The Future Passive Participle,Gerunds and Gerundives,

&The Passive Periphrastic

The Future Passive Participle

• When we learned participles, we left out the future passive participle because, although it does exist, it is not usually used as a participle.

• The future passive participle is formed by adding -ndus, -nda, -ndum onto the present stem, and then declining it as an -us, -a, -um adjective.

laudandus, -a, -um about to be praised monendus, -a, -um about to be warned ducendus, -a, -um about to be ledfaciendus, -a, -um. about to be doneaudiendus, -a, -um about to be heard

So how DO we use the future passive participle?

The future passive participle is used to form a common Latin idiom called...

THE PASSIVE PERIPHRASTIC

Passive Periphrastic

The verb ‘to be’ with the future passive participle creates a finite verb form that expresses obligation or necessity.

Discipula laudanda est.The student should/must be praised.

If an agent is expressed, it is in the dative case (with no preposition) rather than an ablative of agent with a/ab. This is called Dative of Agent with a Passive Periphrastic.

Discipula magistro laudanda est.The student must be praised by the teacher.

Liberi matri puniendi sunt.The children must be punished by their mother.

Passive Periphrastic

• The passive periphrastic can be expressed in the past or the future, too.

Aqua ferenda puellis erat.Water had to be carried by the girls.

Tyrannus necandus nobis erit.The tyrant will have to be killed by us.

Passive Periphrastic• What about these?

Metuo ne aqua ferenda vobis sit.I’m afraid that you’re going to have to carry the water.

Putasne puerum puniendum istis esse?Do you think that the boy should be punished by them?

Dic mihi cur discipulam laudandam esse putes.Tell me why you think that the student should be praised.

Gerunds

• A gerund is a verbal noun.• It sounds like a present active participle in English (-ing),

but it is not used as a participle; it is used as a noun.• When an English gerund is the subject or direct object of

a verb, it is represented in Latin not by a gerund but by a subjective or objective infinitive.– Reading is fun. Legere est iucundum.– I like reading. Amo legere.

• For the other case uses, English AND Latin use the gerund.– I give a lot of attention to studying. (dat.)– I gave up french fries for the sake of eating well. (gen.)

GerundsA gerund is formed from the future passive participle.

Future Passive Participle Gerundlaudandus, -a, -um laudandum, -i, n.monendus, -a, -um monendum, -i, n.ducendus, -a, -um ducendum, -i, n.faciendus, -a, -um faciendum, -i, n.audiendus, -a, -um audiendum, -i, n.

But the gerund is a verbal noun, not an adjective, and as a noun it is -ALWAYS 2nd DECLENSION NEUTER -ALWAYS ACTIVE-ALWAYS SINGULAR

GerundsSince a gerund is never used as the subject of a verb in Latin (a subjective infinitive is used instead), there is no nominative case of the gerund.

Nom. xGen. laudandi of praisingDat. laudando to/for praisingAcc. laudandum praisingAbl. laudando by praising

That’s the whole declension right there.

The Gerundive Construction(now pay attention!)

The following sentence is fine in English:We learn a lot by reading books.

In Latin, however, that sentence is not grammatically correct, because they were pickier about grammar, and, let’s face it, reading is a gerund, a verbal noun, and as a noun, it cannot take a direct object (books).

To get around this problem, Latin uses a construction that we call...

THE GERUNDIVE CONSTRUCTION

The Gerundive Construction(keep paying attention!)

The form of the gerundive is identical to the form of future passive participle.

‘Gerundive’ is simply the term we give the future passive participle in this context.

When a gerund wants to take a direct object, Latin instead uses the gerundive to modify the noun that is the direct object. The gerundive is translated passively, but not necessarily as a future. This is an IDIOM, and therefore sounds awkward when translated literally into English.

We learn by reading books.Discimus libris legendis.(We learn by books being read)

The Gerundive Construction(keep paying attention!)

The noun that would be the direct object of the gerundtakes on the same case as the gerund would be, and thenthe gerundive modifies that noun as an adjective.

A good way to understand this is to practice composing using the gerundive construction.

Scribendo plurima efficire potes.You can accomplish a lot by writing.You can accomplish a lot by writing letters.Epistulis scribendis plurima efficere potes.(You can accomplish a lot by letters being written.)

The Gerundive Construction(keep paying attention!)

The noun that would be the direct object of the gerundtakes on the same case as the gerund would be, and thenthe gerundive modifies that noun as an adjective.

Feriendo nihil efficies!You will accomplish nothing by hitting!You will accomplish nothing by hitting your friend!Amico feriendo nihil efficies!(You will accomplish nothing by your friend being hit!)

What’s the difference between a gerund and gerundive again??

Gerund Gerundiveverbal noun verbal adjectivealways neuter sg. can be any gender & #always active always passive

Helpful tips:-A gerundive is an adjective. If the -nd- word in the

sentence is not modifying anything, it’s a gerund. If it is modifying another word, it’s a gerundive. There is no such thing as a substantive gerundive!

-If the -nd- word is plural OR masc. OR fem., it must be a gerundive.

Gerunds & GerundivesThere are three common uses of gerunds

and gerundives.• Ablative of means

– pugnando by means of fighting– pugnandis bellis by means of fighting wars

• Genitive with preceding causá or gratiá.- videndi causá for the sake of seeing- videndorum amicorum causá for the sake of seeing

friends.

• Accusative with ad to express purpose.- ad videndum for seeing (in order to see)

- ad videndos amicos for seeing friends (in order to see...)

Gerunds & GerundivesAlthough those three uses are most common, gerundsand gerundives can be used in all oblique cases (all cases butnominative) in any number of other constructions. For example...

Discipuli se dederunt Latinae linguae studendae.The students devoted themselves to studying the Latin language.

dative indirect object (with dederunt)gerundive construction

Soror mea est peritissima pilo iaciendo.My sister is the best (most skilled) at throwing the javelin.

ablative of specificationgerundive construction

Gerunds & GerundivesBene edere melius est male edendo.Eating well is better than eating badly.

ablative of comparisongerund

GOT ALL THAT?

Cheer up! It’s not so bad.