The Human Body: An Orientation - Mrs. Flieg's Classroom€¦ · body Posterior-nearer to or at the back of the body Medial-nearer to the midline or midsagittal plane Lateral-farther

PowerPoint® Lecture Slide Presentation

by Patty Bostwick-Taylor,

Florence-Darlington Technical College

Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings

PART A1

The Human Body:

An Orientation


The Human Body—An Orientation

Anatomy

Study of the structure and shape of the body

and its parts

Physiology

Study of how the body and its parts work or

function


Anatomy—Levels of Study

Gross anatomy

Large structures

Easily observable

Figure 14.1


Anatomy—Levels of Study

Microscopic Anatomy

Very small

structures

Can only be

viewed with

a microscope

Figure 14.4c–d


Levels of Structural Organization

Figure 1.1

Smooth muscle cellMolecules

Atoms

Smooth

muscle

tissue

Epithelial

tissue

Smooth

muscle

tissue

Connective

tissue

Blood

vessel

(organ) Cardio-

vascular

system

Cellular level

Cells are made up of

molecules

Tissue level

Tissues consist of

similar types of cells

Organ level

Organs are made up

of different types

of tissues

Organ system level

Organ systems consist of different

organs that work together closely

Organismal level

Human organisms

are made up of many

organ systems

Chemical level

Atoms combine to

form molecules



Figure 1.1, step 1

Molecules

Atoms

Chemical level

Atoms combine to

form molecules



Figure 1.1, step 2


AtomsCellular level


molecules

Chemical level

Atoms combine to

form molecules



Figure 1.1, step 3


Atoms

Smooth

muscle

tissue

Cellular level


molecules

Tissue level

Tissues consist of


Chemical level

Atoms combine to

form molecules



Figure 1.1, step 4


Atoms

Smooth

muscle

tissue

Epithelial

tissue

Smooth

muscle

tissue

Connective

tissue

Blood

vessel

(organ)

Cellular level


molecules

Tissue level

Tissues consist of


Organ level

Organs are made up

of different types

of tissues

Chemical level

Atoms combine to

form molecules



Figure 1.1, step 5


Atoms

Smooth

muscle

tissue

Epithelial

tissue

Smooth

muscle

tissue

Connective

tissue

Blood

vessel

(organ) Cardio-

vascular

system

Cellular level


molecules

Tissue level

Tissues consist of


Organ level

Organs are made up

of different types

of tissues

Organ system level



Chemical level

Atoms combine to

form molecules



Figure 1.1, step 6


Atoms

Smooth

muscle

tissue

Epithelial

tissue

Smooth

muscle

tissue

Connective

tissue

Blood

vessel

(organ) Cardio-

vascular

system

Cellular level


molecules

Tissue level

Tissues consist of


Organ level

Organs are made up

of different types

of tissues

Organ system level



Organismal level

Human organisms

are made up of many

organ systems

Chemical level

Atoms combine to

form molecules


Necessary Life Functions

Metabolism—chemical reactions within the body

Produces energy

Makes body structures

Movement

Locomotion

Movement of substances

Responsiveness

Ability to sense changes and react

Growth

Increases cell size and number of cells



Reproduction

Produces future generation

Respiration

Obtaining oxygen, removing carbon dioxide,

and releasing energy from foods.

Digestion

Break-down and absorption of nutrients

Absorption

Passage of substances through membranes

into body fluids



Circulation

Movement of substances in body fluids

Assimilation

Changing absorbed substances into

chemically different forms

Excretion

Eliminates waste from metabolic reactions


Interrelationships Among Body Systems

Figure 1.3


Survival Needs

Food

Chemicals for energy and cell building

Includes carbohydrates, proteins, lipids,

vitamins, and minerals

Oxygen

Required for chemical reactions


Survival Needs

Water

60–80% of body weight

Provides for metabolic reaction

Circulation

Maintain body temperature

Stable body temperature

Atmospheric pressure

Must be appropriate


Homeostasis

Homeostasis—maintenance of a stable internal

environment

A dynamic state of equilibrium

Homeostasis is necessary for normal body

functioning and to sustain life

Homeostatic imbalance

A disturbance in homeostasis resulting in

disease


Feedback Mechanisms

Negative feedback

Includes most homeostatic control

mechanisms

Shuts off the original stimulus, or reduces its

intensity

Works like a household thermostat


Feedback systems Cycle of events in which the status of a body

condition is continually monitored, evaluated, changed, re-monitored, reevaluated, and so on…..

5 components – stimulus, receptor, control center, effector, response

Stimulus – a change occurs in the environment

Receptor monitors changes and inputs info (nerve endings)

Control center determines the “normal” range, evaluates detected changes and outputs commands (brain)

Effector is the body structure that receives output from control center and produces a response (sweat glands)

Response is produced by effector



Figure 1.4

Change

detected

by receptor

Stimulus:

Produces

change

in variable

Input:

Information

sent along

afferent

pathway to

Receptor (sensor) Effector

Variable(in homeostasis)

Response of

effector feeds

back to

influence

magnitude of

stimulus and

returns variable

to homeostasis

Control

centerOutput:

Information sent

along efferent

pathway to activate


Figure 1.4, step 1a



Figure 1.4, step 1b

Stimulus:

Produces

change

in variableVariable

(in homeostasis)


Figure 1.4, step 2

Change

detected

by receptor

Stimulus:

Produces

change

in variable

Receptor (sensor)



Figure 1.4, step 3

Change

detected

by receptor

Stimulus:

Produces

change

in variable

Input:

Information

sent along

afferent

pathway to

Receptor (sensor)


Control

center


Figure 1.4, step 4

Change

detected

by receptor

Stimulus:

Produces

change

in variable

Input:

Information

sent along

afferent

pathway to



Output:

Information sent

along efferent

pathway to activate

Control

center


Figure 1.4, step 5

Change

detected

by receptor

Stimulus:

Produces

change

in variable

Input:

Information

sent along

afferent

pathway to



Response of

effector feeds

back to

influence

magnitude of

stimulus and

returns variable

to homeostasis

Output:

Information sent

along efferent

pathway to activate

Control

center


Maintaining Homeostasis

The body communicates through neural and

hormonal control systems

Receptor

Responds to changes in the environment

(stimuli)

Sends information to control center


Maintaining Homeostasis

Control center

Determines set point

Analyzes information

Determines appropriate response

Effector

Provides a means for response to the

stimulus


Feedback Mechanisms

Positive feedback

Increases the original stimulus to push the

variable farther

In the body this only occurs in blood clotting

and during the birth of a baby


Figure 1.2a

Organ System Overview

Integumentary

Forms the external body

covering

Protects deeper tissue from

injury

Helps regulate body

temperature

Location of cutaneous

nerve receptors


Figure 1.2b


Skeletal

Protects and supports

body organs

Provides muscle

attachment for movement

Site of blood cell

formation

Stores minerals


Figure 1.2c


Muscular

Produces movement

Maintains posture

Produces heat



Nervous

Fast-acting control

system

Responds to internal and

external change

Activates muscles and

glands

Figure 1.2d



Endocrine

Secretes regulatory

hormones

Growth

Reproduction

Metabolism

Figure 1.2e


Figure 1.2f


Cardiovascular

Transports materials in body

via blood pumped by heart

Oxygen

Carbon dioxide

Nutrients

Wastes



Lymphatic

Returns fluids to blood

vessels

Cleanses the blood

Involved in immunity

Figure 1.2g



Respiratory

Keeps blood supplied with

oxygen

Removes carbon dioxide

Figure 1.2h



Digestive

Breaks down food

Allows for nutrient

absorption into blood

Eliminates indigestible

material

Figure 1.2i



Urinary

Eliminates nitrogenous

wastes

Maintains acid-base

balance

Regulates water and

electrolytes

Figure 1.2j



Reproductive

Produces

offspring

Figure 1.2k–l


What makes a living thing…..alive?

Metabolism-sum of all the chemical processes that occur in the body

Responsiveness-body’s ability to detect and respond to changes in its internal or external environment

Movement-motion of the whole body, individual organs, single cells, and even tiny organelles inside cells

Growth-increase in body size

Differentiation-process whereby unspecialized cells become specialized cells

Reproduction-formation of a new cell for growth, repair, or replacement or the production of a new individual.

Digestion- process of breaking down ingested food so it can be absorbed in the blood.

Excretion- process of removing wastes from the body

Reproduction-production of offspring.


The Language of Anatomy

Special terminology is used to prevent

misunderstanding

Exact terms are used for

Position

Direction

Regions

Structures


Anatomical Terms

Anatomical position

Subjects stands erect

facing observer, with

the head level and the

eyes facing forward,

the feet are flat on the

floor and directed

forward, the arms are

at the sides with

palms turned forward.


Figure 1.5a

Regional Terms

Anterior body landmarks


Regional Terms

Posterior body landmarks

Figure 1.5b


Directional Terms

Table 1.1 (1 of 3)


Directional Terms

Table 1.1 (2 of 3)


Directional Terms

Table 1.1 (3 of 3)


Directional Terms

Superior-towards the head, or upper

portion of structure

Inferior-away from the head, or the

lower part of a structure

Anterior-nearer to or at the front of the

body

Posterior-nearer to or at the back of the

body

Medial-nearer to the midline or

midsagittal plane

Lateral-farther from the midline of

midsagittal plane

Intermediate-in between two structures Ipsilateral-on the same side of the body

as another structure

Contralateral-on the opposite sides of

the body from another structure

Proximal-nearer to the attachment of a

limb to the trunk, nearer to point of orgin

Distal-farther from the attachment of a

limb to the trunk, farther from origin

Superficial-toward the surface of the

body

Deep-away from the surface of the body


Body Planes and Sections

A sagittal section divides the body (or organ) into

left and right parts

A median, or midsagittal, section divides the body

(or organ) into equal left and right parts

A frontal section divides the body (or organ) into

anterior and posterior parts

A transverse, or cross, section divides the body

(or organ) into superior and inferior parts



Figure 1.6






Body Cavities

Dorsal body cavity

Cranial cavity houses the brain

Spinal cavity houses the spinal cord

Ventral body cavity

Thoracic cavity houses heart, lungs and

others

Abdominopelvic cavity houses digestive

system and most urinary system organs


Body Cavities

Figure 1.7


Body Cavities


Body Cavities


Abdominopelvic Quadrants

Figure 1.8a


Abdominopelvic Regions

Figure 1.8b


Abdominopelvic Major Organs

Figure 1.8c

Documents

The Human Body: An Orientation - Mrs. Flieg's Classroom€¦ · body Posterior-nearer to or at the back of the body Medial-nearer to the midline or midsagittal plane Lateral-farther