GERUNDS AND GERUNDIVESThe “Gerundive of Obligation” is used with a form of “sum” and called, “The Passive Periphrastic”

ex. mihi effugendum est.“I must flee.”TRANSLATIONS:gerundive + sum = “must (be)” gerundive + eram = “had to (be)” gerundive + ero = “will have to (be)/must (be)”

The Gerundive can also be used with an Infinitive in an Indirect Statement.

TRANSLATION:gerundive + esse = “must”gerundive + fuisse = “had to”gerundive + futurum esse = “will have to”

NOTA BENE: GERUNDIVES must MODIFY a NOUN in GENDER, NUMBER, and CASE. If is doesn’t, it is a………..

GERUNDS DEFINITION – verbal NOUN; TRANSLATION - “verbing”

e.g. Running is tiring.** e.g. We love dancing! e.g. By overeating, you get fat.

FORMS – genitive, dative, accusative, ablative… SINGULAR, 2nd DECLENSION!!!

ex. amō, amāre, amavī, amatus – to loveNominative – use an infinitive** (“running” is the subject i.e. Nom.)Genitive – amandīDative – amandōAccusative – amandumAblative – amandō

Go back to the ENGLISH examples above and determine the case for the GERUND in each sentence.

ANSWERS…………………………………..

FORMS AND TRANSLATIONS 1. nominative – thus an infinitive is used: currere

(in Latin, we don’t have a nominative gerund so we use an infinitive instead.

(ex. errare est humanum. – To Err is human. Or Making a mistake is human)

2. accusative – saltandum 3. ablative (by) – cenandōTRANSLATIONS: SAME AS NOUNS!!!! BASED ON

THE CASE OF THE NOUN!!!!!PRACTICE:Translate and give the case of each

gerund.1. Betha discit faciendō.2. Samuelus amat currendum.3. Margareta amorem legendī habet.4. nunc est tempus dicendō, sed ubi doceo, est

tempus tacendō.