The Industrial Revolution

Traditional Farming Methods1. List all of the

MACHINES in the picture.

2. How many POWER SOURCES are in the picture?

3. What SOCIAL CLASSES are represented here?

4. Using the picture, write a sentence describing life before industrialization.

Farming in the Middle AgesVillages feed themselves ( subsistence

farming)One of three fields left fallow (empty) to

regain fertilityAnimals grazed in common pasturesDisadvantages

Land use is inefficient Farmers did not experiment with new farming

methods

A Medieval Village

Video

I. The Agricultural Revolution Improvements in farming methods in

the 1700’s boost crop yields and lead to enclosed lands

A. Scientific Farming: keeping records of out put

1. Jethro Tull: seed drill 17212. Charles Townshend: Crop rotation3. Robert Bakewell: Livestock breeding.

Enclosure Movement Wealthy landowners fenced in pastures & began

experimenting with new farming techniques Villages lost common lands and political power Peasants became poorer

Make a Prediction

Q. What will be the cause and effect of the technological advances in agriculture?

More Food = nutrition, healthier, population increases.

Work done by machines less of a need for farmers.

Many small farmers lose their land, move to the city and become workers.

II. Ideal Conditions for BritainA. Factors of Production- Land, Labor, and

CapitalB. Natural Resources: water, coal and iron.C. Geography: many harbors, 6000 merchant

ships.D. Science and TechnologyE. Banking: loans and investmentF. Political Stability: free from Napoleonic

Wars

III. The ProductBritain leads the

wayRaw WoolLinenCotton: High

demand but too expensive.

IV. The Inventions and Inventors

A. John Kay : The Flying Shuttle

Weaver can work twice as fast.

B. James Hargreaves The Spinning Jenny

6 – 8 threads at one time.

C. Richard Arkwright The Waterframe

1769 Needed fast flowing

streams to drive spinning wheels

D. Samuel Crompton Spinning Jenny +

the water frame = Spinning Mule

Bulky and expensive.

Set up in large buildings = Factories.

F. Eli WhitneyCotton GinMakes slavery

profitable1791 9000 bales

produced.1831 987,000

bales produced. Video

Questions?What are the benefits so far in the new

machines?How are they powered?How is this a limitation?How would you improve them?

Mining British Coal production increasing

in 1700s Problem: dig deep and hit water Solution Newcomen Steam

engine: drove pump James Watt (1736-1819) found

ways to dramatically increase efficiency of steam power

Steam power perfect for running jennies and looms

A solution to problem in weaving was found in technical innovation developed for mining

A Newcomen Pump

G. James Watt 1765 efficient steam

engine. Teams up with

Mathew Bolton Entrepreneurs:

organizes, manages and takes risks in business.

Video

Effects of the Steam EngineSteam power, used where coal exists,

increased textile production Improved mining Increased mining of metals, which

fueled other industries

Need for Iron & Coal Iron needed for:

farming tools, new factory machines, railways

Smelting makes iron more pure, requires carbon

Carbon, from coal, needed to smelt iron

Steam engines powered by coal

Video

Effects of Iron & CoalBritain produced more iron than all other

countries of the world combinedCoal powered Britain’s enormous Navy “The Sun Never Sets on The British

Empire.”Video

British EmpireAt its peak controlled one sixth of humanity

Interchangeable PartsInterchangeable Parts – All parts are

made to an exact standard so they may be interchanged. If one part breaks no problem!!

Other Inventors/Inventions

Orville & Wilbur Wright- airplane

Elias Howe- sewing machine

Louis Daguerre- photography

Henry Bessemer- purified steel

Alfred Nobel- dynamite Alessandro Volta-

battery Michael Faraday-

electric motor Thomas Edison- light

bulb

Still More Inventions & Inventors Nikolas Otto-

gasoline powered combustion engine

Karl Benz- automobile

Henry Ford- 1st auto in U.S.A.

Samuel Morse- telegraph

Alexander Graham Bell- telephone

Giglielmo Marconi- radio

Inventions too numerous to mention all of them…

V. TransportationA. Railroads1. 1804 Richard

Trevithick: first steam locomotive.

2. George Stephenson: the rocket 25m.p.h. Liverpool –Manchester Railway

3. Video

A. Railroads

3. Effects:

a. Encouraged industrial growth

b. New jobs

c. Boost to agriculture

d. Travel to countryside.

The Impact of the Railroad

The Impact of the Railroad

Society During the Industrial Revolution A. Urbanization-The

movement of people from the country to the city.

European cities of 100,000 inhabitants rose from 22 to 44

B. Social Classes during the Industrial Revolution

Upper class elite, 5%(owned most of the country’s wealth)

Middle classes, 15% (women worked at home raising kids)

Lower classes, 80% (lived mostly in tenement housing-tightly packed apartment like housing)

Why Flock to the City?

1. Country Life: is harsh.1. Regular wages2. The weather is not a factor.

2. Country Work1. Dawn to dusk2. Family Work unit.

3. City Work1. Work by whistle2. 14 hours a day/six days a week.3. Same work no changes4. Factories badly lit and dirty.5. Coal mines: Damp, dark, breath coal dust.

Capitalism/Laissez-faire Capitalism—system of privately owned

businesses seeking profits Laissez faire—economic policy of not interfering

with businesses Job of the government is to protect your rights,

not interfere with business Adam Smith—defender of free markets, author

of The Wealth of Nations Believes economic liberty guarantees economic

progress Economic natural laws—self-interest, competition,

supply and demand

Five Elements of CapitalismPrivate Ownership

Equal opportunity for citizens to own business

Free Enterprise Freedom to produce and consume

Supply and Demand Inversely proportional High supply & low demand = low

Price

Competition Needed to secure highest quality good at reasonable price

Profit Motive Individuals make the money

What were the negative effects of Capitalism?

I. Changing the way of Life

A. Poor City Dweller Lacked adequate

housing Filthy Overcrowded

slums Unsafe conditions Video

Urban Living Conditions

Factory owners rushed to build housing

Back to back row houses

Several people in very small spaces

Poor sanitation High disease rates Crime Massive pollution

Urban Living Conditions

CITY GENTRY TRADESPEOPLE

LABORERS

Rutland 52 41 38

Truro 40 33 28

Derby 49 38 21

Manchester

38 20 17

Bethnal Green

45 26 16

Liverpool 35 22 15

Average Age at Death for Different Classes

Rutland – agricultural area in central EnglandTruro – tin mining center

Social Consequences Cont. Living & Working Conditions

Drab & blackened w/ soot Housing: packed in & short supply Lived in 1 rooms & life poor

1000’s children running around w/ no last name Treatment of Workers

Jobs only for unskilled workers Low wages-too low to support families Worked long hrs – up to 14/day Jobs tedious & oppressive Few Holidays Unemployment greatest fear – layoffs often Workers not organized-couldn’t improve selves Had to bargain individually – employers no sympathy (competing

w/ other industries)

Working Conditions Long Hours- Most factory

workers labored between 12-16 hours a day, 6 to 7 days a week.

Unsafe Conditions-Miners worked in unsafe conditions in which death and injury were commonplace.

Child Labor-Although a necessity for some families, eventually child labor was limited to 12 hours a day in England. Children were beaten if they didn’t work hard enough.

Video

Textile FactoryWorkers in England

Textile FactoryWorkers in England

1813 2400 looms 150, 000 workers

1833 85, 000 looms 200, 000 workers

1850 224, 000 looms >1 million workers

D. Children Begin work as

young as Six. 14 –16 hour days. Pay was less than

25 cents a week.

1. Scavengers

Picked up lint on the floor under the machines.

David Rowland testimony before the House of Commons Committee on 10th July, 1832.

Question: At what age did you commence working in a cotton mill?

Answer: Just when I had turned six. Question: What employment had you in a mill in

the first instance? Answer: That of a scavenger.

David Rowland testimony before the House of Commons Committee on 10th July, 1832.

Question: Will you explain the nature of the work that a scavenger has to do?

Answer: The scavenger has to take the brush and sweep under the wheels, and to be under the direction of the spinners and the piecers generally. I frequently had to be under the wheels, and in consequence of the perpetual motion of the machinery, I was liable to accidents constantly. I was very frequently obliged to lie flat, to avoid being run over or caught.

2. Piecers Reuniting broken

threads from the machines

William Dodd’s Testimony At the age of six I became a piecer.

The continual friction of the hand in rubbing the piecing upon the coarse wrapper wears off the skin, and causes the finger to bleed. The position in which the piecer stands to his work is … in a sliding direction, constantly keeping his right side towards the frame. In this position he continues during the day, with his hands, feet, and eyes constantly in motion. It will be easily seen, that the chief weight of his body rests upon his right knee, which is almost always the first joint to give way.

William Dodd’s TestimonyI have frequently worked at the frame till I could

scarcely get home, and in this state have been stopped by people in the streets who noticed me shuffling along, and advised me to work no more in the factories; but I was not my own master. During the day, I frequently counted the clock, and calculated how many hours I had still to remain at work; my evenings were spent in preparing for the following day - in rubbing my knees, ankles, elbows, and wrists with oil, etc. I went to bed, to cry myself to sleep, and pray that the Lord would take me to himself before morning.

Robert Blincoe’s Testimony The blacksmith had the task of riveting irons

upon any of the apprentices, whom the master ordered. These irons were very much like the irons usually put upon felons. Even young women, if they suspected of intending to run away, had irons riveted on their ankles, and reaching by long links and rings up to the hips, and in these they were compelled to walk to and fro from the mill to work and to sleep.

4. Injuries Loss of legs, arms fingers. Crippled for life. No workmen's compensation.

Robert Blincoe’s Testimony 1828 A girl named Mary Richards, who was not quite ten

years of age, attended a drawing frame, below which, and about a foot from the floor, was a horizontal shaft, by which the frames above were turned. It happened one evening, when her apron was caught by the shaft. In an instant the poor girl was drawn by an irresistible force and dashed on the floor. She uttered the most heart-rending shrieks! Her bones of her arms, legs, thighs, etc. successively snap asunder, crushed, seemingly, to atoms, as the machinery whirled her round, and drew tighter

Robert Blincoe’s Testimony 1828 and tighter her body within the works, her

blood was scattered over the frame and streamed upon the floor, her head appeared dashed to pieces - at last, her mangled body was jammed in so fast, between the shafts and the floor, that the water being low and the wheels off the gear, it stopped the main shaft. When she was extricated, every bone was found broken - her head dreadfully crushed. She was carried off quite lifeless.

Dr. Smith’s Testimony on female health in the factories. Question: Are not the females less capable of

sustaining this long labour than males. Dr. Samuel Smith: Yes. In the female the pelvis is

considerably wider than the male. When having to sustain the upright posture for long periods, the pelvis is prevented from being properly developed; and, in many of those instances, instead of forming an oval aperture, it forms a triangular one, the part supporting the spine being pressed downwards, and the parts receiving the heads of the thigh-bones being pressed inwards.

Dr. Smith’s Testimony on female health in the factories.When they are expecting to become mothers,

sometimes because of the development of the bones of the pelvis, there is not actually space for the exit of the child which is within the womb. Under these circumstances, it is often the painful duty of the surgeon to destroy the life of the child in order that he may preserve the more valuable one of the mother. I believe if horses in this country were put to the same period of labour that factory children are, in a very few years the animal would be almost extinct among us.

Given the previous testimony on working conditions of children, what surprised you the most?

II. Reforms

A. Unions organized to raise wages and improve working conditions.

B. Become legal and established. Skilled workers carpenters and spinners unionize first.

C. Collective bargaining: negotiations.

D. Strike: refuse to work

E. Factory Act of 1833

Illegal to hire children under nine. Ages nine to 13 only 8hrs/day. Ages 14 –18 up to 12 hrs/day.

1. Mine Act of 1842

Similar to the Factory Act of 1833

Unions Unions—associations formed by laborers to work for

change Unions negotiate for better pay, conditions with

employers Sometimes they strike—call a work stoppage—to

pressure owners Skilled workers are first to form unions Movement in Britain, U.S. must fight for right to form

unions Union goals were higher wages, shorter hours,

improved conditions

Child Labor As concerns about the welfare of children rose in mid 1800s, Parliament held investigations into working conditions.

New laws and new labor unions improved conditions.

IV. Industrialization in the United States

A. The United States offers conditions favorable to the growth of industry.

B. Samuel Slater teams up with Moses Brown. Result spread of the American Textile industry.

C. U.S. Industry fueled by the growth of railroads.D. The Industrial Revolution will translate into a

victory for the Union in the Civil War.E. By 1900, the U.S. becomes the industrial leader

of the world in steel production and oil refinery.

Cotton Gin

Cotton Gin – A machine that separates the seeds from raw cotton fibers.

Effects of Cotton Gin1. Profit per pound of cotton skyrocketed.

2. Many plantations depended on it as only major crop.

3. New plantations developed I Alabama, Mississippi, Louisiana, and finally Texas.

4. Slaves expanded from 700,000 to 1.5 million.

• New inventions and development of factories

• Rapidly growing industry in the 1800s

• Increased production and higher demand for raw materials

• Growth of worldwide trade

• Population explosion and a large labor force

• Exploitation of mineral resources

• Highly developed banking and investment system

• Advances in transportation, agriculture, and communication

Economic Effects

• Child labor laws to end abuses

• Reformers urging equal distribution of wealth (i.e. Karl Marx)

• Trade unions

• Social reform movements, such as utilitarianism, utopianism, socialism, and Marxism

• Reform bills in Parliament

Political Effects

The Industrial Revolution

• Long hours worked by children in factories

• Increase in population of cities

• Poor city planning • Loss of family

stability • Expansion of middle

class• Harsh conditions for

laborers• Workers’ progress

vs. laissez-faire economic attitudes

• Improved standard of living

• Creation of new jobs• Encouragement of

technological progress

Social Effects

Effects of The Industrial Rev. Wealth gap widens; non-industrialized

countries fall further behind European nations, U.S., Japan exploit

colonies for resources Imperialism spreads due to need for raw

materials, markets Europe and U.S. gain economic power African and Asian economies lag, based on

agriculture, crafts Rise of middle class strengthens democracy,

calls for social reform

More Effects Produced goods for the masses Fortunes made

age of unrestrained capitalism Raw materials came from colonies.

Colonies were guaranteed markets Spawned abuses of labor:

women, children chained to machines Rich became richer: dominated world Inequity of wealth

led to Socialism, Communism in Europe

Video

Reforming theIndustrial World

The Industrial Revolution leads to economic, social, and political reforms.

Capitalism, Socialism, and Communism

Capitalism/Laissez-faire Capitalism—system of privately owned

businesses seeking profits Laissez faire—economic policy of not interfering

with businesses Job of the government is to protect your rights,

not interfere with business Adam Smith—defender of free markets, author

of The Wealth of Nations Believes economic liberty guarantees economic

progress Economic natural laws—self-interest, competition,

supply and demand

Five Elements of CapitalismPrivate Ownership

Equal opportunity for citizens to own business

Free Enterprise Freedom to produce and consume

Supply and Demand Inversely proportional High supply & low demand = low

Price

Competition Needed to secure highest quality good at reasonable price

Profit Motive Individuals make the money

SocialismSocialism-factors of production owned

by and operated for the peopleSocialists think government control can

end poverty, bring equality Social Democrats: achieve through

democratic reforms (Welfarism)Marxists: achieve through Revolution

Communism Karl Marx—German journalist proposes a radical

form of socialism, Marxism Friedrich Engels—German whose father owns a

Manchester textile Mill Marx and Engels believe society is divided into

warring classes Capitalism helps “haves,” the employers known as

the bourgeoisie Hurts “have-nots,” the workers known as the

proletariat Marx, Engels predict the workers will overthrow the

owners Write their ideas in a book “The Communist

Manifesto”

Communism Marx believes that capitalism will eventually destroy

itself Inequality would cause workers to revolt, seize

factories and mills Communism—society where people own, share the

means of production Marx’s ideas later take root in Russia, China, Cuba,

(Vietnam and North Korea) Time has shown that society not controlled by

economic forces alone No Religion in Communism

Five Elements of Communism

Economic Determinism Gov’t determines what is produced

Class Struggle The Haves vs. Have-Nots

Surplus Value Theory The goal of money will always abuse workers

Proletariat Rule Workers will control the society

Individual Contributions Each person must contribute to the

society with their individual skills

What is Communism? Marx and Engels studied the history of the world’s economies. This means the way that power, industry and finance are controlled. They saw the way countries developed in stages.

Primitive Communism

Feudalism

Capitalism

Socialism

Communism

Explain these please!

What is Communism?

Primitive Communism

This is how humans first lived together – in small tribes. Primitive means ‘not very advanced’ e.g. hunting and gathering. Communism means that everything was shared amongst the tribe – food, jobs, belongings. No-one owned land. Eventually a group comes to power – this leads to Feudalism…

What is Communism?

Primitive Communism

Feudalism

Under feudalism, a king or emperor or chief becomes the ruler over all the people.

He gives land and privileges to ‘nobles’ who rule the people for him.

The people are kept uneducated and told that god chose the king to rule. The church helps the king this way.

As trade develops, some people get richer. This leads to Capitalism…..

What is Communism?

Feudalism

Capitalism

The business owners or capitalists get richer while the workers do all the hard work.

The capitalists get more power to serve their own interests.

Capitalism creates a huge working-class of people who soon get angry at the way they are treated. They organise in unions and demand changes. This will lead to a revolution and Socialism…

What is Communism?

Socialism

Capitalism

In the Socialist revolution all the rulers – kings, churches, capitalists are got rid of.

The workers take control of the country to produce things for everyone.

Because nothing is made for profit, all people benefit from education and health.

These ideas spread across the world to create Communism….

What is Communism?

Socialism

Communism

The remaining capitalists put up a bitter fight, but the will of the people will always win.

As everyone now works together, war is a thing of the past – armies are not needed. Sharing means no police are needed. Everything is provided by the people – so money becomes a thing of the past.

All human activity goes towards benefiting each other – allowing all to live their lives to the full.