Industrialism and Socialism Big Picture: Big Picture: We see Europe change from an agrarian (farming) Economy to a more industrial economy We see Europe

Industrialism and Industrialism and SocialismSocialism

Big Picture:Big Picture: We see Europe change from an We see Europe change from an

agrarian (farming) Economy to a agrarian (farming) Economy to a more industrial economymore industrial economy

Changing from Farming to Industry Changing from Farming to Industry will have specific causes, will have specific causes, tremendous effects, and will give tremendous effects, and will give rise to the ideology known as rise to the ideology known as SocialismSocialism


Big Picture continued:Big Picture continued: As the nature of what it is to work As the nature of what it is to work

changes, the role of the worker in changes, the role of the worker in society will change as well.society will change as well.

As the laborer gets farther and As the laborer gets farther and farther away from what he/she farther away from what he/she produces, he/she will become more a produces, he/she will become more a product than a producer.product than a producer.


Revolution in AgricultureRevolution in Agriculture Improved methods of farming.Improved methods of farming.

Rotating crops: vary the type of crop that is Rotating crops: vary the type of crop that is planted planted

Enclosure movement: larger farms = greater Enclosure movement: larger farms = greater output, but displaces many farmersoutput, but displaces many farmers

Both will help to facilitate a rise in populationBoth will help to facilitate a rise in population Population increase in the 1600-1700Population increase in the 1600-1700’’ss

More people = more available laborMore people = more available labor


Energy RevolutionEnergy Revolution Water power meant a constant source Water power meant a constant source

of power to of power to ““replacereplace”” human labor human labor Eventually, the invention of the steam Eventually, the invention of the steam

engine would revolutionize the growing engine would revolutionize the growing factory system.factory system.

Steam power allowed pumps to clear Steam power allowed pumps to clear coal mines of excess water, thereby coal mines of excess water, thereby making mining more efficient. making mining more efficient.


Great Britain takes the lead…Why?Great Britain takes the lead…Why? Natural resourcesNatural resources Human resources (labor)Human resources (labor) Greater technology (inventions and Greater technology (inventions and

inventorsinventors Greater availability of capital (finances)Greater availability of capital (finances) Population growth = increased demand.Population growth = increased demand. Stable Government and powerful navyStable Government and powerful navy


Changes in IndustryChanges in Industry Inventions in the textile industry changed the Inventions in the textile industry changed the

way that cloth and clothing were madeway that cloth and clothing were made As production increased, the location of the As production increased, the location of the

work changed from the farmhouse to the work changed from the farmhouse to the factoryfactory

As the system became more mechanized, the As the system became more mechanized, the labor connected with it became more labor connected with it became more specialized; this is known as the division of specialized; this is known as the division of labor.labor.

As labor is divided more, what people do As labor is divided more, what people do becomes more specialized, and less becomes more specialized, and less complicated. This is not a good thing!complicated. This is not a good thing!


The idea is this…The idea is this… Once labor become divided, the skill needed to Once labor become divided, the skill needed to

make anything becomes more basicmake anything becomes more basic It is not like the times of the guilds, where a It is not like the times of the guilds, where a

worker learned every part of a tradeworker learned every part of a trade Now, if you learn just how to operate a power Now, if you learn just how to operate a power

loom, or a loom, or a ““water framewater frame”” your skill and your your skill and your importance become less a part of the processimportance become less a part of the process

You become less valuable, therefore the You become less valuable, therefore the payment payment for your labor becomes for your labor becomes lessless as well. as well.


Since your labor is needed, but your Since your labor is needed, but your intellectual powerintellectual power is is notnot, pretty much , pretty much anyone, including very young children can anyone, including very young children can become part of the manufacturing process.become part of the manufacturing process.

Also, remember there is a great movement Also, remember there is a great movement known as known as laissez-fairelaissez-faire, which called for no , which called for no government intervention in the business of government intervention in the business of business.business.

This will mean that Big Business will be This will mean that Big Business will be able to operate with little control, and that able to operate with little control, and that always means that the workers will be always means that the workers will be exploited.exploited.


We have larger and larger factories being We have larger and larger factories being builtbuilt

Since machines can do the bulk of the Since machines can do the bulk of the work, and have to be managed by a work, and have to be managed by a laborer, the work day can be as long as laborer, the work day can be as long as the factory owner determines itthe factory owner determines it

Since labor is unskilled, anybody can be Since labor is unskilled, anybody can be trained, and anybody can be hired if as trained, and anybody can be hired if as person gets injured, is dissatisfied, or dies person gets injured, is dissatisfied, or dies on the job.on the job.


What does not exist is:What does not exist is: A minimum wageA minimum wage Factory InsuranceFactory Insurance Unemployment insuranceUnemployment insurance Job safety standardsJob safety standards Retirement plansRetirement plans Child Labor lawsChild Labor laws Schooling for workersSchooling for workers


All of these conditions lead to the creation All of these conditions lead to the creation of what Karl Marx will call the of what Karl Marx will call the ProletariatProletariat

The difference between the proletariat The difference between the proletariat and earlier workers is that the and earlier workers is that the proletariatproletariat Is defined only by the Is defined only by the laborlabor that it producesthat it produces Is worth only what the manufacturer is willing Is worth only what the manufacturer is willing

to payto pay Is Is chained to their laborchained to their labor like a slave is chained like a slave is chained Must work in order to survive, because they Must work in order to survive, because they

are trapped in the cities.are trapped in the cities.


As cities grow..As cities grow.. PovertyPoverty increases increases SanitationSanitation issues become life and death issues become life and death CrimeCrime increases increases The family unit becomes smaller; The family unit becomes smaller; no no

more extended familiesmore extended families PollutionPollution chokes the air and fouls the chokes the air and fouls the

waterwater


All of this is seen as All of this is seen as progressprogress, because , because there is no voice of the peoplethere is no voice of the people

The English Government favors the The English Government favors the factory factory systemsystem because it brings great sums of because it brings great sums of money to the country, and increases the money to the country, and increases the tax basetax base..

Also, the government has always been in Also, the government has always been in favor of the large landholders; now they favor of the large landholders; now they begin to favor the factory owners as wellbegin to favor the factory owners as well

Liberals believe in big business, and Liberals believe in big business, and what what is good for the business is good for the countryis good for the business is good for the country


New Methods of thinking, and how they New Methods of thinking, and how they are part of the changing economic are part of the changing economic climate: climate: Classical Economists.Classical Economists.

Adam Smith: we remember him from the Adam Smith: we remember him from the Enlightenment.Enlightenment. Promotes Promotes Laissez FaireLaissez Faire economics economics Let the market determine prices,wages, Let the market determine prices,wages,

supply and demand will drive all facets of the supply and demand will drive all facets of the manufacturing processmanufacturing process

No more small guilds, or controls on prices or wagesNo more small guilds, or controls on prices or wages


Thomas Malthus:Thomas Malthus: Population grows at a Population grows at a geometric rategeometric rate

2 2 44 6 6 8 8 Food production grows Food production grows arithmeticallyarithmetically

11 22 33 44 Obviously, food shortages will occur, leading Obviously, food shortages will occur, leading

to famine,which will help to keep population to famine,which will help to keep population downdown

As population increases, that means that the poor will sufferAs population increases, that means that the poor will suffer

Do Now: 2.6.04Do Now: 2.6.04

Quiz #5.Quiz #5. List four advantages workers have now List four advantages workers have now

over workers in the 19over workers in the 19thth century century What are four negatives effects of What are four negatives effects of

urbanizationurbanization What are three What are three differencesdifferences between between

the new class of worker, the the new class of worker, the ProletariatProletariat, and previous workers?, and previous workers?

Explain the concept of Explain the concept of ““division of labordivision of labor””

Homework #4: Due Monday Homework #4: Due Monday 2.9.042.9.04

Complete taking notes on your Complete taking notes on your primary documentsprimary documents

Compose an introductory paragraph Compose an introductory paragraph and your first body paragraph for and your first body paragraph for your vacation essayyour vacation essay

You paragraphs will be handed in.You paragraphs will be handed in. You will be quizzed on your notes You will be quizzed on your notes

(#6)(#6)


David Ricardo: Iron Law of WagesDavid Ricardo: Iron Law of Wages WagesWages are are highhigh when population is when population is lowlow (fewer (fewer

available workers)available workers) Population increasesPopulation increases because wages are high ( because wages are high (more more

children can be supported)children can be supported) As Population gets too great, As Population gets too great, wages are droppedwages are dropped

(more labor = lower wages…competition!)(more labor = lower wages…competition!) Population will then decreasePopulation will then decrease again, and wages will again, and wages will

then then increaseincrease.. This cycle will continue foreverThis cycle will continue forever The only solution is to convince the poor to The only solution is to convince the poor to

have less childrenhave less children


People begin to examine society,and People begin to examine society,and imagine what could be done to imagine what could be done to improve improve societysociety

These people are called These people are called socialistssocialists Socialists dreamed of Socialists dreamed of separate communitiesseparate communities

that would improve the conditions of the that would improve the conditions of the common working man.common working man.

These perfect plans were referred to as These perfect plans were referred to as ““Utopian SocialistsUtopian Socialists””


Some Utopians called for a better working Some Utopians called for a better working conditions (Robert Owen)conditions (Robert Owen)

Others called for a more agrarian Society Others called for a more agrarian Society (Charles Fourier)(Charles Fourier)

The most famous of the Socialists was The most famous of the Socialists was Karl Marx, and he had something very Karl Marx, and he had something very different in minddifferent in mind

Marx believed that to simply try and Marx believed that to simply try and separate from society was not the answer.separate from society was not the answer.

Hence, these Utopian Socialists were not Hence, these Utopian Socialists were not addressing the issue.addressing the issue.


Marxism, or Marxism, or Scientific SocialismScientific Socialism…… For Marx, all For Marx, all historyhistory is the result of is the result of

struggle between the classesstruggle between the classes Simply put, the constant struggle Simply put, the constant struggle

between the rich and the poor is between the rich and the poor is responsible for all of history and responsible for all of history and changechange

LetLet’’s look at History in a more visual s look at History in a more visual way. way.


Hegel, a predecessor of Marx, saw history as Hegel, a predecessor of Marx, saw history as a a dialecticdialectic. This can be demonstrated in the . This can be demonstrated in the following manner:following manner:

Any change in history is a result of this Any change in history is a result of this process:process:

ThesisThesis: the Dominant ideas of a time period: the Dominant ideas of a time period AntithesisAntithesis: ideas in conflict with the thesis: ideas in conflict with the thesis SynthesisSynthesis: the blending of thesis and : the blending of thesis and

Antithesis. Antithesis. Synthesis becomes the new age, and becomes Synthesis becomes the new age, and becomes

the new Thesis. the new Thesis. This process repeated foreverThis process repeated forever


For Marx, history can be looked at For Marx, history can be looked at scientificallyscientifically..

Class struggle will always bring a change, Class struggle will always bring a change, and that change will bring another.and that change will bring another.

Think of a wave hitting the shore.Think of a wave hitting the shore. When it crashes and then flows back to When it crashes and then flows back to

the sea, another wave crashes on top of it.the sea, another wave crashes on top of it. The waves are The waves are blended togetherblended together,and that is ,and that is

the same for historical periods. the same for historical periods.


More on Marx.More on Marx. Because of Industrialism, Marx believed Because of Industrialism, Marx believed

that there were only that there were only two groupstwo groups in society: in society: BourgeoisieBourgeoisie: Wealthy owners of the means : Wealthy owners of the means

of production (things that produce)of production (things that produce) ProletariatProletariat: The working class that has to : The working class that has to

answer to the Bourgeoisie. (cheap answer to the Bourgeoisie. (cheap labor)labor)


Because the Bourgeoisie's only Because the Bourgeoisie's only purposepurpose was to make more money, they would was to make more money, they would always always make the proletariat poorer and poorermake the proletariat poorer and poorer..

Eventually, the Proletariat would rise Eventually, the Proletariat would rise up against the bourgeoisie,and take up against the bourgeoisie,and take over the means of Production over the means of Production (factories etc…) (factories etc…)

All wealth would be shared in All wealth would be shared in common.common.

This is the This is the dictatorship of the Proletariatdictatorship of the Proletariat


Once the Bourgeoisie was eliminated, Once the Bourgeoisie was eliminated, there would only be there would only be one classone class, and that , and that class was the Proletariat.class was the Proletariat.

History, History, the history of class struggle wouldthe history of class struggle would end, and there would be, finally, a perfect end, and there would be, finally, a perfect society on earth: a true utopia.society on earth: a true utopia.

This Utopia was different from the This Utopia was different from the Utopias talked about by other socialists, Utopias talked about by other socialists, because it was not separate from society, because it was not separate from society, it was society! it was society!


Unfortunately, this Proletarian Unfortunately, this Proletarian revolution never actually happens. revolution never actually happens.

Leaders are needed for this type of Leaders are needed for this type of revolt, and that means that it really revolt, and that means that it really wouldnwouldn’’t come from the people.t come from the people.

Further, lack of education and the Further, lack of education and the need to work and eat cannot be need to work and eat cannot be ignored as road blocks to ignored as road blocks to Revolution. Revolution.


We will, of course, see the system of We will, of course, see the system of communism develop, but it was a far communism develop, but it was a far cry from the pure socialism that cry from the pure socialism that Marx called for.Marx called for.

As divisions between that As divisions between that ““haveshaves”” and the and the ““have-nothave-not’’ss”” continue today, continue today, you have to wonder if Marx was not you have to wonder if Marx was not on to something.on to something.

Documents

Industrialism and Socialism Big Picture: Big Picture: We see Europe change from an agrarian (farming) Economy to a more industrial economy We see Europe