The The Industrial Industrial RevolutionRevolution

Mrs. McKennaMrs. McKenna

The Industrial Revolution is when people stopped making stuff at

home and started making stuff in factories!

Standard: WHII.9 The student will demonstrate knowledge of the effects of the Industrial Revolution during the 19th century by:

– citing scientific, technological, and industrial developments and explaining how they brought about urbanization and social and environmental changes

– explaining the emergence of capitalism as a dominant economic pattern, and the subsequent development of socialism and communism

– describing the evolution of the nature of work and the labor force, including its effects on families, the status of women and children, the slave trade, and the labor union movement

The Industrial Revolution was a period from the 18th to the 19th century where major changes in agriculture, manufacturing, mining, transportation, and technology had a profound effect on the socioeconomic and cultural conditions of the times

Industrialization: a shift from an agricultural (farming) economy to one based on industry (manufacturing/machines)

Key TermsKey Terms Industrialization – a shift from an agricultural

economy (farming) to one based on industry (manufacturing)

Manufacturing – the use of machines, tools, and labor to make things for use or sale

Rural – farming or country life; villages (sparsely populated)

Urban – city life (densely populated) Urbanization – the movement of people to cities Tenement – a substandard, multi-family dwelling;

usually old and occupied by the poor Free market – a market in which there is no

economic intervention and regulation by the state (govt)

Capitalism – private ownership of means of production

Socialism – society (not the individual) owns and operates the means of production (“the greatest happiness for the greatest number”)

Introduction:http://www.youtube.com/watch?

v=3Efq-aNBkvc (3:31)

Turning Points in Turning Points in History: Industrial History: Industrial

RevolutionRevolution

Preview: Preview: Reading & QuestionsReading & Questions

As a quick preview to the Industrial Revolution, read the overview and answer the questions that follow

Pre-Industrial RevolutionPre-Industrial Revolution

Village lifeVillage life: families : families were nearly self-were nearly self-sufficientsufficient

Most villagers were Most villagers were farmersfarmers

Cottage IndustryCottage Industry: : system for making system for making cloth before machines cloth before machines (women by hand and (women by hand and worked from home)worked from home)

Industrial Revolution Begins In Industrial Revolution Begins In Great BritainGreat Britain

Stable GovernmentStable Government No warsNo wars Had capital (money) to invest in Had capital (money) to invest in

businessesbusinesses Had overseas markets (colonial empire)Had overseas markets (colonial empire)

Natural ResourcesNatural Resources Coal (energy for machines)Coal (energy for machines) Iron ore (for tools)Iron ore (for tools) Large network of rivers to move Large network of rivers to move

productsproducts

Labor SupplyLabor Supply Growing populationGrowing population Ready workforceReady workforce

New TechnologyNew Technology Invention and improvement of steam Invention and improvement of steam

engineengine

Industrial Revolution Spreads to Europe and the United

States

The Enclosure MovementThe Enclosure Movement The process of taking

over and consolidating land formerly shared by peasant farmers

Landowners gained:– More land for crops– Increased output &

profits Laborers lost:

– Forced off their lands– Moved to growing cities

Enclosure One Thing Led to Enclosure One Thing Led to AnotherAnother

Farmers gained pasture land for animals

Raised more sheep Wool output increased

Larger fields Able to cultivate product more efficiently Farm out-put increased Profits rose

Land Enclosure in Land Enclosure in EnglandEngland

Causes of the Industrial Causes of the Industrial RevolutionRevolution

Agricultural Revolution – improved the quality and quantity of food – Farmers mixed different kinds of soil or tried new crop

rotation to get higher yields– This led to a surplus of food = fewer people died from

hunger = rapid growth in population

Rich landowners pushed ahead with enclosure: the process of taking over and consolidating land once shared by peasant farmers (farm output and profits rose)

New technologies and new sources of energy and materials (e.g., James Watt’s steam engine became a key source of power)

Rapid Population GrowthRapid Population Growth

Population of Britain in 1750 6 million

Population of Britain in 1851 21 million

Population of London in 1750 500,000

Population of London in 1851 3 million

Families in agriculture in 1750 65% of population

Families in agriculture in 1851 25% of population

Causes•_____________________________•_____________________________•_____________________________•_____________________________

The Industrial Revolution

Effects________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________

When we get to the end of this lesson, we will complete a ‘Causes & Effects of the Industrial Revolution’ Graphic Organizer

Push Factors:Push Factors:Where did all the people goWhere did all the people go??

Fewer workers needed on the land

Farmers forced off their land

Villages shrank

Cities grew – and GREW!!

Over London by Rail Gustave Doré c. 1870. Shows the densely populated and polluted environments created in the new industrial cities

• Urbanization: the movement of people to cities

• Changes in farming, soaring population, and an increase in demand for workers led people to move from farms to the cities to work in factories

• Small towns near natural resources and cities near factories boomed instantly

Urbanization

Migration to CitiesMigration to Cities

Growth of IndustryGrowth of Industry

Growth of Growth of factoriesfactories– As demand for cloth As demand for cloth

grew, inventors came grew, inventors came up with new machines up with new machines (e.g., flying shuttle, (e.g., flying shuttle, spinning jenny)spinning jenny)

– To house these new To house these new machines, machines, manufacturers built the manufacturers built the first factoriesfirst factories

– New machines and New machines and factories increased factories increased productionproduction

– By the 1850s, factories By the 1850s, factories began to be powered began to be powered byby coal coal andand steam steam enginesengines

First Major Industry to First Major Industry to FormForm

TEXTILE!

Machines: reduced the amount of time and

work needed to produce yarn, which

1) increased productivity

2) decreased prices

Textile Factory Workers in England

Textile Factory Workers in England1813 2400 looms 150, 000 workers

1833 85, 000 looms 200, 000 workers

1850 224, 000 looms >1 million workers

Technological Advances that Technological Advances that Produced the Industrial Produced the Industrial

RevolutionRevolution

Spinning Jenny: James Hargreaves Steam Engine: James Watt Cotton Gin: Eli Whitney Process for making Steel: Henry

Bessemer

Spinning Jenny: 1764Spinning Jenny: 1764 Invented by James

Hargreaves

At the time, cotton production could not keep up with demand

This machine spun many threads at the same time, thus reducing the amount of work needed to produce yarn (increased productivity = produced yarn quickly)

Modern Steam Engine: 1763-Modern Steam Engine: 1763-17751775

Improved by James Watt

Offered a dramatic increase in fuel efficiency

Could be used to drive many different types of machinery (by the 1850s, most factories were powered by the steam engine)

Increased the demand for coal to heat the water to produce steam (and the need for coal miners)

Cotton Gin: 1793Cotton Gin: 1793 Invented by Eli Whitney to mechanize the

cleaning of cotton

A machine that quickly and easily separates the cotton fibers from the seeds, a job previously done by hand; the seeds are then used to grow more cotton

Led to the demand for more slaves

(Henry) Bessemer Process (Henry) Bessemer Process for the Manufacture of for the Manufacture of

Steel: 1856Steel: 1856 Bessemer process involved

using oxygen in air blown through molten pig iron to burn off the impurities and thus create steel

Lowered the cost of steel production, leading to steel being widely substituted for cast iron

Steel used for the production of guns and railway structures such as bridges and tracks

Technology The Industrial Revolution was built on

rapid advances in technology Which of these three inventions most

changed the way that raw materials, goods, and people moved?

The Impact of the Railroad

The Impact of the Railroad

•Transportation innovation that most changed the way raw materials, goods, and people moved

•Allowed communication and trade between places previously deemed too far

Where employees worked Major change from agriculture and cottage industry (working at

home) Had to leave home to work (travel to cities)

Life in factory towns Towns grew up around factories and coal mines Pollution, poor sanitation, no health codes = sickness Rapid population growth Poor lived in crowded tiny rooms in tenements (multistory buildings

divided into apartments)

Working in a factory No safety codes = dangerous work for all Poor factory conditions (e.g., no heat or a/c, dirty, smelly, cramped) Long workdays (12-14 hours) Little pay (men compete with women and children for wages) Child labor = kept costs of production low and profits high Mind-numbing monotony (doing the same thing all day every day) Owners of mines and factories exercised control over lives of

laborers

Factories and Factory Factories and Factory TownsTowns

Conditions in Conditions in FactoriesFactories

Dirty

Cramped spaces

Monotony

Dangerous

Machinery

Young women in the textile mills of Massachusetts died at an average

age of 26, constantly inhaling cotton dust, working long hours in

unventilated rooms lit by oil lamps

Testimonials on Testimonials on Labor ConditionsLabor Conditions

Testimony of William Cooper, a witness before the Sadler Commission in 1832

Child Labor•Young children

•Long hours, little pay

•Poor treatment

•Dangerous conditions

Children of the Industrial Revolution

Video:http://www.youtube.com/watch?

v=kfuUoINOU5I&feature=fvwrel (Music 6:00)http://www.youtube.com/watch?

v=7cK6Q4bdKfM&feature=related (Documentary 9:58)

Pictures:http://www.historyplace.com/unitedstates/

childlabor/

Testimony from Testimony from Child Labor in the MinesChild Labor in the Mines

The Ashley Mines Investigation of 1842– Children: James Pearce (12), William

Drury (10), and Patience Kershaw (17)– Mine Manager: Edward Potter– Mine Owner: William Newbould

Life in Factory TownsLife in Factory Towns

Cramped Tenements

Pollution

Poor Sanitation

Rapid Population Growth

HousingHousingTenement = a substandard,

multi-family dwelling, usually old and occupied by the poor

Built cheaply Multiple stories No running water No toilet Sewer down the middle of street Trash thrown out into street Crowded (5+ people living in

one room) Breeding grounds for diseases Pollution from factory smoke

The factory system changed the world of work…

Mass Production = the production of large amounts of standardized products, especially on assembly lines

• Mass production began in U.S.

• Elements:

– Interchangeable parts

– Assembly line

• Production and repair faster and more efficient

Mass Production• Dramatic increase in

production

• Businesses charged less

• Affordable goods

• More repetitious jobs

• Soon became norm

Effects

Factories and Mass Factories and Mass ProductionProduction

Assembly LineAssembly Line

Workers on an assembly line add parts to a product that moves along the belt from one work station to the next

A different person performs each task along the assembly line

This division of labor made production faster, easier, and cheaper, thus lowering the price of goods

First Assembly Line:First Assembly Line:Henry Ford - AutomobilesHenry Ford - Automobiles

Rise of Labor UnionsRise of Labor Unions Encouraged worker-

organized strikes to demand increased wages and improved working conditions

Lobbied for laws to improve the lives of workers, including women and children

Wanted workers’ rights and collective bargaining between labor and management

The JungleThe JungleUpton Sinclair

– Written in 1906 to point out the troubles of the working class and the corruption of the American meatpacking industry in the early 20th Century

– Depicts poverty, absence of social programs, unpleasant living and working conditions, and hopelessness prevalent among the working class, which is contrasted with the deeply-rooted corruption of those in power

The JungleThe Jungle

Jurgis Rudkus: http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=kHF_BWfSPik (2:46)

Documentary: http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=M1aZbqjBF7A&feature=related (9:52)

The JungleThe Jungle

Your Job: – Read ‘ Extra: Sinclair’s The Jungle Turns

100’– Answer the Comprehension Questions

Legislation Resulting from Legislation Resulting from The The JungleJungle

Meat Inspection Act of 1906 (sanitary standards)

Pure Food and Drug Act (food and drug tests, labels on food products)

Extension ActivityExtension Activity

Your Job: Pretend that you are one of the following people working in a factory during the Industrial Revolution:– 12-year old boy/girl– Mother of four with no husband to support the

family– Immigrant father from Lithuania

Research the living conditions and working conditions that you faced during the Industrial Revolution

Write a 2-page journal entry depicting your struggles, fears, frustrations, and hopes for the future

Consider these issues when Consider these issues when writing your journal entry:writing your journal entry:Growth of cities and migration

Living conditions: no safety codes

Working conditions: unfair labor practices

Class tensions: the

rise of the middle class

Large Gaps between Rich & Poor

The “HAVES”Bourgeois Life Thrived on

the Luxuries of the Industrial Revolution

The “HAVE-NOTS”The Poor, The Over-Worked,

and the Destitute

“Upstairs”/“Downstairs” Life

“Upstairs”/“Downstairs” Life

New Ways of Thinking:New Ways of Thinking:Economic PatternsEconomic Patterns

Capitalism vs. SocialismCapitalism vs. Socialism

CapitalismCapitalism

Economic system in which the means of production are privately owned and operated for a private profit

Free-market economy: decisions regarding supply, demand, price, distribution, and investments are made by private actors

Profit goes to owners who invest in the business

Wages are paid to workers employed by companies and businesses

Stereotype of the Factory Owner

Stereotype of the Factory Owner

The Socialists: Utopians & Marxists The Socialists: Utopians & Marxists

People as a People as a societysociety would operate and own would operate and own thethemeans of production, not individualsmeans of production, not individuals

Their goal was a society that Their goal was a society that benefitedbenefited everyone, not just a rich, well-connected few everyone, not just a rich, well-connected few (no rich or poor)(no rich or poor)

Tried to build perfect communities [utopias]Tried to build perfect communities [utopias]

Karl Marx: CommunismKarl Marx: Communism

Wrote: The Communist Manifesto, 1848

A response to the injustices of capitalism; argued that capitalism would produce internal tensions which would lead to its destruction

Communism = a political philosophy that aims for a classless and stateless society structured upon common ownership of the means of production and an end to private property

“Class struggle between employers and employees is inevitable. Instead of capitalism with its emphasis

on greediness and selfishness, the new society ruled by the proletariat (working class) will ensure social,

economic, and political equality for everyone.”

Capitalism vs. CommunismCapitalism vs. Communism

Capitalism: – an economic and social system in

which capital

is privately owned– labor, goods and capital are

traded in markets; and – profits distributed to owners

or invested in technologies and industries.

Communism: – a social structure in which

classes are abolished – property is commonly

controlled– A dictatorship of the workers

Capitalism “Re-Definitions”

Communism “Re-Definitions”

Effects of the Effects of the Industrial RevolutionIndustrial Revolution

How did industrialization How did industrialization change the way of life?change the way of life?

Changes brought byindustrialization

Cities

Living Conditions Working Conditions

Class Tensions

Factories

Population ↑

No safety codes

SicknessLong hours,

Little payDangerousconditions

Large gaps between the

rich and the poor

The rise of themiddle class

Positive EffectsPositive Effects Increased world Increased world productivityproductivity

Growth of Growth of railroadsrailroads (faster and (faster and more efficient transportation more efficient transportation of goods and people)of goods and people)

New New entrepreneursentrepreneurs emerged emerged (more money = more (more money = more technology/inventions)technology/inventions)

New inventions New inventions improved improved quality of lifequality of life for many for many

Labor eventually organized Labor eventually organized ((unionsunions) to improve working ) to improve working conditionsconditions

LawsLaws were enacted to enforce were enacted to enforce health and safety codes in health and safety codes in cities and factoriescities and factories

New opportunities for New opportunities for womenwomen

Rise of the Rise of the middle classmiddle class – size, – size, power, and wealth expandedpower, and wealth expanded

Social structure becomes more Social structure becomes more flexibleflexible

Negative Negative Effects: Factory Effects: Factory

LifeLife

Child laborChild labor used in used in factories & minesfactories & mines

Miserable (dirty, cramped) Miserable (dirty, cramped) and and dangerousdangerous (fingers, (fingers, limbs, & lives lost) limbs, & lives lost) working working conditionsconditions

MonotonousMonotonous work with work with heavy, noisy, repetitive heavy, noisy, repetitive machinery machinery

Long working hoursLong working hours – six – six days a week, with little paydays a week, with little pay

Rigid schedulesRigid schedules ruled each ruled each dayday

Gas, candle & oil lamps Gas, candle & oil lamps created soot and smoke in created soot and smoke in factoriesfactories

DiseasesDiseases such as such as pneumonia & tuberculosis pneumonia & tuberculosis spread through factoriesspread through factories

Negative Effects: Negative Effects: Labor Practices & Labor Practices &

Housing IssuesHousing Issues

Labor unrest leads to Labor unrest leads to demonstrationsdemonstrations (sometimes (sometimes violent)violent)

StrikesStrikes take place take place

Women were Women were paid lesspaid less than than men (were actually men (were actually preferred)preferred)

Indentured workersIndentured workers

Employers had a more Employers had a more impersonal relationship with impersonal relationship with employeesemployees

TenementTenement housing was housing was poorly constructed, poorly constructed, crowded, and coldcrowded, and cold

Human and industrial Human and industrial wastewaste contaminatedcontaminated water water supplies – typhoid and supplies – typhoid and cholera spreadcholera spread

Summary: Social EffectsSummary: Social Effects Increase in Increase in population population ofof cities cities WomenWomen and and childrenchildren enter the workplace as enter the workplace as cheap cheap

laborlabor Rise of Rise of labor unionslabor unions Introduction of Introduction of reformsreforms

– Laws to protect children in the workplaceLaws to protect children in the workplace– Minimum wage and maximum hour lawsMinimum wage and maximum hour laws– Federal safety and health standardsFederal safety and health standards

Growth of the Growth of the middle classmiddle class IncreasedIncreased productionproduction and and higher demandhigher demand for raw for raw

materials = growth of materials = growth of worldwide trade worldwide trade and and expansion ofexpansion of imperialism imperialism

Expansion of Expansion of educationeducation Women’s increased demands for Women’s increased demands for suffragesuffrage

Causes•_____________________________•_____________________________•_____________________________•_____________________________

The Industrial Revolution

Effects________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________

Directions: Directions: Complete the ‘Causes & Effects of the Industrial Revolution’ Complete the ‘Causes & Effects of the Industrial Revolution’

Graphic Organizer, identifying Graphic Organizer, identifying at leastat least 3 causes and 3 effects 3 causes and 3 effects

Individual Assignment

Select two effects of the Industrial Revolution that you believe were the most significant (ONE positive effect and ONE negative effect)

Write 3-4 paragraphs answering the following questions:– How did the nature of work and the labor

force evolve from pre-Industrial times through the Industrial Revolution?

– What were the two most significant effects of the Industrial Revolution and why?

Advantages of the Industrial Advantages of the Industrial RevolutionRevolution

– Goods were able to be produced much more cheaply

– There were greater job opportunities – There was an increase in wealth and in general

quality of life – An independent urban manufacturing business

force arose – New inventions and innovations occurred;

information spread, making the world “smaller”– Spurred the rise of large cities