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THE HELIOSPHERE IN THE LOCAL INTERSTELLAR MEDIUM
Space Science Series of ISSI Volume 1
THE HELIOSPHERE IN THE LOCAL INTERSTELLAR MEDIUM
Proceedings of the First ISSI Workshop 6-10 November 1995, Bern, Switzerland
Edited by
R. VON STEIGER International Space Science Institute, Bern, Switzerland
R. LALLEMENT Service d' Aeronomie du CNRS, Verrieres Ie Buisson, France
and
M.A.LEE University of New Hampshire, Durham, NH, USA
Reprinted/rom Space Science Reviews, Vol. 78, Nos. 1-2, 1996
KLUWER ACADEMIC PUBLISHERS DORDRECHTf BOSTONf LONDON
A.C.I.P. Catalogue record for this book is available from the Library of Congress
ISBN-13: 978-94-010-7296-0 e-ISBN-13: 978-94-009-1782-8 DOl: 10.1007/978-94-009-1782-8
Published by Kluwer Academic Publishers, P.O. Box 17, 3300 AA Dordrecht, The Netherlands.
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D. Reidel, Martinus Nijhoff, Dr W. Junk and MTP Press.
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Printed on acid-free paper
All Rights Reserved © 1996 Kluwer Academic Publishers
Softcover reprint of the hardcover 1 st edition 1996
No part of the material protected by this copyright notice may be reproduced or utilized in any form or by any means, electronic or mechanical,
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TABLE OF CONTENTS
Foreword by the Series Editors
Foreword by the Volume Editors
Science as an Adventure H. Bondi
The Heliosphere
THE HELIOSPHERE
xi
xiii
VV. I. Axford 9
The Heliospheric Magnetic Field A. Balogh 15
The Solar VVind: A Turbulent Magnetohydrodynamic Medium B. Bavassano 29
Voyager Observations of the Magnetic Field, Interstellar Pickup Ions and Solar VVind in the Distant Heliosphere L. F. Burlaga, N. F. Ness, J. vv. Belcher, A. 1. Lazarus, and J. D. Richardson 33
Origin of C+ Ions in the Heliosphere 1. Geiss, G. Gloeckler, and R. von Steiger 43
Radio Emissions from the Outer Heliosphere D. A. Gurnett and VV. S. Kurth 53
A Summary of Solar VVind Observations at High Latitudes: Ulysses R. G. Marsden 67
Ionization Processes in the Heliosphere - Rates and Methods of Their Determination D. Rucinski, A. C. Cummings, G. Gloeckler, A. 1. Lazarus, E. Mobius, and M. VVitte 73
3-D Magnetic Field and Current System in the Heliosphere H. VVashimi and T. Tanaka
Modelling the Heliosphere G. P. Zank and H. L. Pauls
THE TERMINATION SHOCK
The Termination Shock of the Solar VVind
85
95
M. A. Lee 109
Composition of Anomalous Cosmic Rays and Implications for the Heliosphere A. C. Cummings and E. C. Stone 117
Implications of a VVeak Termination Shock L. A. Fisk 129
The Acceleration of Pickup Ions 1. R. Jokipii and 1. Giacalone 137
vi
The Isotopic Composition of Anomalous Cosmic Rays from SAMPEX R. A. Leske, R. A. Mewaldt, A. C. Cummings, J. R. Cummings, E. C. Stone, and T. T. von Rosenvinge 149
THE LOCAL INTERSTELLAR MEDIUM
GHRS Observations of the LISM 1. L. Linsky 157
In Situ Measurements of Interstellar Dust with the Ulysses and Galileo Spaceprobes M. Baguhl, E. Grlin, and M. Landgraf 165
The Local Bubble, Current State of Observations and Models D. Breitschwerdt 173
The Local Bubble, Origin and Evolution D. Breitschwerdt, R. Egger, M.1. Freyberg, P. C. Frisch, and 1. Vallerga 183
The Interstellar Gas Flow Through the Heliospheric Interface Region H. J. Fahr 199
LISM Structure - Fragmented Superbubble Shell? P. C. Frisch 213
Relative Ionizations in the Nearest Interstellar Gas P. C. Frisch and 1. D. Slavin 223
Properties of the Interstellar Gas Inside the Heliosphere 1. Geiss and M. Witte 229
Local Clouds: Distribution, Density and Kinematics Through Ground-Based and HST Spectroscopy C. Gry 239
Possible Shock Wave in the Local Interstellar Plasma, Very Close to the Heliosphere S. Grzedzielski and R. Lallement 247
Interstellar Grains in the Solar System: Requirements for an Analysis I. Mann 259
Modelling of the Interstellar Hydrogen Distribution in the Heliosphere D. Rucinski and M. Bzowski 265
Observations of the Local Interstellar Medium with the Extreme Ultraviolet Explorer 1. Vallerga 277
Recent Results on the Parameters of the Interstellar Helium from the Ulysses/GAS Experiment M. Witte, M. Banaszkiewicz, and H. Rosenbauer 289
INTERACTION BETWEEN HS AND LISM
Physical and Chemical Characteristics of the ISM Inside and Outside the Heliosphere R. Lallement, 1. L. Linsky, 1. Lequeux, and V. B. Baranov 299
vii
Axisymmetric Self-Consistent Model of the Solar Wind Interaction with the LISM: Basic Results and Possible Ways of Development V. B. Baranov and Yu. G. Malama 305
UV Studies and the Solar Wind 1.-L. Bertaux, R. Lallement, and E. Quemerais 317
Quasilinear Relaxation of Interstellar Pickup Ions A. A. Galeev and A. M. Sadovskii 329
The Abundance of Atomic 1 H, 4He, and 3He in the Local Interstellar Cloud from Pickup Ion Observations with SWICS on Ulysses G. Gloeckler 335
Physics of Interplanetary and Interstellar Dust E. Grtin and 1. Svestka 347
Relations Between ISM Inside and Outside the Heliosphere R. Lallement 361
The Local Interstellar Medium Viewed Through Pickup Ions, Recent Results and Future Perspectives E. Mobius 375
Moment Equation Description of Interstellar Hydrogen Y. C. Whang 387
Pickup Protons in the Heliosphere Y. C. Whang, L. F. Burlaga, and N. F. Ness 393
Author index 399
First ISSI Workshop The Heliosphere in the Local Interstellar Medium Bern, November 6-10, 1995
Group Photograph
1. S. Wenger 16. J. Lequeux 2 . .T. Geiss 17. D. Breitschwerdt 3. C. Gry 18. N. Ness 4. J. Linsky 19. R. v. Steiger 5.A. Cummings 20. R. Lallement 6. B. Bavassano 21. D. Gurnett 7. G. Nusser Jiang 22. J. Vallerga 8. V. Manno 23. J. Belcher 9. H. Washimi 24. L. Fisk 10. A. Galeev 25. M. Huber II. R. Egger 26. E. Mobius 12.1. Mann 27. D. Rucinski 13. A. Nishida 28. R. Marsden 14. S. Grzedzielski 29. Y. Whang IS. M. Baguhl 30. P. Frisch
31. E. Griin 32. V. Baranov 33. G. Zank 34. B. Hu1tqvist 35. M. Lee 36. T. Zurbuchen 37. R. Jokipii 38. M. Witte 39. D. Hovestadt 40. 1. Axford 41. H. Fahr not on picture: J.-L. Bertaux F. Buhler G. Gloeckler
xi
Foreword by the Series Editors
The present volume is the first in the "Space Sciences Series ofISSI", the main publication series of the International Space Science Institute in Bern, Switzerland. In this book series, which will appear as part of Space Science Reviews and as a hardcover volume, ISSI will publish the results of the study projects and workshops that form the main part of its scientific program.
ISSI's main task is to help the scientific community in carrying out interdisciplinary as well as multi spacecraft / multiexperiment investigations of the very extensive and complex data sets already available or to become available in the coming years. To a large extent these data will be provided by the spacecraft programs coordinated by the Inter-Agency Consultative Group (IACG), made up of the major space agencies in the world. Data will also come from other satellites and from suborbital and ground-based measurements. Theorists and modellers will play important roles in the efforts to achieve interdisciplinary interpretations of these experimental data.
ISSIs study projects are organized around well defined scientific themes, selected after consultation with leading representatives of the scientific community and carried out by many scientists from all parts of the world. During the first several years, ISSI will concentrate on solar system sciences, where the need to bring scientists together for the synthesis and integration of knowledge and understanding of important scientific problems is considered greatest.
The theme of the present volume is a good example of the multidisciplinarity foreseen in the ISSI programme. About half of the participants were solar system scientists and the other half were astronomers, comparing in situ measurements of the interstellar gas and dust that had intruded into the heliosphere with remote observations of the local interstellar medium. Data from more than a dozen spacecraft were used in the deliberations of the workshop.
We want to express our appreciation and gratitude to the editors of this volume, Rudolf von Steiger, Rosine Lallement and Martin Lee, for their dedicated efforts in producing a well coordinated volume.
Finally, we express our hope that this first volume of the Space Sciences Series of ISSI, as well as those appearing in the future, will meet a need in the scientific community.
Bern, August 1996 Johannes Geiss and Bengt Hultqvist Directors of ISSI
xiii
Foreword by the Volume Editors
When the newly created International Space Science Institute (ISSI) in Bern began operation in the summer of 1995, its first major activity was to organize a workshop on the topic of "The Heliosphere in the Local Interstellar Medium". This topic is a good illustration of present activities in space science for at least two reasons: first, many new results have been obtained very recently and there is now a phase of growing activity. Second, the development of the heliospheric interface and solar environment science makes use of a large number of spacecraft, including some not specifically designed for this field. As a matter of fact, besides Ulysses, the two Voyagers, Pioneer 10 and the HST, new results by the EUVE, ROSAT, and UARS have brought new insights, and we expect results from SOHO in the near future. Also, many "old" spacecraft results are still being analysed in this context, such as Prognoz 5-6, Pioneer-Venus, Pioneer 11, IMP, Helios, and others. The multispacecraft aspect - central to ISSI activities - is particularly fruitful and appealing. Moreover, this approach brings together two communities that otherwise work as separate entities, astronomers and heliospheric or solar system scientists. This workshop has demonstrated that there is now a real synergy between these two communities.
The workshop was convened by L. A. Fisk, J. Geiss, E. GrOn, J. Lequeux, and E. Mobius. About 40 scientists were invited to ISSI for a week in November 1995. They presented some 25 invited talks and a few contributed talks, and subsequently discussed their views in nine topical working groups, each of which was concluded by a rapporteur presentation. The present volume is a collection of the invited, contributed, and rapporteur presentations given at this workshop (plus two papers by invitees who were unable to accept the invitation). Not all of the rapporteur presentations have resulted in a separate paper, as some of the working groups have chosen to integrate the material presented into the respective invited or contributed papers. All papers in the volume have been refereed. In editing this volume, we have attempted to make it more integrated than the average workshop proceedings by reading all the papers ourselves, making authors aware of undue duplications in the material presented and gaps in information between different articles, and pointing out cross references to other articles in this book. We hope that this has resulted in a volume providing a comprehensive, up-to-date, and self-contained overview of the topic, minimizing the need to consult external references unless much detail is required.
Since this was the first workshop at the new institute, it was concluded with the official inauguration ceremony of ISSI, at which Sir Herman Bondi gave the
xiv
keynote address entitled "Science as an Adventure". We are very pleased that he agreed to the reproduction of his text in this volume.
We wish to express our sincere thanks to all those who have made this volume possible. First and foremost, we would like to thank the authors for writing original articles, for keeping to the various requests by the reviewers and by the editors, and for producing neat camera-ready papers. We would also like to thank the reviewers for their careful and critical reports, which have contributed considerably to the quality of this volume. Most of the communications for this volume have been done by the exchange of e-mail messages (well over 600 to and from Bern alone, plus a large number between other places), so we wish to thank the innumerable individuals who have made this possible by creating and maintaining the Internet. Finally, we express our sincere thanks to the ISSI directors, J. Geiss and B. Hultqvist, for their initiative and work that made this workshop possible, and to the ISSI staff, G. Biihler, V. Manno, G. Nusser Jiang, M. Preen, D. Taylor, and S. Wenger, for the local organization of the workshop and for their assistance in the preparation of this volume.
Bern, August 1996 R. von Steiger, R. Lallement, M. Lee
