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THE INFLUENCE OF EMOTICONS ON RECEIVER PERCEPTION
L AU R E N D E I N T I N I S
FA I T H G OVA N
B R I A N M C E LV E N E Y
P E N N S TAT E B E H R E N D
Source: www.glasbergen.com
Electronic Communication
• 87% of teens engage in some form of electronic communication (Pew Internet Project, 2008)
• 43% of teenagers now say texting is the number one reason they get a cell phone (Nielson, 2010)
• Voice usage has decreased by 14% among teens and is decreasing in all age groups under 55 (Nielson, 2010)
Research Topic
• Increase in Electronic and Computer-Mediated Communication
Loss of Non-verbal cues • Scott Fahlman creates the “Smiley” in
1981
:-) :-( ;-)
Previous Research
• Some non-verbal information is not transferred fully (McKenna & Bargh, 2000).
• Emoticons support written communication like non-verbal cues (Rezabek and Cochenour, 1998)
• Emoticons affect emotions felt in receiver (Luor, Wu, Lu & Tao, 2010)
Research Questions
• Who uses emoticons?• How are emoticons used?• Do emoticons affect the impression
of another’s personality in an online chat?
Participants
• 77 Participants – 35 Males, 42 Females– 18-39 years old, M=19 years old
• Research Participation Pool• Ethical Guidelines and Informed
consent following IRB approval
MaterialsParticipant QuestionnaireHow many hours per day do you spend talking with someone electronically? ____ 0-2 ____ 2-4____ 4-6 ____ 6-8____ 8+ hours
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9Please rate your current mood
(1=very negative, 5= neutral, 9=very positive). _____
Opinion of Behrend as dry campus.
Materials
Perception Questionnaire1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9(1=Strongly Disagree, 5=Neutral, 9=Strongly Agree)• My chat partner is a likeable person. • My chat partner is persuasive in his/her argument. • I enjoyed communicating with this person. • I would communicate with this person again. • I use emoticons in everyday non-verbal communication. • I only use emoticons in conversations with friends and family.• I use emoticons more when my conversation partner uses
emoticons. • I use emoticons to express humor. • I use emoticons to express sarcasm. • I use emoticons to express sadness.
Materials
Big Five Personality Questionnaire (Saucier, 1994)• Forty-item inventory• Measured five personality traits:– Openness – Contentiousness – Extraversion– Agreeableness– Emotional Stability
Informed Consent
Participant Questionnaire
Chat About“Dry Campus”
Article
Positive
Wink NoneNegative
Big Five Questionnaire
Big Five Questionnaire
Perception Questionnaire
Debriefing/CreditedSource:
www.cultureflock.com
Emoticon use in everyday communication
R2 = .12, F = 3.21, p = .028*– Agreeableness β = .19, p = .096– Extraversion β = .14, p
= .222– Emotional Stability β = -.26, p
= .022*
Using Emoticons to Express Humor?
R2 = .20, F = 6.09, p = .001*– Agreeableness β = .26, p = .031*– Conscientiousness β = .26, p
= .028*– Emotional Stability β = -.21, p
= .049*
Positive Wink Negative None5
6
7
Agreeableness
Extraversion
Emotional Stability
Conscientiousness
Openess
Emoticon
Perc
eiv
ed
Part
ner
Tra
it
Rati
ng
Results: Big Five Personality Ratings Based on Emoticon Type
F (3, 73) = 2.94, p = .039*F (3, 73) = .844, p = .474F (3, 73) = 1.27, p = .291
F (3,73) = .877, p = .457F (3,73) = .623, p = .602
Results: Chat Analyses
Perso
nal G
reet
ing
For Dry
Cam
pus
Succ
essf
ul
On
Campu
s Livi
ng
Hos
tile
Respo
nse
Use
d Em
oticon
0
20
40
60
80
100
31.2 24.720.8
46.8
16.9 19.5
Perc
en
t A
ffirm
ati
ve
Discussion
• Less emotionally stable and the more agreeable, more likely to use emoticons.
• Chat partners are seen as more agreeable when they pair optimistic messages with positive emoticons– (Luor, Wu, Lu, and Tao, 2010)
• Participant’s perceived extraversion rating higher when a wink emoticon and support statement of campus going dry was used– Participants may have perceived the wink as a
form of sarcasm (Walther and D’Addario, 2001)
Limitations
• Participants – Limited to college students only– Small sample size
• Time constraints– Unable to look at both FOR and AGAINST
arguments
• Many variables– Larger interactions could not be
analyzed at this point in research
Implications• Emoticons do affect the emotions felt
by the receiver of a message• Personality does play a role in how
emoticons are perceived in a message
Source: http://technologyuninhibited.wordpress.com
ReferencesBrittan, D. (1995, October). The Shadow of
Your Smiley. Technology Review, 98(7).
Electronic Communication. (2008, May 22). In Pew Internet and American Life Project. Retrieved April 10, 2012
Luor, T., Wu, L., Lu, H., & Tao, Y. (2010, March 5). The Effect of Emoticons in Simplex and Complex Task-Oriented Communication: An Empirical Study of Instant Messaging. Computers in Human Behavior, 26, 889-895.
McKenna, K. Y., Bargh, J. A. (2004, July 11). The Internet and Social Life. Annual Review, 55(57), 573-590. doi: 10.1146
Rezabek, L. L., & Cochenour, J. J. (1998, Fall). Visual Cues in Computer-Mediated Communication: Supplementing Text With Emoticons. Journal of Visual Literacy, 18(2), 201-215.
U.S. Teen Mobile Report: Calling Yesterday, Texting Today, Using Apps Tomorrow. (2010, October 14). In Nielsen Wire. Retrieved April 9, 2012
Walther, J. B., & D’Addario, K. P. (2001, Fall). The Impacts of Emoticons on Message Interpretation in Computer-Mediated Communication. Social Science Computer Review, 19(3), 324-347. doi: 10.1177/089443930101900307.
Acknowledgments
We would like to thank our faculty advisor, Dr. Dawn Blasko, for her continued support and guidance
throughout the duration of the study. We would also like to thank Dr. Robert Light, the senior associate dean of the Penn State Behrend Research Office,
for supporting this study with a research grant.