THE IMPLEMENTATION OF SDGS GOAL 15 TARGET

2 IN INDONESIA: THE PRACTICE OF SUSTAINABLE

DEVELOPMENT IN RIAU PROVINCE (2015 – 2017)

By:

Muttaqin

016201400110

A Thesis presented to the Faculty of Humanities President University

in partial fulfillment of the requirements for Bachelor Degree in

International Relations Major in Diplomacy

2018

i

THESIS ADVISER RECOMMENDATION LETTER

ii

DECLARATION OF ORIGINALITY

iii

PANEL OF EXAMINER APPROVAL SHEET

iv

ABSTRACT

Muttaqin, International Relations 2014, President University

Thesis title: The Implementation of SDGs Goal 15 Target 2 in Indonesia: The

Practice of Sustainable Development in Riau Province (2015 - 2017)

Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs) are an international commitment

whereby all countries within the United Nations (UN) framework contribute to

creating a world of equality and honorable. Environmental sustainability is one of

the goals in the SDGs. Deforestation and forest degradation as the main cause of

climate change that affects the environment must be stopped and prevented to

ensure environmental sustainability. The integration of the principles of

sustainable development into state policy in restoring natural resource damage is

the focus of the Indonesian government. Indonesia as one of the largest tropical

forest owners in the world that is rich in natural resources is very concerned about

the environment, therefore the International side is very concerned about the

sustainability of forests in Indonesia, especially in Riau province. Riau Province,

which has a second area and also as the biggest gas emitter and a pilot project for

the REDD + program makes the implementation of SDGs in Riau province is very

important in ensuring environmental sustainability. Implementation of SDGs

objective 15.2 through forest moratorium, National Action Plan for Greenhouse

Gas Reduction (RAN-GRK), Task Force on Reducing Deforestation and Forest

Degradation (REDD +), in Indonesia can be a positive momentum if implemented

properly. The purpose of this research is to explain how the implementation of

SDG goal 15.2 in Riau province. Based on the results of the research, many

challenges are found in implementation phases such as alignment within

government, awareness and understanding of those policies, and weak law

enforcement. Therefore, these challenges have resulted in insignificant progress in

ensuring environmental sustainability in Riau province.

Keywords : SDGs target 15.2, sustainable development, environmental

sustainability, the Indonesian government, Riau province, RAN-GRK, REDD +

Task Force.

v

ABSTRAK

Muttaqin, Hubungan Internasional 2014, Universitas Presiden

Judul: The Implementation of SDGs Goal 15 Target 2 in Indonesia: The

Practice of Sustainable Development in Riau Province (2015 - 2017)

Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs) adalah komitmen internasional dimana

semua negara di dalam kerangka Perserikatan Bangsa-Bangsa (PBB)

berkontribusi dalam menciptakan dunia yang setara dan terhormat. Kelestarian

lingkungan adalah salah satu tujuan di dalam SDGs. Deforestasi dan degradasi

hutan sebagai penyebab utama dari perubahan iklim yang berdampak terhadap

lingkungan harus dihentikan dan dicegah untuk memastikan kelestarian

lingkungan. Integrasi dari prinsip-prinsip perkembangan berkelanjutan ke dalam

kebijakan negara dalam mengembalikan kerusakan sumber daya alam adalah

focus dari pemerintah Indonesia. Indonesia sebagai salah satu pemilik hutan tropis

terluas di dunia yang kaya akan sumber daya alam sangat memperhatikan

lingkungan karenanya pihak Internasional sangat memerhatikan kelestarian hutan

di Indonesia terutama di provinsi Riau. Provinsi Riau yang mempunyai luas

wilayah kedua dan juga sebagai pengahasil emisi gas terbesar serta proyek

percobaan untuk program REDD+ menjadikan implementasi SDGs di provinsi

Riau sangatlah penting dalam memastikan kelestarian lingkungan. Implementasi

SDGs tujuan 15.2 melalui moratorium hutan, Rencana Aksi Nasional Penurunan

Gas Rumah Kaca (RAN-GRK), Satuan Tugas Pengurangan Deforestasi dan

Degradasi Hutan (REDD+), di Indonesia dapat menjadi momentum positif jika

diimplementasikan dengan baik. Tujuan dari penelitian ini adalah untuk

menjelaskan bagaimana implementasi dari SDGs tujuan 15.2 di provinsi Riau.

Berdasarkan hasil penelitian, banyak ditemukan tantangan dalam fase

implementasi seperti keselarasan di dalam pemerintah, kesadaran dan pengertian

dari kebijakan-kebijakan tersebut, dan lemahnya penegakan hukum. Oleh karena

itu, tantangan-tantangan ini telah menghasilkan perkembangan tidak signifikan

dalam memastikan kelestarian lingkungan di provinsi Riau.

Kata kunci: SDGs target 15.2, perkembangan berkelanjutan, kelestarian

lingkungan, pemerintah Indonesia, provinsi Riau, RAN-GRK, Satuan Tugas

REDD+.

vi

ACKNOWLEDGEMENT

Foremost, I would like to thankful to Allah S.W.T for giving me the

health, knowledge, ability and opportunity to finish this thesis and complete my

bachelor degree. Without his blessings, this achievement would not have been

possible.

First, I must express my very profound gratitude to my family, Ayah,

Bapak Amri A.Razi and Mamak, ibu Yusnidar, my brother Haqqul Mubin, my

sisters Mela Amnidar and Qahirah Zulfah for providing me with unfailing support

and continuous encouragement throughout my years of study and through the

process of researching and writing this thesis. This accomplishment would not

have been possible without them. Thank you.

Similarly, I would like to thank my thesis advisor Mr. Teuku Rezasyah,

Ph.D who consistently support and guide me in the process of writing this thesis.

Also, I would like to extend my gratitude to Mr. Bustanul Arifin,BA.IR.,MA., as

my second advisor, for all his constructive comments, valuable support, and close

follow-up which assisted me in finishing this thesis on time.

Finally, my acknowledgement would be incomplete without thanking

the best supporters of my life, Himpunan Aneuk Nanggroe President University

(HANAPU) members, Naga Hitam River Side (NHRS) members, President

University Futsal Club (PUFC) members, and all my friends in President

University.

vii

TABLE OF CONTENT

THESIS ADVISER RECOMMENDATION LETTER........................................... i

DECLARATION OF ORIGINALITY ................................................................... ii

PANEL OF EXAMINER APPROVAL SHEET .................................................... ii

ABSTRACT ........................................................................................................... iii

ABSTRAK .............................................................................................................. v

ACKNOWLEDGEMENT ..................................................................................... vi

TABLE OF CONTENT ........................................................................................ vii

LIST OF FIGURES AND TABLES ....................................................................... x

LIST OF ABBREVIATIONS ................................................................................ xi

CHAPTER I INTRODUCTION ............................................................................. 1

I.1 Background of Study...................................................................................... 1

1.2 Problem Identifications ................................................................................. 6

1.3 Statement of Problem .................................................................................... 9

1.4 Research Objectives ...................................................................................... 9

1.5 Significance of Study .................................................................................... 9

1.6 Theoretical Framework ................................................................................. 9

1.6.1 Liberal Institutionalism ......................................................................... 10

1.6.2 Environmentalism ................................................................................. 12

1.7 Scope and Limitations of Study .................................................................. 15

1.8 Thesis Structure ........................................................................................... 15

1.8.1 Chapter I (Background of Study).......................................................... 15

1.8.2 Chapter II (Literature Review) ............................................................. 15

1.8.3 Chapter III (Research Methodology) .................................................... 16

1.8.4 Chapter IV (Sustainable Development Goals and the Condition of

Indonesian Forest (2015-2017) ...................................................................... 16

1.8.5 Chapter V (The Implementation Sustainnable Development Goals

Target 15.2 in Riau Province 2015-2017) ..................................................... 16

1.8.6 Chapter VI (Conclusion) ....................................................................... 16

1.9 Definition of Term ....................................................................................... 16

CHAPTER II LITERATURE REVIEW ............................................................... 19

II.1 Review of Books and Journals.................................................................... 19

viii

II.2 Conclusion of the Chapter .......................................................................... 28

CHAPTER III RESEARCH METHODOLOGY ................................................. 29

III.1 Research Method ....................................................................................... 29

III.2 Research Framework ................................................................................. 30

III.3 Research Time and Place........................................................................... 31

III.4 Research Instruments................................................................................. 32

CHAPTER IV SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENT GOALS AND THE

INDONESIAN FOREST CONDITION (2015-2017) .......................................... 33

IV.1 Sustainable Development Goals................................................................ 34

IV.1.1 UN Summit Sustainable Development Goals 2015 ........................... 34

IV.1.2 Goal No.15 Target 2 ........................................................................... 41

IV.2 Deforestation in Indonesia ........................................................................ 46

IV.2.1 Definitions of Deforestation ............................................................... 46

IV.2.2 Forest Condition in Indonesia ................................................................ 49

IV.2.2.1 Riau Forest Conditions .................................................................... 53

CHAPTER V THE IMPLEMENTATION OF SUSTAINABLE

DEVELOPMENT GOALS 15 TARGET 2 IN RIAU PROVINCE (2015-2017) 58

V.1 The Integration of SDGs Goals 15 Target 2 into Indonesian Policy on

Forest Cover Area.............................................................................................. 58

V.1.1 National Action Plan for Reducing Greenhouse Gas Emissions (RAN-

GRK) .............................................................................................................. 58

V.1.2 Reducing Deforestation and Forest Degradation (REDD+) Task Force

....................................................................................................................... 62

V.2 The Implementation of Indonesian Policy on Forest Cover Area Issue in

Riau Province .................................................................................................... 68

V.2.1 The Implementation of RAN-GRK ..................................................... 70

V.2.2 The Implementation of REDD+ .......................................................... 76

CHAPTER VI CONCLUSION............................................................................. 80

BIBLIOGRAPHY ................................................................................................. 82

Books ................................................................................................................. 82

Journals, News, Articles .................................................................................... 82

Internet sources/website .................................................................................... 83

APPENDICES....................................................................................................... 89

ix

Success is normally found in the pile of mistakes.

x

LIST OF FIGURES AND TABLES

Chapter I

Figure I.1 Theoretical Framework...................................................................9

Chapter III

Table III.1 Research Timeframe……………………………………………..28

Chapter IV

Figure IV.1 Sustainable Development Goals………………………………….33

Figure IV.2 Hectares Burned by Land Type………………………………….43

Figure IV.3 Riau Province Forest Area……………………………………….49

Table IV.1 Forest Cover Area in Indonesia………………………………….46

Chapter V

Table V.1 National and Regional Action plan……………………………...56

Table V.2 Monitoring of REDD + conditions................................................72

xi

LIST OF ABBREVIATIONS

APBN : Anggaran Pendapatan Belanja Negara (Regional Government

Budget)

BAPPENAS : Badan Perencanaaan Pembangunan Nasional (Indonesian

Ministry of National Development Planning)

CIFOR : Center for International Forestry Research

CO2 : Carbon Dioxide

GHG : Greenhouse Gas

GOI : Government of Indonesia

KPH : Kesatuan Pengelolaan Hutan (Forest Management Unit)

KPHK : Kesatuan Pengelolaan Hutan Konservasi (Forest Management

Unit for Conservation Forest)

KPHL : Kesatuan Pengelolaan Hutan Lindung (Forest Management Unit

for Protected Forest)

KPHP : Forest Management Unit for Premier Forest (Kesatuan

Pengelolaan Hutan Primer)

MDGs : Millennium Development Goals

RAD MDGs : Pedoman Penyusunan Rencana Aksi Percepatan Pencapaian

Tujuan MDGs di Daerah (Regional Action Plan for Enhancing

Millennium Development Goals)

RAN-GRK : Rencana Aksi Nasional Penurunan Emisi Gas Rumah Kaca

(National Action Plan for Reducing Greenhouse Gas Emissions)

REDD : Reducing Deforestation and Forest Degradation

xii

RKP : Rencana Kerja Pemerintah (Annual Work Plans)

RPJMN : Rencana Pembangunan Jangka Menengah Nasional (National

Medium-Term Development Plans)

RPJPN : Rencana Pembangunan Jangka Panjang Nasional (Long-Term

Development Plans)

SDGs : Sustainable Development Goals

SBY : Susilo Bambang Yudhoyono

THP : Transboundary Haze Pollution

UN : United Nations

UNDP : United Nations Development Programme

UNHRC : United Nations Human Right Council

UNEP : United Nations Environment Programme

UNICEF : United Nations Children’s Fund

WALHI : Wahana Lingkungan Hidup (The Indonesian Forum for

Environment)

WRI : World Resources Institute

1

CHAPTER I

INTRODUCTION

I.1 Background of Study

Over the past 20 years, the condition of forests and peatlands in Riau

continues to be damaged due to deforestation and degradation. Both are

caused by the conversion of peat, subsidence, abrasion and intrusion of sea

water and forest and land fires.

Riau Province's hotspots are in 11 regencies and cities with an area of

4,044 million hectares. This area is equivalent to 56.1 percent of the peat area

on the island of Sumatra in good condition, critical, to very critical. But in

2012 there are 2.005 million Hectares remaining, where during the year 2012-

2013 there are 252,172 Hectares of natural forest destruction by land-based

business sector. If compared to the previous year, the damage of 188 million

Hectares. In 2013 forest and land in Riau remaining 1.7 million hectares or

live 19 percent of Riau plains area. 73.5 percent of the destruction occurred in

natural forests of peat that should have been protected.1

However one functions of the forest is as the lungs of the world,

meaning that forests can absorb carbon dioxide gas that is harmful to humans

and produce the oxygen gas that humans really need. Given the importance of

this one forest role, then we must be able to keep our forests. Try to imagine

if all our forest is destroyed, people will suffer from fresh air and clean water.

That why Indonesian government needs to implement SDGs, there are

a lot of relevant points of SDGs into National Medium Term Development

Plan (RPJMN). The Government of the Republic of Indonesia is committed to

1 Earth.esa.int. (2018). Riau Province Deforestation (Sumatra Island, Indonesia) - 20 Years of SAR

- Earth Watching - ESA. [online] Available at: https://earth.esa.int/web/earth-watching/20-years-

of-sar/-/asset_publisher/084v29WO4EeJ/content/riau-province-deforestation-sumatra-island-

indonesia [Accessed 14 Mar. 2018].

2

implementing the agenda of Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs) by

integrating 169 indicators of SDGs into RPJMN.2

Indonesia's efforts to implement the SDG's agenda build on the

experience of implementing the Millennium Development Goals (MDGs)

agenda. During the 15 years of implementation of the MDGs, Indonesia

achieved 49 of the 67 targeted indicators.

Head of Bappenas Bambang Brodjonegoro conveys the

implementation of the agenda SDGs become the first strategic step of national

development:

"For Indonesia, SDGs are not only relevant as a global

commitment, but also a guide to becoming a developed

country,"

As the successor of the previous global agreement of the MDGs or the

Millennium Development Goals, the United Nations (UN) in September 2015

launched SDGs or Sustainable Development Goals which is a global agenda

that continues the efforts and achievements of the previous global agenda of

the MDGs that have changed the face of the world 15 year to the better

world.3

SDGs are a new development agreement that encourages changes

towards sustainable development based on human rights and equity to

promote social, economic and environmental development. SDGs are

enforced with universal, integration and inclusive principles to ensure that no

one will be missed or "No-one Left Behind".

If previously the MDGs have 8 goals to be achieved by the global

community, among others; 1) Coping with poverty and hunger, 2) Achieving

universal primary education, 3) promoting gender equality and empowering

women, 4) reducing child mortality, 5) improving maternal health, 6)

2 UNDP (2015) KONVERGENSI AGENDA PEMBANGUNAN Nawa Cita, RPJMN, dan ‘SDGs'.

(2015). Jakarta: 2015, pp.5-6. 3 Sustainabledevelopment.un.org. (2017). SDGs .:. Sustainable Development Knowledge Platform.

[online] Available at: https://sustainabledevelopment.un.org/sdgs [Accessed 14 Dec. 2017].

3

combating HIV / AIDS, malaria and other infectious diseases, 7) Ensure the

carrying capacity of the environment, 8) Develop a global partnership for

development. SDs has 17 goals to be achieved by the world community,

among others; 1)No Poverty 2)Zero Hunger 3)Good Health and Well-being

4)Quality Education 5)Gender Equality 6)Clean Water and Sanitation

7)Affordable and Clean Energy 8)Decent Work and Economic Growth

9)Industry, Innovation and Infrastructure 10)Reduced Inequalities

11)Sustainable Cities and Communities 12)Responsible Consumption and

Production 13)Climate Action 14)Life Below Water 15)Life on Land

16)Peace, Justice and Strong Institutions 17)Partnerships for the Goals. And

this several goals are for better world in the future.4

This research focused to point number 15 which is Life and Land.

Target of this point is to protect, restore and promote the sustainable use of

terrestrial ecosystems, manage forests sustainably, combat forest clearance,

stop and reverse land degradation and stop biodiversity loss.5 Deforestation is

the process of removing natural forests by logging for timber harvesting or

converting forest land into non-forested land. Can also be caused by a forest

fire either intentionally or occurs naturally. Deforestation threatens the lives

of mankind and other living species. The greatest contribution to climate

change occurring today is the result of deforestation.6 Currently about 30% of

the land on the surface of the earth is still covered by forests. But the

depletion of forest area occurs at a very alarming rate. Every year an

estimated 12-15 million hectares of forest disappeared from the face of the

earth. This is equivalent to a forest loss of up to 36 football fields every

minute, If this continues to be left in less than 100 years the forest will

disappear from this earth.7

4 Sustainabledevelopment.un.org. (2017). SDGs .:. Sustainable Development Knowledge Platform.

[online] Available at: https://sustainabledevelopment.un.org/sdgs [Accessed 14 Dec. 2017]. 5 Ibid 6 Nationalgeographic.com. (2017). Deforestation and Its Effects on the Planet. [online] Available

at: https://www.nationalgeographic.com/environment/global-warming/deforestation/ [Accessed

Dec. 2017]. 7 Institute, W. (2017). Interactive Map | Global Forest Watch. [online] Globalforestwatch.org.

Available at:

4

Deforestation occurs both in temperate forests and in tropical

rainforests. It's just that today the world is very worried about the rate of

deforestation that occurs in tropical rainforests. This cannot be separated from

the monumental rain forest depreciation very large. While the forest serves as a

buffer of life on earth rich in biodiversity and become the largest reservoir of

carbon biomossa.

Countries that have tropical forests recorded significant deforestation.

These countries include Brazil, Indonesia, and the Democratic Republic of

Congo. Indonesia is a country with the most severe deforestation in the world.

When pulled back a century, Indonesia has lost 15.79 million hectares of

tropical forests. This area is almost a third of the country wide of Spain.8

Deforestation occurs because of land convergence for settlement,

infrastructure and timber harvesting for industries. In addition, there is also

land conversion for plantations, agriculture, livestock and mining. Based on

the records of WWF environmental organizations, the biggest factors causing

deforestation include: 9

1. Agricultural conversion. The increasingly swollen human

population needs an increasing supply of food. To meet that, the

new gardens for soy and sugar in Brazil were opened massively.

The demand for biofuels has also resulted in massive expansion

of oil palm plantations in Indonesia.

2. Illegal logging. Almost 50% of timber harvesting in natural

forests is illegal logging. Governments in various countries have

been trying to keep watch from timber harvesting to the sale.

But this has not been able to eradicate illegal logging effectively.

http://www.globalforestwatch.org/map/3/16.52/0.98/ALL/grayscale/loss/607,556,580,592?tab=ana

lysis-tab&begin=2001-01-01&end=2016-01-01&threshold=30&dont_analyze=true [Accessed 14

Dec. 2017]. 8 Davis, C. (2017). 9 Maps that Explain the World's Forests | World Resources Institute. [online]

Wri.org. Available at: https://www.wri.org/2014/02/9-maps-explain-worlds-forests [Accessed 14

Dec. 2017]. 9 Nationalgeographic.com. (2017). Deforestation and Its Effects on the Planet. [online] Available

at: https://www.nationalgeographic.com/environment/global-warming/deforestation/ [Accessed

Dec. 2017].

5

Tropical rainforests in Brazil, the Congo, Indonesia and Russia

are still the scene of illegal logging.

3. Forest fires. Millions of hectares of forest have disappeared due

to forest fires each year. Deforestation from forest fires is more

than deforestation due to agricultural conversion and illegal

logging. The losses caused by forest fires are also greater,

because of the potential to eliminate germplasm and direct

threats to humans, such as health problems, material loss, and

life.

4. The use of firewood. The use of wood for fuel worldwide is still

significant as one of the drivers of deforestation. Half of the

illegal logging practices are driven by firewood consumption.

The pressing need for conversion of forest land is exacerbated

by poor supervision and the methods used in managing forests.

Call it for example clearing land for agriculture and plantation.

There are still many who use the means by burning the forest.

This method is widely used in addition to its low cost, ash from

combustion will enrich the soil with a number of minerals needed by the plant.

Burning is also effective for eliminating weed disturbances such as grass seeds.

However, in practice, the method of clearing land with burning often leads to

uncontrolled forest fires. As a result, hundreds of thousands and even millions

of hectares of non-targeted forest are burned down.10

Moreover, about half of the fire warning points in Sumatra are located

on land managed by oil palm concessions, and timber concessions, according

to data from the Ministry of Forestry of the Republic of Indonesia. In addition,

some of the largest fire areas appear to occur in concessions owned by big

companies.

10 Nationalgeographic. (2010). Deforestation and Its Effect on the Planet. [online]

Nationalgeographic.com. Available at: https://www.nationalgeographic.com/

environment/global-warming/deforestation/ [Accessed 14 Mar. 2018].

6

The Riau Forest Rescue Network (Jikalahari) stated Riau forest cover

last year reached 1.64 million hectares or significantly reduced compared to

2013 with 2.05 million hectares.

This research focusing the implementations of SDGs trough REDD+

and RAN-GRK, both program are combination between international and local

action in handle the issues. The conversion of forests to agriculture, oil palm

plantations, and other forms of forest destruction is seen as a threat to

environmental sustainability by the government. Thus, policy is a step in

restoring environmental sustainability and building better governance and law

enforcement in stopping deforestation.

1.2 Problem Identifications

In early March 2014, forest and peat fires in the Riau province of

Sumatra, Indonesia, jumped to a point that has not been found since the

Southeast Asia haze crisis in June 2013. Nearly 50,000 people have

respiratory problems due to the haze, according to the Disaster Relief Agency

Indonesia. Satellite images pretty dramatically illustrate the amount of

pollutant fumes released into the atmosphere, which also contribute to climate

change. And also, several impacts of deforestation:11

1. Lost and damaged wildlife habitat

Forests and peatlands in Indonesia have a variety of wildlife that

live therein. Some forest areas in Indonesia are also National Park

areas that are also native and important habitat for a number of

protected species such as proboscis monkeys, sun bears, gibbons,

tiger boughs to orangutans. Forest fires and peatlands have a

direct negative impact on these animals so that their status is now

threatened with extinction. Forests and burning peatlands will also

not be recovered as they would, as it takes hundreds of years to

11 Sizer, N., Leach, A., Minnemeyer, S. and Higgins, M. (2017). Cite a Website - Cite This For

Me. [online] http://www.wri.org/blog/2014/04/preventing-forest-fires-indonesia-focus-riau-

province-peatland-and-illegal-burning [Accessed Dec 7 2017].

7

get the great trees and the natural biodiversity that is common in

tropical forests.

2. Increase the greenhouse gas emissions that cause climate change.

Peat and forest lands that are naturally a place to absorb excessive

atmospheric CO2 gases in the atmosphere have an important role

in controlling climate change. When peatlands and forests burn, it

will release carbon and other gas emissions into the air,

contributing to the global warming that is happening all over the

world.

3. Disrupt human health

Forest fires and peatlands cause air pollution and have a direct

impact on people living near forest areas either close to or who

live tens of kilometers from the fire location. Smoke can be

spread over tens of kilometers. Like last Riau forest fires which

resulted in increased number of deaths due to respiratory infection

and total of people exposed to smoke particles reached more than

55 thousand inhabitants and dozens of schools had to be closed

for a week.

4. Harm the country economically

Due to the smoke that disturbs the area around the forest location,

many human activities are disturbed to be forced to stop from

school to trade. Therefore, it also has a bad impact on the

economic rotation in the surrounding area, so that the loss. In

addition to the economy, the smoke that reaches the territory of

neighboring countries can also adversely affect Indonesia's

bilateral relations.

In the scientific journal Nature Climate Change, researchers Belinda

Margono and Hansen et al revealed the rate of deforestation in Indonesia 2000-

2012 reached 6.02 million hectares or an annual increase of 47.6 thousand

hectares. The study also estimates that by 2012 Indonesia will lose 840 thousand

8

hectares of natural forest or double the rate of deforestation in Brazil, which is

only 460 thousand hectares in the same year.12

The study also reveals the loss of forest cover also occurs in lowland

forests or 43 percent of total deforestation takes place in wetlands including peat.

If the average number is taken, then about 217 thousand hectares of Indonesia's

wetland forest is destroyed every year.

Deforestation in Riau has an impact on the surrounding environment such

as smoke thickening in Riau. Based on Terra and Aqua satellite monitoring on

October 12 there are 153 hotspots in South Sumatra and Riau hotspots are quite

large. Visibility in Pekanbaru is now only 500 meters.13

"Please immediately overcome the haze problem that annoys

residents every year, why the government seems so weak in law

enforcement because it will happen again." said Haryono citizen

Pekanbaru.14

By this conditions, Indonesian Government response immediately to

handle the issue through REDD+ and RAN-GRK to gain the purpose of

sustainable development goals.

However, in the process of implementation of the policy does not run

easily. There are many obstacles to be faced by the Government of Indonesia in

implementing this policy in achieving the target of SDGs 15.2. Maintain

synergy between central and regional development into SDG targeting 15.2.

The Government of Indonesia should add the spirit of SDG to the Regional

Development Plan and should be able to manage decentralization regulations

since regional autonomy is in place. Authorities and responsibilities between

central and local governments have reached the target of SDG 15.2.

12 Kodas, M. (2017). Palm Oil Production Poses Problems for the Climate. [online]

Climatecentral.org. Available at: http://www.climatecentral.org/news/palm-oil-production-climate-

18338 [Accessed 14 Dec. 2017]. 13 BBC News. (2017). Indonesia sees massive deforestation. [online] Available at:

http://www.bbc.com/news/world-asia-28084389 [Accessed 14 Dec. 2017]. 14 Ibid

9

1.3 Statement of Problem

Based on the preview of the Indonesian forest conditions, especially Riau

forest. Therefore, the author decides formulation of the problem in this

research is:

“How Did the implementations of SDGs Goal No.15 Target 2 by

Indonesian Government to solve Deforestation Issue in Riau Province

(2015-2017)? “

1.4 Research Objectives

The author believes that there are a series of objectives that must be

satisfied to set up a common ground on the specific issue, as follow:

To explain How Indonesian Government, solve, Deforestation in Riau in

year (2015-2017)

To explain the implementations of SDGs target 15.2 by Indonesian

government (2015-2017)

To explain the impact of deforestations especially in Riau province in

Indonesia.

1.5 Significance of Study

The author persuaded that this research will be contributive in

International Relations studies. This thesis could expectedly be:

Understanding the effort Indonesian government roles toward

deforestation in Riau

To provide deep understanding on the effort of Indonesia in fulfilling its

commitment on environmental sustainability trough SDGs target 15.2.

To provide the implementations of sustainable development goals toward

deforestation situation in Riau trough REDD+ and RAN-GRK

1.6 Theoretical Framework

In order to explain this research clearly, the author divide the theory in to

two theories that related to International Relations subject. In this research

10

there are several theories that applied liberal insttutionalism theory and

environmental theory.

1.6.1 Liberal Institutionalism

Liberal institutionalism has traditionally emphasized the need for

institutional arrangements to initiate and sustain cooperation among

states. The theory regenerated much interest in the capacity and

potential. The focus of this research is how United Nations and the

Indonesian Govenrment coorporate to solve environmental problem In

indonesia trough sustainable development goals target number 15.2.

This coorporations hopefully help evironmental issues in indonesia

especially in Riau province. And also in gaining mutual benefit

between the institutions and the Government of Indonesia.

A large part of the contribution of forest-based ecosystem services

to development goals and how deforestation can undermine the

achievement of this objective is undervalued.

Liberal Institutionalism

Environmentalism

The Government of Indonesia

REDD+ RAN-GRK

Figure I.1 Theoretical Framework

11

Despite the many efforts made to make forest goods and services

as a way to get rural people out of poverty, not many people notice

that deforestation is a major road to poverty itself. Conversion from

forests to other land uses has eliminated natural resource revenue and

reduced landscape toughness in the face of landslides, floods and other

natural disasters that could damage existing physical infrastructure

(SDG 11) while decreasing income for decades.15

Deforestation also affects agricultural productivity which is the

main weapon in fighting hunger (SDG 2).16 Reducing deforestation

can accelerate efforts to improve equity and accountability. Apart

from existing examples of the conservation and exploitation of forests

that have been left behind and endanger vulnerable communities, a

more progressive approach to forest protection can safeguard and even

increase their interests.17

An example is gender equality (SDG 5). Recognition of the value

of non-timber forest products as a source of income and

disproportionate employment for women, such as mixing and

processing of fruits, nuts and sap, can prevent unequal gender

inequality through more supportive interventions land and trees more

important for men.18

In a broader context, the action to reduce deforestation may be

consistent with improvements in governance and social justice (SDG

16). 19Through the national and international climate policy process

(REDD +), indigenous peoples whose presence is linked to the high

possibility of preserving forest cover and tropical forests in the region

that hold more than 20 percent of carbon, have been successful in

15 Wri-indonesia.org. (2011). Hutan dan Target Pembangunan Berkelanjutan (SDG) | WRI

Indonesia. [online] Available at: http://www.wri-indonesia.org/id/blog/hutan-dan-target-

pembangunan-berkelanjutan-sdg [Accessed 20 Mar. 2018]. 16 Ibid 17 Ibid 18 Ibid 19 Ibid

12

fighting for greater recognition of their rights. For example, the

Government of Indonesia has begun granting legal status to areas not

previously recognized.

Deforestation is often associated with corruption and abuses,

while successful efforts in dealing with deforestation depend on

increasing transparency and enforcement of the rule of law. Brazil's

success in reducing deforestation in the Amazon to about 80

percent from 2004-2014 is partly based on improving forest

monitoring technology by strengthening law enforcement against

illegal logging and supporting prosecution of unlawful government

officials. Deforestation is one of major environmental phenomenon

that’s happening on earth. International relations perceive

environmental sector as an important matter in today’s world.

Environmental problems harm the sustainability on earth and

jeopardize the stability of humankind life.20

1.6.2 Environmentalism

The environment becomes something of value in life in the

world. Environment becomes one of the factors of sustainability of

human life on earth. Therefore the environmentalism becomes one of

International Relations theory In order to maintain and preserve the

environment, emerging movements that can be called

environmentalism.21 Environmentalism is a broad social or ideological

movement that bases itself on environmental issues and improving

environmental health. A movement that controls the environment from

pollution and also for the preservation and protection of the diversity

of plants and animals through restoration or improvement of the

natural environment. In essence, environmentalism is an attempt made

20 Adiwinata, A., Rumboko, L. and Murniati, N. (2010). Rehabilitasi hutan di Indonesia. [online]

Cifor.org. Available at: http://www.cifor.org/publications/pdf_files/Books/BNawir0801Ina.pdf

[Accessed 20 Mar. 2018]. 21 DALBY, S. (2016). Environment and International Politics: Linking Humanity and Nature.

Retrieved March 20, 2018, from http://www.e-ir.info/2016/05/23/environment-and-international-

politics-linking-humanity-and-nature/

13

to balance life between the human environment and other living

things.22

According to T. O'Riordan (1976) in his book titled

“Environmentalism” extends the scope of the concept of

environmentalism by defining to three aspects:23

1. Environmentalism refers to the philosophy of nature around,

the philosophy that forms value or morals as consideration to

one's perception of the relation of the natural surroundings.

2. Environmentalism refers to the surrounding natural ideology,

the schools of thought connected with the surrounding world

that shatter other areas of life as a formula toward the

formation of the surrounding natural police.

3. Environmentalism refers to the change in the shape of the

natural environment around which is a practical application to

manifest the surrounding natural philosophy as the design of

action for all ranks.24

Forest fires in Riau have become very high events and have poor

ecological impacts. The fire could happen either intentionally or

unintentionally. Wildfires have a devastating impact on Indonesia

especially to Riau, especially the smoke. Smoke has an impact on people's

health and economy.25 Thousands of people have to suffer from air

polluted by smoke. In addition, the thick smoke disturb visibility, so that

residents difficult to move every day. Including flight disruption. On the

other hand, there is also an impact on the economy that many losers in the

community itself. In addition to humans, forest and land forest fires also

affect biodiversity. Forests that should be maintained and utilized

22 UKEssays. (2017). The Green International Relations Theory Politics Essay. [online] Available

at: https://www.ukessays.com/essays/politics/the-green-international-relations-theory-politics-

essay.php [Accessed 14 Dec. 2017]. 23 O'Riordan, T. (1976). Environmentalism. London: Pion. 24 Ibid 25 Cifor. (2015). Fire economy and actor network of forest and land fires in Indonesia. Retrieved

March 20, 2018, from https://www.cifor.org/library/6357/fire-economy-and-actor-network-of-

forest-and-land-fires-in-indonesia/.

14

optimally with attention to aspects of environmental sustainability often

occur damage. The main cause of forest destruction is forest fires.26 Forest

fires occur because humans use fire in an effort to clear forest or land. In

addition, forest fires are supported by global warming, and extreme

drought is often associated with climate influences that provide ideal

conditions for forest fires.27

In the theory of Robert Cox in the book Environmental

Communication and the Public Sphere formulates environmental

communication as a pragmatic and constitutive medium to provide

understanding to the public about the environment, as well as the

relationship between humans in human relationships with nature. It is a

symbolic medium to build community understanding on environmental

issues.28 In practical terms, this environmental communication involves

packaging strategy of messages and media to encourage knowledge,

awareness and community participation to protect the environment. Here,

government and non-governmental organizations concerned with

environmental issues are key communicators in the development of

effective policies / programs to build public participation in their

implementation. For the communicator, effective delivery of messages to

the public is not enough just advertising and mass media. Indeed,

communication in the mass media is recognized indeed has a great

influence to transform knowledge to the public.29 However, to achieve the

awareness stage of the implementation still need persuasive

communication through a direct approach to the community. For example,

forming groups or organizations care for the environment in the

community and the value of environmental conservation conducted early

on.

26 Ibid 27 Ibid 28 Cox, J. (2010). Environmental communication. 1st ed. canada, pp.70-71. 29 Ibid

15

Based on the above explanation, the author's expectation that the

implementation of liberal institutionalism and environmental, in

addressing the deforestation problem in Riau soon realized, trough SDGs

target 15.2. and also the implamentations of REDD+ and RAN-GRK to

overcome forest the problem in Riau province.30

1.7 Scope and Limitations of Study

This research paper would like to examine the implementations of the

sustainable development goals (SDGs) target number 15.2 toward the

deforestation the case study in Riau Sumatra, Indonesia. And how REDD+

and RAN-GRK work to eleminate the number of deforestation in Riau

province, Sumatra, Indonesia. And the time limitations in this research is

between the years of 2015-2017. Author decide to choose this timeframe

because in 2015, sustainable development goals (SDGs) are sign by United

Nations and countries arround the world.

1.8 Thesis Structure

1.8.1 Chapter I (Background of Study)

This chapter includes introduction section which comprises

background, identification of the problem, statement of the problem,

research objectives, significance of study, theoretical framework,

scope and limitations of study and research methodology.

1.8.2 Chapter II (Literature Review)

This chapter will explain the previous research that has been made

by the researcher in relevance topic. Author will use seven books and

journals which previously have studied about deforest stations. The

literature review will give the author reference on the issues

30 Ramsay, D. (2017). In Indonesia, finding the right ways to fight fire and haze. [online] CIFOR

Forests News. Available at: https://forestsnews.cifor.org/50996/in-indonesia-finding-the-right-

ways-to-fight-fire-and-haze?fnl=en [Accessed Dec. 14, 2017].

16

1.8.3 Chapter III (Research Methodology)

In this chapter will author would like to explain how this research

done, by showing the research methodology. And explain the way

author analyze the main issue of study. This chapter consists of

research method, research framework, time and place, and the

instrument of research.

1.8.4 Chapter IV (Sustainable Development Goals and the Condition

of Indonesian Forest (2015-2017)

Chapter 4 will elaborate more about sustainable development goals

and Indonesia forest conditions especially in Riau province the issues

of deforestation and how Indonesian government role to handle

deforestation issues in Indonesia, especially in Riau, Sumatra. In

short, this chapter will provides the reader about current information

about this issues situation.

1.8.5 Chapter V (The Implementation Sustainnable Development

Goals Target 15.2 in Riau Province 2015-2017)

Chapter 5 is the main part of this research, in this part of thesis the

author will focusing how Indonesian government and also

International organization see this issues, and also handle the

deforestations in Indonesia, Riau, Sumatra

1.8.6 Chapter VI (Conclusion)

This chapter will conclude the whole of this research. Provide all of

summery data from chapter IV and V.

1.9 Definition of Term

Forest is an area overgrown with trees and other plants. These

areas are present in vast areas of the world and serve as a reservoir of

carbon dioxide, animal habitats, hydrological current modulators, and

17

soil conservation, and are one of the most important aspects of the

Earth's biosphere.31

Deforestation is illegal logging, transporting and selling of

illegal or unauthorized timber from local authorities or converting

forest land into non-forested land. Although the exact illegal logging

rate is difficult to obtain due to unauthorized activity.32

Illegal logging is a series of activities in the field of forestry in

the context of the utilization and management of timber forest

products that conflict with applicable law rules and potentially damage

the forest.33

Sustainable Development Goals. SDGs are a new

development agreement that encourages changes towards sustainable

development based on human rights and equity to promote social,

economic and environmental development. SDGs are enforced with

universal, integration and inclusive principles to ensure that no one

will be missed or "No-one Left Behind".34

Reducing Emissions from Deforestation and Forest

Degradation is A mechanism for reducing Green house Gas

emissions by providing compensation to the parties to avoided

deforestation and forest degradation.35

31UBC Faculty of Forestry. (2017). What is Forestry ?. [online] Available at:

http://www.forestry.ubc.ca/general-information/what-is-forestry/ [Accessed Dec. 2017]. 32Lewis, M. (2017). Deforestation: Causes and Effects on Ecological Balance. [online] Read and

Digest. Available at: http://readanddigest.com/deforestation-causes-and-effects-on-ecological-

balance/ [Accessed Dec 7. 2017]. 33 Globalforestatlas.yale.edu. (2017). Illegal Logging | Global Forest Atlas. [online] Available at:

https://globalforestatlas.yale.edu/forest-use-logging/logging/illegal-logging [Accessed Dec 7

2017]. 34 UNDP. (2017). Sustainable Development Goals. [online] Available at:

http://www.undp.org/content/undp/en/home/sustainable-development-goals.html [Accessed Dec 7

2017]. 35 REDD. (2016). What is REDD ? Retrieved March 20, 2018, from https://theredddesk.org/what-

redd.

18

RAN-GRK National Action Plan for Green House Gas

Emission Reduction is a Indonesian domestic policy in reducing

green house gas emmisions36

United Nations Convention to Combat Desertification. is a

Convention to combat desertification and mitigate the effects of

drought through national action programs that incorporate long-term

strategies supported by international cooperation and partnership

arrangements.37

36 RAN-GRK. (2011). Rencana Aksi Nasional Penurunan Emisi Gas Rumah Kaca. Retrieved

March 20, 2018, from http://www.sekretariat-rangrk.org/faq 37 UNCCD (2017). United Nations Convention to Combat Desertification. [online] Available at:

http://www2.unccd.int/ [Accessed Dec. 14th. 2017].

19

CHAPTER II

LITERATURE REVIEW

The author uses the literature review as a guidance or reference during the

writing process of this thesis. Literature review can be used to help the design of

the study by providing appropriate sample size or promising data practices or

instruments that can be used in the study. There are seven literatures that the

researcher reviews, which are:

Books:

1. Ecology, Environment and Development

2. 24 catalysts to reduce deforestation of tropical forests from

"forest commodity risk"

Journals:

3. Speed and Cause of Deforestation in Indonesia: Confusion and

Settlement Review

4. Singapore Securitization Transformation on Transboundary

Haze Pollution Issues

5. Forestry

6. Indonesia and Environmental Sustainability: Walking the

Talk?

7. Indonesia’s Forest Moratorium: Impacts and Next Step

II.1 Review of Books and Journals

This section will provide the seven literatures in the study. The review of

these literatures is important, recalling the basic understanding they provide in

helping the researcher to identify the topic. It is believed to be beneficial for the

research.

1. Ecology, Environment and Development (Ekologi, Lingkungan Hidup

dan Pembangunan), written by Otto Soemarwoto, Djambatan, 1994.

20

The book is comprised of ten chapters, each of which concerns the

introduction, ecology, environment, environmental management, encoding,

development ecology, population ecology, food ecology, ecology of tourism, and

energy in the development ecology. In the introduction he delivers the background

of the environmental knowledge he introduces and the direction of the trend of

environmental understanding. In the ecology he describes the ecological

significance he defined as a study of human interaction with the natural

surroundings, then the concept of ecosystem, matter, energy, information,

thermodynamic law, habitat and recess, adaptation, and evolution. In the

environmental chapter it presents what the environment means, the environment

as the source, the basic necessities that cover the basic needs for biological

survival and in terms of selection, as well as the benefits and risks of the

environment. In the life management chapter he describes how environmental

sustainability is preserved, environmental carrying capacity is resilient, resilience,

scope of environmental management, and environmental image. In the

introduction chapter he describes the notion of encoding, the benefits of type

encoding, species diversity including island biogeography theory and spotting

theory, species diversity in cultivated areas, gene erosion, and management of

gene diversity that includes protected areas, boundary and control issues, buffers,

protected area development, botanical gardens and zoo, gene banks, and mastery

of gene resources.

In the chapter on development ecology he poses the environmental benefits

and risks in development, sustainable development that includes ecological

processes, the availability of adequate resources, and an appropriate socio-cultural

and economic environment. Next is simple lifestyle, science and technology skills,

adaptive management of the environment, and management of development

projects. In the ecological ecology chapter, he describes the meaning of

environmental carrying capacity, agrarian environmental support capacity,

population density, transmigration, environmental damage consisting of

environmental damage to the city, village, environmental damage mitigation and

priority of handling. Furthermore, he also explains the pollution and depletion of

21

resources, as well as the prevention of pollution and depletion of resources. In the

food ecology chapter, he points out how the historicity of human livelihood

patterns of hunting and gathering phases, shifting cultivation, settled agriculture.

He also describes food sources, food patterns, food vulnerability, food

diversification, and food patterns and environmental carrying capacity. In the

chapter on the ecology of tourism he points out the relation with the carrying

capacity of the environment, diversity, natural beauty, vandalism, pollution, forest

destruction, socio-cultural impact, and zonation. In the last chapter on energy in

development ecology he proposes understanding of energy, energy utilization, the

role of energy in development, energy problems, and energy diversification.

2. 24 catalysts to reduce deforestation of tropical forests from "forest

commodity risk", written by Mario Rautner, Matt Leggett, Frances Davis,

Global Canopy Foundation, 2013

The production and trading of major commodities based on oil palm,

soybean, beef and timber, pulp and paper are the direct drivers of deforestation

and the world's largest tropical degradation. Forest loss threatens the world's

biodiversity and the resilience of ecosystem services. Commodities that induce

direct deforestation are influenced by complex and context-appropriate

interactions with a range of underlying causes, such as world population growth,

poor governance, and poverty. In this landscape, climate change acts as a possible

driver of deforestation and threat multipliers against other underlying causes.

To fully understand the interdependence and interactions within and

between the underlying causes and commodities that drive deforestation, the

characteristics of the land-based commodity supply chain involved must be

identified first. The supply chain of land-based commodities is complex and not

transparent. Before the final product containing one of these commodities reaches

the consume rend, be it buyers in supermarkets or users industry, the product has

been changed and transported several times, passing through tens of stages, and

traversing various countries and continents. Majority of production and

deforestation due to commodities Land-based today is heavily concentrated in

small numbers countries in Latin America and Southeast Asia. However, without

22

intervention, industrial production is likely to spread to other regions such as

Congo Basin. A number of trader International commodities also dominate trade

global most of the land-based agricultural commodities. Although the processing

and manufacturing takes place on all over the world, China has a relevant role as

liaison for land-based commodity processing. Contrary to the highly concentrated

production and the trade, the commodity consumer market land-based and

products containing these commodities can be found all over the world.

Nevertheless, the market EU, and US, as well as China and India are very

important related to the implementation of demand-side solutions to deforestation.

The analysis of the catalyst present in the framework is illustrated in this

book also emphasizes some opportunities for take action. Most catalysts overcome

the production /conversion or retail / consumption on the supply chain. Very Few

initiatives are specifically focused on encouraging sustainability and ensuring

transparency in the stage processing or trade / distribution, or overall supply chain.

This highlights opportunities to focus on testing and expanding the associated

catalyst with this 'shadow' stage. In addition, the catalyst with the highest

resistance to change is usually a catalyst that takes time the longest to run.

Therefore, special attention should be given to improve endurance catalysts that

can be quickly implemented, while seeking a long-term solution length, for

example by associating this initiative with reform of long-term legislation. In

addition, there are several financial catalysts, regulations or supply chain that is

directed and implemented only by the private sector. In this sector, less the device

depicted relies on leadership investors and financial institutions to influence

change. The majority of catalysts are in progress, and largely funded by

government sector actors. This matter is a great opportunity for the private sector

to take actions to proactively address this issue, as well as a key risk to the

sustainability of their business model within long-term.

3. Speed and Cause of Deforestation in Indonesia: Confusion and

Settlement Review (Laju dan Penyebab Deforestasi di Indonesia:

Penelaahan Kerancuan dan Penyelesaiannya) written by William D.

Sunderlin and Ida Aju Pradnja Resosudarmo. CIFOR. 1997.

23

In their journal, William and Ida state that deforestation is needed to some

levels in order to fulfill the basic needs of people and support the economic

growth. The conversion forest is the answer for this acceptable deforestation. The

government of Indonesia has set around one per fourth of total forest into

conversion forest. However, the land usage management that is inappropriate is

still found. The land usage management needs to be observed since it needs more

attention.

They also argue that the fundamental doubt and odd have to be understood

clearly and resolved. Some of their concerns are the establishment of the same

language (the same logic) between researcher and policy maker, the living needs

of people (people who works as farmers on the forest or people who make extra

money from the forest) versus the conservation of the forest, transmigration and

district establishment, and also the effectiveness of policies applied as well as the

restructuration of macro-economy that affects the forest (migration patterns,

investment on the forest frontier and the incentives of people who manage the

premiere forest in long-term).

The idea William and Ida proposing are clearly to understand the

fundamental problems in order to solve the issue. Without great understanding on

the happening condition, the outcomes will not resolve the whole issue. The need

of understanding the whole idea from different perspectives is vital in determining

policies, resolving problems, even forecasting the future.

4. Singapore Securitization Transformation on Transboundary Haze

Pollution Issues (Transformasi Sekuritisasi Singapura terhadap Isu

Transboundary Haze Pollution), written by Afra Monica Anindya, 2016

Singapore's secularization action on the issue of Transboundary Haze

Pollution (THP) originating from Indonesia has become a phenomenon of

securitization that lasts for quite a long time. This is because the securitization

started in 1997 after the biggest THP problem in Southeast Asia and continues to

this day. Among other Southeast Asian countries that are also affected by

Indonesia's forest fire smoke pollution, such as Malaysia, Thailand, Brunei

24

Darussalam, to the Philippines, Singapore can be seen as the most active country

in responding to THP issues, especially after securitization. The commencement

of Singapore securitization on the 1997 THP issue is due to the fact that Singapore

sees the THP 1997 problem causing considerable losses to Singapore, particularly

in the tourism sector as the main driver of Singapore's economic pace.Based on

the discussion, the writer can conclude that the transformation or shifting pattern

of Singapore securitization on THP issue can be seen based on two things. The

first is based on the type of action undertaken by the Singapore government which

started with the speech act, then shifted into a political act, and increased again to

law making. But by 2015 the pattern is again re-emphasized on the use of speech

act, but by involving the role of social media. While the latter, the transformation

of Singapore's securitization pattern over the THP issue can also be seen based on

the scope used by Singapore. At first Singapore focused its securitization efforts

only on a national level, then expanded on Singapore Securitization

Transformation Journal of International Relations Analysis, Vol. 6 No. 2, August

2015 207regional level by emphasizing the cooperation and role of ASEAN, and

increasing again at the international level by bringing the issue of THP in the UN

General Assembly.

Thus, this study proves that the action of securitization by the state on a

particular issue is not always perpetually done with the same pattern, but it can

happen changes in the pattern of securitization at a certain time based on the level

of urgency issues and interests to be achieved by the country itself. In addition, the

transformation of securitization patterns can also occur because influenced by the

development of globalization, such as the existence of information and

communication technology innovation. This is shown by securitization efforts by

the Singapore government on THP issues when utilizing the internet and social

media which is a form of technological innovation in the era of globalization.

5. Forestry written by Gert Jan Nabuurs and Omar Masera. 2007.

Deforestation is the responsible feature in increasing of emissions. The

carbon loss due to deforestation is in dangerous level. This study provides the

carbon mitigation options. Carbon mitigation will reduce the deforestation rate by

25

forest management, afforestation, and agro-forestry. The carbon retention will

meet the people’s needs for energy and timber.

Maintaining forest carbon stock, as a strategy in forest management will

create sustained mitigation benefit in the long term. It has the potential to effect

from the present up to 2030 and beyond. But since global change impacts the

mitigation, it would be hard to predict. Global change affects the ecological

processes that are essential for the forest.

Synergies with adaptation and sustainable development are the factors

provided by good forestry. This would only be achieved if the politicians have the

will to implement this potential. Goods and services provided by the forests

underlines the importance on assessing forest sector by sustainable development

approaches. Forestry mitigation can be designed to adapt climate change and

promote sustainable development such as trade-off for environment and social.

Kyoto Protocol has pointed out the need of forestry for sustainable

development. Mitigation activities could be enhanced through simplifying

procedures, reducing transaction costs, building confidence and capacity, and

technology development despite the fact that technology barriers exist. This

mitigation requires the technology and knowledge in implementing forestry today.

This study helps this research by acknowledging the importance of forestry

in achieving sustainable environment. Carbon mitigation is a way to promote the

sustainable development as well as economic growth for the people’s interests.

Technology development is another important feature in the implementation,

monitoring and reporting the forestry. Thus, forestry with good political will and

technology will create a sustainable environment for a long-term period.

6. Indonesia and Environmental Sustainability: Walking the Talk? Written

by Satya S Tripathi. 2013

Moratorium is described as a durian; for its polarizing effect. It produces a

beneficial and healthy nourishment while its appearance is hard and challenging.

The short-term goals are sometimes the momentum needed to achieve long-term

26

goals in creating sustainability. Temporary gains are the stepping-stone on forest

management that is important.

Moratorium benefits Indonesia with its temporary gains in achieving

sustainability. But, like it or not, it cannot fulfill all of preferences. There is no a

single thing that is able to please cover all of people’s need since balancing

economic growth and environmental sustainability is dynamic and complex. In

Indonesia, it is 7 percent growth and 41 percent emissions reduction, stated by

Satya.

Toward a green and prosperous Indonesia, the need of shared commitment

is stronger. It takes time, hard work and understanding from all to accommodate

all perspectives in creating acceptable solutions. The goals may be mutual-

interests, but the process in achieving the goals is the hard part since each takes

things differently. Indonesia has progressed very well in the process of reaching

sustainable development as he claimed. Under the leadership of President Susilo

Bambang Yudhoyono, Indonesia had shown a leading stand in international world

in the context of sustainability. The significant is the development progressed and

resource exploitation reduced. This moratorium assists, both Indonesia and global

society, the achievement process of environmental sustainability.

Moratorium will also create better economic gains if managed well, such

as Brazilian moratorium and Norway’s cod fishing moratorium. It provides the

potential in developing both economy and environment sustainability. Thus,

resource management has to be enforced in supporting this productivity without

harming the environment.

This moratorium had shown that Indonesia, under President Yudhoyono’s

leadership, demonstrates the talk through actions, not only words. It is noted very

well by international society that Indonesia’s policy on its resources and

environment is important and significant. Indonesia’s credibility as a leading

nation on earth has been a major enhancement in creating sustainable

environment.

27

Satya’s thought on Indonesian moratorium is really helpful for this

research since he described the need of this moratorium for Indonesia and global

community. It shows a pathway for creating a sustainable environment while

economic development progress. The harmonization for economic growth and

environmental sustainability could be achieved for this moratorium as the

stepping-stone. Satya highlights the major importance in performing this

moratorium in order to achieve sustainable environment.

7. Indonesia’s Forest Moratorium: Impacts and Next Steps written by

Kemen Austin, Ariana Alisjahbana, etc. Washington, DC. 2014

Through its moratorium, Indonesia has proven that Indonesia is willing to

improve its forest management. The commitment of Indonesia on sustainable

development is shown through forest moratorium. This opportunity lets Indonesia

to reform the way Indonesia manage their forest for global climate stability and

Indonesia. This paper reveals the challenges on the implementation of the

moratorium from local to state level.

They stated that most local officials do not really know about the forest

moratorium. The poor understanding by the local officials on forest moratorium

has resulted the moratorium progressed poorly. This led to ineffectiveness of

forest moratorium implementation.

The limited technical guidance provided is also a challenge in

implementing the moratorium. Implementing, monitoring and enforcing the

moratorium will be effective if the local officials understood the moratorium.

Decentralization is the reason on why the national government has to provide the

local government with clear understanding on the moratorium.

The third challenge is the reform of governance. The government

progresses this reform slowly. This moratorium should be the momentum for the

government to develop better changes in managing its resources. The permitting

process, spatial planning, coordinating data, better transparency and access are the

keys to developed.

28

The creation of opportunity in developing forest management is the

important point of this moratorium. The reduction of deforestation and gas

emissions will help Indonesia in achieving sustainable development. They also

argued that this moratorium would impact Indonesia for a long-term if the

government were capable in utilizing the opportunities with good leadership and

careful measures.

This paper benefits this research for its detailed information on the

challenges of the moratorium. The analyses of this paper would strengthen the

arguments provided on this research. The maximum utilization of this

moratorium, if it were done in the right way, would definitely help Indonesian

government in developing its forest management.

II.2 Conclusion of the Chapter

The seven literatures reviewed by the author highlights the essentials of

this topic, which are forest and deforestation. SDGs play as the common guidance

in creating a harmonious and prosperous life on the earth. The SDGs also

mentions one important point for this study, which is ensuring environmental

sustainability. In this context, forestry has a central role in ensuring environmental

sustainability.

Since forests have a very vital role in mitigating climate change, the

preservation of forests should be done seriously. Deforestation, on the other hand,

is an obstructive factor in achieving sustainable environment. Deforestation

activities is not only destructing the environment, but it interrupts the life cycle

happening on the face of earth since the living and non-living components depend

on the forest.

In brief, the SDGs are the guidance that Indonesia and any other countries

have to respect. The standpoint of Indonesian government in environmental

context has been shown through the policies implemented in combating

deforestation. Since forests play vital role in ensuring environmental

sustainability, those policies shall then resolve the issue of deforestation in

Indonesia.

29

CHAPTER III

RESEARCH METHODOLOGY

This part will uncover the systematical route in the writing of this

research. This part is intended to show how this research will be explain. It

clarifies the method for inquiring about with a specific end goal to examine

the primary issue of the research. It will legitimize the strategy and rationale

in leading this research with a specific end goal to build an acknowledgeable

result.

III.1 Research Method

This research using qualitative research methodology. Qualitative

research methodology understanding is a method to see a problem to

generalizations. Qualitative research methods prefer to use in-depth analysis

techniques. That is to examine a problem one by one, from the case to case.

Because in the leather methodologies believe that the nature of a problem is

different from the nature of the other problem. The purpose of this

qualitative methodology is not a generalization but an in-depth

understanding of a problem. Qualitative research itself serves to provide

substantive categories and qualitative research hypotheses.38

When discussing research strategy, it isn't just discussing the

exploration strategies yet additionally talking into the rationale behind the

strategies utilized as a part of the setting of research think about and clarifies

why utilizing a particular technique or method and expressing the reason on

for what reason not holding a candle to the current situation others with the

goal that examination results are equipped for being recognized either by the

analyst himself or others.

38 McLeod, S. (2010). Qualitative vs Quantitative Data | Simply Psychology. [online]

Simplypsychology.org. Available at: https://www.simplypsychology.org/qualitative-

quantitative.html [Accessed 1 Mar. 2018].

30

In this writing, the analyst receives qualitative technique and library

investigate. Qualitative strategy gives a great deal of commitments in

examine to (1) increment the comprehension of what is going on, (2)

comprehension of who are being influenced in which way, (3) break down

why specific effects are happening and (4) surveying how approach can be

made strides. The benefits of subjective technique enables the writer to

dissect and investigate the more profound understanding to the marvel in

which the peruse on edge and willing to offer regard for the exploration.

The arrangement of library inquire about is investigation of history

and archives. The official archives that Indonesian government discharges

with respect to the Millennium Development Goals and deforestation issue

in Indonesia will help the author in directing this examination. Diaries,

reports and articles distributed will likewise contribute in giving a more

grounded premise to the examination.39

This theory will then give profound, thorough knowledge on the usage

of SDGs target 15.2 by the Indonesian Government concentrating on woods

cover region issue especially in Riau province Indonesia. It will give point

by point communication, all around broke down strategy, and clarifying the

angle of the Indonesian Government on the marvels in actualizing the

objective SDGs target 15.2.40 This theory will be advanced with essential

assets and additionally auxiliary assets as it directs the subjective approach

that advantages the perusers by giving far reaching, profound data.

III.2 Research Framework

This examination will got from the United Nations' projects to be

specific sustainable Development Goals (SDGs), concentrating just on the

natural issue. As recognized, one of UN's projects on condition exists in

39 UNDP in Indonesia. (2015). Sustainable Development Goals. [online] Available at:

http://www.id.undp.org/content/indonesia/en/home/sustainable-development-goals.html [Accessed

14 Mar. 2018]. 40 Ibid

31

SDGs target 15.2.41 The SDGs target15.2 are concentrating on

incorporating the practical standards into state arrangement that, in this

exploration, focuses to the timberland cover territory issue. The specialist

will then break down the SDGs target 15.2 by Indonesia government.42 The

point of view of the Indonesian Government will be portrayed through its

approach and procedure in satisfying the dedication. This exploration will

additionally evaluate the part of Indonesian government on the usage of

SDGs target 15.2 in Indonesia to satisfy its dedication in making a more

economical condition. The consequence of this exploration subsequently

will state whether the Indonesian government had effectively executed the

SDGs target 15.2.43

III.3 Research Time and Place

Place of research : Adam Kurniawan Library, President University

: National Library of Indonesia, Jakarta

: University of Indonesia Library, Depok

Table 3.1 Research Timeframe

Activities November December January February March

1 2 3 4 1 2 3 4 1 2 3 4 1 2 3 4 1 2 3 4

Research

Composing

of theory

Submissions

nof final

draft

41 United Nations. (2015). sustainable Development Goals. [online] Available at:

http://www.un.org/sustainabledevelopment/ [Accessed 14 Mar. 2018]. 42 Setkab.go.id. (2016). Inilah Perpres Pelaksanaan Pencapaian Tujuan Pembangunan

Berkelanjutan SDGs. [online] Available at: http://setkab.go.id/inilah-perpres-pelaksanaan-

pencapaian-tujuan-pembangunan-berkelanjutan-sdgs/ [Accessed 14 Mar. 2018]. 43 Setkab.go.id. (2016). Inilah Perpres Pelaksanaan Pencapaian Tujuan Pembangunan

Berkelanjutan SDGs. [online] Available at: http://setkab.go.id/inilah-perpres-pelaksanaan-

pencapaian-tujuan-pembangunan-berkelanjutan-sdgs/ [Accessed 14 Mar. 2018].

32

III.4 Research Instruments

Internet: In this high-innovation time, Internet has turned out to be one

a player in individuals' life that couldn't be isolated, including the procedure

of proposal composing. Web helps the specialist with its borderless ability

in getting to every single required datum and data during the time spent

postulation composing.

Books, Journals and Reports: The specialist devours much essential

and profitable data from books, diaries and reports. Indeed, even some basic,

compelling data helps the specialist in mapping, composing the proposition.

The books, diaries and reports utilized are analyzed in the writing survey

segment.

Media Articles: during the time spent written work this postulation,

the specialist additionally accumulates media articles keeping in mind the

end goal to get more vital information and took after by dissecting fragment

utilizing similar technique. In this manner, the information and data

accumulated could be shifted into the significant, dependable information or

data that the scientist may obtain for the proposition.

33

CHAPTER IV

SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENT GOALS AND THE

INDONESIAN FOREST CONDITION (2015-2017)

In this chapter, the writer would like to inform the reader regarding the

Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs) and specifically to the Goal 15 Target 2.

After that, the writer would like to briefly introduce the deforestation term as well

as provide the explanation of forest condition in Indonesia particularly in Riau

province.

Basically, SDGs has 17 goals, however, this thesis would like to focus on

the goal 15 regarding the “life on land” and will be specific to the target no. 2

which talking about forest sustainability. It will lead to the discussion regarding

deforestation. Deforestation is the removal of forest land and the impact surely

will threaten the lives of living species. In Indonesia which is a country blessed

with the natural resources including the extensive tropical forests has faced

deforestation in some part of the country. Riau, for instance, has faced the issue of

deforestation since a long time but popularly known in 2013 until 2014.

Therefore, this chapter will provide the overview before we going to the analysis

chapter.

The global commitment of SDGs was prepared by President Susilo

Bambang Yudhoyono and David Cameron (UK) and the President of Liberia, Sir

John Earlaf as a member of the High Level Panel which was held by the UN to

formulate the concept of global development of MDGs. Now, President Jokowi

who leads the Working Cabinet with Pak Jusuf Kalla, carrying the Nawa Cita

development agenda which is packaged in RPJMN since 2015-2019. It turns out

that the development agenda is compatible with the 17 goals contained in the

SDGs. "Indonesia is touted as a few countries in the world that quickly respond to

SDGs as one of the references in its development platform.

34

IV.1 Sustainable Development Goals

IV.1.1 UN Summit Sustainable Development Goals 2015

The Millennium Development Goals (MDGs) platform is officially

over. During the 15 years of implementation of the MDGs, Indonesia

achieved 49 of the 67 targeted indicators. These achievements resulted in

significant improvements and improvements in the various areas of

national development. SDGs are a new development agreement that

encourages changes towards sustainable development based on human

rights and equity to promote social, economic and environmental

development. SDGs are enforced with universal, integration and inclusive

principles to ensure that no one will be missed or "No-one Left Behind".44

The end of the MDGs in 2015 is the start for countries in the world

to begin formulating a new platform in order to continue the noble ideals

of the MDGs. On August 2, 2015, at United Nations Headquarters, New

York, by acclamation of 193 UN member states adopted a document

entitled Transforming Our World: The 2030 Agenda for Sustainable

Development. The meeting then continued with Sustainable Development

Summit which took place on 25-27 September 2015, in the same place.

The meeting, which was also attended by representatives from 193 UN

member states, successfully passed a document called Sustainable

Development Goals (SDGs), which contains 17 goals and is divided into

169 targets to make people's lives better.45

The role of government In contrast to the MDGs, methods and

methods for implementing SDGs require citizen participation. One way to

ensure the achievement of all objectives and targets of the SDGs is to

involve civil society groups. The government is responsible for

establishing the institutional joint committee or joint secretariat for

44 UNDP in Indonesia. (2015). Sustainable Development Goals. [online] Available at:

http://www.id.undp.org/content/indonesia/en/home/sustainable-development-goals.html [Accessed

14 Mar. 2018]. 45 World Economic Forum. (2015). What are the Sustainable Development Goals?. [online]

Available at: https://www.weforum.org/agenda/2015/09/what-are-the-sustainable-development-

goals/ [Accessed 14 Mar. 2018].

35

sustainable development in the country. In Indonesia itself, the

implementation of the SDGs agenda is built on the experience of

governments implementing the MDGs agenda. Under the administration of

President Joko Widodo, Indonesia is serious in the effort to achieve the

indicators of SDGs.46 This begins with the integration of 169 indicators of

SDGs into the National Medium Term Development Plan (RPJM) 2020-

2040.47

The regulation is also a legitimacy and legal basis for the agenda of

SDGs agenda in Indonesia in the future. Implementation of SDGs also

means implementing national development objectives and maintaining

sustainable improvements in the welfare of the people. It also maintains

the sustainability of the social life of the community, maintains the quality

of the environment and inclusive development, and the implementation of

good governance that is able to maintain the quality of life from one

generation to the next. For Indonesia, SDGs are not only relevant to global

commitments, but also guidelines for becoming a developed country.

If previously the MDGs have 8 goals to be achieved by the global

community, among others; 1) Coping with poverty and hunger, 2)

Achieving universal primary education, 3) promoting gender equality and

empowering women, 4) reducing child mortality, 5) improving maternal

health, 6) combating HIV / AIDS, malaria and other infectious diseases ,

7) Ensure the carrying capacity of the environment, 8) Develop a global

partnership for development.48 SDGs has 17 goals to be achieved by the

world community, among others:49

46 Setkab.go.id. (2016). Inilah Perpres Pelaksanaan Pencapaian Tujuan Pembangunan

Berkelanjutan SDGs. [online] Available at: http://setkab.go.id/inilah-perpres-pelaksanaan-

pencapaian-tujuan-pembangunan-berkelanjutan-sdgs/ [Accessed 14 Mar. 2018]. 47 Setkab.go.id. (2016). Inilah Perpres Pelaksanaan Pencapaian Tujuan Pembangunan

Berkelanjutan SDGs. [online] Available at: http://setkab.go.id/inilah-perpres-pelaksanaan-

pencapaian-tujuan-pembangunan-berkelanjutan-sdgs/ [Accessed 14 Mar. 2018]. 48 MDGs. (2015). Millennium Development Goals. [online] Available at:

http://www.mdgfund.org/node/922 [Accessed 14 Mar. 2018]. 49 United Nations. (2015). sustainable Development Goals. [online] Available at:

http://www.un.org/sustainabledevelopment/ [Accessed 14 Mar. 2018].

36

1. No Poverty

Goal 1 has 7 targets to be achieved globally. The core of these

targets is to end any form of poverty. Based on the fact sheets of

SDGs Indonesia, there are still 22.76 Indonesians living below the

national poverty line with three provinces with the highest

poverty levels of NTT, Papua and West Papua.50

2. Zero Hunger

Goal 2 has 8 targets to be achieved globally. The core of the target

is to eliminate hunger, achieve good food and nutrition, and

improve sustainable agriculture. Based on fact sheet of SDGs

Indonesia. in the period 2007-2013, underweight increased from

18.4% to 19.6%.51

3. Good Health and Well-being

The 3rd goal has 13 targets to be achieved globally. The core of

these targets is to ensure a healthy life and improve the wellbeing

of the entire population of all ages. Based on the fact sheets of

50 Sustainabledevelopment.un.org. (2016). Goal 15 .:. Sustainable Development Knowledge

Platform. [online] Available at: https://sustainabledevelopment.un.org/sdg15 [Accessed 15 Mar.

2018]. 51 Ibid

Figure IV.1 Sustainable Development Goals (sourece:

sustainabledevelopment.un.org)

37

Indonesia's SDGs show the better condition in 1991-2015, the

maternal mortality rate decreased from 390 per 100,000 live births

to 305 per 100,000 live births and in the same period, from 68 per

1000 live births to 23 per 1000 live births.52

4. Quality Education

The 4th goal has 10 targets to be achieved globally. The

core of these targets is to ensure the inclusive and equitable

quality of education and to enhance lifelong learning

opportunities for all. Based on data. In 2016, the enrollment rate

for SD / MI / equal to 109.31%, for junior / MTs / equivalent level

of 90.12% and for SMA / SMK / MA / equal to 80.89% with 97 ,

7% of Indonesians aged 15-24 are already literate.53

5. Gender Equality

The fifth goal has 9 targets to be achieved globally. The

core of these targets is to achieve gender equality and empower

women. Based on the data, the percentage of violence against

women is still quite high around 41.7% of women aged 15-64

years’ experience at least 1 of 4 types of violence (physical, sexual,

emotional, and economic) during their lifetime, where cases of

violence are higher in regions urban area of 36.3% compared to the

village ratio of 29.5%.54

6. Clean Water and Sanitation

The 6th goal has 8 targets to be achieved globally. The core

of the target is to ensure the availability and management of clean

water and sustainable sanitation for all. Based on the data,

approximately 70.97% of households in Indonesia in 2015 have

52 Sustainabledevelopment.un.org. (2016). Goal 15 .:. Sustainable Development Knowledge

Platform. [online] Available at: https://sustainabledevelopment.un.org/sdg15 [Accessed 15 Mar.

2018]. 53 Ibid 54 Ibid

38

access to adequate drinking water but only about 62.14% of

households in Indonesia have proper sanitation.55

7. Affordable and Clean Energy

The 7th goal has 5 targets to be achieved globally. The core

of these targets is to ensure access to affordable, reliable,

sustainable, and modern energy for all. Based on data. In 2016, the

electrification ratio in Indonesia has reached 91.16% meaning that

there are still 8.84% of Indonesian people still have no access to

electricity, and the problem of renewable energy utilization in

Indonesia, such as energy from wind, water and geothermal power

is only 7 %, whereas Indonesia has geothermal energy which is

very potential to be developed.56

8. Decent Work and Economic Growth

The 8th goal has 12 targets to be achieved globally. The core

of these targets is to promote inclusive and sustainable economic

growth, productive and comprehensive employment opportunities,

and decent work for all. Based on fact sheet of SDGs Indonesia. By

2016, out of 43 million young people (15-24 years), 25% are not in

education, work or training with the National Open Unemployment

rate of 5.61% and the Youth Unemployment Rate of 19, 54%.57

9. Industry Innovation and Infrastructure

The 9th goal has 8 targets to be achieved globally. The core

of the target is to build robust infrastructure, improve inclusive and

sustainable industries, and drive innovation. Based on the fact

throwing of Indonesia's SDGs, the growth rate of manufacturing

industry reached 4.29% in 2016, and the sector is able to absorb

13.24% of labor and contribute 21.39% of Indonesia's GDP.

55 Ibid 56 Sustainabledevelopment.un.org. (2016). Goal 15 .:. Sustainable Development Knowledge

Platform. [online] Available at: https://sustainabledevelopment.un.org/sdg15 [Accessed 15 Mar.

2018]. 57 Ibid

39

10. Reduce Inequalities

The 10th goal has 10 targets to be achieved globally. The

core of these targets is to reduce intra and inter-state gap. Based on

the fact sheets of Indonesian SDGs, the Indonesian GNI coefficient

decreased from 0.41 in 2015 to 0.39 in 2016. However, there are

still 122 districts / municipalities defined as disadvantaged areas

2015-2019 by the government.58

11. Sustainable Cities and Communities

The 11th goal has 10 targets to be achieved globally. The

core of these targets is to make cities and settlements inclusive,

safe, resilient and sustainable. Based on fact sheet of SDGs

Indonesia. In 2015, about 87.92% of households in Indonesia have

occupied a habitable home and in the period 2014-2015 only 61%

or 357 cities / regencies have met the criteria as a city of good

scale.59

12. Responsible Consumption and Production

The 12th goal has 11 targets to be achieved globally. The

core of these targets is to ensure sustainable production and

consumption patterns. Based on fact sheet of SDGs Indonesia. By

2016, nearly 100% of Hazardous and Toxic Waste from 1,640

companies (121,655,524.23 tonnes) has been managed. However,

the application of 3R (Reduce, Reuse, Recycle) in garbage banks

only reduces 0.014% of waste generation.60

13. Climate Action

The 13th goal has 5 targets to be achieved globally. The core

of these targets is to take immediate action to address climate

change and its impact. Based on fact sheet of SDGs Indonesia.

Disaster data and information in 2016, as many as 2,139,124 people

58 Ibid 59 Sustainabledevelopment.un.org. (2016). Goal 15 .:. Sustainable Development Knowledge

Platform. [online] Available at: https://sustainabledevelopment.un.org/sdg15 [Accessed 15 Mar.

2018]. 60 Ibid

40

suffered from disasters. Therefore, to reduce the disasters caused by

climate change 33 of 34 provinces have prepared Local Action

Plans for Greenhouse Gas Emission Reduction.

14. Life Below Water

The 14th goal has 10 targets to be achieved globally. The

core of the target is to conserve and utilize sustainably marine and

ocean resources for sustainable development. Based on fact sheet of

SDGs Indonesia. Indonesia has the largest coral reef ecosystem in

the world reaching 2.5 million ha and about 6.20% in very good

condition.61

15. Life on Land

The 15th goal has 12 targets to be achieved globally. The

core of these targets is to protect, rotate, and improve sustainable

use of land-based ecosystems, manage forests sustainably, halt

desertification, restore land degradation, and halt biodiversity loss.

Based on the fact sheet of Indonesian SDGs, there has been an

increase in cases of illegal distribution of Crops and Wildlife that

has been handled up to 43 cases (2015) to 51 cases (2016).62

16. Peace, Justice and Strong Institutions

The goal of the 16th has 12 targets to be achieved globally.

The core of these targets is to strengthen an inclusive and

peaceful society for sustainable development, providing access

to justice for all and building effective, accountable, and

inclusive institutions at all levels. Based on the fact sheet of

SDGs Indonesia, in terms of financial reporting. In 2015 the

financial statements of 71% of ministries / agencies, 85% of

provinces, 54% of districts and 65% of cities in Indonesia

received Unqualified Opinion, and in the same year for the

61 Ibid 62 Sustainabledevelopment.un.org. (2016). Goal 15 .:. Sustainable Development Knowledge

Platform. [online] Available at: https://sustainabledevelopment.un.org/sdg15 [Accessed 15 Mar.

2018].

41

Anti-Corruption Behavior Index from 0 to 5, at a value of

3.59%.63

17. Partnerships for the Goals

The 17th goal has 19 targets to be achieved globally. The core of

the target is to strengthen the means of implementing and

revitalizing global partnerships for sustainable development.

Based on fact sheet of SDGs Indonesia. Remittances received by

Indonesia increased from 6,736 million USD in 2011 to 8,860

million USD in 2016 and in the same period, the contribution of

Indonesian remittances increased from 0.75% to 0.95%.64

This research concerns about SDGs goal 15 target 2 about life on

land, because the core all this research would explain the forest

conditions in Indonesia. And what are the plan of Indonesia government

and SDGs to handle the problem.

IV.1.2 Goal No.15 Target 2

Secure, reestablish and advance reasonable utilization of

earthbound biological communities, economically oversee woodlands,

battle desertification, and stop and invert arrive debasement and end

biodiversity misfortune.

“SDGs goal 15.2 is about promoting the sustainable for all

type of forest, and combating deforestation and restore degraded

forestland”.65

The reason behind this goals was due to the dependency of

human being with the earth. It aims to promote, protect and restore

63 Ibid 64 Ibid. 65 UNDP. (2016). Goal 15: Life on land. [online] Available at: http://www.id.undp.org

/content/indonesia/en/home/sustainable-development-goals/goal-15-life-on-land.html [Accessed

15 Mar. 2018].

42

the sustainable land.66 This is necessary to provide a favorable and

habitatle living land.

Moderating different types of life ashore requires a focused on

push to secure, reestablish and advance the preservation and

economical utilization of earthbound and different biological

communities. Objective15 centers particularly around practical

timberland administration, reestablishing debased land and

effectively destroying desertification, diminishing corrupted

characteristic natural surroundings and completion biodiversity

misfortune.

In the vicinity of 1990 and 2015, the world's timberland zone

was diminished from 31.7 per cent of the world's aggregate land

territory to 30.7 per cent. The misfortune is for the most part because

of backwoods transformation to other land utilizes, for example,

horticultural improvement and foundation. In the interim, different

zones are changed into timberlands through planting, scene

reclamation or normal woodland development. Because of the adjust

of the two procedures and the push to moderate deforestation, the

loss of worldwide woodland territories declined from 7.3 million

hectares every year in the 1990s to 3.3 million hectares for each year

finished the period 2010 to 2015.67

To secure spots that contribute altogether to worldwide

biodiversity, ensured zones have been characterized and

distinguished as key biodiversity territories.68 By 2014, 15.2 percent

of the world's earthly and freshwater situations are ensured by

secured zones. The level of earthly biodiversity territories canvassed

in secured regions has expanded, from 16.5 percent in 2000 to 19.3

66 United Nations. (2015). GOAL 15: Life on land. Retrieved from

https://www.unenvironment.org/explore-topics/sustainable-development-goals/why-do-

sustainable-development-goals-matter/goal-15 67 Sustainabledevelopment.un.org. (2016). Goal 15 .:. Sustainable Development Knowledge

Platform. [online] Available at: https://sustainabledevelopment.un.org/sdg15 [Accessed 15 Mar.

2018]. 68 Sustainabledevelopment.un.org. (2016). Goal 15 .:. Sustainable Development Knowledge

Platform. [online] Available at: https://sustainabledevelopment.un.org/sdg15 [Accessed 15 Mar.

2018].

43

percent by 2016. In a similar period, the offer of shielded freshwater

biodiversity has expanded from 13.8 percent to 16.6 percent, and the

offer of real biodiversity zones under security has developed from

18.1 percent to 20.1 percent.69

Spotlight on Goal 15 to stop biodiversity misfortune happens

at a basic minute, the same number of types of creatures of land and

water, winged animals and warm blooded animals coast toward

eradication. As indicated by the International Red List Index for

Nature Conservation, creatures of land and water are declining most

quickly in Latin America and the Caribbean, fundamentally because

of chytrid growth malady, one of the numerous expanding untamed

life illnesses around the world. The best elimination chance for

winged creatures and well evolved creatures is found in Southeast

Asia, basically because of marsh woods transformation. In any case,

the decay is unavoidable, with the danger of annihilation in

vertebrate species has been turned around in five little island creating

countries (Cook Islands, Fiji, Mauritius, Seychelles and Tonga)

because of preservation measures in the course of recent decades.70

Preservation endeavors can likewise be foiled by poaching

and untamed life exchange. Since 1999, no less than 7,000 types of

creatures and plants have been identified in illicit exchange, and the

rundown of globally secured species keeps on developing.

Contrasting the measure of the legitimate exchange untamed life

items (around 900,000 exchanges for each year) against the quantity

of seized natural life (around 16,000 seizures for each year) gives a

sign of the unlawful untamed life exchange scope. The estimation of

legitimate and illicit natural life items can likewise be looked at. For

instance, the recorded seizure estimation of the Crocodylus variety

69 Ibid 70 SDGs. (2016). Goal 15: Protect, restore and promote sustainable use of terrestrial ecosystems,

sustainably manage forests, combat desertification, and halt and reverse land degradation and

halt biodiversity loss — SDG Indicators. [online] Available at:

https://unstats.un.org/sdgs/report/2016/goal-15/ [Accessed 28 Mar. 2018].

44

speaks to between 0.4 percent and 0.6 percent of the fare esteem

secured by this species law in the vicinity of 2009 and 2013, with no

evident propensity.71

Progress in the conservation and use of terrestrial forms and

terrestrial ecosystems in a sustainable direction is uneven. The rate of

progress of forest loss has slowed and improvements in forest

management have continued in a sustainable direction and protection

of important areas of biodiversity. However, declining trends in land

productivity, loss of biodiversity, illegal fishing and trafficking in

wildlife continue to be serious concerns.

The net loss in forest status remains slow, and the biomass

balance of forests in hectare status is stable. There is further forest

stewardship and the rise of areas under long-term management plans

and voluntary certification. From 2010 to 2015, the annual loss of the

forest area worldwide was less than half that of the 1990s. The

proportion of the forested area decreased from 31.6 per cent in 1990

to 30.8 per cent in 2010 and 30.6 per cent in 2015.72

15 per cent of the land is currently under protection, but not

all important areas of biodiversity. Guarding essential biodiversity is

needed to strengthen the management of natural resources and the

conservation of biodiversity. Between 2000 and 2015, the average

international coverage of terrestrial biodiversity, freshwater and

mountain areas by protected areas increased from 35 per cent to 47

per cent, from 32 per cent to 43 per cent, and from 39 per cent To 49

per cent, respectively.73

71 SDGs. (2016). Goal 15: Protect, restore and promote sustainable use of terrestrial ecosystems,

sustainably manage forests, combat desertification, and halt and reverse land degradation and

halt biodiversity loss — SDG Indicators. [online] Available at:

https://unstats.un.org/sdgs/report/2016/goal-15/ [Accessed 28 Mar. 2018]. 72 Dahal, G., Larson, A. dan Pacheco, P. (2015). Hasil reformasi untuk mata pencaharian, kondisi

hutan dan keadilan. [online] Pusat Penelitian Kehutanan Internasional. Tersedia di:

https://www.cifor.org/library/3199/outcomes-of-reforms-for-livelihoods-forest-condition-and-

equity/ [Diakses 28 Maret 2018]. 73 Ibid

45

In 2017, 76 per cent of the world's mountainous regions were

covered with some kind of green vegetation, including forests,

shrubs, grasses and crops. The green cover on the mountains is the

lowest in Central Asia (31 per cent), the highest in Oceania

(excluding Australia and New Zealand) (98 per cent).74

In the period from 1998 to 2013, about one fifth of the

surface area covered by vegetation showed the presence of persistent

and deteriorating productivity trends. South America and Africa are

the hardest hit. In some cases, advanced stages of land degradation

lead to desertification in dry areas, particularly in pastoral lands and

rangelands. The erosion of land and soil undermines the security and

development of all countries. Against the effects of diminishing land

and desertification through the permanent management of land is key

to beautifying the lives and ways of creating more than a billion

individuals who are currently under threat.75

Biodiversity loss continues at an alarming rate according to

the red list index. The risk of coral reef extinction is growing at a

much faster rate among all resident population groups, as a result of

increased climate change and local impacts. Chytrid, another source

of confusion, destroys many amphibians and increases the risk of

extinction.

The international community pledges to preserve

biodiversity. Two international conventions aim at sharing benefits

from the use of genetic resources in a fair and equitable manner. As

of April 2017, 144 republics have ratified the Global Treaty on Plant

Genetic Resources for Food and Agriculture and 96 have ratified the

Nagoya Protocol on the Acquisition of Genetic Resources and the

74 Ibrahim, Y. (2016). Vegetation and Land Cover Change in the Context of Land Degradation.

[ebook] Leicester: University of Leicester, p.15. Available at:

https://lra.le.ac.uk/bitstream/2381/39744/1/2017IBRAHIMYZPhD.pdf [Accessed 28 Mar. 2018]. 75 Ibid

46

Fair and Equitable Sharing of the Benefits Arising out of their

Utilization.

IV.2 Deforestation in Indonesia

IV.2.1 Definitions of Deforestation

Deforestation is the process of removing natural forests by

logging for timber harvesting or converting forest land into non-

forested land.76 Can also be caused by a forest fire either

intentionally or occurs naturally. Deforestation threatens the lives

of mankind and other living species. The greatest contribution to

climate change occurring today is the result of deforestation.77

Deforestation in these areas eliminates critical habitats,

disrupts ecosystems and causes the extinction of many potential

species, including irreplaceable species that can be used to make

medicines, which may be essential for the healing or effective

treatment of the world's most devastating diseases.78

Deforestation also contributes to global warming-tropical

deforestation accounts for about 20 percent of all greenhouse

gases-and has a significant impact on the global economy.79 While

some may receive direct economic benefits from activities that

result in deforestation, their short-term gains can not offset the

long-term negative economic losses.

Forests have beneficial effects on living things, forests as giver

of oxygen and also carbon dioxide absorber already provide

benefits for human survival as well as the environment. But now,

no doubt, the deforestation is a problem that is very alarming, how

76 Mumoki, F. (2006). THE EFFECTS OF DEFORESTATION ON OUR ENVIRONMENT

TODAY. Retrieved March 28, 2018, from https://www.tigweb.org/youth-

media/panorama/article.html?ContentID=7611 77 World Wildlife Fund. (2015). Deforestation | Threats | WWF. [online] Available at:

https://www.worldwildlife.org/threats/deforestation [Accessed 15 Mar. 2018]. 78 Ibid 79 Scientificamerican. (2010). Deforestation and Its Extreme Effect on Global Warming. Retrieved

March 28, 2018, from https://www.scientificamerican.com/article/deforestation-and-global-

warming/

47

not, the forest is now a lot of switch function so that it will threaten

the survival of humans and the environment. Many forests are now

deforested due to selfish manpower by illegal logging and also land

conversion, without realizing it will be a source of disaster for life.

Not only humans are threatened, but also other living ecosystems

will be threatened because the Forest is a complex ecosystem that

affects almost every species on earth.80

Currently deforestation occurs almost all over the world, where

the damage is largely due to human activities. According to the

United Nations Food and Agriculture Organization (FAO), nearly

7.3 million hectares of forest worldwide are lost every year.81 This

will certainly be more threatening to human life, Trigger

deforestation activities of the forest is an industrial activity,

especially wood industry. Another factor is due to the conversion

of forest into plantation land or can also be used as residential land

for residents. Of course this should be overcome because every day

more and more forests are barren and this will certainly have

adverse effects on life will mainly be a source of great natural

disasters.82

80 World Wildlife Fund. (2015). Deforestation | Threats | WWF. [online] Available at:

https://www.worldwildlife.org/threats/deforestation [Accessed 15 Mar. 2018]. 81 United Nations. (2010). Deforestation in decline but rate remains alarming, UN agency says |

UN News. Retrieved March 28, 2018, from https://news.un.org/en/story/2010/03/333612-

deforestation-decline-rate-remains-alarming-un-agency-says 82 Science, L. and Earth, P. (2013). Deforestation: Facts, Causes & Effects. [online] Live Science.

Available at: https://www.livescience.com/27692-deforestation.html [Accessed 15 Mar. 2018].

48

This figure, show burned forest area by mining: 24.183, food

crops: 346.039, estate crops: 72.763, palm oil concession: 505.887,

forestry concession: 233.414, swamp forest: 176.179, natural forest:

259.376, others: 807.369.

Impacts Due to Forest Degradation

1. Lowering Oxygen Quality

Forests are the largest producer that produces Oxygen (O2),

the forest also helps absorb greenhouse gases that cause global

warming. That is why there is a term that says that forests are the

lungs of the earth. But the amount of degraded forest will make a

decrease in the quality of oxygen. Because the less plants that exist in

the forest, the less oxygen is produced. The result is the quality of

oxygen will decrease.83

2. Causes of Great Flood

83 IPCC.(2015) Impacts of Desertification. Retrieved March 28, 2018, from

http://www.ipcc.ch/ipccreports/tar/wg2/index.php?idp=404

Figure IV.2 Hectares Burned by Land Type (source: CIFOR Indonesia)

49

The more rampant illegal logging will make forests more bare,

this will certainly become pemici the occurrence of large floods and

also banjir bandang. because the least trees in the forest will not be

able to absorb rain water. So when the rain comes, the water will

overflow because it can not be absorbed by the tree roots.84

3. Drought disaster

Drought disaster can occur due to forest destruction. When the

trees are few in number, the water is absorbed too little. So the ground

water also becomes less. Less groundwater can cause natural

disasters.85

4. Landslide Causes

Plants and Trees in the Forest Area will be the reinforcement

of the soil structure, so when there is heavy rain, the water is not

directly about the soil because the root of the tree will become a

rainwater absorber. But deforestation and deforestation will trigger

major landslides. because it is not adalagi plant roots that can absorb

rain water.86

5. Disruption of the water cycle

We know that trees have an important role in the water cycle,

which absorbs rainfall and produces water vapor that will later be

released into the atmosphere. In other words, the fewer the number of

trees on earth, the water content in the air that will be returned to the

ground in the form of rain is also small.87

IV.2.2 Forest Condition in Indonesia

Indonesia 1945 constitutions believe that the forest, as a gift

and grace of God Almighty mandated to the nation of Indonesia,

is a wealth controlled by the state and provide benefits for

84 Ibid 85 Ibid 86 Ibid 87 IPCC.(2015) Impacts of Desertification. Retrieved March 28, 2018, from

http://www.ipcc.ch/ipccreports/tar/wg2/index.php?idp=404

50

human beings who must be grateful, managed and utilized

optimally and preserved for the greatest prosperity of the people

as stated in the 1945 Constitution of the State of the Republic of

Indonesia. The utilization and use of forest areas shall be carried

out appropriately and sustainably by considering ecological,

social, and economic functions and to maintain.88

Sustainability for present and future generations. And there

has been forest destruction caused by the use of forests and the

use of forest areas that are not in accordance with the provisions

of laws and regulations. And also the destruction of forests, in

particular illegal logging, unlicensed mining, and unlicensed

plantations has resulted in state losses, damage to social and

cultural life and the environment, and increased global warming

that has become a national, regional and international issue.89

Indonesian government also believe that destruction of

forests has become an extraordinary, organized, and

transnational crime committed by a sophisticated modus

operandi, has threatened the survival of society so that in order

to prevent and eradicate effective forest destruction and the

provision of a deterrent effect requires a strong legal basis and

which able to ensure the effectiveness of law enforcement.

Indonesia is blessed with one of the most extensive and

diverse tropical forests of its biodiversity in the world. Tens of

millions of Indonesians rely on their livelihoods and livelihoods

from forests, either from collecting various types of forest

products to meet their livelihood needs or working in the wood

processing industry. This tropical forest is a habitat of flora and

fauna whose abundance is unparalleled by other countries of

88 Sanitasi. (2011). Undang-undang No. 41 Tahun 1999 tentang Kehutanan. Retrieved March 28,

2018, from http://www.sanitasi.net/undang-undang-no-41-tahun-1999-tentang-kehutanan.html 89 Matthews, E., Achmaliadi, R., Brown, D. and Fatah, Y. (2002). The State of the forest:

Indonesia. Bogor, Indonesia: Forest Watch Indonesia, p.15.

51

equal size. Even today almost every scientific expedition

conducted in Indonesia's tropical forests always results in the

discovery of new species.

Forest Cover Area in Indonesia

Year Total Area

2009 133.453.366,98

2010 131,279,115.98

2011 130,609,014.98

2012 128.220.010,10

2013 124.022.848,67

90

Table above show that the conditions of forest cover area in

Indonesia year by year. There are decreasing number of area year by

years. Indonesia's "economic miracle" in the 1980s and 1990s turned

out to be partly by destroying the environment and violating the

rights and traditions of local communities. For example, one of the

fastest growing sectors of the economy, the pulp and paper industry,

was established without first establishing indispensable industrial

timber estates to secure the supply of pulpwood. Instead, these pulp

factories rely on their raw materials from massive natural forest

clearance.91 The Indonesian economy is marred by disobedience to

law and corruption.

Illegal logging has been taking place overwhelmingly in huge

volumes over the years and is believed to have destroyed 10 million

90 Garg, T. (2017). Ecosystems and Human Health: The Local Benefits of Forest Cover in

Indonesia. Ecosystems and Human Health: The Local Benefits of Forest Cover in Indonesia, 3.

doi:10.2139/ssrn.3010785 91 Matthews, E., Achmaliadi, R., Brown, D. and Fatah, Y. (2002). The State of the forest:

Indonesia. Bogor, Indonesia: Forest Watch Indonesia, p.15.

Table IV.1 Forest Cover Area in Indonesia (Source: Ministry of

Forestry of Indonesia)

0

52

ha of forest.92 The wood processing industry in Indonesia operates in

a dimly lit legal system, where large corporations that until the 1997

economic crisis succeeded in attracting billions of dollars of

investment from Western countries, turned out to get more than half

the supply of wood raw materials from illegal sources. Timber is

routinely smuggled across the borders of neighboring countries,

causing the Indonesian Government to lose millions of dollars every

year.93

While the evidence for the destruction is so great, the picture

of the damage is still blurred because of conflicting data, inaccurate

information, and conflicting claims and arguments. Therefore there

is an urgent need to conduct an objective assessment of Indonesia's

forest situation, which will result in a correct information base for

individuals and organizations seeking to make positive changes.

Every year, Indonesia loses 684,000 hectares of forests due to

illegal logging, forest fires, forest encroachment and forest

conversion. According to data released by the World Food and

Agriculture Agency (FAO) based on data from the Global Forest

Resources Assessment (FRA), Indonesia ranks second highest in the

world for forest loss after Brazil is in first place. In fact, Indonesia is

called a megadiverse country because it has the largest forest with

the richest biodiversity in the world.94

According to the latest data from the Ministry of

Environment and Forests in Indonesia, the total forest area currently

reaches 124 million hectares, but from 2010 to 2015, Indonesia ranks

92 Illegal-logging.info. (2015). Indonesia | Illegal Logging Portal. [online] Available at:

https://www.illegal-logging.info/regions/Indonesia [Accessed 15 Mar. 2018]. 93 Ibid. 94 Ministry of Foresty of the Republic of Indonesia. (2011). Kehutanan Indonesia. Pusat Humas

Kementerian Kehutanan.

53

second highest loss of forest area reaching 684,000 hectares per

year.95

Unfortunately, forest destruction in the country is quite

apprehensive. Based on the Ministry of Forestry records, at least 1.1

million hectares or 2% of Indonesia's forests are shrinking every

year.96 Data from the Ministry of Forestry say that of the remaining

130 million hectares of forest in Indonesia, 42 million hectares have

been cleared.97

The greatest damage or threats to natural forests in Indonesia

are illegal logging, forest conversion into plantations, forest fires and

unsustainable forest exploitation both for residential, industrial, and

encroachment development. The increasingly severe forest

destruction caused disruption of the forest ecosystem and

surrounding environment. An obvious example of the more frequent

occurrence is the spatial conflict between wildlife and humans. The

destruction of wildlife habitat forests causes them to compete with

humans for food and living spaces, often ending up losses for both

sides. The destruction of the forest has been a threat to all living

things.

IV.2.2.1 Riau Forrest conditions

Riau Province is located on the east coast of the island of

Sumatra, geographically next to north bordering Malacca

Strait and North Sumatra province, next to south bordering

the provinces of Jambi and the province of West Sumatra;

next east with the provinces of Riau Islands and the

Malacca Strait; West Side bordering the provinces of West

Sumatra and the province of North Sumatra. Riau

95 Ministry of Foresty of the Republic of Indonesia. (2011). Kehutanan Indonesia. Pusat Humas

Kementerian Kehutanan 96 Ibid. 97 Ibid

54

Province stretched from the slopes of Bukit Barisan to the

Malacca Strait, located between 01005'00 '' South Latitude

to 02025'00 '' North Latitude or between 100'00'00 "East

Longitude to 105005'00" East Longitude. Provincial

Region Riau consists of 9 districts (Kuantan Singgingi,

Indragiri Hulu, Indragiri Hilir, Pelalawan, Siak, Kampar,

Rokan Hulu, Bengkalis and Rokan Hilir) and 2

municipalities of Pekanbaru and Dumai.98

From the chart above, we can see the declining of

forest area in Riau Province since 1982 until 2015. The

declining of forest was due to the illegal use of forests,

including ongoing illegal logging in Riau Province, the rate

of natural forest destruction of Riau reaches 160,000

hectares per year.99 Apart from that, the forest fire also

keeps happening in Riau. Until 2016, the fire spot in Riau

forest has been increased dramatically.100

98 Riau, P. (2010). Riau Province. [online] Riau.go.id. Available at:

https://www.riau.go.id/home/content/61/data-umum [Accessed 15 Mar. 2018]. 99 WWF Indonesia. (2005). Degradasi Tinggi, Hutan Riau Akan Gundul. Retrieved April 21, 2018,

from https://www.wwf.or.id/?5321/degradasi-tinggi-hutan-riau-akan-gundul 100 Hardjanti, A. (2016, July 11). Awal Juli 2016, Pembakaran Hutan di Riau Meningkat Tajam.

Retrieved from http://nationalgeographic.co.id/berita/2016/07/awal-juli-2016-pembakaran-hutan-

di-riau-meningkat-tajam

Figure IV.3 Riau Province forest area (source: Jikalahari

(Riau Forest Rescue Team) Document)

55

Deforestation is a problem in Riau province area.

The decreasing number of forest area would be the special

attantion from the local government. There are current

data about the number of forest area in Riau province. This

report was prepared by David LA Gaveau and his team,

after examining the condition of forests in Riau one month

after Singapore was hit by the worst pollution of forest

fires in June 2013. Singapore's air pollution index for 24

hours when it reached the highest number, 246 or entered

in the category " very unhealthy ".

In terms of land use, the results of David's research

and the team in the field found that most fires (82%)

occurred in Riau occurred on non-forest land classified as

133,216 hectares. Only 7% (12,037 hectares) of burned

land fell into the forest category before the fire

occurred.101 Interestingly, five years ago, more than half of

this burning field (58%, 94,308 hectares) was still in the

forest. And as many as 57% of non-forest burned areas are

"forest graves" because the land has been cultivated and

the trees have been felled and dead.102

In terms of ownership, the research team found that

52% of the burned area (84,717 hectares) was included in

the concession area in the sense that the area has been

granted permission to be processed into plantations.

However, 60% of this burning concession area (50,248

hectares, or 31% of the total burned area) is also inhabited

by the community.103

As many as 48% of the total burned area belongs to

the Ministry of Forestry. According to the research team,

101 Kurniawan, S. P. (2015, January 01). The role of fire in changing land use and livelihoods in

Riau-Sumatra. Retrieved March 28, 2018, from https://www.cifor.org/library/1541/the-role-of-fire-

in-changing-land-use-and-livelihoods-in-riau-sumatra/ 102 Ibid 103 Ibid

56

deforestation occurring in the region was triggered by fires

and still "seizing" land tenure status with local government.

The problem is complicated, because the research team

found farming activities by the community a month after

the landfire occurred.

Areas of forest fires also occur in areas already

prepared as plantation land. Trees are felled and dead, water

in peatlands is drained. Water loss and natural canopy

systems increase the risk of forest fires triggered by

extreme dry season conditions. According to the research

team, forest fires will continue to occur if the conversion of

natural forests and peatlands into oil palm plantations

The Regulation on the Spatial Area of Riau

Territory is contained in the Decree of the Minister of

Forestry no. 173 of 1986 on Forest Land Use Arrangement

(TGHK) and Local Regulation no. 10 of 1994 on Provincial

Spatial Planning (RTRWP) Level 1 Riau 1994-2009 which

contains about the direction of spatial use as a Reference

and Tools of coordination between sectors in developing

the policy of Riau Province Development until today. In

TGHK and Riau RTRWP the land area of Riau is 9,456,160

Ha (still including Riau Islands Province).104 TGHK

contains the division of Spatial Use based on Forest

Function into 5 Classifications namely Protection Forest,

Nature and Tourism Forest, Limited Production Forest,

Permanent Production Forest, and Conversion Production

Forest. While RTRWP divide the direction of space

utilization into 2 Great Classification that is Protected Area

and Area of Cultivation. Protected Areas include Nature

Conservation Area, Forest Nature Reserve Area, The Local

104 Jikalahari.or.id. (2017). Riau RTRWP for the People, Not for a Few Companies and Corporate

Monopoly - Jikalahari. [online] Available at: http://jikalahari.or.id/kabar/rilis/rtrwp-riau-untuk-

rakyat-bukan-untuk-segelintir-pemodal-dan-monopoli-korporasi/ [Accessed Mar. 15th. 2018].

57

Protected Area, and the Area that provides the Protection of

the Lower Area. While Cultivation Area covers Production

Forest Area, Plantation, Industry, Tourism, Agriculture,

Settlement and others, and Priority area.

Indonesian constitutions Law no. 24 of 1992 on

Spatial Planning, RTRWP preparation is done by referring

to the RTRWN (National Spatial Plan), then RTRWK

(Spatial Plan of Regency / City) also must refer to RTRWP.

It is intended that there is synchronization of Development

between National Level, Province and District / City. The

RTRWN is prepared for a 25-Year term, RTRWP for the

15-Year Term, and RTRWK for ten year period. Revisions

or Review can be made every 5 Years.105 Revision or

Review aims to reconcile various regional, national and

international policy developments that may arise on the

way.106

The importance of Spatial Planning means that

every Development policy made by the Provincial and

Regency / City Governments is not out of the existing

spatial use directives. Implicitly Spatial also contains about

the division of authority between the Central Government

and the Regions, either in the Determination / Change of

the Status of Forest Areas, the granting of allocations of

space for Investment and Development of Settlements /

Urban and Rural, and others. When viewed from the

perceptive Ecological Spatial also serves to provide

certainty for the protection / maintenance of the area,

ecosystems, and habitats that have high ecological value.

Then the meaning will be wider when viewed from the

Perspective of Social, Economy, Culture and Politics.

105 Ibid 106 Ibid

58

CHAPTER V

THE IMPLEMENTATION OF SUSTAINABLE

DEVELOPMENT GOALS 15 TARGET 2 IN RIAU

PROVINCE (2015-2017)

In this chapter, the writer would provide the analysis of the research and

also answering the research question. This chaper consist of the integration of

SDGs into Indonesian policy such as the “Rencana Aksi Nasional Penurunan

Emisi Gas Rumah Kaca” (RAN-GRK) / National Actional Plan for Reducing

Greenhous Gas Emisson and the Reducing Deforestation and Forest Degradation

(REDD), and the implementation of the policy mentioned above to address the

forest issue in Riau Province.

RAN-GRK basically focusing to reduce the greenhouse gas and REDD

itself focus on the forest issue. This chapter will provide the analysis on how these

two policiees can be use as the strategy to solve the deforestation issue in the Riau

Province.

V.1 The Integration of SDGs Goals 15 Target 2 into Indonesian

Policy on Forest Cover Area

V.1.1 National Action Plan for Reducing Greenhouse Gas Emissions

(RAN-GRK)

The National Action Plan for GHG Emission Reduction

(RAN-GRK) is a working document that provides the foundation

for various Ministries / Agencies and Local Governments for the

implementation of activities that directly and indirectly will

reduce greenhouse gas emissions within the framework of

reducing the rate of climate change global. Greenhouse gas

(GHG) emissions alone are generated from nature and various

development activities primarily from activities in the fields of

forestry, peatland, sewage, agriculture, transportation, industry

59

and energy. This has been the concern of many parties related to

the occurrence of global climate change that symptoms and

impacts have been felt by various countries in the world including

Indonesia.107

This document is structured as part of a long-term (RPJP)

and medium-term development plan (RPJM) within the

framework of sustainable development policies to address the

impacts of climate change, specifically to reduce GHG emissions,

especially for some priority development areas.108 The

compilation of this document is also a follow up of Indonesia's

commitment to tackling global climate change issues, delivered

by President Soesilo Bambang Yudhoyono in his speech to the G-

20 leaders at a meeting in Pittsburgh, USA, September 25,

2009.109

Under the scenario of SNC (Second National

Communication) the level of emissions in Indonesia is expected

to increase from 1.72 Giga ton CO2e in 2000 to 2.95 Giga ton

CO2e in 2020110. The calculations will be reviewed periodically

using better methodology, data and information. These emissions

increase, largely due to activities or activities in the fields of

forestry and peatlands, agriculture, energy, industry and

transportation, and waste. Greenhouse Gas Emission Scenario

(GHG) 2000-2020 Under this condition, Indonesia has voluntarily

committed to reducing GHG emissions by 26 percent by 2020

107 Darajati, W. (2011). IMPLEMENTASI RENCANA RENCANA AKSI NASIONAL

NASIONAL PENURUNAN PENURUNAN EMISI GAS RUMAH KACA. [online] Iesr.or.id.

Available at: http://iesr.or.id/wp-content/uploads/Bappenas-PP-61.pdf [Accessed 27 Mar. 2018]. 108 Apki.net. (2010). Panduan Penyusunan Rencana Aksi Daerah Pengurangan Emisi Gas Rumah

Kaca (RAD-GRK). [online] Available at: http://apki.net/wp-content/uploads/2014/05/Panduan-

Penyusunan-RAD-Pengurangan-Emisi-GRK.pdf [Accessed 27 Mar. 2018]. 109 Ibid 110 UNFCCC. (2008). UNFCCC. INDONESIA SECOND NATIONAL COMMUNICATION

UNDER THE UNITED NATIONS FRAMEWORK CONVENTION ON CLIMATE CHANGE,

VII. doi:10.3411/col.11240401

60

from the emissions level of BAU (Bussiness as Usual).111 If the

SNC scenario is used for GHG emission reduction targets by 20%

by 26% is 0.767 Giga ton CO2e, and an additional possibility of

15 percent (0.477 Giga ton CO2e) to 41 percent if there is

international funding support. The amount of GHG emission

reduction figures will also still be recalculated more accurately

using better methodology, data and information.112

This document is expected to be an integrated, concrete,

measurable and actionable action plan for 2010-2020. In addition,

the action plan is based on measurable, reportable and verifiable

(MRV) principles, in order to be accountable for the results, in

accordance with principles to be implemented by the UNFCCC

for climate change mitigation activities undertaken by the state of

party.113

In order to realize the above objectives and targets, it is

necessary to formulate various interventions and action plans that

are adapted to the policy of climate change mitigation program

implemented and supported by various Ministries / Institutions

such as:

111 Ranradgrk.bappenas.go.id. (2015). POTRET RENCANA AKSI DAERAH PENURUNAN

EMISI GAS RUMAH KACA (RAD-GRK). [online] Available at:

http://ranradgrk.bappenas.go.id/rangrk/admincms/downloads/publications/Potret_RAD-GRK.pdf

[Accessed 27 Mar. 2018]. 112 Ranradgrk.bappenas.go.id. (2015). POTRET RENCANA AKSI DAERAH PENURUNAN

EMISI GAS RUMAH KACA (RAD-GRK). [online] Available at:

http://ranradgrk.bappenas.go.id/rangrk/admincms/downloads/publications/Potret_RAD-GRK.pdf

[Accessed 27 Mar. 2018]. 113 Nature.or.id. (2016). Kebijakan Nasional Perubahan Iklim. [online] Available at:

https://www.nature.or.id/publikasi/laporan-dan-panduan-kehutanan/modul-knpi.pdf [Accessed 27

Mar. 2018].

61

Table V.1 National and Regional Action Framework114

Ministries /

Institutions

Duties

Minister of National

Development

Planning/ Bappenas

receiving RAD-GRK documents as

determined by the Governor Regulation no

later than 12 months after the enactment of

Presidential Regulation No. 61/2011.

Minister of

Domestic Affairs

in charge of facilitating the preparation of

RAD-GRK together with the Minister of

PPN / Head of Bappenas and the Minister

of Environment acceptance of RAD-GRK

documents that have been set by The

Governor.

Minister of

Environment

establishing guidelines for implementation

inventory of GHG, coordinate the

implementation of inventory GHG

emissions and GHG emission change

tendencies including carbon stores at the

national level.

Provincial

Government

obliged to prepare Regional Action Plan

for Decline Greenhouse Gas Emissions

(RAD-GRK) based on RAN-GRK

and regional development priorities

In short, RAN-GRK has injected the principles of

Sustainable Development Goals target 15.2 by awering the

environment sustainable into its center idea. The integration of

114 Bappenas.go.id. (2010). RENCANA AKSI NASIONAL PENURUNAN EMISI GAS RUMAH

KACA. [online] Available at:

https://www.bappenas.go.id/files/8414/1214/1620/naskah_akademis.pdf [Accessed 27 Mar. 2018].

62

SDGs target 15.2 by the government of Indonesia into RAN-GRK

is approved since the values of SDGs target 15.2 are discovered

within RAN-GRK. Thus, the process in ensuring environmental

sustainability is confirmed through this policy.

V.1.2 Reducing Deforestation and Forest Degradation (REDD+)

Task Force

In 2009, Indonesia became one of the first developing

countries to formally commit to voluntary emissions

reductions.115 This emission reduction commitment is 26 percent

of the business as usual (BAU) scenario by 2020 with its own

resources or 41 percent if it gets international assistance. To

realize this commitment, the government has issued Presidential

Regulation (Perpres) no. 61/2011 on the National Action Plan for

GHG emission reduction (RAN-GRK) and Presidential

Regulation (Perpres) no. 71/2011 on GHG inventory. REDD + is

one of the key elements of RAN-GRK's operationalization in the

areas of forest management, peatland and agriculture.116 REDD +

will also be developed within the framework of low-carbon and

green economy development, to ensure that climate change

mitigation measures from the land use sector are in line with

Indonesia's sustainable development needs and policies.

Indonesia is the country with the third largest tropical forest

in Indonesia after Brazil and Zaire and owns 10% of the rest of

the world's resources.117 Timber forest products are one of the

115 WIJAYA, A., WIBOWO, K., & CLORINDA. (2015). World Resource Institute. HOW CAN

INDONESIA ACHIEVE ITS CLIMATE CHANGE MITIGATION GOAL? AN ANALYSIS OF

POTENTIAL EMISSIONS REDUCTIONS FROM ENERGY AND LAND-USE POLICIES, I, 1-

3. Retrieved March 29, 2018, from http://www.wri-indonesia.org/sites/default/files/WRI Layout

Paper OCN v7.pdf 116 Jdih.kemenkeu.go.id. (2007). UNDANG-UNDANG REPUBLIK INDONESIA NOMOR 26

TAHUN 2007. [online] Available at:

http://www.jdih.kemenkeu.go.id/fullText/2007/26TAHUN2007UU.htm [Accessed 27 Mar. 2018]. 117 Sunderlin, W., Larson, A., Duchelle, A., Resosudarmo, I., Huynh, T., Awono, A. and Dokken,

T. (2013). How are REDD+ Proponents Addressing Tenure Problems? Evidence from Brazil,

Cameroon, Tanzania, Indonesia, and Vietnam. [online] Science Direct. Available at:

https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0305750X13000193 [Accessed 27 Mar. 2018].

63

mainstay forest products that support national economic growth.

Riau Province is one of 9 (nine) forested in Indonesia which is

established by the government as a province of REDD

Implementation. Riau Province with extensive forest area and

largest peatland in Sumatra and including the largest contributor

of CO2 emission in Indonesia. In line with the designation of Riau

Province as a pilot province, the Riau Governor has established a

Provincial REDD Task Force tasked with preparing at the

Provincial level. REDD institutions are established in efforts to

reduce emissions from deforestation and forest degeneration as

outlined in the REDD National Strategy.118

Riau province with large forest areas and the largest

peatland in Sumatra has a strong commitment to support

government policy in reducing emissions from deforestation and

forest degradation activities, and expressed interest in being a

pilot location of REDD + implementation province. Indonesia and

Norway and / or Indonesia's cooperation with other countries on

REDD + implementation. Implementation of REDD + in Riau

must meet the principles of effectiveness, efficiency, fairness,

transparency and accountability, so that REDD + projects can

have a positive impact on indigenous and local communities. The

REDD + project implements Free Prior Informed Consent (FPIC)

from the planning to monitoring and evaluation of REDD +

implementation.

The REDD+ is an important part of the environmental

conservation strategic policy which has been proclaimed by Riau

Provincial Government to improve environmental quality and

avoid the image as an area that often produce environmental

pollution. The strategic policy of the environment will continue to

be run continuously and synergies with other development plans

118 Ibid.

64

which are also a priority are the improvement of human resources,

the empowerment of the populist economy and the efforts of

poverty alleviation, the provision of infrastructure in an effort to

increase investment as well as the realization of good governance

Clean Governance).119

Implementation of REDD + especially in developing

countries requires support from local actors. The REDD +

mechanism is an international issue that requires real action at the

local national level. Therefore, the solution of deforestation and

forest degradation problems at the national level can not be

separated from the solution of national development problems as

a whole. In addition, the forestry sector is unique in all developing

country forest owners, many policy instruments and programs

designed to address climate change issues but directly or

indirectly contribute to mitigating the negative impacts of climate

change.120

Environmental threats do not recognize national boundaries

and no country or group of countries can cope with environmental

threats. Global environmental damage is a major challenge to

global prosperity. A clean, universally beneficial environment

while the global environmental framework is harmful to all

people, whether large or small.

At the 1992 United Nations Conference on Environment

and Development or the "Earth Summit" held in Rio de Janeiro

and representatives from 172 countries and 2,400 NGOs gathered

to discuss ways to reduce tensions in the global environment

while encouraging sustainable development to reduce tensions

between the wishes of the developing countries, poor countries to

119 GoRiau.com. (2014). Selamatkan Lingkungan, Pemprov Riau Teken MoU Implementasi

REDD+. [online] Available at: https://www.goriau.com/berita/umum/selamatkan-lingkungan-

pemprov-riau-teken-mou-implementasi-redd.html [Accessed 27 Mar. 2018]. 120 Ibid

65

build fast-paced economies and the preferences of rich countries

to enforce environmental and development boundaries. as Buzan

puts it in his book People, states and Fear: "security is concerned

with environmental problems, where issues that threaten the

survival of a particular collective unit will be seen as a threat

existential.121

Forests are a source of Greenhouse Gas (GHG) absorbers

and support the national economic growth with the utilization of

wood in the forest. livelihoods 90% of the 1.2 billion people

living in extreme poverty. Forests are also used as a source of

PAD timber (Local Original Opinion) needed for local

development. Forests also play a major role in maintaining water

supply and cycles. Nevertheless, its presence is threatened by land

clearing practices.7 Deforestation and forest degradation are the

causes of an increase of up to a hundred times the extinction of

world species and up to 20% of total GHG emissions that exceed

world transport. Climate change is a reality of common concern to

the international community.122

The Decree of the President of the Republic of Indonesia

19/2010 on Task Force (Task Force) Preparation for the

Establishment of Institutional REDD +, which ended its term on

30 June 2011 was the response of the Government of Indonesia to

the Government of Norway which has signed the agreement with

the Indonesian government as a form of support. The results of

this first REDD + Task Force include a draft National REDD +

Strategy which has been widely consulted with various parties,

Inpres 10/2011 on Delays on New Licenses and Completion of

Primary Forest and Peatland Forest Governance, as well as

121 Redd.unfccc.int. (2013). Fact Sheets - REDD+. [online] Available at:

http://redd.unfccc.int/fact-sheets.html [Accessed 27 Mar. 2018]. 122 Ibid

66

selection and implementation of activities in Kalimantan Province

Central as the first REDD + Pilot Province in Indonesia.123

The second REDD + Institutional Task Force (Task Force)

was established through Presidential Decree 25/2011 in

September 2011. REDD + in Indonesia will enter the institutional

development and implementation of a largely implemented

strategic program in Riau province. This second Task Force

consists of 10 working groups (Pokja). Each Pokja is chaired by

elected people from government and non-governmental groups

who work intensively and build relationships across sectors.124

The REDD + Working Group supports the preparation of

Indonesia's REDD + institutional establishment with a new

approach. This approach will synergistically synthesize the work

of policy makers at the national level by accommodating

knowledge and aspirations at the local level in the hope of

becoming a transparent, participatory, and accountable institution.

This is in line with good governance that is authoritative,

responsive, and adaptive to the rapidly evolving world. At the end

of 2012, the REDD + Task Force terminated its working period

with the following outputs:125

Draft Presidential Decree on the Establishment of REDD +

Institutions, which includes the Financial Management Scheme

(FREDDI) and the MRV Strategy;

Multi-Door Approach Law Guidelines and Academic

Documents on One Door License;

Guidelines for Mainstreaming REDD + into MP3EI's Greening

Development Planning System and Guidelines;

123 Ditjenppi.menlhk.go.id. (2016). Dukungan Menuju Implementasi REDD+ di Provinsi Riau -

Direktorat Jenderal Pengendalian Perubahan Iklim. [online] Available at:

http://ditjenppi.menlhk.go.id/berita-ppi/2701-pembangunan-kph-dan-konsep-pengelolaannya-

dukungan-menuju-implmentasi-redd-di-provinsi-riau.html [Accessed 27 Mar. 2018]. 124 Ibid 125 Ibid

67

National REDD + Strategy Document and Provincial Strategic

Paper and Action Plan (SRAP) West Sumatra, Riau, West Papua

and East Kalimantan;

In October 2009, President Susilo Bambang Yudhoyono

committed to reducing Indonesia's CO2 emissions by 26%,

compared to business as usual scenario by 2020, this is the biggest

commitment given by the growing economic power. With the

support of international finance, President Yudhoyono is also

committed to reducing greenhouse gas emissions by up to 41%.

The Government of Norway welcomed this commitment and

approved the signing of Letter of Intent (LoI) on 26 May 2010.

Norway will contribute to Indonesia based on verified emissions

reductions that are in line with the REDD + scheme.126

In September 2010, President Yudhoyono set up a REDD +

Task Force to ensure that REDD + implementation works well

through Presidential Decree No.19 / 2010. Dr. Kuntoro

Mangkusubroto was elected as Chair of this cross-sectoral task

force, and South Kalimantan was elected by the President as a pilot

province of the REDD + program in Indonesia in December

2010.127

The REDD+ Task Force has mainstreamed the principles from

Sustainable Development Goals target 15.2 into its central.128 In

ensuring environmental sustainability, this policy has absorbed the

sustainable development principles so that the implementation of

REDD+ in Indonesia could be succeeded. Forest conservation,

carbon stocks enhancement, and sustainable forest management

126 Ditjenppi.menlhk.go.id. (2016). Dukungan Menuju Implementasi REDD+ di Provinsi Riau -

Direktorat Jenderal Pengendalian Perubahan Iklim. [online] Available at:

http://ditjenppi.menlhk.go.id/berita-ppi/2701-pembangunan-kph-dan-konsep-pengelolaannya-

dukungan-menuju-implmentasi-redd-di-provinsi-riau.html [Accessed 27 Mar. 2018]. 127 Ibid 128 Lima, M. G., Kissinger, G., Visseren-Hamakers, I. J., Braña-Varela, J., & Gupta, A. (2017).

The Sustainable Development Goals and REDD : Assessing institutional interactions and the

pursuit of synergies. International Environmental Agreements: Politics, Law and Economics,

17(4), 589-606. doi:10.1007/s10784-017-9366-9

68

through REDD+ Task Force mechanism are the confirmations for

Indonesia’s commitment in ensuring environmental sustainability.

V.2 The Implementation of Indonesian Policy on Forest Cover

Area Issue in Riau Province

The Government of the Republic of Indonesia (GOI) has produced some

regulations and policies on climate change adaptation and mitigation. Some

of the regulations directly related to climate change include:129

• Presidential Regulation No. 61 of 2011 on the National Action Plan for

Emission Reduction Greenhouse Gases (RAN GRK)

• Presidential Regulation No. 71 of 2011 on the Implementation of National

Greenhouse Gas Inventory

• Presidential Instruction Number 10 Year 2011 on Delaying of New

Licenses and Completion of Primary Forest and Peat Land Governance

• Permenhut No. P.68 of 2008 on the Implementation of Demonstration

Activities for Reducing Carbon Emissions from Deforestation and Forest

Degradation (REDD).

• Permenhut No. P.30 of 2009 on Procedures for Reducing Emissions from

Deforestation & Forest Degradation (REDD)

• Permenhut No P.36 of 2009 concerning Procedures for Licensing of

Utilization Business of Carbon Absorption and / or Storage in Production

Forest and Protected Forest.

• Presidential Decree of the Republic of Indonesia Number 19 Year 2010

concerning Task Force on Preparing for REDD + Institutional

Establishment

• Presidential Instruction of the Republic of Indonesia Number 10 Year

2011 on Delaying of New Licenses and Completion of Primary Forest and

Peat Land Governance

• Presidential Decree No. 25 of 2011 on the REDD + Institutional

Preparation Task Force

129 Darajati, W. (2018). IMPLEMENTASI RENCANA RENCANA AKSI NASIONAL

NASIONAL PENURUNAN PENURUNAN EMISI GAS RUMAH KACA. [online] Iesr.or.id.

Available at: http://iesr.or.id/wp-content/uploads/Bappenas-PP-61.pdf [Accessed 27 Mar. 2018].

69

• Regulation of the Minister of Forestry of the Republic of Indonesia

Number: P. 20 / Menhut-II / 2012 on Carbon Harvesting

• Presidential Decree Number 5 Year 2015 on the amendment of

Presidential Decree No. 25 Year 2011 on Institutional Preparation Task

Force of Reducing Emissions from Deforestation and Forest Degradation

(REDD +)

In 2010 the Government of Indonesia vowed to diminish discharges by 26%

(41% with universal help) on a the same old thing situation by 2020.130

Regulatory streams, under President Joko Widodo, have decided need activity

inside the Nawa Cita (Nine Priorities) national structure , which incorporates

ensuring Indonesian subjects, advancing provincial and territorial

improvement, enhancing personal satisfaction, and enhancing worldwide

efficiency and intensity. These center missions are reliable with national

responsibilities towards low-carbon advancement and environmental change,

where environmental change adjustment and alleviation are an incorporated

and cross-cutting need of the National Medium Term Development Plan.131

The accompanying needs for activity change in 2015-2019 will be completely

incorporated into Indonesia's National Medium-Term Development Plan by

2020. Given its essential geographic position in the worldwide ocean transport

line (thermohaline dissemination), the biggest archipelagic nation and its huge

tropical rain woods with assorted variety biodiversity, high carbon stock

esteem and vitality and mineral assets, Indonesia perceived its part to play in

the battle against worldwide environmental change.132 Nonetheless, Indonesia

is defenseless against catastrophic events that are probably going to be

bothered by environmental change, particularly in marsh territories over the

archipelago. In this way, Indonesia sees adjustment and moderation of

130 Bappenas.go.id. (2010). RENCANA AKSI NASIONAL PENURUNAN EMISI GAS RUMAH

KACA. [online] Available at:

https://www.bappenas.go.id/files/8414/1214/1620/naskah_akademis.pdf [Accessed 27 Mar. 2018]. 131 Ditjenppi.menlhk.go.id. (2016). Dukungan Menuju Implementasi REDD+ di Provinsi Riau -

Direktorat Jenderal Pengendalian Perubahan Iklim. [online] Available at:

http://ditjenppi.menlhk.go.id/berita-ppi/2701-pembangunan-kph-dan-konsep-pengelolaannya-

dukungan-menuju-implmentasi-redd-di-provinsi-riau.html [Accessed 27 Mar. 2018]. 132 Ibid.

70

environmental change and ocean based land adjustment as a basic key thought

in accomplishing atmosphere strength in nourishment, water and vitality.

V.2.1 The Implementation of RAN-GRK

The National Action Plan for Greenhouse Gas Emission

Reduction (RAN GRK) contains a Work Plan Document for the

implementation of various activities that directly and indirectly

reduce greenhouse gas emissions in accordance with national

development targets.133 In accordance with the commitment of the

Government of Indonesia to address the international agreement

on climate change, the target of greenhouse gas emission

reduction through its own business (26%) from the Forestry

Sector is 0.672 Giga Tons CO2e, while the target of greenhouse

gas emission reduction scheme with international support (41% of

the Forestry Sector is 1,039 Giga Tons of CO2e (Presidential

Regulation No. 61 of 2011).134

The policies set out in order to achieve the GHG emission

reduction targets with schemes (26%) and (41%) are as follows: •

GHG emissions reductions, increasing environmental comfort,

preventing disasters, absorbing labor and increasing people's

income and country.135

• Management of network systems and water systems in

swamps

• Maintenance of swamp reclamation networks (including

existing peatlands)

• Increase productivity and efficiency of agricultural

production on peatlands with the lowest possible emissions and

absorb CO2 optimally.

133 Bappenas.go.id. (2010). RENCANA AKSI NASIONAL PENURUNAN EMISI GAS RUMAH

KACA. [online] Available at:

https://www.bappenas.go.id/files/8414/1214/1620/naskah_akademis.pdf [Accessed 27 Mar. 2018]. 134 Ibid 135 Ibid

71

• The strategies set forth in Presidential Regulation No. 61 of

2011 for the implementation of the National Action Plan for

Greenhouse Gas Emission Reduction (RAN GRK) are as follows:

• Suppressing deforestation and forest degradation rates to

reduce GHG emissions

• Increase plantings to increase GHG absorption

• Increase forest safeguarding efforts against wildfires and

illegal logging and implementation of Sustainable Forest

Management (SFM)

• Improved the water system (network) and dividing blocks, and

stabilizes the water level on the swamp water network

• Optimizing land and water resources without deforestation

• Implement agricultural land management technology with the

lowest possible GHG emission and absorb CO2 optimally.

In addition, documents on climate change have been

established, including: National Action Plan for Greenhouse Gas

Emission Reduction (RAN - GRK) and Indonesia Climate Change

Sectorial Roadmap (ICCSR). RAN-GRK is a long-term planning

document that regulates GHG emission reduction efforts related to

the substance of the Long Term Development Plan (RPJP) and the

Medium Term Development Plan (RPJM). RAN-GRK is a key

reference for development actors at national, provincial and district

/ city levels in the planning, implementation, monitoring and

evaluation of greenhouse gas emissions reductions. The

legalization process of RAN GRK is made through the Presidential

Regulation.136

RAN GRK mandates the Provincial Government to develop an

action plan for emission reduction for the province level,

hereinafter referred to as the Regional Action Plan for Greenhouse

136 Ranradgrk.bappenas.go.id. (2014). POTRET RENCANA AKSI DAERAH PENURUNAN

EMISI GAS RUMAH KACA (RAD-GRK). [online] Available at:

http://ranradgrk.bappenas.go.id/rangrk/admincms/downloads/publications/Potret_RAD-GRK.pdf

[Accessed 27 Mar. 2018].

72

Gas Emission Reduction (RAD-GRK).137 The substance of RAN-

GRK is the basis for each province in developing RAD-GRK in

accordance with its capabilities and its relevance to the

development policies of each province. Thus, RAD-GRK will then

be established through the Governor's Regulation of Riau Province.

The preparation of RAD-GRK is expected to be a bottom-up

process that illustrates how the steps each province will take in

reducing greenhouse gas emissions, in accordance with their

respective capacities. Furthermore, each provincial government

needs to calculate its own greenhouse gas emissions, reduction

targets, and the type of sector to be reduced emissions.138

In order to follow up the implementation in more detail, the

RAN GRK advocates the need to make RAD-GRK as a working

document that forms the basis for local governments, communities

and the private sector to undertake direct and indirect activities

aimed at reducing GHG emissions in 2010-2020 with reference to

regional development plans. As mentioned in Presidential

Regulation no. 61 of 2011 on the Action Plan for Greenhouse Gas

Emission Reduction in article 2, paragraph 2, which mandates that

RAN GRK is the basis for government, local government,

community and business sector in planning, implementing,

monitoring and evaluating RAD-GRK.139

Indonesia's commitment to reducing Greenhouse Gases is

implied through the National Action Plan to Reduce Greenhouse

Gas Emissions. As Indonesia implements regional autonomy,

implementation of RAN-GRK conducted at the provincial level

should be undertaken through the Local Action Plan to Reduce

Greenhouse Gas Emissions (RAD-GRK). The implementation of

137 Ibid 138 Ibid 139 Apki.net. (2010). Panduan Penyusunan Rencana Aksi Daerah Pengurangan Emisi Gas Rumah

Kaca (RAD-GRK). [online] Available at: http://apki.net/wp-content/uploads/2014/05/Panduan-

Penyusunan-RAD-Pengurangan-Emisi-GRK.pdf [Accessed 27 Mar. 2018].

73

RAD-GRK will involve the Government of Indonesia's efforts to

combat deforestation.140

Data from BAPPENAS indicates that at least 15 provinces

have less than 30 percent in preparing RAD-RGK. The provinces

included in this category are Aceh, Jambi, Riau, Bengkulu, Riau

province, North Sulawesi, South Sulawesi, Maluku, West Papua,

East Nusa Tenggara, West Kalimantan, South Kalimantan and

West Sulawesi.141

Wahyuningsih, staff of the Institute for Essential Services

Reform, in Jakarta, stated that, 'the challenge is to identify regional

Greenhouse Gas Emission issues. The classification of emission

sources and emission status must be clear. 'This statement is based

on their research on the realization of RAN-GRK in Indonesia.

Identification of GHG emissions at the regional level is still a

challenge that must be faced in implementing RAD-GRK

effectively.142 In another judgment, Deddy Ratih, a Bioregion and

Climate Campaigner from WALHI, stated that the policy

considered a solution in reducing emission levels turned out to be

the cause of reducing greenhouse gas emissions insignificantly. He

stated that by looking at greenhouse gas emission reduction

scenarios, land and forest use change only contributed 14 percent

from 26 percent level while other sectors such as energy and

transport, industry and waste did not seem to be prioritized by the

Indonesian government.143 However, in addition to the

insignificant contribution of the forestry sector, the implementation

of this policy remains to be done vigorously.

140 Ibid 141 Solopos News. (2012, September 1). 15 Provinsi Belum Selesaikan RAD. Retrieved January 19,

2015, from Solopos News: http://www.solopos.com/2012/09/01/gas-rumah-kaca-15-provinsi-

belum-selesaikan-rad-323880 142 Darajati, W. (2018). IMPLEMENTASI RENCANA RENCANA AKSI NASIONAL

NASIONAL PENURUNAN PENURUNAN EMISI GAS RUMAH KACA. [online] Iesr.or.id.

Available at: http://iesr.or.id/wp-content/uploads/Bappenas-PP-61.pdf [Accessed 27 Mar. 2018]. 143 Ibid

74

According to a report in Proceedings of National Academy of

Sciences, contractors in Riau province have increased conversion

of peatlands into oil palm plantations that have forced the

destruction of forests and increased the rate of Greenhouse Gas

Emissions. This deforestation activity, if continued, will result in

RAD-GRK implementation in Riau province being non-existent.

The conversion of 280,000 Ha from one million hectares of

unavoidable land where the most likely situation is the conversion

of 35 percent of all terrestrial citizens to oil palm plantations by

2020.144

In Riau province, investments for mining, oil palm plantations

and logging concessions acquire most of Riau province. The total

area of investment is 12.8 million ha from 15.3 million Ha.145

Territorial land of people and forests of Riau province and

peatlands is converted into mining, oil palm plantations and

logging concessions. This area of 12.8 million ha has contributed to

an increase in the amount of gas emissions that are in conflict with

RAD-GRK.146

WALHI notes that, from 2011-2015, the percentage of forest

destruction activities has increased by 300 percent. In 2012, there

were 198 cases while in 2015 there were 369 cases, an increase of

86.36 percent, in 1.2 million ha involving 139,874 families. This

implies that the implementation of RAD-GRK in Riau province

still faces serious challenges in urging law enforcement.147 These

144 CHRYSOLITE, H., UTAMI, A., WIJAYA, A. and FRIEDRICH, J. (2015). INDONESIAN

CLIMATE POLICY AND DATA IN CAIT INDONESIA CLIMATE DATA EXPLORER.

[online] Wri.org. Available at:

https://www.wri.org/sites/default/files/Indonesian_Climate_Policy_And_Data_In_Cait_Indonesia_

Climate_Data_Explorer_Pindai.pdf [Accessed 27 Mar. 2018]. 145 Susanti, A., & Burgers, P. (2013). EUROPEAN REPORT DEVELOPMENT. Oil Palm

Expansion in Riau Province, Indonesia: Serving People, Planet, Profit ?, 1, 13-14.

doi:10.1107/s0108768107031758/bs5044sup1.cif 146 Susanti, A., & Burgers, P. (2013). EUROPEAN REPORT DEVELOPMENT. Oil Palm

Expansion in Riau Province, Indonesia: Serving People, Planet, Profit ?, 1, 13-14.

doi:10.1107/s0108768107031758/bs5044sup1.cif 147 Ibid

75

forest destructive activities really have an impact on increasing

levels of greenhouse gas emissions in the atmosphere.148

In other circumstances, a spokesman from the Coalition, Tama

S., said that law enforcers have kidnapped 207 environmental

activists since January 2015. This is a shame because the arrests of

these activists occurred because of their investigation of alleged

corruption in the natural resource sector. This activist really helps

people who are victims of agrarian conflict.149

This phenomenon in implementing RAN-GRK is contradictory

to the establishment of President SBY which displays the

environment as a companion. People who struggle for the rights of

local communities and the environment turn out to be a reprobate

person.150 Law enforcement on the implementation of RAN-GRK

is carried out in the wrong way.

In the implementation of RAN-GRK, especially in Riau

province through RAD-GRK, there are still some violations and

errors in the process. Efforts to reduce Greenhouse Gas Emissions

are far from successful even though the sustainable development

principle values aimed at low emissions development are in this

policy. The release of gas emissions into the Earth’s atmosphere

for deforestation and forest degradation in RAN-GRK practices has

described incompetent results for environmental sustainability. The

implementation of RAD-GRK in Riau province has not fully

targeted the 15.2 Sustainable Development Goals target. The

values in SDGs 15.2 target have been very well injected into this

policy. However, the implementation of RAD-GRK in Riau

148 Ibid 149 CHRYSOLITE, H., UTAMI, A., WIJAYA, A. and FRIEDRICH, J. (2015). INDONESIAN

CLIMATE POLICY AND DATA IN CAIT INDONESIA CLIMATE DATA EXPLORER.

[online] Wri.org. Available at:

https://www.wri.org/sites/default/files/Indonesian_Climate_Policy_And_Data_In_Cait_Indonesia_

Climate_Data_Explorer_Pindai.pdf [Accessed 27 Mar. 2018]. 150 Mongabay. (2012, April 29). Temuan Studi: Sawit Penyebab Utama Kerusakan Lahan Gambut

Riau. Retrieved January 19, 2018, from Mongabay:

76

province has some implications in the 15.2 Sustainable

Development Goals target.

V.2.2 The Implementation of REDD+

Riau Province with a land area of approximately 8.9 million

ha, is generally dominated by peatland (the largest peatland in

Sumatra) of 4.09 million Ha (46%). Peatland is an area that has

important value in climate change control, in which contained high

carbon stock. If the area is damaged, for example, burned or

occupied for other purposes (agricultural land, plantation,

settlement), it is conceivable how the carbon stock in it is released

into the air and will contribute enormously to the decreasing air

quality and climate change.151

As mandated by Law No. 41 of 1999 on Forestry that the

concept of forest area management is by the establishment of

FMU, and with the development of FMU is expected forest

management in Indonesia to become sustainable forest

management. In line with the COP-13 decision in Bali, in

preparation for REDD + implementation, Demonstration Activities

(DA) can be developed. One of the REDD + activities in Indonesia

is implemented in KPH, namely in KPH Tasik Besar Serkap, Riau

Province. With support from cooperation between the governments

of Indonesia and South Korea, since 2013 at this location has been

built REDD + activities under the title "Korea Indonesia FMU /

REDD + Joint Project at Tasik Besar Serkap".152

Head of Riau Provincial Forestry Office in his speech at the

opening of KPH and REDD + Operationalization Training at

Premiere Hotel - Pekanbaru on March 22, 2016, stated that with

151 Nature.or.id. (2018). Kebijakan Nasional Perubahan Iklim. [online] Available at:

https://www.nature.or.id/publikasi/laporan-dan-panduan-kehutanan/modul-knpi.pdf [Accessed 27

Mar. 2018]. 152 Ditjenppi.menlhk.go.id. (2018). Pertanyaan Seputar REDD+ dan Implementasi REDD+ di

Indonesia. [online] Available at: http://ditjenppi.menlhk.go.id/index.php/berita-ppi/33-

beranda?start=15 [Accessed 27 Mar. 2018].

77

FMU development forest area management system will ensure the

sustainability of forest functions and benefits on economic,

ecological and social aspects, and hopes that in the future Riau

Province can get support from various stakeholders both

domestically and abroad through REDD + program. This support is

expected to be used to support the reduction of greenhouse gas

emissions in forestry and land.153

Riau Provincial Government signed a memorandum of

understanding (MoU) with Emissions Reduction Management

Agency from Deforestation and Forest Degradation (REDD +).154

"We appreciate the basic implementation of REDD +

in Riau, in order to save the environment and climate

change can be implemented, The signing of the

Memorandum of Understanding demonstrates the

harmonious spirit of Riau Province and BP REDD +

for emissions reductions. REDD + is not just about

reducing emissions, but also entire ecosystems such

as communities whose lives are synergistic with forest

life." said REDD + Chief Heru Prasetyo.155

The object of the MoU is the preparation, implementation and

supervision of REDD + Program implementation in all districts and

cities in Riau Province. Next, another object is the implementation

of the Forest and Land Fire Prevention Program in Riau Province,

especially in areas prone to forest and land festivals.156 REDD + is

a mechanism for sustainable forest management to maintain and

improve forest cover, ensure renewable and renewable resources,

153 Ibid 154 Ibid 155 GoRiau.com. (2014). Selamatkan Lingkungan, Pemprov Riau Teken MoU Implementasi

REDD+. [online] Available at: https://www.goriau.com/berita/umum/selamatkan-lingkungan-

pemprov-riau-teken-mou-implementasi-redd.html [Accessed 27 Mar. 2018]. 156 GoRiau.com. (2014). Selamatkan Lingkungan, Pemprov Riau Teken MoU Implementasi

REDD+. [online] Available at: https://www.goriau.com/berita/umum/selamatkan-lingkungan-

pemprov-riau-teken-mou-implementasi-redd.html [Accessed 27 Mar. 2018].

78

and conservation of forest asset value. REDD+ is established under

Presidential Regulation No. 62 of 2013 to manage REDD +

implementation in Indonesia.157

The REDD + scheme provides widespread benefits to

society, industry, environmental conservation and others, as the

practice will continue to provide access to economic development

to alleviate poverty through sustainable forest management.

Reforestation initiatives in deforested and degraded forest areas are

also considered in REDD + schemes. More countries will support

or ratify REDD + as part of a future climate change deal.

However, it should be noted that REDD + schemes require a more

comprehensive framework to accommodate all aspects that could

lead to more carbon storage transactions and wider

implementation.158 However, there are several problems in REDD+

implementation in Riau province.

REDD+

Location

Principle of

Transparency

Principle of

Participation

Principle of

Accountability

Riau

province

- communities

still do not

understand the

purpose and

objectives of

REDD +

implementation

- The public

does not know

that its territory

belongs to

- The community is

not involved in the

process of

identifying,locating,

and restructuring

the REDD + area.

- The mapping

is only limited

to settlements

and

community

farms alone,

customary

forests and

REDD +

locations have

not been

157 Ibid 158 Ibid

Table V.2 Monitoring of REDD + conditions (source: Forest Watch Indonesia)

79

REDD +.

- Communities

do not know

about conflict

resolution

mechanisms

- Communities

do not know

yet about the

benefit sharing

mechanism.

mapped

- There is no

report

document for

the

community

- There are

overlaps of

REDD +

licenses with

some gold

mining

permits in

Riau province

The implementation of REDD + programs by the REDD +

Task Force and the Indonesian government does not fulfill

Indonesia's promise to reduce deforestation and forest degradation

in Indonesia, particularly in Riau province. Although the principles

in the Sustainable Development Goal target 15.2 have been

positively integrated, the implementation of REDD + programs in

the field is not sufficient in demonstrating this green commitment

of Indonesia. The REDD + program needs more attention and

development to successfully implement of Sustainable

Development Goals 15.2 targets in ensuring environmental

sustainability.159

159 Rochmayanto, Y. (2015). ANALISIS RESIKO KEGAGALAN IMPLEMENTASI REDD+ DI

PROVINSI RIAU. [online] E-journal Analisis Kebijakan Hutan. Available at:

http://ejournal.forda-mof.org/ejournal-litbang/index.php/JAKK/article/view/324 [Accessed 27

Mar. 2018].

80

CHAPTER VI

CONCLUSION

SDGs or Sustainable Development Goals, are 17 goals with 169 measurable

achievements and deadlines set by the United Nations as a development world

agenda for the benefit of people and the planet. This goal is proclaimed jointly by

cross-government countries at UN resolutions issued on 21 October 2015 as joint

development ambitions until 2030.

The SDGs are a continuation of the Millennium Development Goals

(MGDs) signed by leaders of 189 countries as the Millennium Declaration at UN

headquarters in 2000 and are no longer valid since the end of 2015. A new

sustainable development agenda is set up to address world leadership demands in

addressing poverty, inequality, and climate change in the form of concrete action.

One of the 17 target sdgs is about living on the mainland listed in target

number 15. Indonesia's opinion on this issue has been well recognized in the

international community. The United Nations Environment Program (UNEP)

rewards the President of the Republic of Indonesia as "Champion of the Earth" for

his "policy leadership" in preserving the earth. Indonesia's role in climate change

mitigation, because Indonesia is one of the countries with the largest tropical

forests on earth, is very important. Through the policies issued by the Indonesian

government, Indonesia hopefully can contribute significantly in ensuring

environmental sustainability.

However, implementation of this policy did not happen as expected. There

are many challenges in the implementation process of SDGs 15.2 target. Riau

Province as the largest emitter in Indonesia is the object of this research for

bioregion condition. Implementation of SDGs 15.2 targets in Riau Province faces

several challenges such as synergy between government, awareness and

understanding of the implemented policies, and poor law enforcement.

This condition illustrates that the implementation of Sustainable

Development Goals target 15.2 in Riau province is not effective in ensuring

environmental sustainability. Although the extent of forest cover in Riau Province

81

has increased gradually, the policies adopted by the Government of Indonesia are

not sufficient to accommodate the SDGs 15.2 targets as there are still many

violations and environmental damage found during the implementation of the

policy.

The Government of Indonesia has integrated the principles of sustainable

development well into the RAN-GRK, REDD+ Task Force. But the

implementation of these policies in the field is not as projected to happen.

Challenges such as awareness and understanding of policies, poor law

enforcement, government synergy, poor transparency and permission issues have

had an impact on the implementation of these policies. Therefore, the

implementation of the Sustainable Development Goals target of 15.2 in Riau

Province does not meet the expectations in ensuring environmental sustainability

for a better earth.

82

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89

APPENDICES

90

Law No. 41 in 1999

UNDANG-UNDANG REPUBLIK INDONESIA NOMOR 41 TAHUN

1999

TENT

ANG

KEHU

TANA

N

DENGAN RAHMAT TUHAN YANG

MAHA ESA

PRESIDEN REPUBLIK INDONESIA,

Menimbang :

a. bahwa hutan, sebagai karunia dan amanah Tuhan Yang Maha Esa yang

dianugerahkan kepada Bangsa Indonesia, merupakan kekayaan yang dikuasai oleh Negara, memberikan manfaat serbaguna bagi umat manusia, karenanya wajib disyukuri, diurus, dan dimanfaatkan secara optimal, serta dijaga kelestariannya untuk sebesar-besar kemakmuran rakyat, bagi generasi sekarang maupun generasi mendatang;

b. bahwa hutan, sebagai salah satu penentu sistem penyangga kehidupan dan

sumber kemakmuran rakyat, cenderung menurun kondisinya, oleh karena itu keberadaannya harus dipertahankan secara optimal, dijaga daya dukungnya secara lestari, dan diurus dengan akhlak mulia, adil, arif, bijaksana, terbuka, profesional, serta bertanggung-gugat;

c. bahwa pengurusan hutan yang berkelanjutan dan berwawasan mendunia, harus

menampung dinamika aspirasi dan peran serta masyarakat, adat dan budaya,

serta tata nilai masyarakat yang berdasarkan pada norma hukum nasional;

d. bahwa Undang-undang Nomor 5 Tahun 1967 tentang Ketentuan-ketentuan

Pokok Kehutanan (Lembaran Negara Tahun 1967 Nomor 8) sudah tidak

sesuai lagi dengan prinsip penguasaan dan pengurusan hutan, dan tuntutan

perkembangan keadaan, sehingga perlu diganti;

91

e. bahwa berdasarkan pertimbangan sebagaimana dimaksud pada huruf a, b, c, dan d perlu ditetapkan undang-undang tentang Kehutanan yang baru.

Mengingat :

1. Pasal 5 ayat (1), Pasal 20 ayat (1), Pasal 27, dan Pasal 33 Undang-Undang Dasar

1945;

2. Ketetapan MPR RI Nomor XV/MPR/1998 tentang Penyelenggaraan Otonomi Daerah; Pengaturan, Pembagian, dan Pemanfaatan Sumber Daya Nasional yang Berkeadilan; serta Perimbangan Keuangan Pusat dan Daerah dalam Kerangka Negara Kesatuan Republik Indonesia;

3. Undang-undang Nomor 5 Tahun 1960 tentang Peraturan Dasar Pokok-pokok

Agraria (Lembaran Negara Tahun 1960 Nomor 104, Tambahan Lembaran Negara

Nomor 2034);

4. Undang-undang Nomor 5 Tahun 1990 tentang Konservasi Sumber Daya Alam

Hayati dan Ekosistemnya (Lembaran Negara Tahun 1990 Nomor 49,

Tambahan Lembaran Negara Nomor 3419);

5. Undang-undang Nomor 24 Tahun 1992 tentang Penataan Ruang (Lembaran

Negara

Tahun 1992 Nomor 115, Tambahan Lembaran Negara Nomor 3501);

6. Undang-undang Nomor 23 Tahun 1997 tentang Pengelolaan Lingkungan Hidup

(Lembaran Negara Tahun 1997 Nomor 68, Tambahan Lembaran Negara Nomor 3699);

7. Undang-undang Nomor 22 Tahun 1999 tentang Pemerintahan Daerah (Lembaran

Negara Tahun 1999 Nomor 60, Tambahan Lembaran Negara Nomor 3839);

Dengan Persetujuan DEWAN PERWAKILAN

RAKYAT REPUBLIK INDONESIA,

MEMUTUSKAN :

Menetapkan :

UNDANG-UNDANG TENTANG KEHUTANAN.

BAB I KETENTUAN

UMUM

Bagian Kesatu

Pengertian

P

a

s

92

a

l

1

Dalam undang-undang ini yang dimaksud dengan:

a. Kehutanan adalah sistem pengurusan yang bersangkut paut dengan hutan, kawasan hutan, dan hasil hutan yang diselenggarakan secara terpadu.

b. Hutan adalah suatu kesatuan ekosistem berupa hamparan lahan berisi sumber

daya alam hayati yang didominasi pepohonan dalam persekutuan alam

lingkungannya, yang satu dengan lainnya tidak dapat dipisahkan.

c. Kawasan hutan adalah wilayah tertentu yang ditunjuk dan atau ditetapkan oleh

Pemerintah untuk dipertahankan keberadaannya sebagai hutan tetap.

d. Hutan negara adalah hutan yang berada pada tanah yang tidak dibebani hak atas

tanah.

e. Hutan hak adalah hutan yang berada pada tanah yang dibebani hak atas tanah.

f. Hutan adat adalah hutan negara yang berada dalam wilayah masyarakat

hukum adat.

g. Hutan produksi adalah kawasan hutan yang mempunyai fungsi pokok memproduksi hasil hutan.

h. Hutan lindung adalah kawasan hutan yang mempunyai fungsi pokok sebagai

perlindungan sistem penyangga kehidupan untuk mengatur tata air,

mencegah banjir, mengendalikan erosi, mencegah intrusi air laut, dan

memelihara kesuburan tanah.

i. Hutan konservasi adalah kawasan hutan dengan ciri khas tertentu, yang mempunyai fungsi pokok pengawetan keanekaragaman tumbuhan dan satwa serta ekosistemnya.

j. Kawasan hutan suaka alam adalah hutan dengan ciri khas tertentu, yang

mempunyai fungsi pokok sebagai kawasan pengawetan keanekaragaman

tumbuhan dan satwa serta ekosistemnya, yang juga berfungsi sebagai wilayah

sistem penyangga kehidupan.

k. Kawasan hutan pelestarian alam adalah hutan dengan ciri khas tertentu, yang

mempunyai fungsi pokok perlindungan sistem penyangga kehidupan,

pengawetan keanekaragaman jenis tumbuhan dan satwa, serta pemanfaatan

secara lestari sumber daya alam hayati dan ekosistemnya.

l. Taman buru adalah kawasan hutan yang ditetapkan sebagai tempat wisata

berburu.

m. Hasil hutan adalah benda-benda hayati, nonhayati dan turunannya, serta jasa yang berasal dari hutan.

n. Pemerintah adalah Pemerintah Pusat.

93

o. Menteri adalah menteri yang diserahi tugas dan bertanggung jawab di bidang

kehutanan.

Bagian

Kedua

Asas dan

Tujuan

P

a

s

a

l

2

Penyelenggaraan kehutanan berasaskan manfaat dan lestari, kerakyatan, keadilan, kebersamaan, keterbukaan, dan keterpaduan.

P

a

s

a

l

3

Penyelenggaraan kehutanan bertujuan untuk sebesar-besar kemakmuran

rakyat yang berkeadilan dan berkelanjutan dengan:

a. menjamin keberadaan hutan dengan luasan yang cukup dan sebaran yang

proporsional; b. mengoptimalkan aneka fungsi hutan yang meliputi fungsi

konservasi, fungsi lindung, dan fungsi produksi untuk mencapai manfaat lingkungan, sosial, budaya, dan ekonomi, yang

seimbang dan lestari;

c. meningkatkan daya dukung daerah aliran sungai;

d. meningkatkan kemampuan untuk mengembangkan kapasitas dan keberdayaan masyarakat secara partisipatif, berkeadilan, dan berwawasan lingkungan sehingga

mampu menciptakan ketahanan sosial dan ekonomi serta ketahanan terhadap akibat perubahan eksternal; dan

e. menjamin distribusi manfaat yang berkeadilan dan berkelanjutan.

Bagian

Ketiga

Penguasaan

Hutan

P

a

s

a

94

l

4

(1) Semua hutan di dalam wilayah Republik Indonesia termasuk kekayaan alam

yang terkandung di dalamnya dikuasai oleh Negara untuk sebesar-besar

kemakmuran rakyat.

(2) Penguasaan hutan oleh Negara sebagaimana dimaksud pada ayat (1)

memberi wewenang kepada Pemerintah untuk:

a. mengatur dan mengurus segala sesuatu yang berkaitan dengan hutan, kawasan hutan, dan hasil hutan;

b. menetapkan status wilayah tertentu sebagai kawasan hutan atau kawasan hutan sebagai bukan kawasan hutan; dan

c. mengatur dan menetapkan hubungan-hubungan hukum antara orang

dengan hutan, serta mengatur perbuatan-perbuatan hukum

mengenai kehutanan.

(3) Penguasaan hutan oleh Negara tetap memperhatikan hak masyarakat hukum

adat, sepanjang kenyataannya masih ada dan diakui keberadaannya, serta tidak

bertentangan dengan kepentingan nasional.

B

A

B

I

I

STATUS DAN FUNGSI

HUTAN

P

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5

(1) Hutan berdasarkan statusnya terdiri dari:

a. hutan

negara, dan

b. hutan hak.

(2) Hutan negara sebagaimana dimaksud pada ayat (1) huruf a, dapat

berupa hutan adat.

(3) Pemerintah menetapkan status hutan sebagaimana dimaksud pada ayat (1)

dan ayat

(2); dan hutan adat ditetapkan sepanjang menurut kenyataannya masyarakat

hukum adat yang bersangkutan masih ada dan diakui keberadaannya.

95

(4) Apabila dalam perkembangannya masyarakat hukum adat yang

bersangkutan tidak ada lagi, maka hak pengelolaan hutan adat kembali kepada

Pemerintah.

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(1) Hutan mempunyai tiga fungsi, yaitu:

a. fungsi

konservasi, b.

fungsi

lindung, dan

c. fungsi

produksi.

(2) Pemerintah menetapkan hutan berdasarkan fungsi pokok sebagai berikut:

a. hutan

konservasi, b.

hutan

lindung, dan

c. hutan

produksi.

P

a

s

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l

7

Hutan konservasi sebagaimana dimaksud dalam Pasal 6 ayat (2) huruf a terdiri dari :

a. kawasan hutan suaka alam,

b. kawasan hutan pelestarian

alam, dan c. taman buru.

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P

a

s

a

l

8

(1) Pemerintah dapat menetapkan kawasan hutan tertentu untuk tujuan khusus.

(2) Penetapan kawasan hutan dengan tujuan khusus, sebagaimana dimaksud

pada ayat

(1) diperlukan untuk kepentingan umum seperti:

a. penelitian dan

pengembangan, b.

pendidikan dan latihan,

dan

c. religi dan budaya.

(3) Kawasan hutan dengan tujuan khusus sebagaimana dimaksud pada ayat

(1), tidak mengubah fungsi pokok kawasan hutan sebagaimana dimaksud

dalam Pasal 6.

P

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9

(1) Untuk kepentingan pengaturan iklim mikro, estetika, dan resapan air, di

setiap kota ditetapkan kawasan tertentu sebagai hutan kota.

(2) Ketentuan lebih lanjut sebagaimana dimaksud pada ayat (1), diatur dengan

Peraturan

Pemerintah.

BAB III

PENGURUSAN

HUTAN

P

a

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al

1

0

(1) Pengurusan hutan sebagaimana dimaksud dalam Pasal 4 ayat (2) huruf a, bertujuan untuk memperoleh manfaat yang sebesar-besarnya serta serbaguna

dan lestari untuk kemakmuran rakyat.

97

(2) Pengurusan hutan sebagaimana dimaksud pada ayat (1), meliputi

kegiatan penyelenggaraan:

a. perencanaan

kehutanan, b.

pengelolaan hutan,

c. penelitian dan pengembangan, pendidikan dan latihan, serta

penyuluhan kehutanan, dan

d. pengawasan.

BAB IV

PERENCANAAN

KEHUTANAN

Bagian

Kesatu

U

m

u

m

P

a

s

al

1

1

(1) Perencanaan kehutanan dimaksudkan untuk memberikan pedoman dan arah

yang menjamin tercapainya tujuan penyelenggaraan kehutanan sebagaimana

dimaksud dalam Pasal 3.

(2) Perencanaan kehutanan dilaksanakan secara transparan,

bertanggung-gugat, partisipatif, terpadu, serta memperhatikan kekhasan

dan aspirasi daerah.

P

a

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1

2

Perencanaan kehutanan sebagaimana dimaksud dalam Pasal 10 ayat (2) huruf a,

meliputi:

a. inventarisasi hutan,

b. pengukuhan kawasan hutan,

98

c. penatagunaan kawasan hutan,

d. pembentukan wilayah pengelolaan

hutan, dan e. penyusunan rencana

kehutanan.

Bagian Kedua

Inventarisasi

Hutan

P

as

al

13

(1) Inventarisasi hutan dilaksanakan untuk mengetahui dan memperoleh data dan

informasi tentang sumber daya, potensi kekayaan alam hutan, serta lingkungannya

secara lengkap.

(2) Inventarisasi hutan sebagaimana dimaksud pada ayat (1) dilakukan dengan survei mengenai status dan keadaan fisik hutan, flora dan fauna, sumber daya manusia, serta

kondisi sosial masyarakat di dalam dan di sekitar hutan.

(3) Inventarisasi hutan sebagaimana dimaksud pada ayat (2) terdiri dari:

a. inventarisasi hutan tingkat

nasional, b. inventarisasi hutan

tingkat wilayah,

c. inventarisasi hutan tingkat daerah aliran

sungai, dan d. inventarisasi hutan tingkat unit

pengelolaan.

(4) Hasil inventarisasi hutan sebagaimana dimaksud pada ayat (1), ayat (2), dan ayat (3)

antara lain dipergunakan sebagai dasar pengukuhan kawasan hutan, penyusunan

neraca sumber daya hutan, penyusunan rencana kehutanan, dan sistem informasi

kehutanan.

(5) Ketentuan lebih lanjut sebagaimana dimaksud pada ayat (1), ayat (2), dan ayat

(3) diatur dengan Peraturan Pemerintah.

Bagian

Ketiga

Pengukuhan Kawasan

Hutan

99

P

as

al

14

(1) Berdasarkan inventarisasi hutan sebagaimana dimaksud dalam Pasal 13,

Pemerintah menyelenggarakan pengukuhan kawasan hutan.

(2) Kegiatan pengukuhan kawasan hutan sebagaimana dimaksud pada ayat (1),

dilakukan untuk memberikan kepastian hukum atas kawasan hutan.

P

as

al

15

(1) Pengukuhan kawasan hutan sebagaimana dimaksud dalam Pasal 14 dilakukan melalui proses sebagai berikut:

a. penunjukan kawasan hutan,

b. penataan batas

kawasan hutan, c.

pemetaan kawasan hutan,

dan d. penetapan kawasan

hutan.

(2) Pengukuhan kawasan hutan sebagaimana dimaksud pada ayat (1) dilakukan

dengan memperhatikan rencana tata ruang wilayah.

Bagian

Keempat

Penatagunaan Kawasan

Hutan

P

as

al

16

(1) Berdasarkan hasil pengukuhan kawasan hutan sebagaimana dimaksud dalam Pasal

14 dan

Pasal 15, Pemerintah menyelenggarakan penatagunaan kawasan hutan.

(2) Penatagunaan kawasan hutan meliputi kegiatan penetapan fungsi dan penggunaan

kawasan hutan.

100

(3) Ketentuan lebih lanjut sebagaimana dimaksud pada ayat (1) dan ayat (2) diatur dengan

Peraturan Pemerintah.

Bagian

Kelima

Pembentukan Wilayah Pengelolaan

Hutan

P

as

al

17

(1) Pembentukan wilayah pengelolaan hutan dilaksanakan untuk tingkat:

a. propinsi,

b.

kabupaten/kota

, dan c. unit

pengelolaan.

(2) Pembentukan wilayah pengelolaan hutan tingkat unit pengelolaan dilaksanakan dengan mempertimbangkan karakteristik lahan, tipe hutan, fungsi hutan, kondisi daerah aliran sungai, sosial budaya, ekonomi, kelembagaan masyarakat setempat termasuk masyarakat hukum adat dan batas administrasi Pemerintahan.

(3) Pembentukan unit pengelolaan hutan yang melampaui batas administrasi Pemerintahan karena kondisi dan karakteristik serta tipe hutan, penetapannya diatur secara khusus oleh Menteri.

P

as

al

18

(1) Pemerintah menetapkan dan mempertahankan kecukupan luas kawasan hutan dan penutupan hutan untuk setiap daerah aliran sungai dan atau pulau, guna optimalisasi manfaat lingkungan, manfaat sosial, dan manfaat ekonomi masyarakat setempat.

(2) Luas kawasan hutan yang harus dipertahankan sebagaimana dimaksud pada ayat (1) minimal 30 % (tiga puluh persen) dari luas daerah aliran sungai dan atau pulau dengan sebaran yang proporsional.

P

as

al

19

(1) Perubahan peruntukan dan fungsi kawasan hutan ditetapkan oleh Pemerintah

dengan didasarkan pada hasil penelitian terpadu.

101

(2) Perubahan peruntukan kawasan hutan sebagaimana dimaksud pada ayat (1) yang berdampak penting dan cakupan yang luas serta bernilai strategis, ditetapkan oleh

Pemerintah dengan persetujuan Dewan Perwakilan Rakyat.

(3) Ketentuan tentang tata cara perubahan peruntukan kawasan hutan dan perubahan fungsi kawasan hutan sebagaimana dimaksud pada ayat (1) dan ayat (2) diatur dengan Peraturan Pemerintah.

Bagian

Keenam

Penyusunan Rencana

Kehutanan

P

as

al

20

(1) Berdasarkan hasil inventarisasi sebagaimana dimaksud dalam Pasal 13, dan dengan mempertimbangkan faktor-faktor lingkungan dan kondisi sosial masyarakat, Pemerintah menyusun rencana kehutanan.

(2) Rencana kehutanan sebagaimana dimaksud pada ayat (1) disusun menurut

jangka waktu perencanaan, skala geografis, dan menurut fungsi pokok kawasan

hutan.

(3) Ketentuan lebih lanjut sebagaimana dimaksud pada ayat (1) dan ayat (2) diatur dengan

Peraturan Pemerintah.

BAB V

PENGELOLAAN HUTAN

Bagian

Kesatu

U

m

u

m

P

as

al

21

Pengelolaan hutan sebagaimana dimaksud dalam Pasal 10 ayat (2) huruf b, meliputi

kegiatan:

a. tata hutan dan penyusunan rencana

pengelolaan hutan, b. pemanfaatan hutan dan

penggunaan kawasan hutan,

c. rehabilitasi dan reklamasi hutan, dan

102

d. perlindungan hutan dan konservasi alam.

Bagian

Kedua

Tata Hutan dan Penyusunan Rencana

Pengelolaan

P

a

s

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2

2

(1) Tata hutan dilaksanakan dalam rangka pengelolaan kawasan hutan

yang lebih intensif untuk memperoleh manfaat yang lebih optimal dan

lestari.

(2) Tata hutan meliputi pembagian kawasan hutan dalam blok-blok berdasarkan ekosistem, tipe, fungsi dan rencana pemanfaatan hutan.

(3) Blok-blok sebagaimana dimaksud pada ayat (2) dibagi pada petak-petak berdasarkan intensitas dan efisiensi pengelolaan.

(4) Berdasarkan blok dan petak sebagaimana dimaksud pada ayat (2) dan ayat (3), disusun rencana pengelolaan hutan untuk jangka waktu tertentu.

(5) Ketentuan lebih lanjut sebagaimana dimaksud pada ayat (2), ayat (3), dan ayat

(4) diatur dengan Peraturan Pemerintah.

Bagian

Ketiga

Pemanfaatan Hutan dan Penggunaan Kawasan

Hutan

P

a

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2

3

Pemanfaatan hutan sebagaimana dimaksud dalam Pasal 21 huruf b, bertujuan untuk

memperoleh manfaat yang optimal bagi kesejahteraan seluruh masyarakat secara

berkeadilan dengan tetap menjaga kelestariannya.

P

a

s

al

2

4

Pemanfaatan kawasan hutan dapat dilakukan pada semua kawasan hutan kecuali

pada hutan cagar alam serta zona inti dan zona rimba pada taman nasional.

103

P

a

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2

5

Pemanfaatan kawasan hutan pelestarian alam dan kawasan hutan suaka alam serta taman buru diatur sesuai dengan peraturan perundang-undangan yang berlaku.

P

a

s

al

2

6

(1) Pemanfaatan hutan lindung dapat berupa pemanfaatan kawasan,

pemanfaatan jasa lingkungan, dan pemungutan hasil hutan bukan kayu.

(2) Pemanfaatan hutan lindung dilaksanakan melalui pemberian izin usaha pemanfaatan kawasan, izin usaha pemanfaatan jasa lingkungan, dan izin

pemungutan hasil hutan bukan kayu.

P

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2

7

(1) Izin usaha pemanfaatan kawasan sebagaimana dimaksud dalam Pasal 26

ayat (2) dapat diberikan kepada: a. perorangan, b. koperasi.

(2) Izin usaha pemanfaatan jasa lingkungan sebagaimana dimaksud dalam Pasal 26 ayat

(2), dapat diberikan kepada:

a.

perora

ngan,

b.

kopera

si,

c. badan usaha milik swasta Indonesia,

d. badan usaha milik negara atau badan usaha milik daerah.

(3) Izin pemungutan hasil hutan bukan kayu sebagaimana dimaksud dalam Pasal

26 ayat

104

(2), dapat diberikan kepada:

a.

perora

ngan,

b.

kopera

si.

P

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2

8

(1) Pemanfaatan hutan produksi dapat berupa pemanfaatan kawasan, pemanfaatan jasa lingkungan, pemanfaatan hasil hutan kayu dan bukan kayu,

serta pemungutan hasil hutan kayu dan bukan kayu.

(2) Pemanfaatan hutan produksi dilaksanakan melalui pemberian izin usaha

pemanfaatan kawasan, izin usaha pemanfaatan jasa lingkungan, izin usaha pemanfaatan hasil hutan kayu, izin usaha pemanfaatan hasil hutan bukan

kayu, izin pemungutan hasil hutan kayu, dan izin pemungutan hasil hutan

bukan kayu.

P

a

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2

9

(1) Izin usaha pemanfaatan kawasan sebagaimana dimaksud dalam Pasal 28 ayat

(2)

dapat diberikan kepada:

a. perorangan,

b. koperasi.

(2) Izin usaha pemanfaatan jasa lingkungan sebagaimana dimaksud dalam Pasal

28 ayat

(2) dapat diberikan kepada:

a.

perora

105

ngan,

b.

kopera

si,

c. badan usaha milik swasta Indonesia,

d. badan usaha milik negara atau badan usaha milik daerah.

(3) Izin usaha pemanfaatan hasil hutan bukan kayu sebagaimana dimaksud dalam

Pasal

28 ayat (2) dapat diberikan kepada:

a.

perora

ngan,

b.

kopera

si,

c. badan usaha milik swasta Indonesia,

d. badan usaha milik negara atau badan usaha milik daerah.

(4) Izin usaha pemanfaatan hasil hutan kayu sebagaimana dimaksud dalam Pasal 28 ayat (2) dapat diberikan kepada:

a.

perora

ngan,

b.

kopera

si,

c. badan usaha milik swasta Indonesia,

d. badan usaha milik negara atau badan usaha milik daerah.

(5) Izin pemungutan hasil hutan kayu dan bukan kayu sebagaimana dimaksud

dalam

106

Pasal 28 ayat (2) dapat diberikan kepada:

a.

perora

ngan,

b.

kopera

si.

P

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3

0

Dalam rangka pemberdayaan ekonomi masyarakat, setiap badan usaha milik negara, badan usaha milik daerah, dan badan usaha milik swasta Indonesia yang memperoleh izin usaha pemanfaatan jasa lingkungan, izin usaha pemanfaatan hasil hutan kayu dan bukan kayu, diwajibkan bekerja sama dengan koperasi masyarakat setempat.

P

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3

1

(1) Untuk menjamin asas keadilan, pemerataan, dan lestari, maka izin usaha pemanfaatan hutan dibatasi dengan mempertimbangkan aspek kelestarian

hutan dan aspek kepastian usaha.

(2) Pembatasan sebagaimana dimaksud pada ayat (1) diatur dengan Peraturan

Pemerintah.

P

a

s

al

3

2

Pemegang izin sebagaimana diatur dalam Pasal 27 dan Pasal 29 berkewajiban untuk menjaga, memelihara, dan melestarikan hutan tempat usahanya.

P

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107

3

3

(1) Usaha pemanfaatan hasil hutan meliputi kegiatan penanaman, pemeliharaan, pemanenan, pengolahan, dan pemasaran hasil hutan.

(2) Pemanenan dan pengolahan hasil hutan sebagaimana dimaksud pada ayat (1)

tidak boleh melebihi daya dukung hutan secara lestari.

(3) Pengaturan, pembinaan dan pengembangan pengolahan hasil hutan sebagaimana dimaksud pada ayat (2) diatur oleh Menteri.

P

a

s

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3

4

Pengelolaan kawasan hutan untuk tujuan khusus sebagaimana dimaksud dalam Pasal 8 dapat diberikan kepada:

a. masyarakat hukum adat, b. lembaga pendidikan,

c. lembaga penelitian,

d. lembaga sosial dan keagamaan.

P

a

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3

5

(1) Setiap pemegang izin usaha pemanfaatan hutan sebagaimana dimaksud

dalam Pasal 27 dan Pasal 29, dikenakan iuran izin usaha, provisi, dana

reboisasi, dan dana jaminan kinerja.

(2) Setiap pemegang izin usaha pemanfaatan hutan sebagaimana dimaksud

dalam

Pasal 27 dan Pasal 29 wajib menyediakan dana investasi untuk biaya pelestarian

hutan.

(3) Setiap pemegang izin pemungutan hasil hutan sebagaimana dimaksud dalam

Pasal

27 dan Pasal 29 hanya dikenakan provisi.

(4) Ketentuan lebih lanjut sebagaimana dimaksud pada ayat (1), ayat (2), dan ayat

(3)

diatur dengan Peraturan Pemerintah.

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al

3

6

(1) Pemanfaatan hutan hak dilakukan oleh pemegang hak atas

tanah yang bersangkutan, sesuai dengan fungsinya.

(2) Pemanfaatan hutan hak yang berfungsi lindung dan konservasi dapat

dilakukan sepanjang tidak mengganggu fungsinya.

P

a

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3

7

(1) Pemanfaatan hutan adat dilakukan oleh masyarakat hukum adat yang bersangkutan, sesuai dengan fungsinya.

(2) Pemanfaatan hutan adat yang berfungsi lindung dan konservasi dapat

dilakukan sepanjang tidak mengganggu fungsinya.

P

a

s

al

3

8

(1) Penggunaan kawasan hutan untuk kepentingan pembangunan di luar kegiatan kehutanan hanya dapat dilakukan di dalam kawasan hutan produksi dan kawasan hutan lindung.

(2) Penggunaan kawasan hutan sebagaimana dimaksud pada ayat (1) dapat dilakukan tanpa mengubah fungsi pokok kawasan hutan.

(3) Penggunaan kawasan hutan untuk kepentingan pertambangan dilakukan

melalui pemberian izin pinjam pakai oleh Menteri dengan mempertimbangkan

batasan luas dan jangka waktu tertentu serta kelestarian lingkungan.

(4) Pada kawasan hutan lindung dilarang melakukan penambangan

dengan pola pertambangan terbuka.

(5) Pemberian izin pinjam pakai sebagaimana dimaksud pada ayat (3) yang berdampak penting dan cakupan yang luas serta bernilai strategis dilakukan oleh Menteri atas persetujuan Dewan Perwakilan Rakyat.

P

a

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3

9

Ketentuan pelaksanaan tentang pemanfaatan hutan dan penggunaan kawasan hutan sebagaimana dimaksud dalam Pasal 27, Pasal 29, Pasal 34, Pasal 36, Pasal 37, dan Pasal 38 diatur lebih lanjut dengan Peraturan Pemerintah.

109

Bagian

Keempat

Rehabilitasi dan Reklamasi

Hutan

P

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4

0

Rehabilitasi hutan dan lahan dimaksudkan untuk memulihkan, mempertahankan,

dan meningkatkan fungsi hutan dan lahan sehingga daya dukung, produktivitas, dan

peranannya dalam mendukung sistem penyangga kehidupan tetap terjaga.

P

a

s

al

4

1

(1) Rehabilitasi hutan dan lahan diselenggarakan melalui kegiatan:

a. reboisasi,

b.

penghija

uan, c.

pemeliha

raan,

d. pengayaan tanaman, atau

e. penerapan teknik konservasi tanah secara vegetatif dan sipil

teknis, pada lahan kritis dan tidak produktif.

(2) Kegiatan rehabilitasi sebagaimana dimaksud pada ayat (1) dilakukan di semua hutan dan kawasan hutan kecuali cagar alam dan zona inti taman nasional.

P

a

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4

2

(1) Rehabilitasi hutan dan lahan dilaksanakan berdasarkan kondisi spesifik biofisik.

110

(2) Penyelenggaraan rehabilitasi hutan dan lahan diutamakan pelaksanaannya melalui pendekatan partisipatif dalam rangka mengembangkan potensi dan

memberdayakan masyarakat.

(3) Ketentuan lebih lanjut sebagaimana dimaksud pada ayat (1) dan ayat

(2) diatur dengan Peraturan Pemerintah.

P

a

s

al

4

3

(1) Setiap orang yang memiliki, mengelola, dan atau memanfaatkan hutan yang

kritis atau tidak produktif, wajib melaksanakan rehabilitasi hutan untuk tujuan

perlindungan dan konservasi.

(2) Dalam pelaksanaan rehabilitasi sebagaimana dimaksud pada ayat (1), setiap orang dapat meminta pendampingan, pelayanan dan dukungan kepada lembaga swadaya masyarakat, pihak lain atau Pemerintah.

P

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4

4

(1) Reklamasi hutan sebagaimana dimaksud dalam Pasal 21 huruf c, meliputi usaha untuk memperbaiki atau memulihkan kembali lahan dan vegetasi hutan yang rusak agar dapat berfungsi secara optimal sesuai dengan peruntukannya.

(2) Kegiatan reklamasi sebagaimana dimaksud pada ayat (1) meliputi

inventarisasi lokasi, penetapan lokasi, perencanaan, dan pelaksanaan

reklamasi.

(3) Ketentuan lebih lanjut sebagaimana dimaksud pada ayat (1) dan ayat

(2) diatur dengan Peraturan Pemerintah.

111

P

a

s

al

4

5

(1) Penggunaan kawasan hutan sebagaimana dimaksud dalam Pasal 38 ayat

(1) yang mengakibatkan kerusakan hutan, wajib dilakukan reklamasi dan atau

rehabilitasi sesuai dengan pola yang ditetapkan Pemerintah

(2) Reklamasi pada kawasan hutan bekas areal pertambangan, wajib

dilaksanakan oleh pemegang izin pertambangan sesuai dengan tahapan

kegiatan pertambangan.

(3) Pihak-pihak yang menggunakan kawasan hutan untuk kepentingan di luar kegiatan kehutanan yang mengakibatkan perubahan permukaan dan penutupan tanah, wajib membayar dana jaminan reklamasi dan rehabilitasi.

(4) Ketentuan lebih lanjut sebagaimana dimaksud pada ayat (1), ayat (2), dan ayat

(3)

diatur dengan Peraturan Pemerintah.

Bagian

Kelima

Perlindungan Hutan dan

Konservasi Alam

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Penyelenggaraan perlindungan hutan dan konservasi alam bertujuan menjaga hutan,

kawasan hutan dan lingkungannya, agar fungsi lindung, fungsi konservasi, dan fungsi

produksi, tercapai secara optimal dan lestari.

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Perlindungan hutan dan kawasan hutan merupakan usaha untuk:

a. mencegah dan membatasi kerusakan hutan, kawasan hutan, dan hasil hutan

yang disebabkan oleh perbuatan manusia, ternak, kebakaran, daya-daya alam, hama, serta penyakit; dan

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b. mempertahankan dan menjaga hak-hak negara, masyarakat, dan perorangan

atas hutan, kawasan hutan, hasil hutan, investasi serta perangkat yang berhubungan dengan pengelolaan hutan.

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(1) Pemerintah mengatur perlindungan hutan, baik di dalam maupun di luar

kawasan hutan. (2) Perlindungan hutan pada hutan negara dilaksanakan

oleh Pemerintah.

(3) Pemegang izin usaha pemanfaatan hutan sebagaimana dimaksud dalam Pasal 27 dan Pasal 29, serta pihak-pihak yang menerima wewenang pengelolaan hutan sebagaimana dimaksud dalam Pasal 34, diwajibkan melindungi hutan dalam areal kerjanya.

(4) Perlindungan hutan pada hutan hak dilakukan oleh pemegang haknya.

(5) Untuk menjamin pelaksanaan perlindungan hutan yang sebaik-baiknya, masyarakat diikutsertakan dalam upaya perlindungan hutan.

(6) Ketentuan lebih lanjut sebagaimana dimaksud pada ayat (1), ayat (2), ayat (3),

ayat

(4), dan ayat (5) diatur dengan Peraturan Pemerintah.

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Pemegang hak atau izin bertanggung jawab atas terjadinya kebakaran hutan di areal

kerjanya.

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(1) Setiap orang dilarang merusak prasarana dan sarana perlindungan

hutan. (2) Setiap orang yang diberikan izin usaha pemanfaatan

kawasan, izin usaha

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pemanfaatan jasa lingkungan, izin usaha pemanfaatan hasil hutan kayu dan

bukan kayu, serta izin pemungutan hasil hutan kayu dan bukan kayu, dilarang

melakukan kegiatan yang menimbulkan kerusakan hutan.

(3) Setiap orang dilarang:

a. mengerjakan dan atau menggunakan dan atau menduduki kawasan hutan secara tidak sah;

b. merambah kawasan hutan;

c. melakukan penebangan pohon dalam kawasan hutan dengan radius atau jarak sampai dengan:

1. 500 (lima ratus) meter dari tepi waduk atau danau;

2. 200 (dua ratus) meter dari tepi mata air dan kiri kanan

sungai di daerah rawa;

3. 100 (seratus) meter dari kiri kanan tepi sungai;

4. 50 (lima puluh) meter dari kiri kanan tepi anak sungai;

5. 2 (dua) kali kedalaman jurang dari tepi jurang;

6. 130 (seratus tiga puluh) kali selisih pasang tertinggi dan

pasang terendah dari tepi pantai.

d. membakar hutan;

e. menebang pohon atau memanen atau memungut hasil hutan di dalam hutan tanpa memiliki hak atau izin dari pejabat yang berwenang;

f. menerima, membeli atau menjual, menerima tukar, menerima titipan, menyimpan, atau memiliki hasil hutan yang diketahui atau patut diduga berasal dari kawasan hutan yang

diambil atau dipungut secara tidak sah;

g. melakukan kegiatan penyelidikan umum atau eksplorasi atau eksploitasi bahan tambang di dalam kawasan hutan, tanpa izin Menteri;

h. mengangkut, menguasai, atau memiliki hasil hutan yang tidak dilengkapi bersama-sama dengan surat keterangan sahnya hasil hutan;

i. menggembalakan ternak di dalam kawasan hutan yang tidak ditunjuk secara khusus untuk maksud tersebut oleh pejabat yang berwenang;

j. membawa alat-alat berat dan atau alat-alat lainnya yang lazim atau patut

diduga akan digunakan untuk mengangkut hasil hutan di dalam kawasan

hutan, tanpa izin pejabat yang berwenang;

k. membawa alat-alat yang lazim digunakan untuk menebang, memotong, atau membelah pohon di dalam kawasan hutan tanpa izin pejabat yang berwenang;

l. membuang benda-benda yang dapat menyebabkan kebakaran dan kerusakan

serta membahayakan keberadaan atau kelangsungan fungsi hutan ke dalam

kawasan hutan; dan

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m. mengeluarkan, membawa, dan mengangkut tumbuh-tumbuhan dan satwa liar

yang tidak dilindungi undang-undang yang berasal dari kawasan hutan tanpa izin

pejabat yang berwenang.

(4) Ketentuan tentang mengeluarkan, membawa, dan atau mengangkut tumbuhan dan atau satwa yang dilindungi, diatur sesuai dengan peraturan perundang-undangan yang berlaku.

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(1) Untuk menjamin terselenggaranya perlindungan hutan, maka kepada

pejabat kehutanan tertentu sesuai dengan sifat pekerjaannya diberikan

wewenang kepolisian khusus.

(2) Pejabat yang diberi wewenang kepolisian khusus sebagaimana dimaksud pada

ayat

(1) berwenang untuk:

a. mengadakan patroli/perondaan di dalam kawasan hutan atau wilayah hukumnya;

b. memeriksa surat-surat atau dokumen yang berkaitan dengan pengangkutan hasil hutan di dalam kawasan hutan atau wilayah hukumnya;

c. menerima laporan tentang telah terjadinya tindak pidana yang menyangkut

hutan, kawasan hutan, dan hasil hutan;

d. mencari keterangan dan barang bukti terjadinya tindak pidana yang menyangkut hutan, kawasan hutan, dan hasil hutan;

e. dalam hal tertangkap tangan, wajib menangkap tersangka untuk diserahkan kepada yang berwenang; dan

f. membuat laporan dan menandatangani laporan tentang terjadinya tindak pidana yang menyangkut hutan, kawasan hutan, dan hasil hutan.

B

A

B

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PENELITIAN DAN PENGEMBANGAN,

PENDIDIKAN DAN LATIHAN SERTA

PENYULUHAN KEHUTANAN

Bagian

Kesatu

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(1) Dalam pengurusan hutan secara lestari, diperlukan sumber daya manusia berkualitas yang bercirikan penguasaan ilmu pengetahuan dan teknologi yang didasari dengan iman dan taqwa kepada Tuhan Yang Maha Esa, melalui penyelenggaraan penelitian dan pengembangan, pendidikan dan latihan, serta

penyuluhan kehutanan yang berkesinambungan.

(2) Dalam penyelenggaraan penelitian dan pengembangan, pendidikan dan latihan serta penyuluhan kehutanan, wajib memperhatikan ilmu pengetahuan dan teknologi, kearifan tradisional serta kondisi sosial budaya masyarakat.

(3) Dalam penyelenggaraan penelitian dan pengembangan, pendidikan dan

latihan, serta penyuluhan kehutanan, Pemerintah wajib menjaga kekayaan plasma nutfah khas Indonesia dari pencurian.

Bagian

Kedua

Penelitian dan Pengembangan

Kehutanan

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(1) Penelitian dan pengembangan kehutanan dimaksudkan untuk mengembangkan kemampuan nasional serta budaya ilmu pengetahuan dan teknologi dalam pengurusan hutan.

(2) Penelitian dan pengembangan kehutanan bertujuan untuk meningkatkan

kemampuan pengurusan hutan dalam mewujudkan pengelolaan hutan secara lestari dan peningkatan nilai tambah hasil hutan.

(3) Penyelenggaraan penelitian dan pengembangan kehutanan

dilakukan oleh Pemerintah dan dapat bekerja sama dengan perguruan

tinggi, dunia usaha, dan masyarakat.

(4) Pemerintah mendorong dan menciptakan kondisi yang mendukung peningkatan kemampuan untuk menguasai, mengembangkan, dan memanfaatkan ilmu pengetahuan dan teknologi kehutanan.

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(1) Pemerintah bersama-sama dengan dunia usaha dan masyarakat mempublikasikan hasil penelitian dan pengembangan kehutanan serta mengembangkan sistem informasi dan pelayanan hasil penelitian dan

pengembangan kehutanan.

(2) Pemerintah wajib melindungi hasil penemuan ilmu pengetahuan dan

teknologi di bidang kehutanan sesuai dengan peraturan perundang-

undangan yang berlaku.

(3) Izin melakukan penelitian kehutanan di Indonesia dapat diberikan kepada

peneliti asing dengan mengacu kepada peraturan perundang-undangan yang

berlaku.

Bagian

Ketiga

Pendidikan dan Latihan

Kehutanan

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(1) Pendidikan dan latihan kehutanan dimaksudkan untuk mengembangkan

dan meningkatkan kualitas sumber daya manusia kehutanan yang terampil,

profesional, berdedikasi, jujur serta amanah dan berakhlak mulia.

(2) Pendidikan dan latihan kehutanan bertujuan untuk membentuk sumber daya manusia yang menguasai serta mampu memanfaatkan dan mengembangkan ilmu pengetahuan dan teknologi dalam pengurusan hutan secara adil dan lestari, didasari iman dan taqwa kepada Tuhan Yang Maha Esa.

(3) Penyelenggaraan pendidikan dan latihan kehutanan dilakukan oleh

Pemerintah, dunia usaha, dan masyarakat

(4) Pemerintah mendorong dan menciptakan kondisi yang mendukung

terselenggaranya pendidikan dan latihan kehutanan, dalam rangka meningkatkan kuantitas dan kualitas sumber daya manusia.

Bagian

Keempat

Penyuluhan

Kehutanan

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(1) Penyuluhan kehutanan bertujuan untuk meningkatkan pengetahuan dan keterampilan serta mengubah sikap dan perilaku masyarakat agar mau dan

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mampu mendukung pembangunan kehutanan atas dasar iman dan taqwa kepada Tuhan Yang Maha Esa serta sadar akan pentingnya sumber daya hutan

bagi kehidupan manusia.

(2) Penyelenggaraan penyuluhan kehutanan dilakukan oleh Pemerintah,

dunia usaha, dan masyarakat.

(3) Pemerintah mendorong dan menciptakan kondisi yang mendukung

terselenggaranya kegiatan penyuluhan kehutanan.

Bagian

Kelima

Pendanaan dan

Prasarana

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(1) Dunia usaha dalam bidang kehutanan wajib menyediakan dana investasi

untuk penelitian dan pengembangan, pendidikan dan latihan, serta

penyuluhan kehutanan.

(2) Pemerintah menyediakan kawasan hutan untuk digunakan dan mendukung kegiatan penelitian dan pengembangan, pendidikan dan latihan, serta

penyuluhan kehutanan.

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Ketentuan lebih lanjut tentang penelitian dan pengembangan, pendidikan dan latihan, serta penyuluhan kehutanan diatur dengan Peraturan Pemerintah.

BAB VII PENGA

WASAN

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Pengawasan kehutanan dimaksudkan untuk mencermati, menelusuri, dan menilai pelaksanaan pengurusan hutan, sehingga tujuannya dapat tercapai secara maksimal dan sekaligus merupakan umpan balik bagi perbaikan dan atau penyempurnaan pengurusan hutan lebih lanjut.

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(1) Pemerintah dan Pemerintah Daerah wajib melakukan pengawasan

kehutanan. (2) Masyarakat dan atau perorangan berperan serta dalam

pengawasan kehutanan.

Pasal 61

Pemerintah berkewajiban melakukan pengawasan terhadap pengurusan

hutan yang diselenggarakan oleh Pemerintah Daerah.

Pasal 62

Pemerintah, Pemerintah Daerah, dan masyarakat melakukan pengawasan terhadap

pengelolaan dan atau pemanfaatan hutan yang dilakukan oleh pihak ketiga.

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Dalam melaksanakan pengawasan kehutanan sebagaimana dimaksud dalam Pasal 60 ayat (1), Pemerintah dan Pemerintah Daerah berwenang melakukan pemantauan,

meminta keterangan, dan melakukan pemeriksaan atas pelaksanaan pengurusan

hutan.

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Pemerintah dan masyarakat melakukan pengawasan terhadap pelaksanaan

pengelolaan hutan yang berdampak nasional dan internasional.

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Ketentuan lebih lanjut tentang pengawasan kehutanan diatur dengan Peraturan

Pemerintah.

BAB VIII PENYERAHAN

KEWENANGAN

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(1) Dalam rangka penyelenggaraan kehutanan, Pemerintah menyerahkan

sebagian kewenangan kepada Pemerintah Daerah.

(2) Pelaksanaan penyerahan sebagian kewenangan sebagaimana dimaksud pada ayat (1) bertujuan untuk meningkatkan efektivitas pengurusan hutan dalam rangka pengembangan otonomi daerah.

(3) Ketentuan lebih lanjut sebagaimana dimaksud pada ayat (1) dan ayat

(2) diatur dengan Peraturan Pemerintah.

BAB IX MASYARAKAT HUKUM ADAT

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(1) Masyarakat hukum adat sepanjang menurut kenyataannya masih ada dan diakui keberadaannya berhak:

a. melakukan pemungutan hasil hutan untuk pemenuhan kebutuhan hidup sehari-hari masyarakat adat yang bersangkutan;

b. melakukan kegiatan pengelolaan hutan berdasarkan hukum adat yang

berlaku dan tidak bertentangan dengan undang-undang; dan

c. mendapatkan pemberdayaan dalam rangka meningkatkan

kesejahteraannya.

(2) Pengukuhan keberadaan dan hapusnya masyarakat hukum adat

sebagaimana dimaksud pada ayat (1) ditetapkan dengan Peraturan

Daerah.

(3) Ketentuan lebih lanjut sebagaimana dimaksud pada ayat (1) dan ayat

(2) diatur dengan Peraturan Pemerintah.

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PERAN SERTA

MASYARAKAT Pasal 68

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(1) Masyarakat berhak menikmati kualitas lingkungan hidup yang dihasilkan

hutan. (2) Selain hak sebagaimana dimaksud pada ayat (1), masyarakat

dapat:

a. memanfaatkan hutan dan hasil hutan sesuai dengan peraturan

perundang- undangan yang berlaku;

b. mengetahui rencana peruntukan hutan, pemanfaatan hasil

hutan, dan informasi kehutanan;

c. memberi informasi, saran, serta pertimbangan dalam

pembangunan kehutanan; dan

d. melakukan pengawasan terhadap pelaksanaan pembangunan

kehutanan baik langsung maupun tidak langsung.

(3) Masyarakat di dalam dan di sekitar hutan berhak memperoleh kompensasi karena hilangnya akses dengan hutan sekitarnya sebagai lapangan kerja untuk memenuhi kebutuhan hidupnya akibat penetapan kawasan hutan, sesuai dengan peraturan perundang-undangan yang berlaku.

(4) Setiap orang berhak memperoleh kompensasi karena hilangnya hak atas

tanah miliknya sebagai akibat dari adanya penetapan kawasan hutan sesuai

dengan ketentuan peraturan perundang-undangan yang berlaku.

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(1) Masyarakat berkewajiban untuk ikut serta memelihara dan menjaga

kawasan hutan dari gangguan dan perusakan.

(2) Dalam melaksanakan rehabilitasi hutan, masyarakat dapat meminta pendampingan, pelayanan, dan dukungan kepada lembaga swadaya masyarakat, pihak lain, atau Pemerintah.

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(1) Masyarakat turut berperan serta dalam pembangunan di bidang kehutanan.

(2) Pemerintah wajib mendorong peran serta masyarakat melalui berbagai

kegiatan di bidang kehutanan yang berdaya guna dan berhasil guna.

(3) Dalam rangka meningkatkan peran serta masyarakat Pemerintah dan

Pemerintah

Daerah dapat dibantu oleh forum pemerhati kehutanan.

(4) Ketentuan lebih lanjut sebagaimana dimaksud pada ayat (1) dan ayat (2) diatur dengan Peraturan Pemerintah.

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GUGATAN

PERWAKILAN

Pasal 71

(1) Masyarakat berhak mengajukan gugatan perwakilan ke pengadilan dan atau melaporkan ke penegak hukum terhadap kerusakan hutan yang merugikan kehidupan masyarakat.

(2) Hak mengajukan gugatan sebagaimana dimaksud pada ayat (1) terbatas

pada tuntutan terhadap pengelolaan hutan yang tidak sesuai dengan peraturan perundang- undangan yang berlaku.

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Jika diketahui bahwa masyarakat menderita akibat pencemaran dan atau kerusakan hutan sedemikian rupa sehingga mempengaruhi kehidupan masyarakat, maka instansi

Pemerintah atau instansi Pemerintah Daerah yang bertanggung jawab di bidang kehutanan dapat bertindak untuk kepentingan masyarakat.

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(1) Dalam rangka pelaksanaan tanggung jawab pengelolaan hutan, organisasi bidang kehutanan berhak mengajukan gugatan perwakilan untuk kepentingan pelestarian fungsi hutan.

(2) Organisasi bidang kehutanan yang berhak mengajukan gugatan sebagaimana dimaksud pada ayat (1) harus memenuhi persyaratan:

a. berbentuk badan hukum;

b. organisasi tersebut dalam anggaran dasarnya dengan tegas

menyebutkan tujuan didirikannya organisasi untuk kepentingan

pelestarian fungsi hutan; dan

c. telah melaksanakan kegiatan sesuai dengan anggaran dasarnya.

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PENYELESAIAN SENGKETA

KEHUTANAN Pasal 74

(1) Penyelesaian sengketa kehutanan dapat ditempuh melalui pengadilan atau di luar pengadilan berdasarkan pilihan secara sukarela para pihak yang bersengketa.

(2) Apabila telah dipilih upaya penyelesaian sengketa kehutanan di luar pengadilan, maka gugatan melalui pengadilan dapat dilakukan setelah tidak

tercapai kesepakatan antara para pihak yang bersengketa.

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(1) Penyelesaian sengketa kehutanan di luar pengadilan tidak berlaku terhadap tindak pidana sebagaimana diatur dalam undang-undang ini.

(2) Penyelesaian sengketa kehutanan di luar pengadilan dimaksudkan untuk mencapai kesepakatan mengenai pengembalian suatu hak, besarnya ganti rugi, dan atau mengenai bentuk tindakan tertentu yang harus dilakukan untuk memulihkan fungsi hutan.

(3) Dalam penyelesaian sengketa kehutanan di luar pengadilan sebagaimana dimaksud pada ayat (2) dapat digunakan jasa pihak ketiga yang ditunjuk bersama oleh para pihak dan atau pendampingan organisasi nonPemerintah untuk membantu penyelesaian sengketa kehutanan.

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(1) Penyelesaian sengketa kehutanan melalui pengadilan dimaksudkan untuk

memperoleh putusan mengenai pengembalian suatu hak, besarnya ganti rugi, dan atau tindakan tertentu yang harus dilakukan oleh pihak yang kalah dalam sengketa.

(2) Selain putusan untuk melakukan tindakan tertentu sebagaimana dimaksud

pada ayat (1), pengadilan dapat menetapkan pembayaran uang paksa atas

keterlambatan pelaksanaan tindakan tertentu tersebut setiap hari.

BAB

XIII

PENYI

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DIKA

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(1) Selain Pejabat Penyidik Kepolisian Negara Republik Indonesia, Pejabat Pegawai Negeri Sipil tertentu yang lingkup tugas dan tanggung jawabnya meliputi pengurusan hutan, diberi wewenang khusus sebagai penyidik sebagaimana dimaksud dalam Kitab Undang-undang Hukum Acara Pidana.

(2) Pejabat Penyidik Pegawai Negeri Sipil sebagaimana dimaksud pada

ayat (1), berwenang untuk:

a. melakukan pemeriksaan atas kebenaran laporan atau keterangan

yang berkenaan dengan tindak pidana yang menyangkut hutan,

kawasan hutan, dan hasil hutan;

b. melakukan pemeriksaan terhadap orang yang diduga melakukan tindak pidana yang menyangkut hutan, kawasan hutan,

dan hasil hutan;

c. memeriksa tanda pengenal seseorang yang berada dalam kawasan hutan atau wilayah hukumny

d. melakukan penggeledahan dan penyitaan barang bukti tindak pidana yang menyangkut hutan, kawasan hutan, dan hasil hutan

sesuai dengan ketentuan peraturan perundang-undangan yang berlaku;

e. meminta keterangan dan barang bukti dari orang atau badan hukum sehubungan dengan tindak pidana yang menyangkut hutan, kawasan hutan, dan hasil hutan;

f. menangkap dan menahan dalam koordinasi dan pengawasan

penyidik Kepolisian Negara Republik Indonesia sesuai Kitab Undang-undang Hukum Acara Pidana;

g. membuat dan menandatangani berita acara;

h. menghentikan penyidikan apabila tidak terdapat cukup bukti tentang

adanya tindak pidana yang menyangkut hutan, kawasan hutan, dan

hasil hutan.

(3) Pejabat Penyidik Pegawai Negeri Sipil sebagaimana dimaksud pada ayat (1) memberitahukan dimulainya penyidikan dan menyerahkan hasil penyidikannya kepada penuntut umum, sesuai Kitab Undang-undang Hukum Acara Pidana.

BAB XIV KETENTUAN

PIDANA

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(1) Barang siapa dengan sengaja melanggar ketentuan sebagaimana dimaksud dalam Pasal 50 ayat (1) atau Pasal 50 ayat (2), diancam dengan pidana penjara paling lama 10 (sepuluh) tahun dan denda paling banyak Rp 5.000.000.000,00 (lima milyar rupiah).

(2) Barang siapa dengan sengaja melanggar ketentuan sebagaimana

dimaksud dalam Pasal 50 ayat (3) huruf a, huruf b, atau huruf c, diancam dengan pidana penjara paling lama 10 (sepuluh) tahun dan denda paling banyak Rp5.000.000.000,00 (lima milyar rupiah).

(3) Barang siapa dengan sengaja melanggar ketentuan sebagaimana dimaksud dalam Pasal 50 ayat (3) huruf d, diancam dengan pidana penjara

paling lama 15 (lima belas) tahun dan denda paling banyak Rp5.000.000.000,00 (lima milyar rupiah).

(4) Barang siapa karena kelalaiannya melanggar ketentuan sebagaimana

dimaksud dalam Pasal 50 ayat (3) huruf d, diancam dengan pidana penjara

paling lama 5 (lima) tahun dan denda paling banyak Rp1.500.000.000,00 (satu

milyar lima ratus juta rupiah).

(5) Barang siapa dengan sengaja melanggar ketentuan sebagaimana dimaksud dalam Pasal 50 ayat (3) huruf e atau huruf f, diancam dengan pidana penjara paling lama 10 (sepuluh) tahun dan denda paling banyak Rp5.000.000.000,00 (lima milyar rupiah).

(6) Barang siapa dengan sengaja melanggar ketentuan sebagaimana dimaksud dalam Pasal 38 ayat (4) atau Pasal 50 ayat (3) huruf g, diancam dengan pidana penjara paling lama 10 (sepuluh) tahun dan denda paling banyak Rp5.000.000.000,00 (lima milyar rupiah

(7) Barang siapa dengan sengaja melanggar ketentuan sebagaimana dimaksud

dalam asal 50 ayat (3) huruf h, diancam dengan pidana penjara paling lama 5 (lima) tahun dan denda paling banyak Rp10.000.000.000,00 (sepuluh milyar rupiah).

(8) Barang siapa yang melanggar ketentuan sebagaimana dimaksud dalam Pasal 50 ayat (3) huruf i, diancam dengan pidana penjara paling lama 3 (tiga)

bulan dan denda paling banyak Rp10.000.000,00 (sepuluh juta rupiah).

(9) Barang siapa dengan sengaja melanggar ketentuan sebagaimana dimaksud

dalam Pasal 50 ayat (3) huruf j, diancam dengan pidana penjara paling lama 5

(lima) tahun dan denda paling banyak Rp5.000.000.000,00 (lima milyar rupiah).

(10) Barang siapa dengan sengaja melanggar ketentuan sebagaimana dimaksud dalam Pasal 50 ayat (3) huruf k, diancam dengan pidana penjara paling lama 3 (tiga) tahun dan denda paling banyak Rp1.000.000.000,00 (satu milyar rupiah).

(11) Barang siapa dengan sengaja melanggar ketentuan sebagaimana dimaksud

dalam Pasal 50 ayat (3) huruf l, diancam dengan pidana penjara paling lama 3

(tiga) tahun dan denda paling banyak Rp1.000.000.000,00 (satu milyar rupiah).

(12) Barang siapa dengan sengaja melanggar ketentuan sebagaimana dimaksud dalam Pasal 50 ayat (3) huruf m, diancam dengan pidana penjara paling lama 1 (satu) tahun dan denda paling banyak Rp50.000.000,00 (lima

puluh juta rupiah).

125

(13) Tindak pidana sebagaimana dimaksud pada ayat (1), ayat (2), ayat (3), ayat

(4),

ayat (5), ayat (6), ayat (7), ayat (9), ayat (10), dan ayat (11) adalah kejahatan,

dan tindak pidana sebagaimana dimaksud pada ayat (8) dan ayat (12) adalah

pelanggaran.

(14) Tindak pidana sebagaimana dimaksud dalam Pasal 50 ayat (1), ayat (2), dan ayat (3) apabila dilakukan oleh dan atau atas nama badan hukum atau badan usaha, tuntutan dan sanksi pidananya dijatuhkan terhadap pengurusnya, baik

sendiri-sendiri maupun bersama-sama, dikenakan pidana sesuai dengan ancaman pidana masing-masing ditambah dengan 1/3 (sepertiga) dari pidana yang dijatuhkan.

(15) Semua hasil hutan dari hasil kejahatan dan pelanggaran dan atau alat-alat

termasuk alat angkutnya yang dipergunakan untuk melakukan kejahatan dan

atau pelanggaran sebagaimana dimaksud dalam pasal ini dirampas untuk

Negara.

P

as

al

79

(1) Kekayaan negara berupa hasil hutan dan barang lainnya baik berupa

temuan dan atau rampasan dari hasil kejahatan atau pelanggaran

sebagaimana dimaksud dalam Pasal 78 dilelang untuk Negara.

(2) Bagi pihak-pihak yang berjasa dalam upaya penyelamatan kekayaan Negara sebagaimana dimaksud pada ayat (1) diberikan insentif yang disisihkan dari hasil lelang yang dimaksud.

(3) Ketentuan lebih lanjut sebagaimana dimaksud pada ayat (2) diatur oleh

Menteri.

B

A

B

X

V

GANTI RUGI DAN SANKSI

ADMINISTRATIF

Pasal 80

(1) Setiap perbuatan melanggar hukum yang diatur dalam undang-undang ini, dengan tidak mengurangi sanksi pidana sebagaimana diatur dalam Pasal 78, mewajibkan kepada penanggung jawab perbuatan itu untuk membayar ganti rugi sesuai dengan tingkat kerusakan atau akibat yang ditimbulkan kepada Negara, untuk biaya rehabilitasi, pemulihan kondisi hutan, atau tindakan lain

yang diperlukan.

(2) Setiap pemegang izin usaha pemanfaatan kawasan, izin usaha pemanfaatan jasa lingkungan, izin usaha pemanfaatan hasil hutan, atau izin pemungutan hasil hutan yang diatur dalam undang-undang ini, apabila melanggar ketentuan di luar ketentuan pidana sebagaimana diatur dalam Pasal

78 dikenakan sanksi administratif.

126

(3) Ketentuan lebih lanjut sebagaimana dimaksud pada ayat (1), dan ayat (2) diatur dengan Peraturan Pemerintah.

BAB XVI

KETENTUAN

PERALIHAN

P

a

s

al

8

1

Kawasan hutan yang telah ditunjuk dan atau ditetapkan berdasarkan peraturan perundang- undangan yang berlaku sebelum berlakunya undang-undang ini dinyatakan tetap berlaku berdasarkan undang-undang ini.

P

a

s

al

8

2

Semua peraturan pelaksanaan dari peraturan perundang-undangan di bidang

kehutanan yang telah ada, sepanjang tidak bertentangan dengan undang-

undang ini, tetap berlaku sampai dengan dikeluarkannya peraturan

pelaksanaan yang berdasarkan undang-undang ini.

BAB XVII

KETENTUAN

PENUTUP

P

as

al

83

Pada saat mulai berlakunya undang-undang ini maka dinyatakan tidak berlaku:

1. Boschordonnantie Java en Madoera 1927, Staatsblad Tahun 1927 Nomor 221, sebagaimana telah diubah dengan Staatsblad Tahun 1931 Nomor 168, terakhir diubah dengan Staatsblad Tahun 1934 Nomor 63;

2. Undang-undang Nomor 5 Tahun 1967 tentang Ketentuan-ketentuan Pokok

Kehutanan

(Lembaran Negara Tahun 1967 Nomor 8, Tambahan Lembaran Negara Nomor

2823).

Pasal 84

Undang-undang ini mulai berlaku pada tanggal diundangkan.

127

Agar semua orang mengetahuinya, memerintahkan pengundangan undang-undang ini

dengan penempatannya dalam Lembaran Negara Republik Indonesia.

1

Disahkan di Jakarta,

pada tanggal 30 September 1999

PRESIDEN REPUBLIK INDONESIA,

ttd

BACHARUDIN JUSUF HABIBIE

Diundangkan di Jakarta

pada tanggal 30 September 1999

MENTERI NEGARA SEKRETARIS

NEGARA REPUBLIK INDONESIA,

ttd

M U L A D I

LEMBARAN NEGARA REPUBLIK INDONESIA TAHUN 1999 NOMOR 167

2

Persidential Regulations No. 61 in 2011

3

4

5

6

7

8

9

10

11

12

Riau Governor Regulations No. 11 in 2014

13

14

15

16

17

18

19

20

21

22

23

24