The Grand Tour of Exoplanets The New Worlds around Other Stars The Grand Tour of Exoplanets The New Worlds around Other Stars Dániel Apai Space Telescope

The Grand Tour of ExoplanetsThe New Worlds around Other Stars

The Grand Tour of ExoplanetsThe New Worlds around Other Stars

Dániel ApaiSpace Telescope Science Institute


Grand Tour of ExoplanetsGrand Tour of Exoplanets Daniel Apai / Space Telescope Science InstituteHubble Science Briefings - March 11, 2010

Daniel Apai / Space Telescope Science InstituteHubble Science Briefings - March 11, 2010



Fictional Planets

Tatooine / Star Wars

B612, Dune, Terminus, Tatooine

Hundreds more listed on Wikipedia page



Age of Planets



RJup ≈ 11 REarth Rsun ≈ 10 Rjup

Msun ≈ 1000 Mjup

MJup ≈ 320 MEarth



The Planet Zoo

No Fancy Names - just plain old lowercase alphabet, excluding a

What is a planet anyway?

HR8799d - 3rd planet discovered around the star HR8799

Poor Pluto isn’t.



1942 - Kaj Strand: Nearby triple star system 61 Cygni has a companion 16 MJup

Indirect detection is a possibility; tiny signals are easily misinterpreted.

The First “Detections”

1963 - Peter van de Kamp, Sproul Observatory, Perturbations in Barnard’s Star track ⇒ 1.6 MJup planet

Never confirmed... many other claims followed



PSR 1257+12bcd

Alex Wolszczan

PSR 1620-26 (Becker et al. 1992)

Rocky planets can be at odd places and may form easily.

Wolszczan et al. 1992

b: 0.02 Mearth at 0.19 AU with P=25dc: 4.1 Mearth at 0.36 AU with P=67d d: 3.8 Mearth at 0.46 AU with P=98d

Pulsar, timing variations





51 Peg

Mayor & Queloz 1995 Nature

Sun-like star + Jupiter-mass Planet!

4.2 day orbital period!

Lessons: 1) Planets can be very close to their host stars2) Planets migrate3) Expect the Unexpected

G2 sun-like star, V=5.5 mag - Radial Velocity

GJ 876



GJ 876 System

Delfosse et al. 1998Marcy et al. 1998Correia et al. 2010

GJ876b: 2.6 MJ planet at 0.2 AU with 61 day period (1998)

GJ876c: 0.83 MJ planet at 0.13 AU with 30 day period (1998)

GJ876d: 0.02 MJ=6.3 ME planet at 0.021 AU with 1.9 day period (2005)

M4 red dwarf, V=10.2 mag - Radial Velocity





GJ 876 System

What we learned:1) Planets can form around cool red dwarfs2) Giant planets in resonant orbit (2:1)2) Multiple planets with very different masses

Jupiter-sized planets are rare around low-mass stars

Delfosse et al. 1998Marcy et al. 1998Correia et al. 2010

GJ876b: 2.6 MJ planet at 0.2 AU with 61 day period (1998)

GJ876c: 0.83 MJ planet at 0.13 AU with 30 day period (1998)

GJ876d: 0.02 MJ=6.3 ME planet at 0.021 AU with 1.9 day period (2005)




Gl581 - The Second Habitable world?

GJ581b: 16 ME planet at 0.04 AU with 5.4 day period Bonfils et al. (2005)

GJ581c: 5 ME planet at 0.07 AU with 13 day period Udry et al. (2007)

GJ581d: 8 ME planet at 0.22 AU with 67 day period Udry et al. (2007)

GJ581e: 2 ME planet at 0.03 AU with 3.1 day period Mayor et al. (2009)




Gl581 - The Second Habitable world?M3 red dwarf, V=10.6 mag - Radial

Velocity









ESO




Habitable planets around cool red dwarfs?






The habitability of the GJ581 system remains debated.



HD189733b

HD209458b

K1 star, V=7.7 mag - Radial Velocity

G0 sun-like star, V=7.7 mag - Radial Velocity

HD 209458b: 0.6 MJ planet at 0.047 AU with 3.5 day period (1999)

HD 189733b: 1.1 MJ at 0.03 AU with 2.2 day period

Planetary Transits and Eclipses provide Information on Atmospheric Composition!



HD189733b

HD209458b

CO Swain et al. (2009)

CH4, Water Swain et al. (2009)

Water Tinetti et al. (2007)

Spitzer Space Telescope

HST

Water, methane, CO

Multiple teams, HST, Spitzer



Corot-1bG0 star, V=14 mag -

Transit

Rogers et al. 2009

Too bright!

1 MJup planet at 0.025 AU with 1.5 day period





WASP-18

F9 sun-like star, V=9.3 mag - Transit Survey

WASP-18b: 10.4 MJ at 0.02 AU with 0.94 day period

Hellier et al. 2009

Tidal interactions - planets swallowedin less than a million year?



GJ 1214b

GJ1214b: 6.55 ME planet at 0.014 AU with 1.6 day period

Red dwarf, 13 pc, 0.16M⊙ - Transit Survey

Charbonneau et al. 2009

Transit Depth: 1.3%






GJ 1214b



Transit Depth: 1.3%

Planet Radius = 12% of Rstar

(Rpl / Rstar)2 =1.3%

Rstar = 0.2 Rsun = 0.2 Rsun × 109 Rearth

[Rsun = 109 Rearth]

RGJ1214b = 12% of 20% of 109 Rearth = 2.6 Rearth

Volume? (2.6)3 = 17.6 Earth Volume

Density: 6.55 Mearth / 17.8 VEarth =

37% of Earth’s Density!




GJ 1214b - The Ocean World


Nature

Mass: 6.55 Earth MassDensity: 37% of Earth Density

Stellar Luminosity: 0.3% of Sun

Semi-major axis: 0.014 AU

Insolation: 15× that of Earth

Equilibrium Temperature:AB = 0 Teq = 555 K = 539 F AB = 0.75 Teq = 393 K = 247 F




Chauvin et al. 2004

2MASS1207b - The Little Brown Dwarf and the Big Planet

2MASS1207b ~8 MJup

Brown dwarf, 62 pc, 0.025M⊙ - Direct Imaging

Planetary-mass Objects may formin Different Ways

Temperature - Brightness - Radius Inconsistency



FomalhautA3 star, 7 pc, 2.1 M⊙ - Direct Imaging

Mass < 3 MJup

Proj. separation: 115

AU

Kalas et al. 2008

Contribution from Scattered Light

Unknown nature



Golimowski et al.

Kalas & Jewitt



Beta Pic Lagrange et al. 2009

Beta PictorisA6 star, 19 pc, 1.8 M⊙ - Direct Imaging

Mass ~ 8 MJup

Proj. separation: 8 AU

To be confirmed



HR 8799 bcd

Marois et al. 2008

VLT/NACO

A5 star, 39 pc, 1.5M⊙ - Direct Imaging

Marois et al. 2008HR8799b: 5-11 MJ planet 68 AU (P~460yr)

HR8799c: 7-13 MJ planet at 38 AU (P~190yr)

HR8799d: 7-13 MJ planet at 24 AU (P~100yr)

Perplexing System - Very High Relative Planet mass at

very large separations!

Chauvin et al. 2004 Marois et al. 2008

2MASS1207

Beta Pic Lagrange et al. 2009

Kalas et al. 2008



The Grand Tour of ExoplanetsThe Grand Tour of Exoplanets

- Vast Diversity Observed



Summary

- Super-Jupiters, Neptunes, Super-Earths Earths,- Planets close to the Habitable Zone

- Earth-sized Planets

- Atmospheric Properties and Composition

Exciting Times for Planets!

- Keep an Eye on NASA’s Kepler Mission!

Documents

The Grand Tour of Exoplanets The New Worlds around Other Stars The Grand Tour of Exoplanets The New Worlds around Other Stars Dániel Apai Space Telescope