THE HOLOCAUST : HISTORY, MEMORY, HISTORIOGRAPHY

Professeur(s) : Dr. Jean-Marc Dreyfus, Dr. Samuel Ghiles-MeilhacAnnée universitaire 2016/2017 : Semestre de printemps (INTRO SCPO)

Wednesdays, 5-7, 9 rue de la Chaise, Room 907.

DESCRIPTIF DU COURS

More and more, the Holocaust is perceived and assessed as one of the seminal event of the 20. Century in Europe. Ifits consequences were not clearly embraced in the immediate after war, the long shadow of genocide shapes today’sculture and politics.

This course aims at presenting some main themes in the growing field of Holocaust studies. Themes will be on theHolocaust itself, its general interpretations, the question of victims, of perpetrators, the technologies of mass killings,but also on the consequences of genocide (justice, memorials, testimonies). It is a history class, with someinterdisciplinarity: politics, literature, psychology will also be used in class.

A specific attention will be dedicated to the digital aspects of Holocaust learning, documentation and memory.

Assessments :

Participation in class : 10%

Group work in class (Session 7, March 15), on visual testimonies : 20% . Both an electronic and a printed copy must besubmited.

An essay: deadline is 17 April 2017. Both an electronic and a printed copy must be submited, 2500 words: 50% (seethe topics).

A book review : pick up a book in one of the ‘further reading’ lists. 1500 words : 20%. Read the book cover to cover !Deadline is 19 April 2017. Both an electronic and a printed copy must be submited.

A critical review is not merely a summary of the book's contents (though that may be included) but primarily anevaluation of its strengths and weaknesses. Please, answer the following questions about the book (not especially inthis set order) :

1. Thesis. What is the author's main argument? Is the thesis readily apparent? Is it convincing 2. Organization. Isthe book logically constructed, or is it confusing, repetitive, etc.? 3. Which is the context in which the bookwas written ? Does it relate to a specific historiographical debate ? 4. Who is the author ? 5. Sources. Evenwithout expertise you can quickly tell whether a book depends on such primary materials as documents,diaries, and letters, or whether it is all drawn from second-hand general texts. 6. Documentation. Any timeyou quote, you should cite the source 8. Conclusions. General value. How useful might the book be to aspecialist in this field, or to a student investigating the subject matter for the first time ?

For a more detailed description, see: http://sass.queensu.ca/writingcentre/wp-content/uploads/sites/3/2013/06/Writing-Critical-Book-Reviews.pdf

Spring 2017 1

Séance 1 : 25 January, Introduction (JMD)

a) Introduction to the course. General presentation. Description of assessments.

b) Seminar : discussions of basic concepts on the Holocaust. Terminology : ‘Holocaust’, ‘Shoah’, ‘Rurban’, ‘Genocide’, ‘Crime against Humanity’, ‘Survivor’, ‘Camps’, etc. Discussion of the document

Documents : mapping the Holocaust (from Gilbert, Atlas of the Holocaust) ; Hilberg’s scheme

(extract) ‘.

Reading : None

Essay topics :

- How specific was the Holocaust compared to other mass atrocities of the 20th Century ?

- In what sense was the Holocaust a ‘modern’ genocide ?

Further Reading :

Bauer, Yehuda, Rethinking the Holocaust (New Haven; London: Yale University Press, 2000).

Dreyfus, Jean-Marc, Langton, Daniel, Writing the Holocaust (London: Bloomsbury, 2011).

Friedlander, Saul, Memory, History, and the Extermination of the Jews of Europe (Bloomington: Indiana UniversityPress, 1993).

Friedländer, Saul, Nazi Germany and the Jews. Volume 1, The Years of Persecution ; Volume 2, The Years ofExtermination, 1933-1945, (New York : HarperCollins, c1997; 2007).

Goda, Norman J. (ed.), Jewish Histories of the Holocaust - New Transnational Approaches (Oxford; New York, BerghahnBooks, 2014).

Kwiet, Konrad, Matthäus, Jürgen (eds.), Contemporary Responses to the Holocaust (Westport, Conn.: PraegerPublishers, 2004).

Lagrou, Pieter, The Legacy of Nazi Occupation: Patriotic Memory and National Recovery in Western Europe, 1945-1965(Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2000).

Langer, Lawrence, Admitting the Holocaust, Collected Essays (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1995).

Marrus, Michael, The Holocaust in History (Hanover, N.H.: University Press of New England for Brandeis Uni Press,1987).

Mazower, Mark, Dark Continent: Europe’s Twentieth Century (New York: Alfred A. Knopf, 1999).

Saidel, Rochelle G., Never Too Late to Remember (New York: Holmes and Meier, 1996).

Steinbacher, Sybille, Auschwitz. A History (New York: Harper Perennial, 2006).

Steinweis, Alan E., Rogers Daniel E., The Impact of Nazism: new Perspectives on the Third Reich and its Legacy (Lincoln,Neb.: University of Nebraska Press, 2003).

Stone, Dan, (ed.), The Historiography of the Holocaust (London: Palgrave Macmillan, 2004).

Traverso, Enzo, Understanding the Nazi Genocide: Marxism after Auschwitz, translated by Peter Drucker, IIREnotebooks for study and research (London: Pluto, 1999).

Digital resources : the Wiener Library in London : https://www.wienerlibrary.co.uk/digital-holocaust-resources

Séance 2 : 1 February ; Explaining the Holocaust (SGM)

This session will present various theoretical explanations of the Holocaust. The traditional, not fully overcomefunctionalist/intentionalist debate, the nature of Nazi anti—Semitism, the role of Hitler, will be considered. Thecontroversy with Hayden White on a post-modern view of Holocaust writing will also attract our attention.

Reading : - Timothy Snyder ‘Holocaust, the Ignored Reality’, article from the New York Review of Books : https://www.nybooks.com/articles/2009/07/16/holocaust-the-ignored-reality/

- Bauer, Yehuda, Rethinking the Holocaust (New Haven : Yale University Press, 2001), pp. 14-38.- Friedlander, Saul, ed., Probing the Limits of Representation: Nazism and the “Final Solution” (Cambridge,

Mass.: Harvard University Press, 1992), pp. 1-21.

a) Various theoretical approaches to national-socialism and the Holocaust

b) Discussion on the texts. Please, consider the following questions :- Which are the more convincing approaches to the Holocaust, according to you ?- How specific are theoretical approaches of the Holocaust ?- Is interdisciplinarity needed to better approach the Holocaust ?

Essay questions :- Which are the more convincing approaches to the Holocaust, according to you ?- How specific are theoretical approaches of the Holocaust ?- Is interdisciplinarity needed to better approach the Holocaust ?

Further reading :

Cohn, Norman, Warrant for Genocide, the Myth of the Jewish World-Conspiracy and the Protocols of the Elders of Zion(New York: Harper and Row, 1967).

Fraenkel, Ernst, The Dual State, a Contribution to the Theory of Dictatorship (New York: Octagon Books, 1969).

Herbert, Ulrich, ed., National Socialist Extermination Policies: Contemporary German Perspectives and Controversies(Oxford, New York: Berghahn Books, 1999).

Herf, Jeffrey, Reactionary Modernism: Technology, Culture and Modernism in Weimar and the Third Reich (Cambridge:Cambridge University Press, 1984).

Katz, Jacob, From Prejudice to Destruction: Anti-Semitism 1700-1933 (Cambridge, Mass.: Harvard University Press,1980).

Kershaw, Ian, The “Hitler Myth”: Image and Reality in the Third Reich (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1987).

Mosse, George L., The Crisis of German Ideology: Intellectual Origins of the Third Reich (New York: Grosset and Dunlap,1964).

Neumann, Franz L., Behemoth: The Stucture and Practice of National Socialism 1933-1944 (New York, Oxford: OxfordUniversity Press, 1982) ; reprint, New York, Octagon Books, 1963.

Spring 2017 3

Poliakov, Léon, The History of Antisemitism, volume 1 : From the Time of Christ to the Court Jews, volume 2 (New York:The Vanguard Press, 1965).

Postone, Moishe, Santner, Eric, ed., Catastrophe and Meaning. The Holocaust and the Twentieth Century (Chicago andLondon: The University of Chicago Press, 2003).

Volkov, Shulamit, Germans, Jews and antisemites: trials in Emancipation (Cambridge, New York: Cambridge UniversityPress, 2006).

Winckler, Heinrich August, Germany, the long road west, 1789-1933 (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2006).

Yahil, Leni, The Holocaust: the fate of European Jewry, 1932-1945, translated from the Hebrew by Ina Friedman andHaya Galai (New York ; Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1990).

Séance 3 : 8 February ; Germans Jews, 1933-1941 (JMD)

The years 1933-1941 were decisive in the implementation of the Holocaust. German Jews were submitted to aprogressive process of isolation. This process was both ‘legal’ and ‘spontaneous’. The agents of persecution will bedescribed and also the path to violence. Jewish responses will be considered and so will be the attitude of the Germanpopulation. Can a gendered approach to those responses be useful?

Reading : - Bankier, David, Probing the depths of German antisemitism : German society and the persecution of the Jews, 1933-1941 (New York : Berghahn Books, 2001), pp. 271-281 (Kulka)

- Hilberg, Raul, The Destruction of European Jews, pp. 61-77.

a) Suppressing emancipation ; escalating isolation and violence

b) Documents on Kristallnach : video ; written testimonies.

Essay questions:

- How ‘legal’ (or ‘legalised’) was the isolation of German Jews ?

- Describe the various responses of German Jews towards persecution.

- What was the specific role of German Jewish women after 1933 ?

Further reading :

Bajohr, Frank, “The Holocaust and Corruption”, in Gerald D. Feldman, Wolfgang Seibel, eds., Networks of Nazi Persecution, Bureaucracy, Business and the Organization of the Holocaust, (Oxford, New York: Berghahn Books, 2005), p.118-125.

Aly, Götz, Hitler’s Beneficiaries: plunder, racial war, and the Nazi welfare state, translated by Jefferson Chase (NewYork: Metropolitan books, 2007).

Bankier, David, The German and the Final Solution. Public Opinion under Nazism (Oxford, Cambridge: Blackwell, 1992).

Barkai, Avraham, From Boycott to Annihilation. The Economic Struggle of German Jews, 1933-1943 (Hanover andLondon: published for Brandeis University Press by University Press of New England, 1989).

Beck, Gad, An underground life: the memoirs of a gay Jew in Nazi Berlin , written with Frank Heibert ; translated byAllison Brown (Madison, Wis.: University of Wisconsin Press, 1999).

Bergen, Doris L., Twisted Cross: the German Christian Movement in the Third Reich (Chapel Hill: University of NorthCarolina Press, 1996).

Feldman, Gerald D., Seibel Wolfgang, eds., Networks of Nazi Persecution. Bureaucracy, Business and the Organizationof the Holocaust (New York, Oxford: Berghahn Books, 2005).

Friedländer, Saul, Nazi Germany and the Jews, vol. 1, The Years of Persecution, 1933-1939 (New York: HarperCollins,1997).

Gay, Peter, Freud, Jews and other Germans: masters and victims in Modernist Culture (New York: New York UniversityPress, 1978).

Gellately, Robert, Backing Hitler. Consent and Coercion in Nazi Germany (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2001).

Goschler, Constantin, Ther, Philip, eds., Robbery and restitution: the conflict over Jewish property in Europe, NewYork, Oxford, Berghahn Books, 2007.

Gruner, Wolf, Jewish forced labor under the Nazis: economic needs and racial aims, 1938-1944 (New York: CambridgeUniversity Press, USHMM, 2006).

Kaplan, Marion A., Between Dignity and Despair. Jewish Life in Nazi Germany (Oxford; New York: Oxford UniversityPress, 1998).

Kershaw, Ian, Popular Opinion and Political Dissent in the Third Reich (Oxford: Clarendon Press, 1983).

Kershaw, Ian, Hitler, the Germans, and the final solution, Jerusalem : International Institute for Holocaust Research,Yad Vashem (New Haven, [Conn.]: Yale University Press, 2008).

Klemperer, Victor, I will Bear Witness, vol. 1, 1933-1941 (New York: Random House, 1998).

Mosse, Georges L., German Jews beyond Judaism (Bloomington: Indiana University Press, 1983).

Ogilvie, Sarah A., Miller, Scott, Refuge denied: the St. Louis passengers and the Holocaust (Madison, Wis. : University ofWisconsin Press, c2006).

Schraffstetter, Susanne, Steinweis, Alan, The Germans and the Holocaust.Popular Responses to the Persecution and Murder of the Jews (New York ; Oxford : Berghahn Books, 2016).

Wollenberg, Jorg, ed., The German public and the persecution of the Jews, 1933-1945 : "no one participated, no oneknew", English edition translated and edited by Rado Pribic (Atlantic Highlands, N.J.: Humanities Press, 1996).

Digital resources : http://www.eiu.edu/eiutps/holocaust_kristallnacht.php

Séance 4: 22 February; The Holocaust by bullets (JMD)

From July 1941 on, mobile killing units, the Einsatzgruppen, killed Jews in Eastern Poland and the newly occupiedterritories. They went as far as Grozny and Moscow. At the end of 1941, half a million Jews have been killed. Thiskilling by bullets caused 1.5 million victims. How was this ‘not-modern’ Holocaust organised ? Which were thereactions of the local populations ? What happened to those corpses? The ‘Aktion 1005’ will be described.

Reading :

Spector, Shmuel, Operation 1005

Spring 2017 5

Stone, Dan, ‘Modernity and violence: Theoretical reflections on the Einsatzgruppen’, Journal of genocide research, 1/3,pp. 367-378 : available online via the library catalogue.On Father Patrick Desbois : Elaine Sciolino, ‘A Priest Methodically Reveals Ukrainian Jews’ Fate’, The New York Times, October 6, 2007.Website of Yahad-In Unum : http://www.yahadinunum.org/

a) 1.5 million victimsb) Father Patrick Desbois and the search for the Holocaust by bullets

Essay questions :- How ‘modern’ was the Holocaust by bullets ?- Describe the operation 1005.- How can you explain the sheer ‘efficiency’ of the Einsatzgruppen.- Was it possible to put the Einsatzgruppen on trial ? Describe the Nuremberg trial.

Further Reading :

Arad, Yitzhak. "The Murder of the Jews in German-Occupied Lithuania (1941-1944)", Zeitschrift für Ostmitteleuropa-Forschung 54.1 (2005), 56-79.

Bartov, Omer, The Eastern Front 1941-1945, German Troops and the Barbarisation of Warfare (New York: St. Martin’sPress, 1986).

Bartov, Omer, Hitler’s Army: Soldiers, Nazis and War in the Third Reich (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1992).

Berkowitz, Michael, The Crime of my very Existence: Nazism and the Myth of Jewish Criminality (Berkeley: University ofCalifornia Press, 2007).

Browning, Christopher, Ordinary Men: Reserve Battalion 101 and the Final Solution in Poland (New York,:HarperCollins, 1992).

Dean, Martin C., ‘The German Gendarmerie, the Ukrainian Schutzmannschaft and the 'Second Wave' of Jewish killingsin occupied Ukraine: German policing at the local level in the Zhitomir region, 1941-1944’, in: German History 14(1996) H. 2, S. 168-192.

Dean, Martin C., Collaboration in the Holocaust: crimes of the local police in Belorussia and Ukraine, 1941-44(Basingstoke: Palgrave McMillan, 2000).

Dieckmann, Christoph, ‘The Role of the Lithuanians in the Holocaust’, in: Beate Kosmala und Feliks Tych (eds..), Facingthe Nazi Genocide: Non-Jews and Jews in Europe (Berlin: Metropol, 2004), 149-68.

Gaut, David, Levine, Paul A., Palosuo, Laura (eds.), Collaboration and Resistance During the Holocaust. Belarus,Estonia, Latvia, Lithuania, (Bern, Berlin: Peter Lang, 2004).

Gitelman, Zvi, Bitter legacy: confronting the Holocaust in the USSR (Bloomington : Indiana University Press, c1997).

Goldhagen Daniel Jonah, Hitler’s Willing Executioners: Ordinary Germans and the Holocaust (New York: Knopf, 1996).

Heer, Hannes, Naumann, Klaus, eds., War of Extermination: The German Military in World War II, 1941-1944 (NewYork: Berghahn Books, 2000).

Kay, Alex J., Exploitation, Resettlement, Mass Murder. Political and Econmic Planning for German Occupation Policy inthe Soviet Union, 1940-1941 (New York, Oxford: Berghahn Books, 2006).

Kwiet, Konrad. ‘Rehearsing for Murder: The Beginning of the Final Solution in Lithuania in June 1941’, Holocaust andGenocide Studies 12.1 (1998), 3-27.

Digital resources : see the gruesome photos https://www.ushmm.org/wlc/en/gallery.php?ModuleId=10005130&MediaType=ph

Session 5 : 1 March ; The question of the decision (SGM)

The question of the decision was much discussed by Holocaust historians, as no order signed by Hitler or by any otherNazi leaders has been found (does any exist ?). Was a single decision taken ? Or several ones ? And when ? What kindof documents can be used to assert that a single decision was taken ? What is the chronology of escalation, knowingthat the first deportees to the East were not immediately killed ?

Reading : Browning, Christopher, Matthäus, Jürgen, The Origins of the Final Solution : the Evolution of Nazi Jewish Policy, September 1939-March 1942 (University of Nebraska Press ; Yad Vashem, 2004), pp. 309-373.The Protocols should be read in advance.

a) General presentation on the decision process.b) Document : the proceedings of the Wannsee Conference

Digital resources : Documents on the Conference : http://www.ghwk.de/gb/wannsee-conference/documents.htmlMinutes of the conference : http://www.ghwk.de/fileadmin/user_upload/pdf-wannsee/engl/protokol.pdf

Questions : what was decided in Wannsee on 20 January 1942 ? Who where the participants ? What was their ranking in the Nazi hierarchy ?

A clip from the fiction movie ‘The Wannsee Conference’ : https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=URSNN5mnI2g

Essay questions :- Historian Karl Schleunes described a ‘twisted road to Auschwitz’. Analyse this expression.- Describe the ‘Nisko plan’ of a Jewish reservation near Lublin.- Describe the Madagascar plan to resettle the Jews.- Describe the difficult memorialization of the House of the Wannsee Conference.

Further reading :

Aly, Götz, Final Solution: Nazi Population Policy and the Murder of the European Jews (London: Arnold and OxfordUniversity Press, 1998).

Aly, Götz, Chroust, Peter, Pross, Christian, Cleansing the Fatherland: Nazi Medicine and Racial Hygiene (Baltimore:John Hopkins University Press, 1994.)

Aly, Götz, Heim, Susanne, Architects of annihilation: Auschwitz and the logic of destruction, translated from theGerman by A.G. Blunden (London: Weidenfeld & Nicolson, 2002).

Breitman, Richard, The Architect of Genocide. Himmler and the Final Solution (London: Grafton, 1992).

Browning, Christopher, The Path to Genocide (New York: Cambridge University Press, 1992).

Browning, Christopher R., The Origins of the Final Solution. The Evolution of Nazi Jewish Policy, September 1939-March1942 (Lincoln: University of Nebraska Press, Yad Vashem, 2004).

Spring 2017 7

Browning, Christopher R., Fateful Months. Essays on the Emergence of the Final Solution (New York, London: HolmesMeier, 1985).

Burrin, Philippe, Hitler and the Jews: the genesis of the Holocaust, translated by Patsy Southgate ; introduction by SaulFriedländer, London ; New York : Edward Arnold ; 1994.

Burleigh, Michael, Death and Deliverance: “Euthanasia” in Germany, 1900-1945 (Cambridge: Cambridge UniversityPress, 1994).

Burleigh, Michael, Wippermann, Wolfgang, The Racial State: Germany, 1933-1945 (Cambridge: Cambridge UniversityPress, 1991).

Confino, Alan, A World without Jews. The Nazi Imagination from Persecution to Genocide (New Haven: Yale University Press, 2014).

Digan, Katie, Places of memory : the case of the house of the Wannsee Conference (Houndmills, Basingstoke, Hampshire ; New York: Palgrave Macmillan, 2015).

Friedlander, Henry, The Origins of Nazi Genocide: From Euthanasia to the Final Solution (Chapel Hill: University ofNorth Carolina Press, 1995).

Muller-Hill, Benno, Murderous science : elimination by scientific selection of Jews, Gypsies, and others. Germany 1933-1945, translated by George R. Fraser (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1988).

Roseman, Mark, The villa, the lake, the meeting : Wannsee and the final solution (London: Allen Lane/Penguin, 2002).

Rossino, Alexander B., Hitler strikes Poland: Blitzkrieg, ideology and atrocity (Lawrence, Kan.: University Press ofKansas, c2003).

Schleunes, Karl A., The Twisted Road to Auschwitz: Nazi Policy towards the Jews, 1933-1939 (Urbana, University ofIllinois Press, 1970).

Weindling, Paul, Health, Race and German Politics between Unification and Nazism, 1870-1945, (Cambridge:Cambridge University Press, 1989).

Digital resources: The House of the Wannsee Conference http://www.ghwk.de/gb

Session 6 : 8 March ; Technologies of death camps (JMD)

This is the most gruesome session, the one also most problematic : how dare we approach the killing facilities ofAuschwitz and other death camps ? On the other hand, refusing to consider gas chambers and crematorias and howthey were conceived, built and improved would be treacherous move in the field of Holocaust studies (manyHolocaust courses just skip this central chapter of the Holocaust). Deportations to death camps will be described andalso the very killing facilities, that evolved from makeship chambers to highly designed technologies in Birkenau). TheJews forced to work in the killing facilities, named ‘Sonderkommandos’, will be considered. We will also consider theethics of dealing with such extreme themes.

Reading : - Arad , Yiṣḥaq, Belzec, Sobibor, Treblinka : the operation Reinhard death camps, Bloomington ; Indianapolis : Indiana University Press , 1987.

- Greif, Gideon, ‘We wept without tears’. Testimonies of the Jewish Sonderkommandos in Auschwitz (Coral Gables, Fl. : Yale University Press, 2005), pp. 1-20.

a) Gas chambers and crematoriab) Testimonies of the Sonderkommando

We will consider the ethics of representation of the Sonderkommando, using various medias : the drawings by David Olère, the four pictures taken by the Resistance, a clip from the film Shoah (Claude Lanzmann) with the famous interview of Avraham Bomba (https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=X8mcNYVkdJQ)

Further reading :

Angier, Carole, The Double Bond. Primo Levi. A Biography (London: Viking, 2002).

Arad, Yitzhak, Belzec, Sobibor, Treblinka : the Operation Reinhard death camps (Bloomington : Indiana UniversityPress, c1987).

Berenbaum, Michael, Gutman, Yisrael, eds., Anatomy of the Auschwitz Death Camp (Bloomington Indianapolis:Indiana University Press, USHMM, 1994).

Breitmann, Richard, The Architect of Genocide: Himmler and the Final Solution (New York: Knopf, 1991).

Cohen, Gilles, Les matricules tatoues des camps d'Auschwitz-Birkenau / photographies, textes et entretiens, GillesCohen ; avec les contributions de Danuta Czech ... [et al.].s, (Paris: Les Fils et filles des deportes juifs de France, 1992).

Cymlich, Israel, Strawczynski, Oskar, Escaping hell in Treblinka (Jerusalem: Yad Vashem, 200)8.

Dwork, Deborah, Van Pelt, Robert, Auschwitz, 1270 to the present (New Haven; London: Yale University Press, 1996).

Friedman, Tuwia, The Nazi extermination-camp Bełźec (Haifa: Institute of Documentation in Israel, 2004).

Gilbert, Alan, Auschwitz and the Allies (London : Michael Joseph/Rainbird, 1981).

Hart, Kitty, Return to Auschwitz: the remarkable story of a girl who survived the Holocaust (London: Sidgwick &Jackson, 1981).

Hoss, Rudolf, Commandant of Auschwitz: the autobiography of Rudolf Hoess / translated from the German byConstantine FitzGibbon (London: Weidenfeld & Nicolson, 1959).

Lasker-Wallfisch, Inherit the truth, 1939-1945: the documented experiences of a survivor of Auschwitz and Belsen(London: Giles de la Mare, 1996).

Nyiszli, Miklos, Auschwitz: a doctor's eyewitness account, translated by Tibere Kremer and Richard Seaver ; with aforeword by Bruno Bettelheim (New York: Arcade, 1993).

Glazar, Richard, Trap with a green fence : survival in Treblinka (Evanston, Ill.: Northwestern University Press, 1995).

Muller, Philipp, Auschwitz inferno : the testimony of a Sonderkommando, literary collaboration by Helmut Freitag ;edited and translated (from the German MS.) by Susanne Flatauer (London: Routledge and Kegan Paul, 1979).

Pressac, Jean-Claude, Auschwitz: technique and operation of the gas chambers, translated from the French by PeterMoss. (New York, N.Y : The Beate Klarsfeld Foundation, 1989).

Wachsmann, Nikolaus, KL : a history of the Nazi concentration camps (London : Little Brown, 2015).

Essay questions :

Spring 2017 9

- Contrast the death camps of the Reinhardt operation (Treblinka, Chelmno, Sobibor and Belzec), to Auschwitz II – Birkenau

- Which are the differences between death camps and concentration camps ?- Men and women in Auschwitz- Rudolph Hoess : his testimony.

Digital resources: The Auschwitz-Birkenau Memorial Museum’s official website http://auschwitz.org/en/

Session 7 ; 15 March : Testimonies, the Spielberg Project (JMD)

The USC Shoah Foundation : https://sfi.usc.edu/

Reading : Wieviorka, Annette, The Era of the Witness (Ithaca : Cornell U.P., 2006), p. 96-125.

This is a two hours workshop in group, searching the database of the Spielberg Shoah foundation and analysing video testimonies of survivors. Please, bring your laptop !

Essay questions :

- How reliable are survivors’ testimonies ?- WHy did Primo Levi’s book become the most iconic text of Holocaust literature ?- What is Holocaust literature ? Define the ‘blurring of genres’.- Holocaust memory without survivors.- Which are the problems caused by the massive campaigns of videorecording Holocaust survivors ?

Further reading: Baumel, Judith, Double Jeopardy, Gender and the Holocaust (London: Vallentine Mitchell & Co., 1998).

Czerniakow, Adam, The Warsaw Diary of Adam Czerniakow, edited by Raul Hilberg, Stanislaw Staron and JosefKermisz, (Chicago: Ivan R. Dee, 1999).

Garbarini, Alexandra, Numbered Days. Diaries and the Holocaust (New Haven, London: Yale university Press, 2006).

Goldberg, Esther, compiled and edited by, Holocaust memoir digest: survivors' published memoirs with study guideand maps, 3 volume, (London, England; Portland, Or.: Vallentine Mitchell, 2004).

Graif, Gid’on, We wept without tears: testimonies of the Jewish Sonderkommando from Auschwitz (New Haven, Conn.,London: Yale University Press, 2005).

Ofer, Dalia, Weitzman, L., ed., Women in the Holocaust (Yale: University Press, 1998).

Seidman, Hillel, The Warsaw Ghetto Diaries (Southfield, MI: Targum Press, 1997).

Ringelblum, Emmanuel, Notes from the Warsaw ghetto: the journal of Emmanuel Ringelblum, edited and translated byJacob Sloan, (New York: Schocken Books, 1974).

Rittner, Carol, Different Voices (New York: Paragon House, 1993).

Tory, Avraham, Surviving the Holocaust. The Kovno Ghetto Diary, edited and with an introduction by Martin Gilbert,(Cambridge, Mass., London: Harvard University Press, 1990).

Zapruder, Alexandra, ed., Salvaged Pages. Young Writers’Diaries of the Holocaust (New Haven and London: YaleUniversity Press, 2002).

Session 8 : 22 March ; How to become a perpetrator (SGM)

Reading : - Browning, Christopher, Ordinary men : Reserve Police Battalion 101 and the final solution in Poland (London : Penguin, 2001), pp. 49-77.

- Kay, Alex J., The Making of an SS Killer. The life of Colonel Alfred Filbert, 1905-1990 (Cambridge : Cambridge U.P., 2016), pp. 57-77.

-a) Social psychology : reading Christopher Browning’s ‘Ordinary Men’

b) A film ‘If that is, I am a murderer’ (60 mn).

Essay questions :

- Why did they kill ?

- Is the history of German culture necessary to understand the psychology of Holocaust perpetrators ?

- Adolf Eichmann was described by Hannah Arendt as the seminal ‘desk’s perpetrators’, who was not in direct contact with victims. Explain this concept and discuss it.

- Discuss the theory of Daniel Goldhagen on Holocaust perpetrators (‘eliminationist anti-Semitism’).

Further reading :

Bezwinska, Jadwiga, Czech, Danuta, eds., KL Auschwitz Seen by the SS: Höss, Broad, Kremer (N.Y: Howard Fertig, 1984).

Browning, Christopher, Revisiting the Holocaust Perpetrators. Why Did They Kill?, The Raul Hilberg Memorial LectureUniversity of Vermont October 17, 2011 : https://www.uvm.edu/~uvmchs/documents/HilbergLectureBrowning2011.pdf

Klee, Ernst, Dressen, Willi, Riess, Volker, ed., The Good Old Days. The Holocaust as seen by its perpetrators andbystanders (New York: Free press, 1991).

The secret conferences of Dr. Goebbels, October 1939 - March 1943 / edited and selected by Willi A. Boelcke ;translated from the German by Ewald Osers (London: Weidenfeld & Nicolson, 1970).

The Goebbels diaries, tr. and ed. by Louis P. Lochne, (London: H. Hamilton, 1948).

The Goebbels diaries 1939-1941, translated and edited by Fred Taylor. (London: Sphere, 1983).

The Goebbels diaries: the last days, edited, introduced and annotated by Hugh Trevor-Roper; translated from theGerman by Richard Barry (London: Secker and Warburg, 1978).

Goldensohn, Leon, The Nuremberg Interviews: Conversation with defendants and witnesses (London: Pimlico, 2007).

Matthäus; Jürgen, Bajohr, Frank, The Political Diary of Alfred Rosenberg and the Onset of the Holocaust (Rowman andLittlefield, USHMM, 2015).

Speer, Albert, Inside the Third Reich (London: Macmillan, 1970).

Digital resources: Holocaust photographyhttp://www.jewishvirtuallibrary.org/jsource/Holocaust/libpictoc.html

Spring 2017 11

Session 9 : 29 March ; Holocaust denial (JMD)

This is the great fear of Holocaust activists, human rights organisations, survivors’ associations, etc. This very strangeidea of denying the very fact that the Holocaust took place. This phenomenon needs to be analysed? Why is theHolocaust denied? Would you deny that WWI did take place? How widespread is Holocaust denial today? Via whichmedias? Who are those deniers? How are they organised? What is their political agenda? Is Holocaust denial anti-Semitic? In which way? Is it an anti-Israel movement? In this session, we will try to describe a ‘genealogy’ of this‘thinking’, together with the methods employed. It is a French invention! And confront the question of free speech.

Reading : - Lipstadt, Deborah, Denying the Holocaust : the growing assault on truth and memory (Free Press Maxwell Macmillan International, 1993), pp. 157-182.

- Evans, Richard, Lying about Hitler : history, Holocaust, and the David Irving trial (Basic Books, 2001), pp. 1-14.

- A ‘lecture’ by Holocaust denier Robert Faurisson : https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Tvy-Gtu5CR8

a) Holocaust denial as a French inventionb) Discussion : how to fight Holocaust denial ?

Documents : the Gayssot French law ; the verdict of the David Irving trial.

Essay questions :- Is the Gayssot law useful to fight Holocaust denial ?- Why should we take Holocaust denial seriously ?- Analyse the verdict of the Irving trial : did the judge tell history ?- What was the role(s) of historians in the Irving trial.- Holocaust denial in the Middle-East : its role and its uses.

Further reading :

- Achcar, Gilbert, ‘Assessing Holocaust Denial in Western and Arab Contexts’, Journal of Palestine Studies, Vol.41, No. 1 (Autumn 2011), pp. 82-95.

- Blumenthal, David A., McCormack, Timothy L. H., (eds.), The legacy of Nuremberg: Civilising Influence orInstitutionalised Vengeance?, (International Humanitarian Law series, vol. 20, Leiden: Martinus Nijhoff, 2008).

- Deak, Itsvan, Europe on trial, The story of collaboration, resistance and retribution During World War II(Westview Press, 2015).

- Evans, Richard J., Lying about Hitler: History, Holocaust, and the David Irving Trial (New York: Basic Books,2001).

- Guttenplan, D.D., The Holocaust on Trial: History, Justice and the David Irving Libel Case , (London: Granta,2001).

- Dershowitz, Alan M., (ed.), The Irving Judgment: David Irving v. Penguin Books and Professor DeborahLipstadt (London: Penguin, 2000).

- Eaglestone, Robert, Postmodernism and Holocaust Denial (Cambridge: Icon Books, 2001).

- Grobman, Alex, Shermer, Michael, Denying history: who says the Holocaust never happened and why do theysay it? (Berkeley ; London: University of California Press 2000).

- Kahn, Robert A., Holocaust Denial and the Law: a Comparative Study (New York, Basingstoke: PalgraveMacmillan, 2004).

- Lipstadt, Deborah, Denying the Holocaust: the Growing Assault on Truth and Memory (Vidal SassoonInternational Centre for the Study of Antisemitism New York, New York, Oxford: The Free Press, MaxwellMacmillan International, 1993).

- Litvak, Meir, Webman, Esther, From empathy to denial : Arab responses to the Holocaust (London: Hurst2009).

- Seidel, Gill, The Holocaust denial : antisemitism, racism & the new right (Leeds: Beyond the Pale Collective,1986).

- Van Pelt, Robert Jan, The Case for Auschwitz: Evidence from the Irving Trial (Bloomington, Ind.: IndianaUniversity Press, 2002).

- Vidal-Naquet, Pierre, The Jews: History, Memory, and the Present (London: Pluto, 1999).

- Vidal-Naquet, Pierre, Assassins of Memory: Essays on the Denial of the Holocaust , translated and with aforeword by Jeffrey Mehlman (New York: Columbia University Press, 1992).

Digital resources : The website of Deborah Lipstadt : https://www.hdot.org/Deniers : the Institute for Historical Review (handle with care, please !) http://www.ihr.org/

Session 10 : 5 April ; The Holocaust on trial (SGM)

To the contrary of what is commonly thought, Allied nations very early in the war planned to put on trial perpetratorsof mass crimes and genocide. The project of an International Military Tribunal dates back to 1943. It was set up in theGerman city of Nuremberg. The main trial attracted much media attention. It was a major turn in internationalcriminal justice, especially after the failed attempts to judge war crimes after WWI – and the crimes againstArmenians. But many more trials occurred in Germany and all over Europe: subsequent Nuremberg trials, war crimestrials in the various zones of occupation, trials in Eastern Europe. From 1949 and the creation of the Federal Republicof Germany, the responsibility to judge Nazi criminals was transferred to the German judicial system: from thatmoment, prosecution proved difficult. Only from the early 1960s, were German judges (and politicans) ready to facethe past. The seminal trial was the Auschwitz one in Francfort/Main in 1964. We will address in this session thefollowing questions: - how was it possible to judge crimes perpetrated at such a massive scale? – can one put theHolocaust on trial? – what was the impact of the Eichmann trial in Jerusalem? – Can justice be made?

Reading :

Marrus, Michael, “The Holocaust at Nuremberg”, in Yad Vashem Studies vol. 26 (1998), pp. 5-41.

Kay, Alex J., The Making of an SS Killer. The life of Colonel Alfred Filbert, 1905-1990 (Cambridge : Cambridge U.P.,2016), pp. 96-109.

Documents on the Eichmann trial: - Session n°64 – The verdict.

a) An impossible justice

b) The Eichmann trial

Essay questions :

- Can one judge the Holocaust ?

- Why were so few Holocaust perpetrators put on trial ?

- Explain the controversy over the book by Hannah Arendt ‘Eichmann in Jerusalem’

- Analyse one of the subsequent Nuremberg trial.

Spring 2017 13

- Which were the argument opposed by Holocaust perpetrators on trial ?

Further reading :

Bartov, Omer, Grossmann, Atina, Nolan, M., (eds.), The Crimes of War: Guilt and Denial in the Twentieth Century (NewYork: New Press, 2002).

Bazyler Michael J., Tuerkheimern Frank M., Forgotten Trials of the Holocaust (New York: NYU Press, 2014).

Blumenthal, David A., McCormack, Timothy L. H., (eds.), The legacy of Nuremberg: Civilising Influence orInstitutionalised Vengeance? (International Humanitarian Law series, vol. 20, Leiden: Martinus Nijhoff, 2008).

Earl, Hilary, The Nuremberg SS-Einsatzgruppen trial, 1945-1958 : atrocity, law, and history (Cambridge; New York:Cambridge University Press 2009).

Freyhofer, Horst, The Nuremberg medical trial: the Holocaust and the origin of the Nuremberg Medical Code (NewYork: P. Lang c2004).

Ginsburgs, George, Kudriavtsev, V. N. (Vladimir Nikolaevich), (eds)., The Nuremberg Trial and International Law (Law inEastern Europe, vol. 42, Dordrecht; London: M. Nijhoff, 1990).

Heberer, Patricia, Matthaus, Jurgen, (eds.), Atrocities on trial: historical perspectives on the politics of prosecuting warcrimes (Lincoln : University of Nebraska Press ; Washington, DC : Published in association with the United StatesHolocaust Museum c2008).

Hebert, Valérie, Hitler’s generals on trial. The last war crimes tribunal at Nuremberg (Lawrence: Kansas UniversityPress, 2010).

Jardim, Tomaz, The Mauthausen Trial (Cambridge; London: Harvard UP, 2011).

Jockusc, Laura, Gabriel N. Finder, (eds.), Jewish Honor Courts. Revenge, Retribution and Reconciliation in Europe andIsrael after the Holocaust (Detroit: Wayne State University Press, 2015).

Lipstadt, Deborah, The Eichmann Trial (New York: Nextbook/Schocken, c2011).

Naumann, Bernd, Auschwitz: A Report on the Proceedings Against Robert Karl Ludwig Mulka and Others Before theCourt at Frankfurt (London: Pall Mall P, 1966).

Overy, Richard, Interrogations: the Nazi Elite in Allied Hands, 1945 (London: Allen Lane, 2001).

Smith, Bradley F., The American Road to Nuremberg: the Documentary Record, 1944-1945, (Stanford, Calif.: HooverInstitution Press, 1982).

Telford, Taylor, The Anatomy of the Nuremberg Trials: A Personal Memoir (London: Bloomsbury, 1993).

The Trial of Adolf Eichmann (Jerusalem : Trust for the Publication of the Proceedings of the Eichmann Trial in co-operation with the Israel State Archives and Yad Vashem - The Holocaust Martyrs' and Heroes' RemembranceAuthorit, 1995), 8 volumes.

Weindling Paul Julian, Nazi Medicine and the Nuremberg Trials: From Medical War Crimes to Informed Consent(Basingstoke: Palgrave Macmillan, 2004).

Wiesenthal, Simon, Justice not Vengeance, translated from the German by Ewald Osers, (London: Weidenfeld andNicolson, 1989).

Digital ressources : The Avalon project brings many fascinating documents of Holocaust trials www.yale.edu/wawweb/avalon/imt/imt.htm

The Eichmann trial on Youtube :

ttps://www.youtube.com/results?search_query=Eichmann+trial

Session 11 : 12 April ; Memory and Memorials (SGM)

Reading: Peter Carrier, Holocaust Monuments and National Memory Cultures in France and Germany since 1989. TheOrigins and Political Function of the Vel’ d’Hiv’ in Paris and the Holocaust Monument in Berlin (New York, Oxford:Berghahn Books, 2005), pp. 154-170.

Fuchs, Jonathan, ‘Visiting Memorials. A Worthwhile, Cathartic Experience, or A “Waste of Time and Money”, in Davies,Martin L., Szejnmann, Claus-Christian W., eds.), How the Holocaust looks now. International Perspectives (PalgraveMcMillan, 2006), p. 185-193.

a) The texture of memory

b) The USHMM

Essay questions :

– What do Holocaust memorials tell us about national cultures ? You can choose one country (Israel, United States, France, Poland etc.) or compare memorials in two countries.

– Fiction writing and the memory of the Holocaust.

– How has humor been used to transmit and memorialize the Holocaust (in cinema, theater, etc.)?

Further reading :

Ball, Karin, Disciplining the Holocaust (Albany, N.Y.: SUNY Press; Bristol: University Presses Marketing distributor2008).

Bartov, Omer, Murders in Our Midst: The Holocaust, Industrial Killing and Representation (New York: Oxford UniversityPress, 1996).

Cole, Tim, Selling the Holocaust: from Auschwitz to Schindler, How History is Bought, Packaged, and Sold (New York:Routledge, 2000).

Colombo, Pamela, Schindel, Estela (eds.), Space and the Memories of Violence. Landscapes of Erasure, Disappearanceand Exception (London: Palgrave McMillan, 2014).

Crownshaw, Richard, Kilby, Jane, Rowland, Antony, (ed.), The future of memory, (New York: Berghahn Books, 2010).

Dannatt, Adrian, United States Holocaust Memorial Museum: James Ingo Freed (London: Phaidon 1995).

Davies, Marion, Absence and loss: holocaust memorials in Berlin and beyond, (London: David Paul, 2007).

Dekel, Irit, Mediation at the Holocaust Memorial in Berlin (Basingstoke: Palgrave Macmillan, 2013)

Flanzbaum, Hilene, The Americanization of the Holocaust, (Baltimore: Johns Hopkins UP, 1999).

Hansen-Glucklich, Jennifer, Holocaust Memory Reframed - Museums and the Challenges of Representation (NewBrunswick; New Jersey; London: Rutgers University Press, 2014).

Spring 2017 15

Hartman, Geoffrey, Holocaust remembrance: the shapes of memory, (Oxford, Cambridge, Mass.: Blackwell, 1994).

Holtschneider , Hannah, The Holocaust and Representations of Jews: History and Identity in the Museum (RoutledgeJewish Studies Series, Routledge: London, 2011).

Milton, Sybil, In fitting memory: the art and politics of Holocaust memorials, photographs by Ira Nowinski (Detroit:Wayne State University Press in cooperation with the Judah L. Magnes Museum, Berkeley c1991).

Rotem, Stephanie Shosh, Constructing Memory: Architectural Narratives of Holocaust Museums (New York: PeterLang, 2013).

Rousso, Henry, The Vichy Syndrome: History and Memory in France since 1944 (Cambridge, Mass., Harvard UniversityPress, 1991).

Young, James E., The Texture of Memory: Holocaust Memorials and Meaning (New Haven: Yale UniversityPress, 1993).

Young, James E., Writing and Rewriting the Holocaust: Narrative and the Consequences of Interpretation(Bloomington: Indiana University Press, 1988).

Young, James E., (ed.), The art of memory: Holocaust memorials in history (Munich: Prestel, 1994).

Young, James E., At memory's edge: after-images of the Holocaust in contemporary art and architecture (New Haven ;London: Yale University Press 2000).

Zelizer, Barbie (ed.), Visual culture and the Holocaust, (New Brunswick, N.J.: Rutgers University Press, 2001).

Digital resources : the United States Holocaust Memorial-Museum : www.ushmm.org

Session 12 : 19 April ; The Holocaust in France. Conclusive session 19 April (JMD)

a) The Holocaust in France : why did 75% of Jews in France survive the Holocaust ?

b) Conclusion : the Holocaust in the 21st Century

Reading : Marrus, Michael M., Paxton, Robert O., Vichy France and the Jews (New York: Basic Books, 1981), pp. 83-95.

Essay questions :- why did 75% of Jews in France survive the Holocaust ?

- Describe the complex memory of the Holocaust in France- What was the role of the United States (or at least of some Americans) in the confrontation France had with

its past ?- Describe the controversy over the SNCF in the Holocaust.

Further Reading :

Adler, Jacques, The Jews of Paris and the final solution : communal response and internal conflicts, 1940-1944 (NewYork; Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1987).

Burrin, Philippe, Living with defeat: France under the German occupation, 1940-1944 (London: Arnold, 1996).

Callil, Carmen, Bad Faith. A Story of Family and Fatherland (London: Vintage Books, 2006).

Kedward, H.R., Occupied France. Collaboration and Resistance (Basil Blackwell, Oxford, 1985).

Kofman, Sara, Rue Ordener, Rue Labat, translated by Ann Smock (Lincoln, Neb.; London University of Nebraska Press,1996).

Lazare, Lucien, Rescue as resistance: how Jewish organizations fought the Holocaust in France (New York; Chichester:Columbia University Press, 1996).

Pressac, Jean-Claude, The Struthof album : study of the gassing at Natzweiler-Struthof of 86 Jews whose bodies wereto constitute a collection of skeletons : a photographic document / presented and commented by Jean-ClaudePressac ; edited by Serge Klarsfeld ; [translated from French by Jan Green-Krotki, New York, NY (515 Madison Ave.,New York 10022) : Beate Klarsfeld Foundation, [1985]

Ryan, Donna F., The Holocaust and the Jews of Marseille (Urbana and Chicago: University of Illinois Press, 1996).

Zucotti, Susan, The Holocaust, the French, and the Jews (New York, NY: BasicBooks, c1993, New York : ColumbiaUniversity Press, 1996).

Digital resources : Le Mémorial de la Shoah http://www.memorialdelashoah.org/en/

Libraries : Sciences Po’s library is well furnished in books about the Holocaust and its aftermath. More books are freelyavailable at the German Historical Institute (no loans permitted though). See: http://www.dhi-paris.fr/fr/bibliotheque/apercu.htmlYou can also visit the ‘Mémorial de la Shoah’ ; this institution offers a wide library of books in various languages : http://www.memorialdelashoah.org/archives-et-documentation/le-centre-de-documentation/la-bibliotheque-du-memorial.html.A few specialised, academic journals deals with the Holocaust and other genocides : Holocaust and Genocide Studies ; Holocaust Studies. A Journal of Culture and History ; Dapim. Studies on the Holocaust.

Spring 2017 17