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The Human MosaicThe Human Mosaic
CHAPTER THREECHAPTER THREE
Population Geography: Population Geography:
Shaping the Human MosaicShaping the Human Mosaic
►Introduction:
►What is geodemography?
►Spatial and ecological aspects of population density, distribution, fertility, gender, living standards, health, age, etc.
►What parts of the world see population growth, what parts don’t? Why?
► > 7 billion people!
► I) Demographic Regions
► A. Population Distribution and Density - uneven distribution of people on a global scale - largely unpopulated vs. thickly settled regions
>72% live on the Eurasian continent < 8% live on the North American continent
- Three major population clusters: 1) East Asia 2) Indian subcontinent 3) Europe
- population density vs. physiological density & carrying capacity:
“density beyond which people cease to be nutritionally self-sufficient"
What is the carrying capacity of a given piece of land?
- your book shows the most recent data and expected future growth
- note the corrections indicating less growth until 2050
- will global population growth come to a standstill earlier than expected?
B. Patterns of Natality
- Birthrate (number of births / year / 1000)
- Total Fertility Rate (TFR) (children / woman)
(focus: women, family size, future development) - TFR < 2.1 leads to population decline - Worldwide contrasts of TFR values- Hong Kong (TFR 1.02) and Macao (TFR
0.91)!
C. Geography of Mortality
- Death Rates (number of deaths / year / 1000)
- worldwide contrasts in death rates - correlation to TFR? - sub-Saharan Africa? - Europe? - North America? - death comes in different forms
geographically
D. Population Explosion
- dramatic increase since 1900 (Why?) - decrease in death rates while TFR remains
high- result is geometrical population increase,
where doubling times become increasingly shorter
- 62 billion people!
Thomas Malthus (1766-1834)
"Human ability to multiply far exceeds our ability
to increase food production"
- Is that true? - Need to check population growth- How? ----- Wars? Famine? What else?
E. Or Population Implosion Perhaps?
- Is the world overpopulated today? - Although we see decrease in TFR rates in
many countries, is the population explosion over?
F. The Demographic Transformation Model
- The Stages: 1) Pre-Industrial 2) Beginning Industrialization 3) Transitional 4) Industrialization Completed 5) Postindustrial Period
How do societies move from one stage to the next? Technical innovations? Birth control?
Demographic TransitionDemographic Transition
Figure 1.35
The Different Stages of the Demographic Transition
G. Age Distribution
- Why do some countries have overwhelmingly young populations?
- Why does the age structure vary within the United States?
- Population Pyramids as devices to study age and gender characteristics of societies.
H. Geography of Gender
- geographical differences in sex ratio within the U.S. and throughout the world
- "gendered spaces" (from Mount Athos in Greece to Valdosta, Georgia)
- female infanticide (see China and India)
Population Pyramids from the USPopulation Pyramids from the US
Which of these represents Laredo (TX), Lawrence (KS), Naples (FL), or Cedar Rapids (IA)?
I. Standard of Living
- infant mortality rate (number of children/ 1000)
(measure for health, nutrition, sanitation, access to doctors, education, etc.)
- Human Development Index (literacy, life expectancy, education,
wealth)
II) Diffusion in Population Geography
How does demography relate to the theme of cultural diffusion?
A. Migration - from the early beginnings in central Africa to
today's examples of migration - push- and pull factors of migration - 50 million Europeans in the 19th century - change of national and international migration patterns over time - voluntary vs. forced migration
B. Disease Diffusion - example of aids in Africa, its source of origin,
and its spread through the rest of the world - aspects of contagious, relocation, and
hierarchical diffusion
C. Diffusion of Fertility Control
- importance for final two stages in demographic transformation model
- France as place of origin - Slow spread throughout Europe - China's "one couple, one child" policy (
with some exceptions)- 1970 a TFR of 5.9- 1980 a TFR of 2.7- 1990 a TFR of 2.2- 1994 a TFR of 2.0- 2007 a TFR of 1.7- negative side-effect of this policy in connection
with a culturally based preference for males?- recent discussions in China to do away with the
“one couple, one child” policy … why?
III) Population Ecology
How is cultural ecology relevant to population geography?
A. Environmental Influence - population is being influenced by available resources,
climates, soils, etc. - tendency to live near coastlines and rivers, in
temperate climates, near water in dry climates, or away from regions prone to livestock diseases
B. Environmental Perception and Population Distribution - German and Italian speaking peoples of the Alps - changing perceptions of regions rich in coal - perception influences migration
C. Population Density and Environmental Alteration - modification of habitats through adaptive strategies - correlation of population explosion and ecological
crisis - problem of overconsumption: the US with <5% of
world’s population consumes 25% of the resources
IV) Cultural Interaction and Population Patterns
How are issues of globalization, culture & demography intertwined?
A. Cultural Factors - rice in Southeast Asia & potatoes in Ireland - The Navajo Indians, their hogans, and their lack of
migration
B. Political Factors - forced migration & ethnic cleansing - China's "one couple, one child" policy
C. Economic Factors - industrialization in Europe - changes in cotton cultivation/resulting northward
migration
D. Gender and Geodemography - 19th century Irish women to U.S. - Filipinas in Japan & Burmese women in Thailand
V) The Settlement Landscape
How is the distribution of people reflected in the cultural landscape?
The example of rural settlement patterns:
A. Farm Villages - irregular clustered villages, street villages, green
villages, and checkerboard villages - what are strong-point, wet-point, and dry-point
settlements?
B. Isolated Farmsteads - what conditions favor dispersed settlements? - see North America, Australia, and New Zealand
C. Semi clustered Rural Settlements - hamlets, loose irregular villages, & row villages
D. Reading the Cultural Landscape - hypothetical farm village in Yucatan