r e e t o d i s c o n t i n u e t h e u s e o f a s p h y x i a t i n g g a s e s
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T h e c o n v e r s a t i o n w i t h G r e y s u g g e s t e d t h e p o s s i b i l i t
a r r a n g e m e n t w h i c h m i g h t g o f a r t o w a r d s s e t t l i n g t h e
w i t h E n g l a n d o v e r t h e h o l d i n g - u p o f c a r g o e s a n d a l s
a v e r t t h e l i v e l i e r d a n g e r o f a n o p e n b r e a k w i t h G
o v e r t h e s u b m a r i n e . T h e E u r o p e a n W a r , a s i t t o u c
U n i t e d S t a t e s , h a d n o w b e c o m e a s t r u g g l e b e t w e e n
s u b m a r i n e a n d B r i t i s h b l o c k a d e . B o t h w e a p o n s i n
A m e r i c a n n e u t r a l r i g h t s . I f t h e b e l l i g e r e n t s c o u l d b e
t o g i v e u p t h e i r u s e , m u c h o f o u r d i f f i c u l t i e s w o u l d d i
A n d t o m a n y t h e c o m p r o m i s e s e e m e d f a i r , f o r i f t h e
f o o d b l o c k a d e t h r e a t e n e d t o s t a r v e G e r m a n y o u t , t
m a n s u b m a r i n e t h r e a t e n e d t o d e s t r o y B r i t i s h c o m m e
T h e s u g g e s t i o n w a s n o t n e w . I n F e b r u a r y , P r e s i d e
s o n , f o l l o w i n g a h i n t o f A m b a s s a d o r B e r n s t o r f f , h a d
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w e r e n o f i r e s e x c e p t i n g o n e h e r e a n d t h e r e , a n d , t h o u g h P a g e
i s a v e g e t a r i a n , t h e r e s e e m e d n o t h i n g t o e a t e x c e p t i n g m e a t s
o f m a n y v a r i e t i e s . . . .
` P a g e w a s i n c l i n e d n o t t o m a k e a p e r s o n a l a p p e a l t o G r e y
i n b e h a l f o f t h e a c c e p t a n c e o f t h e P r e s i d e n t ' s p r o p o s a l c o n -
c e r n i n g a c o m p r o m i s e w i t h G e r m a n y o n t h e q u e s t i o n o f t h e
e m b a r g o . I c a l l e d h i s a t t e n t i o n t o t h e P r e s i d e n t ' s c a b l e t o
m e r e q u e s t i n g m e t o s a y t o P a g e t h a t h e d e s i r e d t h e m a t t e r
p r e s e n t e d w i t h a l l t h e e m p h a s i s i n h i s p o w e r . He t h e n s a i d
h e w o u l d m a k e a n a p p o i n t m e n t w i t h G r e y a n d d o s o , t h o u g h
o n e c o u l d s e e h e h a d n o s t o m a c h f o r i t . H e d i d n o t c o n s i d e r
t h e s u g g e s t i o n a w i s e o n e , n o r d i d h e c o n s i d e r i t s a c c e p t a n c e
f a v o r a b l e t o t h e B r i t i s h G o v e r n m e n t . I a r g u e d t o t h e c o n -
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H e s a i d o f c o u r s e i t w o u l d b e t o t h e a d v a n t a g e o
B r i t a i n f o r t h e U n i t e d S t a t e s t o e n t e r t h e w a r , a n d
a g r e e d t o d o w h a t w e r e q u e s t e d i t w o u l d m e a n t h
U n i t e d S t a t e s w o u l d r e m a i n n e u t r a l . N e v e r t h e l e
w a n t e d t o d o w h a t w e c o n s i d e r e d t o b e f o r o u r b e s t i n
a n d w h a t , i n d e e d , h e t h o u g h t w a s i n t h e l o n g r u n f o
B r i t a i n ' s b e s t i n t e r e s t s .
` W e d i s c u s s e d t h i s f e a t u r e a t l e n g t h , I m a i n t a i n i
G r e a t B r i t a i n w a s t a k i n g l o n g c h a n c e s u p o n b e i n g i s o l
G e r m a n s u b m a r i n e w a r f a r e , a n d i f h e r c o m m e r c e c o
f r e e f r o m t h i s m e n a c e , s h e c o u l d c a r r y o n t h e w a r i n d e f
w i t h o u t f e a r o f u l t i m a t e d e f e a t . '
d i a
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f i n a l l y t o l d m e t h a t h e h a d c o n c l u d e d i t w a s u s e l e s s b e c a u s e ,
i n h i s o p i n i o n , t h e B r i t i s h G o v e r n m e n t . w o u l d n o t c o n s i d e r
f o r a m o m e n t t h e p r o p o s a l t o l i f t t h e e m b a r g o .
I t w a s t h e n I s e n t y o u t h e d i s c o u r a g i n g c a b l e . H o w e v e r ,
w h e n y o u r s e c o n d c a b l e o f T u e s d a y c a m e , I w e n t t o s e e S i r
E d w a r d w i t h o u t f u r t h e r c o n s u l t a t i o n w i t h P a g e .
I f o u n d G r e y w a s e v e n m o r e r e c e p t i v e o f t h e s u g g e s t i o n
t h a n w h e n I s a w h i m l a s t , a n d h e p r o m i s e d t o u s e a l l h i s i n -
f l u e n c e i n f a v o r o f s u c h a p r o p o s a l , p r o v i d e d o n e w a s m a d e
b y G e r m a n y . H e a d d e d , h o w e v e r , t h a t t h e d i s c o n t i n u a n c e o f
a s p h y x i a t i n g o r p o i s o n o u s g a s e s m u s t a l s o b e i n c l u d e d i n a n y
a g r e e m e n t m a d e .
H e e x p l a i n e d t h a t t h e C a b i n e t w a s i n d i s s o l u t i o n a n d t h a t
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ernment and ours and have no referenc e to Ger
w i l l b e c a r r i e d o u t a t o n c e .
I t o l d G r e y t h a t I w o u l d i m m e d i a t e l y c a b l e G e r a r
G e r m a n y t o w i t h h o l d h e r a n s w e r t o y o u r n o t e u n t i l
c o m m u n i c a t e w i t h h i m f u r t h e r . I a l s o t o l d h i m I w
g e s t t o t h e G e r m a n a u t h o r i t i e s , t h r o u g h G e r a r d , t
a n s w e r t h e n o t e b y m a k i n g t h e p r o p o s a l i n q u e s t i o
I a s s u m e d t h e e n t i r e r e s p o n s i b i l i t y , s o i f t h i n g s
y o u a n d S i r E d w a r d c a n d i s c l a i m a n y c o n n e c t i o n w i
I f G e r m a n y r e f u s e s t o c o n s i d e r t h i s p r o p o s a l , i t w
y o u i n t h e p o s i t i o n o f h a v i n g d o n e e v e r y t h i n g p o s
a v e r t w a r b e t w e e n t h e U n i t e d S t a t e s a n d G e r m a n y
Sir Edward took a copy of the memorandum I
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` M a y 1 9 , 1 9 1 5 : P a g e t h o u g h t I w a s m a k i n g a m i s t a k e i n
d o i n g a n y t h i n g [ w r o t e H o u s e ] , a n d t h a t i t w o u l d r e s u l t i n
b a d f e e l i n g b e t w e e n E n g l a n d a n d t h e U n i t e d S t a t e s p r o v i d e d
G e r m a n y a s s e n t e d a n d S i r E d w a r d G r e y c o u l d n o t g e t h i s
G o v e r n m e n t t o a g r e e . I a n s w e r e d t h a t t h i s w a s a m a t t e r I
c o u l d n o t c o n t r o l ; t h a t m y p u r p o s e w a s t o p l a c e t h e U n i t e d
S t a t e s a n d t h e P r e s i d e n t c l e a r l y i n t h e r i g h t , s o i f t r o u b l e
c a m e b e t w e e n G e r m a n y a n d o u r s e l v e s t h e P r e s i d e n t w o u l d
h a v e d o n e e v e r y t h i n g w i t h i n h i s p o w e r t o p r e v e n t w a r , a n d
c o u l d m a i n t a i n h i s p o s i t i o n t a k e n i n t h e n o t e w i t h a c l e a r
c o n s c i e n c e a n d w i t h t h e c e r t a i n a p p r o v a l o f t h e A m e r i c a n
p e o p l e .
` I t o o k d i n n e r w i t h L o r d H a l d a n e. By common consent
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many began . , H e g a v e m e t w o o f h i s b o o k s , a n d w e t a
l e n g t h o f G e r m a n y , h e r f u t u r e , a n d t h e G e r m a n p e o
m e n t i o n e d m y p r o p o s a l a s t o t h e F r e e d o m o f t h e S e
t h o u g h t i t s p l e n d i d , a n d I u n d e r s t o o d t h a t I c o u l
u p o n h i s i n f l u e n c e i n b e h a l f o f t h a t m e a s u r e w h e n t h e
time came . . . .
`May 2 1 , 1 9 1 5 : I l u n c h e d w i t h G r e y a n d r e a d h
P r e s i d e n t ' s d e s p a t c h . . . . H e h a s s e e n n e a r l y a l l t h e
M i n i s t r y a n d e n o u g h o f t h e O p p o s i t i o n w h o w o u l d p
b e i n t h e C a b i n e t , t o b e a b l e t o s a y t h a t i n h i s o p i n
Germany made the proposal I had suggested it wo
c o n s i d e r e d b y h i s G o v e r n m e n t .
` H e i s a l w a y s c a u t i o u s i n h i s s t a t e m e n t s , a n d I c
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v i n c e d t h e U n i t e d S t a t e s w o u l d s u p p o r t s u c h w a r n i n g s b y
o t h e r t h a n v e r b a l f a c t o r s . Two messages from Ambassador
G e r a r d t o C o l o n e l H o u s e c a r r i e d t h e n e w s o f t h e f a i l u r e o f
t h e p r o p o s e d c o m p r o m i s e a n d i n d i c a t e d t h e c a u s e .
C o l o n e l H o u s e t o t h e P r e s i d e n t
[ T e l e g r a m ]
LONDON, M a y 2 4 , 1 9 1 5
G e r a r d c a b l e s m e a s f o l l o w s : ' Z i m m e r m a n n t o l d m e y e s t e r -
d a y t h a t D u m b a , A u s t r i a n A m b a s s a d o r , h a d c a b l e d h i m t h a t
B r y a n t o l d h i m t h a t A m e r i c a w a s n o t i n e a r n e s t a b o u t L u s i -
t a n i a m a t t e r . ' O f c o u r s e M r . B r y a n d i d n o t s a y t h a t , b u t I
think you sho uld know what Zimmermann told Gerard . . . .
E D W A R D H O U SE
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C o l o n e l H o u s e t o t h e P r e s i d e n t
[Telegram]
L O N D O N , M a y 2 5
I h a v e f o l l o w i n g c a b l e f r o m G e r a r d :
` I g a v e y o u r s u g g e s t i o n t o v o n J a g o w t h i s m o r n i n g
p r o p o s i t i o n o f p e r m i t t i n g t h e p a s s a g e o f f o o d i n r e t u r n
c e s s a t i o n o f s u b m a r i n e m e t h o d s h a s a l r e a d y b e e n m
d e c l i n e d .
` I f r a w m a t e r i a l s a r e a d d e d , t h e m a t t e r c a n p e r
a r r a n g e d . G e r m a n y i s i n n o n e e d o f f o o d . '
O f c o u r s e t h e c o n d i t i o n s t h e y m a k e a r e i m p o s s i b l e
d o e s a w a y w i t h t h e i r c o n t e n t i o n t h a t t h e s t a r v
G e r m a n y j u s t i f i e s t h e i r s u b m a r i n e p o l i c y . I t h i
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s u b m a r i n e p o l i c y a g a i n s t G r e a t B r i t a i n b e c a u s e s h e w a s e n -
d e a v o r i n g t o s t a r v e s i x t y - f i v e m i l l i o n G e r m a n n o n - c o m b a t a n t s .
` I n t a l k i n g t o o t h e r m e m b e r s o f t h e G o v e r n m e n t , h e s a i d
s o m e o f t h e m h a d t h o u g h t i n t h e e v e n t G e r m a n y a c c e p t e d
t h e p r o p o s a l i t w o u l d m e a n t h a t s h e w a s a c t u a l l y r u n n i n g
s h o r t o f f o o d a n d i t w o u l d n o t b e w e l l f o r E n g l a n d t o r e l a x .
G r e y , h o w e v e r , a r g u e d t h a t t h e r e w e r e t o o m a n y a d v a n t a g e s
o n t h e o t h e r s i d e t o l e t t h a t o n e p r e v a i l . H e s a i d , t o o , h e w a s
a n x i o u s f o r u s t o k n o w t h a t E n g l a n d w a s d o i n g w h a t s h e
c o u l d t o k e e p u s f r o m w a r w i t h G e r m a n y , a n d n o t t r y i n g t o
p u s h u s i n . M y a d m i r a t i o n a n d a f f e c t i o n f o r h i m g r o w s . '
T h u s e n d e d t h e m o s t f a v o r a b l e o p p o r t u n i t y f o r s e t t l i n g t h e
c o n t r o v e r s y t h a t l a t e r w a s t o e x e r c i s e m o m e n t o u s e f f e c t u p o n
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w r o t e o n M a y 3 0 ] a n d t h i s a f t e r n o o n a t s i x o ' c l o c k I
t o g o h o m e o n t h e S . S . S t . Paul o n S a t u r d a y . I s e n t
t o t h e P r e s i d e n t t o t h i s e f f e c t .
` I d i s c u s s e d t h e m a t t e r w i t h W a l l a c e , w h o w i l l g o w
a n d I a l s o d i s c u s s e d i t w i t h P a g e , w h o a d v i s e d o u r g o i n g
c a r e d t o g e t h o m e w i t h i n t h e y e a r . P a g e i s a l w a y s a
a d v i s e r . . . .
` J u n e 1 , 1 9 1 5 : I t o l d P l u n k e t t I w a s l e a v i n g f o r
a n d m y r e a s o n s f o r d o i n g s o . I s a i d i t w a s m y p u r p o s e
s u a d e t h e P r e s i d e n t n o t t o c o n d u c t a m i l k - a n d - w a t e
b u t t o p u t a l l t h e s t r e n g t h , a l l t h e v i r i l i t y , a n d a l l t h e
o f o u r n a t i o n i n t o i t , s o t h a t E u r o p e m i g h t r e m e m b e r
c e n t u r y w h a t i t m e a n t t o p r o v o k e a p e a c e f u l n a t i o n i
` I i n t e n d e d t o s u g g e s t a c o m m i s s i o n , w i t h p e r h a p s
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T h e o n l y t h i n g t h a t c a n g a i n t h e w a r f o r t h e A l l i e s i s u n i -
v e r s a l s e r v i c e i n E n g l a n d a n d t h e t h r o w i n g i n t o t h e b a l a n c e o f
a t l e a s t t w o m i l l i o n n e w E n g l i s h t r o o p s . I f t h e E n g l i s h k n e w
w h a t t h e G e r m a n s h a v e i n s t o r e f o r E n g l a n d i n c a s e o f s u c -
c e s s , t h e v e r y d e a d i n t h e g r a v e y a r d s w o u l d v o l u n t e e r f o r t h e
w a r .
I t i s t h e G e r m a n h o p e t o k e e p t h e L u s i t a n i a m a t t e r j o l l i e d
a l o n g ' u n t i l t h e A m e r i c a n p e o p l e g e t e x c i t e d a b o u t b a s e b a l l
o r a n e w s c a n d a l a n d f o r g e t . M e a n t i m e t h e h a t e o f A m e r i c a
g r o w s d a i l y .
As to food and even raw materials, the Germans have
e n o u g h f o r w a r p u r p o s e s . T h e y n e e d r a w m a t e r i a l s f o r t h e
t r a d e s , b u t h a v e e v e r y t h i n g n e e d e d f o r t h e m a n u f a c t u r e o f
m u n i t i o n s ; a n d a s t h e y a r e s p e n d i n g a l l t h e m o n e y f o r w a r
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ened to make it worse . Colonel House was anxiou
P r e s i d e n t W i l s o n s h o u l d c o m p r e h e n d t h e d i f f i c u l t i e s
S i r E d w a r d G r e y f a c e d , h o w h a r d h e w a s p r e s s e d b y B r
o p i n i o n a n d t h e A d m i r a l t y , a n d h o w i m p o r t a n t i t w a
t h e U n i t e d S t a t e s r e m a i n o n f r i e n d l y t e r m s w i t h t h e
W h a t e v e r t h e i r r i t a t i o n c a u s e d b y t h e r e s t r i c t i o n o f A m
t r a d e , H o u s e n e v e r w a v e r e d i n h i s c o n v i c t i o n t h a t o u
f a r e w a s b o u n d u p i n G e r m a n d e f e a t . A l l t h i s A m b a
P a g e h a d u r g e d i n m a n y l o n g l e t t e r s . B u t t h e v e r y
a n d l e n g t h o f t h e l e t t e r s , t o u c h e d a s t h e y w e r e b y p r
e m o t i o n , l e s s e n e d t h e i n f l u e n c e o f t h e A m b a s s a d o r , w
W a s h i n g t o n , s e e m e d m o r e l i k e t h e s p o k e s m a n o f A l l i e d
e s t s t h a n t h e r e p r e s e n t a t i v e o f t h e A m e r i c a n G o v e r
A s H o u s e r e a l i z e d a c u t e l y , a p u r e l y o b j e c t i v e s u m m a r y
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T h e r e i s n o d o u b t t h a t t h e p o s i t i o n y o u h a v e t a k e n w i t h
b o t h G e r m a n y a n d G r e a t B r i t a i n i s c o r r e c t ; b u t I f e e l t h a t
o u r p o s i t i o n w i t h t h e A l l i e s i s s o m e w h a t d i f f e r e n t , f o r w e a r e
b o u n d u p m o r e o r l e s s i n t h e i r s u c c e s s , a n d I d o n o t t h i n k w e
s h o u l d d o a n y t h i n g t h a t c a n p o s s i b l y b e a v o i d e d t o a l i e n a t e
t h e g o o d f e e l i n g t h a t t h e y n o w h a v e f o r u s . I f w e ' l o s e t h e i r
g o o d w i l l , w e w i l l n o t b e a b l e t o f i g u r e a t a l l i n p e a c e n e g o -
t i a t i o n s , a n d w e w i l l b e s a c r i f i c i n g t o o m u c h i n o r d e r t o m a i n -
t a i n a l l o u r c o m m e r c i a l r i g h t s .
T h e s i t u a t i o n , I k n o w , i s m o s t t r y i n g a n d d i f f i c u l t , a n d y o u
h a v e a c t e d w i t h e x t r a o r d i n a r y p a t i e n c e a n d g o o d j u d g m e n t .
A f f e c t i o n a t e l y y o u r s
E. M . H O U S E
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He reiterated his emphasis upon the change th
c o m i n g o v e r A m e r i c a n o p i n i o n b e c a u s e o f B r i t i s h i n
e n c e w i t h n e u t r a l t r a d e a n d e x p r e s s e d t h e f e a r t h a t i
b e i m p o s s i b l e t o p r e v e n t t h e p a s s a g e b y C o n g r e s s o f
bargo upon shipments of arms. W i l s o n i n t i m a t e d t
w o u l d t r y t o p r e v e n t i t , b u t h e w i s h e d G r e y t o r e a l i
d a n g e r . H e c o n v e y ed t h e w a r n i ng t h r o u g h H o u s e
t h a n P a g e b e c a u s e h e w i s h e d i t t o b e a b s o l u t e l y u n o f f i c
s p o k e n m e r e l y i n p e r s o n a l f r i e n d s h i p . S e c r e t a r y L a
p r e s s e d s i m i l a r s e n t i m e n t s .
S e c r e t a r y L a n e t o C o l o n e l H o u s e
W A S H I N G T O N , M a y 5 ,
My D E A R CO L O N E L
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d i s c u s s i o n a r o u n d t h e C a b i n e t t a b l e . T h e r e i s n ' t a m a n i n
t h e C a b i n e t w h o h a s a d r o p o f G e r m a n b l o o d i n h i s v e i n s , I
g u e s s . T w o o f u s w e r e b o r n u n d e r t h e B r i t i s h f l a g . I h a v e
t w o c o u s i n s i n t h e B r i t i s h a r m y , a n d M r s . L a n e h a s t h r e e .
T h e m o s t o f u s a r e S c o t c h i n o u r a n c e s t r y , a n d y e t e a c h d a y
t h a t w e m e e t w e b o i l o v e r s o m e w h a t , a t t h e f o o l i s h m a n n e r
i n w h i c h E n g l a n d a c t s . C a n i t b e t h a t s h e i s t r y i n g t o t a k e
a d v a n t a g e o f t h e w a r t o h a m p e r o u r t r a d e ? . . .
I f C o n g r e s s w e r e i n s e s s i o n , w e w o u l d b e a c t i v e l y d e b a t i n g
a n e m b a r g o r e s o l u t i o n t o - d a y . . . .
A f t e r a l l , o u r o n e g r e a t a s s e t i s t h e c o n f i d e n c e o f t h e
p e o p l e i n t h e P r e s i d e n t . T h e y d o n o t l o v e h i m , b e c a u s e h e
a p p e a r s t o t h e m a s a m a n o f t h e c l o i s t e r . B u t t h e y r e s p e c t
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s e e m i n g l y i m p o s s i b l e . I a r g u e d t h e p o i n t v e r y e a r n e s t l
I w a n t e d t h e i r i n f l u e n c e a n d t h a t o f t h e i r p a p e r s
t r o u b l e I c a n s e e l o o m i n g u p b e t w e e n o u r t w o c o u n t r
`March 4 , 1 9 1 5 : F r a n c i s W . H i r s t , e d i t o r o f T h e E c o n
c a l l e d t h i s m o r n i n g f o r t h e s e c o n d t i m e . I misse
y e s t e r d a y w h e n h e w a s h e r e . I f o u n d i n h i m a n e n
n e w t y p e o f E n g l i s h m a n . . . . H e i s a n t a g o n i s t i c
Government, tho ugh a Liberal . He criticized Gr
A s q u i t h s e v e r e l y , t h o u g h A s q u i t h i s a n e a r r e l a t i v
H e i s a g a i n s t t h e w a r , a n d c l a i m s h e i s f a r f r o m
a l o n e , f o r h e b e l i e v e s t h e w a r u n p o p u l a r i n E n g l a n d ,
p u b l i c o p i n i o n c o u l d f i n d e x p r e s s i o n i t w o u l d b e s h o w n
He desires me to meet Lord Morl ey and the former
. H e s a y s b o t h o f t h e m a r e
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i n h i s p a p e r , a n d w i l l t r y t o i n f l u e n c e t h e G o v e r n m e n t i n t h e
d i r e c t i o n w e d e s i r e . . . . '
IV
C o l o n e l H o u s e t o t h e P r e s i d e n t
LONDON, May 7, 1915
D E A R G O VE R N O R
Y o u r c a b l e g r a m c o n c e r n i n g t h e d e l a y i n g o f c a r g o e s c a m e
to me yesterday . I already had an engagement with Sir
E d w a r d G r e y t h i s m o r n i n g , s o I d i d n o t m a k e a n e a r l i e r
appointment .
I r e a d h i m y o u r m e s s a g e a n d t o l d h i m t h a t i n m y o p i n i o n
t h e s i t u a t i o n w a s c r i t i c a l a n d t h a t i t w o u l d n o t d o t o t e m -
p o r i z e w i t h t h e m a t t e r
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t h e A m e r i c a n p e o p l e a s a w h o l e w e r e o t h e r w i s e . I
f e e l i n g t h a t S i r C e c i l 1 h a s f o s t e r e d t h i s s e n t i m e n t , b
w h a t I h a v e h e a r d h e r e s o u n d s v e r y m u c h l i k e w h a t h e
t o m e o n s e v e r a l o c c a s i o n s . H e t o l d N o r m a n H a p g o o d
t h e A d m i n i s t r a t i o n w a s p r o - G e r m a n , a n d h e h a s t o l d
t h e s a m e t h i n g .
I t o o k o c c a s i o n t o t e l l S i r E d w a r d t h a t S i r C e c i l w a
n e r v o u s a n d w a s c o n s t a n t l y s e e i n g s p o o k s a n d t h a t h
t o l d m e t h a t w e w o u l d a l l b e p r o - G e r m a n b e f o r e t h e e
t h e w a r . I d i d t h i s b e c a u s e I w a s s u r e h e h a d w r i t t
s a m e t h i n g t o S i r E d w a r d . . . .
Y o u r a f f e c t i o n a t e
E . M . H O
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r e a s o n t h a t w h a t s h e w a n t e d w o u l d b e u n f a i r t o S e r b i a .
H i s r e p l y w a s t h a t s i n c e G r e a t B r i t a i n w e n t i n t o t h i s w a r t o
d e f e n d t h e r i g h t s o f o n e s m a l l n a t i o n , i t w o u l d n o t t r a n s g r e s s
u p o n t h e r i g h t s o f a n o t h e r , e v e n t h o u g h g r e a t a d v a n t a g e t o
t h e A l l i e d c a u s e m i g h t a c c r u e .
I f i t w e r e n o t f o r F e r d i n a n d , B u l g a r i a w o u l d p r o b a b l y
c o m e i n w i t h t h e A l l i e s , a n d , i f s h e d i d , t h e n G r e e c e w o u l d
a l s o . T h e y a l l f e a r l e s t s o m e o n e o f t h e B a l k a n S t a t e s w i l l
r e m a i n o u t a n d b e i n a c o n d i t i o n t o t a k e a d v a n t a g e o f t h e
e x h a u s t i o n t h a t m a y o c c u r . . . .
I a m g l a d B a l f o u r i s i n t h e n e w C a b i n e t . H e i s a m a n o f
t h e G r e y t y p e , a n d I f e e l s u r e t h a t t h e r e w i l l b e l e s s t r o u b l e
w i t h t h e h o l d i n g - u p o f c a r g o e s n o w t h a n w h e n t h e A d m i r -
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o f s o m e o f t h e t r o u b l e s b e t w e e n G r e a t B r i t a i n a n d t h e
S t a t e s , r e g a r d i n g t h e h o l d i n g - u p o f c a r g o e s . H e e x p r e
w i l l i n g n e s s t o u s e h i s i n f l u e n c e w i t h t h e F o r e i g n O f f i c e
a s k e d h i m t o d o n o t h i n g f o r t h e m o m e n t , f o r I a m s
c a n n o t d o m o r e t h a n I h a v e a l r e a d y d o n e w i t h G r e y
` W e a g r e e d t h a t i t w a s n o t t h e F o r e i g n O f f i c e a t
but the War and Admiralty Departments . I t a l k e d
a b o u t t h e F r e e d o m o f t h e S e a s , a n d h e a s k e d i f i t h a d
w i t h " c a p t u r e a n d s e a r c h a t s e a . " H e d i d n o t s e e m i n
o f i t , s a y i n g h e h a d h e a r d t h a t D e r n b u r g v e r y m u c h d
i t . I r e p l i e d t h a t I w a s t h e i n s t i g a t o r o f i t i n G e
and the Germans were merely echoing the tho ught
given them . H e l a u g h e d a n d s a i d h e f e l t b e t t e r , f o r ,
CONVERSATION WITH LLOYD GEORGE 465
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M u n i t i o n s i n h i s n e w W h i t e h a l l q u a r t e r s . T here was no
f u r n i t u r e i n t h e r o o m e x c e p t a t a b l e a n d o n e c h a i r . H e i n -
s i s t e d u p o n m y t a k i n g t h e c h a i r , w h i c h I d e c l i n e d t o d o ,
d e c l a r i n g t h a t a s e a t o n t h e t a b l e w a s m o r e s u i t a b l e f o r m e
t h a n f o r a C a b i n e t o f f i c i a l .
` H e s p o k e a g a i n a n d a g a i n o f " m i l i t a r y r e d - t a p e , " w h i c h
h e d e c l a r e d h e w o u l d c u t o u t a s s p e e d i l y a s p o s s i b l e . He was
f u l l o f e n e r g y a n d e n t h u s i a s m , a n d I f e e l c e r t a i n s o m e t h i n g
w i l l s o o n h a p p e n i n h i s d e p a r t m e n t . H e r e m i n d s m e m o r e o f
t h e v i r i l e , a g g r e s s i v e t y p e o f A m e r i c a n p o l i t i c i a n t h a n a n y
member of t he Cabinet . . . . He has something dynamic
w i t h i n h i m w h i c h h i s c o l l e a g u e s h a v e n o t a n d w h i c h i s b a d l y
n e e d e d i n t h i s g r e a t h o u r .. . .
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G o v e r n m e n t ' s p o l i c y i n h o l d i n g - u p n e u t r a l c a r g o e s , a
h i m k n o w t h a t , i f G e r m a n y w a s n o t a c t i n g s o m u c h
t h e y w o u l d b e c a l l e d t o a n a c c o u n t i n g . I d i d n o t
G r e a t B r i t a i n , u n d e r s i m i l a r c i r c u m s t a n c e s , w o u l d p e r m i t
a m o m e n t , a n d t h e P r e s i d e n t h a d b e n t a l m o s t t o t h e b
p o i n t i n o r d e r t o a v o i d a d i s a g r e e a b l e c o n t r o v e r s y w i
` I g a v e a s k e t c h o f t h e P r e s i d e n t i n w h i c h I d e p i c
a s a S c o t c h m a n w i t h a l l t h e t e n a c i t y o f p u r p o s e o f t h a t
a n d b a d e h i m r e m e m b e r t h a t w h i l e t h e P r e s i d e n t a t
s y m p a t h i z e d w i t h t h e A l l i e s a n d t h e i r p u r p o s e s , y e t
P r e s i d e n t o f t h e U n i t e d S t a t e s , a n d o u r p e o p l e d i d n o
f e r e n t i a t e b e t w e e n t h o s e v i o l a t i n g i n t e r n a t i o n a l l a w ,
h a d o f n e c e s s i t y t o m a i n t a i n a n e q u i t a b l e a t t i t u d e .
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s e n t t h e P r e s i d e n t , p r i n c i p a l l y a b o u t t h e i n t e r f e r e n c e w i t h
o u r s h i p p i n g . I w i s h a l l o f f i c i a l E n g l a n d t o u n d e r s t a n d o u r
G o v e r n m e n t ' s a t t i t u d e u p o n t h i s q u e s t i o n , i n o r d e r t h a t
t h e r e m a y b e n o m i s u n d e r s t a n d i n g s h o u l d i t b e n e c e s s a r y t o
a c t w i t h v i g o r l a t e r .
` H i s M a j e s t y t a l k e d o f t h e r e c e n t Z e p p e l i n r a i d a n d t h o u g h t
a v e r y m u c h m o r e s e r i o u s o n e w o u l d o c c u r s o o n , b e l i e v i n g
t h e y w o u l d a t t e m p t t o b u r n L o n d o n . I s h o w e d h i m t h e l a s t
c a r t o o n i n L i f e w h i c h M a r t i n s e n t i n a d v a n c e o f p u b l i c a t i o n ,
w h i c h d e p i c t s h i s d i s t i n g u i s h e d c o u s i n W i l h e l m h a n g e d a t
t h e e n d o f a y a r d a r m . I w a s n o t s u r e o f t h e w i s d o m o f s h o w -
i n g t h i s , b u t h e s e e m e d t o e n j o y i t t h o r o u g h l y . T h e m o r e I
s e e o f t h e K i n g , t h e b e t t e r I l i k e h i m ; h e i s a g o o d f e l l o w a n d
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h i s i m p r e s s i o n s o f E u r o p e a n a f f a i r s a n d e m p h a s i z
g r a v i t y o f t h e c r i s i s w h i c h t h e A m e r i c a n G o v e r n m e n
f a c e .
C o l o n e l H o u s e t o t h e P r e s i d e n t
R O S L YN , L O N G
J u n e 1 6 , 1
D E A R G O VE R N O R :
T h e s i t u a t i o n , a s f a r a s t h e A l l i e s g o , i s n o t e n c o u r
M u c h t o t h e i r d i s a p p o i n t m e n t a n d t o t h e s u r p r i s e
G e r m a n s , t h e y h a v e n o t b e e n a b l e t o m a k e t h e p r
w h i c h t h e y t h o u g h t t h e s p r i n g a n d s u m m e r w e a t h e r
b r i n g a b o u t . T h e y h a v e m a d e t w o c a r d i n a l e r r o r s . O
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M I L I T A R Y S I T U A T I O N I N JU N E , 19 1 5 4 6 9
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T h e E n g l i s h h a v e b e e n u n a b l e t o d o m o r e t h a n h o l d t h e i r
g r o u n d , a n d t h e R u s s i a n s h a v e b e e n u t t e r l y u n a b l e t o w i t h -
s t a n d t h e G e r m a n o n s l a u g h t , f o r t h e r e a s o n t h a t t h e y h a v e
n e i t h e r s u f f i c i e n t a r m s n o r a m m u n i t i o n . I t h a s r e s o l v e d i t -
s e l f i n t o a w a r o f m u n i t i o n s r a t h e r t h a n o n e o f m e n .
G e r m a n y w a s m u c h m o r e w i l l i n g f o r p e a c e i n t h e a u t u m n
t h a n s h e h a s b e e n s i n c e . I a m e n c l o s i n g y o u a l e t t e r f r o m
G e r a r d b e a r i n g u p o n t h i s p h a s e .
T h e r e w a s t h e g r e a t e s t p o s s i b l e c o n c e r n i n E n g l a n d w h e n
I l e f t , a l t h o u g h t h e y a r e c o n f i d e n t o f u l t i m a t e v i c t o r y i f t h e
A l l i e s h o l d t o g e t h e r ; b u t i t w i l l b e d e l a y e d l o n g e r t h a n a n t i -
c i p a t e d , a n d p e r h a p s i t w o u l d n o t c o m e a t a l l i f t h e i r A m e r -
i c a n s u p p l i e s w e r e f o r a n y r e a s o n s h u t o f f .
47 0 INTIMATE PAPERS OF COLONEL HOUS
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t i o n s . T h e w a r w o u l d b e m o r e s p e e d i l y e n d e d , a n d w e
b e i n a s t r o n g p o s i t i o n t o a i d t h e o t h e r g r e a t d e m o c r a c
t u r n i n g t h e w o r l d i n t o t h e r i g h t p a t h s . I t i s s o m e t h i n
w e h a v e t o f a c e w i t h f o r t i t u d e , b e i n g c o n s o l e d b y t h e t
t h a t n o m a t t e r w h a t s a c r i f i c e s w e m a k e , t h e e n d w i l l j
t h e m .
A f f e c t i o n a t e l y y o u r s
E. M . H O
T h e m i s s i o n o f C o l o n e l H o u s e h a d n o t a c c o m p l i s h
m i r a c l e o f p e a c e , w h i c h i n 1 9 1 5 w a s a p r a c t i c a l i m p o s s i
Bu t he had accomplished what few persons guesse
t h o r o u g h u n d e r s t a n d i n g w i t h t h o s e w h o g u i d e d t h e f o r
o f t h e A l l i e s
R E T U R N T O A M E R I CA 4 71
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c o u n t r y b y h i s c o u n s e l a n d a d v i c e i n r e g a r d t o i t s a t t i t u d e t o
t h e U n i t e d S t a t e s i n t h i s c r i s i s . W h a t s i m i l a r s e r v i c e h e m a y
h a v e r e n d e r e d t o y o u , a n d t o h i s p e o p l e , i n o t h e r E u r o p e a n
c o u n t r i e s y o u w i l l k n o w . H e s a i l s t o - m o r r o w , a n d I c a n w e l l
b e l i e v e t h a t , a s h e c a n n o t b e i n E u r o p e a n d A m e r i c a a t t h e
s a m e t i m e , i t m a y b e b e t t e r t h a t h e s h o u l d n o w b e a t y o u r
s i d e . A s I h a v e h a d t h e p r i v i l e g e o f i n t r o d u c i n g h i m t o s o m e
p e o p l e h e w i s h e d t o m e e t o v e r h e r e , a n d o f e x p l a i n i n g t o
t h e m s o m e a s p e c t s o f A m e r i c a n p u b l i c l i f e w h i c h i t w a s
n e c e s s a r y f o r t h e m t o k n o w i n o r d e r t o a p p r e c i a t e t h e v a l u e
o f C o l o n e l H o u s e ' s h e l p , I h a v e o f f e r e d t o b e o f a n y a s s i s t -
a n c e i n m y p o w e r , s h o u l d m i s u n d e r s t a n d i n g s a r i s e i n h i s
a b s e n c e w h i c h i n f o r m e d u n o f f i c i a l i n t e r v e n t i o n m a y b e b e s t
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