The Great WarThe Great War

1914-19181914-1918

Long Term CausesLong Term Causes Militarism- development of strong Militarism- development of strong

military and its use in diplomacy military and its use in diplomacy (glorification)(glorification)– ConscriptionConscription

Alliance system- “secret” treaties of Alliance system- “secret” treaties of assistance assistance

Imperialism- competition over Imperialism- competition over influence and controlinfluence and control

Nationalism- national interests and Nationalism- national interests and unity more importantunity more important

(caused chain reaction of war)(caused chain reaction of war)

NationalismNationalism Great BritainGreat Britain

– strong navy and political forcestrong navy and political force FranceFrance

– humiliated over Franco-Prussian Warhumiliated over Franco-Prussian War wanted Alsace and Lorrainewanted Alsace and Lorraine

GermanyGermany– highly industrialized nation exerting its highly industrialized nation exerting its

political and military forcepolitical and military force RussiaRussia

– savior of Slavic nations (Panslavism)savior of Slavic nations (Panslavism)

Powder Keg EuropePowder Keg Europe Serbian ProblemSerbian Problem

– Slavic nations want freedom Slavic nations want freedom from Ottomansfrom Ottomans

– Russia and Austria-Hungry Russia and Austria-Hungry want controlwant control

– Serbian wants large Serbian Serbian wants large Serbian kingdom with Bosniakingdom with Bosnia

– Serbia is allies with RussiaSerbia is allies with Russia Promises to protect if Austria Promises to protect if Austria

attacksattacks

– Bosnia wants freedom from Bosnia wants freedom from Austria-HungryAustria-Hungry

System of AlliancesSystem of AlliancesTriple EntenteTriple Entente

Alliance SystemAlliance System(Triple Alliance)(Triple Alliance)

WWI AlliancesWWI AlliancesCentral Allies (Triple Central Allies (Triple Entente)Entente)– United Kingdom, France, United Kingdom, France,

Russia, Portugal, US, ItalyRussia, Portugal, US, Italy

Central Powers (Triple Central Powers (Triple Alliance)Alliance)– Germany, Austria Hungry, Germany, Austria Hungry,

Ottoman Empire, Bulgaria, ItalyOttoman Empire, Bulgaria, Italy

WWI MapWWI Map

Outbreak of WarOutbreak of War Archduke Francis Archduke Francis

Ferdinand, heir to Ferdinand, heir to throne in Austria-throne in Austria-Hungry, is killed in Hungry, is killed in Sarajevo by Bosnia Sarajevo by Bosnia teenager Gavrillo teenager Gavrillo PrincipPrincip– Austria-Hungry Austria-Hungry

plans retaliation plans retaliation with the approval with the approval of Germanyof Germany Send ultimatum to Send ultimatum to

Serbia which is Serbia which is rejectedrejected

OutbreakOutbreak Austria-Hungry Austria-Hungry

declares war on declares war on SerbiaSerbia

Russia supports Russia supports Serbia and mobilizes Serbia and mobilizes troops against troops against Austria-HungaryAustria-Hungary– Germany declares Germany declares

war on Russia. war on Russia. – France declares War France declares War

on Austria-Hungry on Austria-Hungry and Germanyand Germany

The WarThe War Schlieffen Plan Schlieffen Plan (Germany)(Germany)

– Plan to fight both Plan to fight both Russia and FranceRussia and France

– Attempt to destroy Attempt to destroy France quicklyFrance quickly

– March through BelgiumMarch through Belgium– Pull Great Britain into Pull Great Britain into

warwar– Gets halted before Gets halted before

Paris, trench warfare Paris, trench warfare startsstarts

Western FrontWestern Front– Fought on border of Fought on border of

France and GermanyFrance and Germany

TRENCH WARFARE

Trenches stretched for 475miles, from the North Sea in N. France to the Mtns. of the Swiss Border.

Trench Line Along Western Front

• The government wanted to encourage men to enlist for war.

• They said the war would be safe, hardly any fighting, a good lark and over by Christmas.

• They used advertising posters to encourage this idea!

A picture of soldiers going ‘Over the Top’

The reality of ‘going over the top’ was very different!

Soldiers preparing to go ‘over the top.’

Trench warfare consisted of mass charges of infantry preceded by long artillery bombardments

•Strip of territory between trench lines, laden with barbed wire and landmines.

•Average width--250 yards

View of ‘no man’s land’

Few soldiers ever made it to the other side’s trenches.

•Dangerous, boring, and terrifying•Subjected to constant artillery bombardment•Sell shock and disease--typhus & trench foot

Life in the Trenches

Crowded, damp,

muddy, & rat infested

When soldiers went ‘over the top’ to attack theEnemy, he had to carry all of this equipment through the mud,barbed wires and crater holes made by mines.

They had tomake sure that they did not get shot at the same time.

The Way It Was…The Way It Was…

Focus on Everyday LifeFocus on Everyday Life– ““Trench Warfare”Trench Warfare”

Read p 722 #1-2Read p 722 #1-2

Posters always showed men ready and willing to fight.

They never showed the boredom of the trenches or actual fighting taking place.

No smiling and relaxed faces…

No clean uniforms…

Their equipment is scattered everywhere…

Boredom and sleep are obvious…

The soldiers had very little decent food, and what food they had was often attacked by rats.

These rats were the size of small rabbits and badgers because they had fed on the decomposing bodies of dead soldiers.

WEAPONS OF WEAPONS OF DESTRUCTIONDESTRUCTION

•Industrialization & advances in technology:armored vehicles, submarines (u-boat), aircraft (Zeppelins & Planes), bombs, flame-thrower, tank, poison gas, grenades, & the machine gun.

•Warfare strategies had not adapted to these new weapons.

-old method of men marching in orderly rows and columns backed by cannon fire and Calvary charges proved ineffective.

The Machine Gun: replaced the single-fire, short range rifle.The British “Vickers” fired 8 rounds per second, at a distance of 2,900 yards.

Super Killing Machines: • They drove men out of their orderly rows & into trenches

and foxholes.• The war, instead of being a battle of miles, became one of

inches with each side entrenched in underground shelters.

Artillery: Modern industry and the arms race created artillery that fired with greater power and carried much farther than before.

Battle of Verdun:

•24 million shells used, which equated to 1,000 shells per square meter of the Battlefield.

CHEMICAL WARFARE

Types: Mustard, Chlorine, & PhosgeneDrifted in the wind--often affected their own troops

•Burned body, lungs, caused blindness, asphyxiation, and death

•Chemical Warfare banned afterWorld War I

Survivors of a Gas Attack

Weapons Writing Weapons Writing AssignmentAssignment

What weapon do you think changed warfare What weapon do you think changed warfare the most during World War I? Why?the most during World War I? Why?

Do you think that certain weapons should be Do you think that certain weapons should be banned from war because they are too banned from war because they are too destructive? Explain.destructive? Explain.

Do you think it is feasible to Do you think it is feasible to banban something something during a war? Should “all be fair in love and during a war? Should “all be fair in love and war” or should there be limits placed upon war” or should there be limits placed upon what can/cannot be used? what can/cannot be used?

Widening of WarWidening of War Stalemate on the Western front Stalemate on the Western front

caused both sides to look for more caused both sides to look for more alliesallies– Bulgaria and Ottomans join PowersBulgaria and Ottomans join Powers– Italy joins Central AlliesItaly joins Central Allies

Promised land inside Austria-HungryPromised land inside Austria-Hungry

Preoccupation in West caused Preoccupation in West caused Germany to lose coloniesGermany to lose colonies

Eastern FrontEastern Front– Less Trench warfare more mobilityLess Trench warfare more mobility– Fight Austria and Germany at different Fight Austria and Germany at different

placesplaces– Started with Russia entering German Started with Russia entering German

territory and getting beat at Tannenberg territory and getting beat at Tannenberg and Masurian Lakesand Masurian Lakes Germany no longer saw them as a threatGermany no longer saw them as a threat

– Austria loses early battles, due to Italy Austria loses early battles, due to Italy switching sides. switching sides.

– Germans help, defeat Russia and Serbia, Germans help, defeat Russia and Serbia, securing Eastern frontsecuring Eastern front

– 1917, Russia withdraws from the war 1917, Russia withdraws from the war due to Russian Revolution.due to Russian Revolution.

In the Meanwhile…In the Meanwhile… Russia turning to communismRussia turning to communism Capital city of Petrograd, long line of women Capital city of Petrograd, long line of women

waiting all night to buy breadwaiting all night to buy bread– However, no bread to be bought; people hungryHowever, no bread to be bought; people hungry

Russia had plenty of food, but inefficient railroad systemRussia had plenty of food, but inefficient railroad system

– Let’s Riot! Smashing city in search of foodLet’s Riot! Smashing city in search of food Next morning, textile and metalworking Next morning, textile and metalworking

plants go on strikeplants go on strike– Both thought the war was starving RussiaBoth thought the war was starving Russia– Convinced soldiers to mutiny and stormed cityConvinced soldiers to mutiny and stormed city

Set up a provisional government; Asked Czar to step Set up a provisional government; Asked Czar to step downdown

Russia Goes Communist Russia Goes Communist (cont.) (cont.)

8 months later, 28 months later, 2ndnd revolution taking placerevolution taking place– Created Soviet Union Created Soviet Union

(U.S.S.R.)(U.S.S.R.)– Led by Vladimir LeninLed by Vladimir Lenin

““Government should Government should run the economy”run the economy”

Not interested in Not interested in democracy (like democracy (like previous regime)previous regime)

Lenin wanted to end Lenin wanted to end war and stop huge war and stop huge Russian sufferingRussian suffering– Treaty of Brest-Litovsk Treaty of Brest-Litovsk

(March 1918)(March 1918)

U.S. Neutrality? U.S. Neutrality? Originally considered neutralOriginally considered neutral Following a policy of isolationism Following a policy of isolationism April 17April 17thth 1917 U.S. declares war on 1917 U.S. declares war on

GermanyGermany

Causes of U.S. EntryCauses of U.S. Entry Germans refusal to stop Unrestricted Germans refusal to stop Unrestricted

Submarine warfare. Submarine warfare. Sinking of the Sinking of the LusitaniaLusitania Great business investmentGreat business investment Zimmerman note? Zimmerman note?

Zimmerman NoteZimmerman Note 19 January, 1917: 19 January, 1917:

The Zimmerman NoteThe Zimmerman Noteto the German Minister to Mexico to the German Minister to Mexico

Berlin, January 19, 1917 Berlin, January 19, 1917

On the first of February we intend to begin submarine warfare On the first of February we intend to begin submarine warfare unrestricted. In spite of this, it is our intention to endeavor to keep unrestricted. In spite of this, it is our intention to endeavor to keep neutral the United States of America. neutral the United States of America.

If this attempt is not successful, we propose an alliance on the following If this attempt is not successful, we propose an alliance on the following basis with Mexico: That we shall make war together and together make basis with Mexico: That we shall make war together and together make peace. We shall give general financial support, and it is understood that peace. We shall give general financial support, and it is understood that Mexico is to reconquer the lost territory in New Mexico, Texas, and Mexico is to reconquer the lost territory in New Mexico, Texas, and Arizona. The details are left to you for settlement.... Arizona. The details are left to you for settlement....

You are instructed to inform the President of Mexico of the above in the You are instructed to inform the President of Mexico of the above in the greatest confidence as soon as it is certain that there will be an outbreak greatest confidence as soon as it is certain that there will be an outbreak of war with the United States and suggest that the President of Mexico, of war with the United States and suggest that the President of Mexico, on his own initiative, should communicate with Japan suggesting on his own initiative, should communicate with Japan suggesting adherence at once to this plan; at the same time, offer to mediate adherence at once to this plan; at the same time, offer to mediate between Germany and Japan. between Germany and Japan.

Please call to the attention of the President of Mexico that the Please call to the attention of the President of Mexico that the employment of ruthless submarine warfare now promises to compel employment of ruthless submarine warfare now promises to compel England to make peace in a few months. England to make peace in a few months.

ZimmermanZimmerman(Secretary of State) (Secretary of State)

The LusitaniaThe Lusitania

Read p. 728-731Read p. 728-731– Answer Questions #1-3 and the Answer Questions #1-3 and the

following:following: Would seeing a poster like the one on page Would seeing a poster like the one on page

731 make you more likely to enlist. Why or 731 make you more likely to enlist. Why or why not?why not?

•Armistice signed on November 11, 1918 @ 11 am•10 million soldiers killed, 20 million wounded

PropagandaPropaganda Propaganda is a type of message aimed at Propaganda is a type of message aimed at

influencing the opinions or behavior of influencing the opinions or behavior of people. people. – Instead of impartially providing information, Instead of impartially providing information,

propaganda is often deliberately misleading, propaganda is often deliberately misleading, using logical fallacies, that, while sometimes using logical fallacies, that, while sometimes convincing, are not necessarily valid.convincing, are not necessarily valid.

Propaganda was used by many of the Propaganda was used by many of the countries in World War I for a few reasons. countries in World War I for a few reasons. – It not only helped the countries justify going to It not only helped the countries justify going to

war, but propaganda was also used to raise war, but propaganda was also used to raise money through bonds or stamps. money through bonds or stamps.

Propaganda on the Home Propaganda on the Home FrontFront

"Over There“

Lyrics

BritainBritain

BritainBritain

United StatesUnited States

United StatesUnited States

United StatesUnited States

United StatesUnited States

Opposing ViewpointsOpposing Viewpoints

Who Caused World War I?Who Caused World War I?– P. 740P. 740– Answer and Share #1Answer and Share #1

End of WWI End of WWI

With the arrival of more than 2 million With the arrival of more than 2 million American troops, it became apparent American troops, it became apparent that Central Powers couldn’t win.that Central Powers couldn’t win.

War ends on November 19War ends on November 19thth 1918 1918 when internal problems destroy when internal problems destroy Austria-Hungry and GermanyAustria-Hungry and Germany– German troops mutiniedGerman troops mutinied– Kaiser William II fled the country.Kaiser William II fled the country.– Revolutionary forces took control of Revolutionary forces took control of

country, established a German Republiccountry, established a German Republic– Austria-Hungry has internal civil war Austria-Hungry has internal civil war

leading to the Empire to pull out of the leading to the Empire to pull out of the warwar

OK, we won…Now what?OK, we won…Now what?

Wilson goes to Paris to make sure his Wilson goes to Paris to make sure his ideas are part of the Treaty of Versaillesideas are part of the Treaty of Versailles– Main Input: League of NationsMain Input: League of Nations

Most Europeans wanted to punish Most Europeans wanted to punish GermanyGermany– Wilson opposedWilson opposed

League of Nations not even popular in U.S.League of Nations not even popular in U.S.– Just another kind of alliance Just another kind of alliance (feared it would bring U.S. into more wars)(feared it would bring U.S. into more wars)– Senate voted down twice; U.S. wouldSenate voted down twice; U.S. wouldnever become a member of our own ideanever become a member of our own idea

Peace Process Peace Process French DemandsFrench Demands

– Guided by a desire for national securityGuided by a desire for national security– Wanted revengeWanted revenge– Germany stripped of all weaponsGermany stripped of all weapons– Reparations to cover all of France’s war Reparations to cover all of France’s war

debtsdebts– Demilitarized Rhineland as a buffer zoneDemilitarized Rhineland as a buffer zone

Treaty of Versailles (Final Treaty)Treaty of Versailles (Final Treaty)– Germany Germany

had to admit fault for the warhad to admit fault for the war Pay reparations to all allied countries for lossesPay reparations to all allied countries for losses Reduce army to 100,000, cut back navy, eliminated Reduce army to 100,000, cut back navy, eliminated

air forceair force German only demilitarized zone along the RhineGerman only demilitarized zone along the Rhine Give Alsace and Lorraine back to FranceGive Alsace and Lorraine back to France

– Austria-HungryAustria-Hungry Admit fault for the warAdmit fault for the war Split upSplit up Pay some reparationsPay some reparations

– ItalyItaly Never gets any territoryNever gets any territory

– League of Nations CreatedLeague of Nations Created USA does not join.USA does not join.

Peace ProcessPeace Process

Why do you think people say the Treaty of Versailles was a “peace built on quicksand?”

New EuropeNew Europe Lost TerritoriesLost Territories

– Russia and Germany lost a lot of landRussia and Germany lost a lot of land– Austria-Hungry splitAustria-Hungry split

New CountriesNew Countries– Slavic nations finally got their own Slavic nations finally got their own

nationsnations Latvia, Lithuania, Estonia, Yugoslavia, Latvia, Lithuania, Estonia, Yugoslavia,

Czechoslovakia Czechoslovakia Finland, Austria, Hungry, Bulgaria and TurkeyFinland, Austria, Hungry, Bulgaria and Turkey

Germany’s Punishment Writing Germany’s Punishment Writing AssignmentAssignment

Some historians argue that the Some historians argue that the heavy psychological and economic heavy psychological and economic penalties placed on Germany by the penalties placed on Germany by the Treaty of Versailles created the Treaty of Versailles created the conditions for World War II.conditions for World War II.– How might the treaty have been written How might the treaty have been written

to alleviate worldwide concern over to alleviate worldwide concern over German militarism without exacting German militarism without exacting such a heavy toll? such a heavy toll? List specific ideas/examples and how they List specific ideas/examples and how they

were different from the ones proposed in the were different from the ones proposed in the Treaty of VersaillesTreaty of Versailles