Diapositiva 1

The GEMpix detector as real time dosimeter in external photon beam radiotherapyGerardo Claps

RD51 Academia-Industry Matching Event Special Workshop on Photon Detection with MPGDs

10 - 11 June 2015

1 External Beam Radiation therapy with photons

Intensity Modulated Radiation Therapy (IMRT)

Dosimetry and quality assurance

Dosimetry with gafchromic films

Dosimetry with GEMpix detector

Comparison between dosimeters

ConclusionsSummary1

Elekta Synergy Linac @ Policlinico Tor Vergata:

isocentric machine (ISO=100 cm) Energy range: X-rays: 4 18 MeV electrons: 4 18 MeV irradiating treatment fields (@ ISO): X-rays: until 16 cm x 21 cm electrons: until 25 cm x 25 cm pulse width 3 s

Beam delivery systemExternal beam radiation therapy: LINear Accelerator (LINAC)2Time structure and energy spectrum of the beam timefluencePulse Repetition Frequency (PRF): number of pulses per second; it is equal to the number of erogated Monitor Units per min. In the present case, PRF can assume a discrete number of values: 6, 12, 25, 50, 100, 200 and 400 Hz.10 ms10 ms10 ms3 s3 s3 sA Monitor Unit is defined respect to the monitor chamber in the accelerator head: the monitor chamber reads 100 MU when an absorbed dose of 1 Gray (or 100 rad) is delivered to a point at the depth of maximum dose in a water-equivalent phantom whose surface is at the isocenter of the machine with a field size at the surface of 10x10 cm2.The estimated number of released photons is a medium value of 2.6 x 109 ph/(cm sec) and 8.5 x 1012 ph/(cm sec) per pulse.Not in scaleIt is nececassy to work with a dosimeter able to provide a good linearity at high flux rates.3

The accelerator head is equipped with a series of collimators and lamellae. Radiotherapy: how it worksLamellae used by the Synergy Linac have a length of 0.4 cm; the smallest irradiation beam is 8 x 8 mm2.

4

Intensity Modulated Radiation Therapy (IMRT)IMRT is an advanced mode of high-precision radiotherapy that uses computer-controlled linear accelerators to deliver precise radiation doses to a malignant tumor or specific areas within the tumor. IMRT allows for the radiation dose to conform more precisely to the three-dimensional (3-D) shape of the tumor by modulating or controlling the intensity of the radiation beam in multiple small volumes (segments).

For dose quality assurances, it is necessary to dispose of a dosimeter able to follow flunce time variations.5IMRT versus RT convenzionaleADVANTAGES:An high dose conformation to the target volume; Minimization of doses to the surrounding normal critical structures;Higher and more effective radiation doses can safely be delivered to tumors with fewer side effects compared with conventional radiotherapy techniques;Possibility of simultaneous irradiations of multiple targets with a single treatment planning.DISVANTAGES:An higher probability of exposure of healthy organs; A most critical positioning of the patient;More accurate set-up checks and more suitable immobilization systems;A longer time to realize the treatment planning and deliver the prescribed dose.It is necessary to verify the delivered dose, particularly for small fields with high dose gradients.6A typical radiotherapy treatment session Gathering of diagnostic data and medical consultation

Doses prescription for PTV (Planning Target Volume) and evaluation of dose tolerances to OAR (Organ At Risk)

CT scan to collect necessary data for TPS (Treatment Planning System)

Calculation and evaluation of the treatment planning

Quality controls before treatment In-vivo quality controls

Results analysis after treatmentQuality controls before and after treatment are mainly dosimetric measurements.7DETECTOR ARRAYS: a matrix of detectors made of ionization chambers or diodes. In most cases ionizatin chambers use a gas mixture as sensitive medium. The pitch between two consecutive detectors is few mm (10 mm for PTW seven29, 7.07 mm for SunNuclear Mapcheck, 7.5 mm for IBA MatiXX).

EPID (Electronic Portal Imaging Device): typically these detectors are made of amorphous silicon and can be classified in direct and indirect divices. The first ones have a thin build-up layer (usually, 0,6 mm of copper) which is used as X ray converter to produce electrons before the silicon diode. The second ones have a build-up converter plus a phosphorus layer which converts electrons in visible photons.

FILM: They are particular dosimeters which appear like thin foils with a thickness of few hundred microns. The inner part contains an active layer, which polymerizes under irradiation.Dosimetry in radiotherapy8Film 2D dosimetryIt is possible to distinguish radiografic and radiochromic films. The latter are specific for radiotherapy. EBT gafchromic structures

EBT gafchromic can work on three absorbance channels:RED: it has an high sensitivity in the dose range from 1 cGy to 8 Gy.GREEN: it has an high sensitivity in the dose range from 8 to 40 Gy.BLUE: it has a low gradient responce and is highly dependent from the active layer thickness.EBT3EBT2Upon irradiation, the active layer (containing a monomer) polymerizes to form a polymer colored dye.

9Quality assurance in radiotherapy

A control quality check with gafchromic requires relatively long times. It can take several hours.Disvantages for gafcromic film:

Fading: it is highest immediately after irradiation and then slows down after some time.Temperature dependence: optical density of radiochromic films has strong temperature dependence; the temperature must be kept as uniform as possible.UV sensitivity: most of the radiochromic materials are sensitive to ultraviolet light.Film orientation: radiochromic materials are non-isotropic crystals and therefore their orientation matters.10Doses distribution comparison: the gamma index ()

XY

d = distance to agreement criterion (< 3mm)D = dose difference criterion (< 3%)

if < 1 doses are comparableif > 1 doses are not comparable measured dose calculated dose < 1, it must be verified on number of points > 90 %11

A Gas Electron Multiplier (F.Sauli, NIM A386 531) is made by a 50 m thick kapton foil, copper clad ( 5 m thick) on each side and perforated by an high surface-density of bi-conical micro-holes;

140 m70 m50 mApplying a potential difference (tipycally from 300 up to 500 Volts) between the two copper cladding, an high intesity electric field is produced inside the holes (80-100 kV/cm).

GEM is used as a proportional amplifier of the ionization charge released in a gas detector.

GEM detector: Gas Electron Multiplier* F.Sauli - Nuclear Instruments and Methods in Physics Research A 386 ( 1997) 53 l-53412

GEM electronic transparency (T)

Layout of a typical Triple GEM detector constructed with standard 10 x 10 cmCalibration curves obtained with several gas mixtures.GEM detector: working principle

13cathodeanodeGEMpix detector

Quad medipix board (M.Campbell, J.Alzoy)

The detector, developed within the ARDENT Collaboration, as two main components:

A quad medipix without silicon layerA triple-GEM with filter and HV connectorsNew HV GEM board

A Medipix chip has 256 x 256 pixles, each having an area of 55 x 55 m2. Quad Medipix is made of 4 medipix chip hold together (512 x 512 pixles).

2.8 cm2.8 cm14

The GEMpix detector: detector layout and front-end-electronics

Physical dimensions14.08 x 14.08 mm2PADs55 x 55 m2Charge collectione-, h+Pixel functionalityCounting, ToT, TimepixAmplifier gain~ 18 mV/ke-Noise~ 75 e-LinearityUp to 50 ke-Minimum threshold~ 500 e- (expected)Counter depth/overflow14-bit/yesMax Analog Power6.5 W/pix; 190 mA/ChipStatic digital power200 mA @ 100 MHzRead outSerial/Parallel

ASIC block scheme of a single pixel

Counting ModeTime over Threshold ModeSemiconductor active layer15The GEMpix detector: Timepix and Time over Threshold mode

Counter in each pixel can be used as Wilkinson type ADC to measure energy of each particle detected.

If the pulse shape is triangular then Time over Threshold is proportional to collected charge i.e. to energy.

Due to limited bandwidth the pulse can be NEVER perfectly triangular. Non linear TOT to energy dependencemedipixGEMpix quadFor the GEMpix used for these measurements ToT linearity with charge has been verified with an internal test capacitor. A potential applied to this capacitor corresponds to a given charge induced on the pixel.16

High Voltage Module for triple-GEM detectorReal-time electrodes current measurements: each channel has a nano-Ammeter which measures the current with a sensitivity of 10 nA. GEM voltage(gain)Electric fieldsGEM detector: High voltagesLabview Control Pannel for the High Voltage17The GEMpix detector: energy and dose rate dependence

8x8 mm26 MV 8x8 mm210 MV 8x8 mm218 MV An optimal linearity is observed at the three energy spectra of the LINAC.GEMpixgafchromic18GEMpix detector and EBT gafcromic comparison through test

Detector has been used in the convetional configuration with all three GEM switched on, but with electric drift field switched-off. Gamma test shows that matching with gafchromic film is not in the percetage limit for higher energies. 8x8 mm2 irradiating field6 MV < 1, 97.57 %10 MV < 1, 69.16 %18 MV < 1, 43.04 %19Il rivelatore GEMpix: configurazione tripla-GEM e bi-GEM

0.0 3.0 3.0 3.0 kV/cm

Accordig to simulations detected distribution in a bi-GEM configuration shows an higher contrast respect to the triple-GEM configuration.

The collected charge comes from the first transition region (T1) and detector can work at a low gain voltage (660 V).driftT1T2ind20The GEMpix GEMpix: bi-GEM configuration

10 MV < 1, 97.28 %18 MV < 1, 90.14 %The GEMpix detector is sensitive to the single Linac pulse.

Gafchromic film 10 minGEMpix, 1 min

21The GEMpix detector: bi-GEM configuration and IMRT fields

6 MV < 1, 90.50 %6 MV < 1, 87.04 %An optimal accordance between the two detectors is obtained working in a bi-GEM configuration and applying the suitable thresholds to cut the halos around the main beams. 22ConclusionsIn comparison to the conventional 2D dosimeters, GEMpix detector shows a series of useful advantages:

an higher spatial resolution (55 x 55 m2 pixels) comparable to radiochromic films data acquisition is fast and in real time (few seconds in comparison to minutes of gafchromic films) there is no need of post-irradiation processingit has a very high sensitivity: the signal is obtained without material, it can detect the sigle pulse, the minimum detectable dose value is at least 4 order of magnitude lower than that measured by the gafchromic film detected dose range is practically unlimited it preserves an optimal linearity with dose rate

The present work has shown optimal results on samll area irradiating fields. The next step will be the realization of:Large area GEM foils (at least 20x20 cm2)Larger pixels with their related front-end-electronics

Thanks for your attention!!!Grafico10120.4013030114.883240078.26115904.5150082.776239.5079.264235086.287244.50101.338269090.301246093.3113040118.395313.5090.301282.5058.695217055.686208.5056.689247.5066.723253036.12188.5046.154245027.592154.5036.12161.5045.652205061.204194056.689225087.291372096.3212910122.408348.50113.883020103.846313097.325226.50112.877281.50129.432367091.806325.5052.675288.5095.82332.50126.422353.56.14491.80623316.38472.241210.518.43283.277239.514.33688.796236.516.38477.25722914.33676.254226077.759246.5094.8163390106.3543520121.405379.5097.3253490106.856344.50112.877319.50144.4824150139.967392.50115.8863040112.8773120106.856311.50156.5213870139.4654230177.09535.512.288216.221568.510.24146.488504.514.336232.77662740.96213.712602.532.768189.13530.530.72180.60250432.768213.2163614.336128.93428.520.48230.76957512.288194.6494998.192153.01498.512.288178.59647916.384112.3744440187.124480.50104.348333.5056.188251.516.38478.76230143.00898.82937875.776218.729615.569.632231.77368671.68290.9779488.063281.94776.561.44313.043888.538.912310.034849.50174.081532.567.584428.428971.571.68260.8775861.44283.44570661.44323.077758.5141.311518.729963.5165.887462.542880.5202.751562.876936.5239.615522.742942270.334461.539852.5225.279372.742717296.958521.237837.5294.91519.732789241.663406.856738.5204.799356.188552309.246588.963966.5204.799422.909732290.814632.609963294.91620.568871360.446831.2711157.5307.198875.9191112.5268.286833.2781109.5460.7971155.8531272.5413.6931097.1571302446.4611166.891344.5546.8131128.2611263.5823.2911457.8591450747.5151315.3851399864.2511435.28411401.5708.6041139.2971348.5610.31128.7621368581.6281118.7291360.5614.396987.7921328393.214823.2441287571.388858.8631309403.454711.3711239585.724760.5351174671.74973.7461448.5604.156897.9941372542.717910.0341383514.045893.4791344387.07750.5021292706.556987.2911412821.2431229.0971523.5811.0031171.9061512561.149974.2471394.5677.8841009.8661464.5843.7711128.76215151134.5851356.021601.51376.24691572.7431642.51222.64791375.0831548.51284.0881471.4051630.51933.31880.76917261632.2461709.19816321740.78891648.99616401888.2441525.08316223215.34012334.2811792.53246.06012283.111117632815.98291941.9731720.53145.7082008.69617353641.3222305.18411807.53481.57912185.785917753307.51965.5521755.53383.27492135.61791805.54065.25492579.59791875.54859.8742729.096918764224.9982547.99291879.54106.21482540.4681826.54863.97022810.367918905384.15923031.1041950.55040.09722894.14719285443.55082977.42519496148.05813283.9472008.55591.00493022.5751956.56477.78423360.22011.56082.5223177.59219505865.4363069.2319286342.61723168.5621953.56565.84813253.34419846488.02393329.09691990.56455.25593412.8762006.56174.68213337.6251960.56959.0613622.57520477051.22123656.1882028.57022.54883677.7620626815.70213602.00712008.57231.44383752.00712072.57337.9393753.012079.57161.8123735.952921016864.8543596.4882032.57043.02783638.1272088.57665.61723956.68921917296.9793776.587921296701.01513559.36520547227.34813789.13112074.56766.54983628.0942073.57634.8973910.0332180.57229.3963738.96292081.57483.34623913.544921197172.05183764.04592079.57229.3963803.67821157319.50683829.26392101.56719.44683646.15412058.57925.71094052.007122237729.1043991.3042195.57894.99124036.95722277651.28083920.066921397538.64213930.101121587763.91993921.07012145.57899.08693937.62522377426.0023775.08321347798.73583893.4792173.57821.26423952.17412206.57856.07913908.02712246.58019.91894097.65922351.57323.6033829.263921767710.67293937.62522167872.46294086.622123307860.17584024.4152312.57591.88923943.6462256.57106.51713826.25392197.57540.6893889.46512249.57446.48193905.01712189.57878.60694031.93922717493.58593861.87321437958.4794020.40092277.57833.55184051.00292303.57833.55184043.47822457618.51324028.42822307679.95313975.252211.57471.05813952.67622657688.1454000.33422467868.36824078.0942301.57458.773897.992921487495.63383985.283922177618.51323941.63792189.57655.3773959.6992199.57364.5623858.8632148.57620.5613919.06321647462.86623964.71612173.58017.87114073.57912210.57897.044088.1272291.58214.47754172.91022281.58126.41414179.43122329.57960.52694099.66622818042.44584145.317923158110.02984178.93022296.58132.55814189.96582297.58224.71784225.58523577770.0644008.36112234.57760.01324002.26492207.14317987.95414125.0832262.1767516.07523930.1662170.61697542.06883919.72412149.1887110.17923746.1882083.9287885.9814008.7292159.90317602.05323899.33692168.18197903.97614043.03912206.16897951.96294048.5092212.012978123936.13312145.787626.04693817.7912132.62997738.01813934.64112196.4287913.973139602183.76717837.99323977.40412145.787456.08983919.72412154.544978103998.28812179.3847792.00494016.1882218.3447857.98784038.06592215.90898097.92584141.49222280.68197867.98494049.00612209.57797931.96924079.33692271.4287841.99224053.4812239.7727696.02883952.5422169.1567672.03523958.5092182.30498155.91114156.90582275.8127833.99413999.2822177.43517652.0413959.50292198.3767786.00594054.47512243.66897338.12113916.24292171.59117512.07623888.39792161.3647704.02694081.32592201.78596288.3901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6 MV10 MV18 MVY profile (mm)counts (500 ms)

Plot Values 6MVX6 MV10 MV18 MV00120.401303563.0810114.883240573.1352078.261159583.19304.5150593.2454082.776239.5603.35079.264235613.3556086.287244.5623.4170101.338269633.4658090.301246643.529093.311304653.575100118.395313.5663.6311090.301282.5673.68512058.695217683.7413055.686208.5693.79514056.689247.5703.8515066.723253713.90516036.12188.5723.9617046.154245734.01518027.592154.5744.0719036.12161.5754.12520045.652205764.1821061.204194774.23522056.689225784.2923087.291372794.34524096.321291804.4250122.408348.5814.455260113.88302824.51270103.846313834.56528097.325226.5844.62290112.877281.5854.675300129.432367864.7331091.806325.5874.78532052.675288.5884.8433095.82332.5894.895340126.422353.5904.95356.14491.806233915.0053616.38472.241210.5925.063718.43283.277239.5935.1153814.33688.796236.5945.173916.38477.257229955.2254014.33676.254226965.2841077.759246.5975.33542094.816339985.39430106.354352995.445440121.405379.51005.545097.3253491015.555460106.856344.51025.61470112.877319.51035.665480144.4824151045.72490139.967392.51055.775500115.8863041065.83510112.8773121075.885520106.856311.51085.94530156.5213871095.995540139.4654231106.05550177.09535.51116.1055612.288216.221568.51126.165710.24146.488504.51136.2155814.336232.7766271146.275940.96213.712602.51156.3256032.768189.13530.51166.386130.72180.6025041176.4356232.768213.216361186.496314.336128.93428.51196.5456420.48230.7695751206.66512.288194.6494991216.655668.192153.01498.51226.716712.288178.5964791236.7656816.384112.3744441246.82690187.124480.51256.875700104.348333.51266.9371056.188251.51276.9857216.38478.7623011287.047343.00898.8293781297.0957475.776218.729615.51307.157569.632231.7736861317.2057671.68290.977941327.267788.063281.94776.51337.3157861.44313.043888.51347.377938.912310.034849.51357.425800174.081532.51367.488167.584428.428971.51377.5358271.68260.877581387.598361.44283.4457061397.6458461.44323.077758.51407.785141.311518.729963.51417.75586165.887462.542880.51427.8187202.751562.876936.51437.86588239.615522.7429421447.9289270.334461.539852.51457.97590225.279372.7427171468.0391296.958521.237837.51478.08592294.91519.7327891488.1493241.663406.856738.51498.19594204.799356.1885521508.2595309.246588.963966.51518.30596204.799422.9097321528.3697290.814632.6099631538.41598294.91620.5688711548.4799360.446831.2711157.51558.525100307.198875.9191112.51568.58101268.286833.2781109.51578.635102460.7971155.8531272.51588.69103413.6931097.15713021598.745104446.4611166.891344.51608.8105546.8131128.2611263.51618.855106823.2911457.85914501628.91107747.5151315.38513991638.965108864.2511435.28411401.51649.02109708.6041139.2971348.51659.075110610.31128.76213681669.13111581.6281118.7291360.51679.185112614.396987.79213281689.24113393.214823.24412871699.295114571.388858.86313091709.35115403.454711.37112391719.405116585.724760.53511741729.46117671.74973.7461448.51739.515118604.156897.99413721749.57119542.717910.03413831759.625120514.045893.47913441769.68121387.07750.50212921779.735122706.556987.29114121789.79123821.2431229.0971523.51799.845124811.0031171.90615121809.9125561.149974.2471394.51819.955126677.8841009.8661464.518210.01127843.7711128.762151518310.0651281134.5851356.021601.518410.121291376.24691572.7431642.518510.1751301222.64791375.0831548.518610.231311284.0881471.4051630.518710.2851321933.31880.769172618810.341331632.2461709.198163218910.3951341740.78891648.996164019010.451351888.2441525.083162219110.5051363215.34012334.2811792.519210.561373246.06012283.1111176319310.6151382815.98291941.9731720.519410.671393145.7082008.696173519510.7251403641.3222305.18411807.519610.781413481.57912185.7859177519710.8351423307.51965.5521755.519810.891433383.27492135.61791805.519910.9451444065.25492579.59791875.5200111454859.8742729.0969187620111.0551464224.9982547.99291879.520211.111474106.21482540.4681826.520311.1651484863.97022810.3679189020411.221495384.15923031.1041950.520511.2751505040.09722894.147192820611.331515443.55082977.425194920711.3851526148.05813283.9472008.520811.441535591.00493022.5751956.520911.4951546477.78423360.22011.521011.551556082.5223177.592195021111.6051565865.4363069.23192821211.661576342.61723168.5621953.521311.7151586565.84813253.344198421411.771596488.02393329.09691990.521511.8251606455.25593412.8762006.521611.881616174.68213337.6251960.521711.9351626959.0613622.575204721811.991637051.22123656.1882028.521912.0451647022.54883677.76206222012.11656815.70213602.00712008.522112.1551667231.44383752.00712072.522212.211677337.9393753.012079.522312.2651687161.8123735.9529210122412.321696864.8543596.4882032.522512.3751707043.02783638.1272088.522612.431717665.61723956.689219122712.4851727296.9793776.5879212922812.541736701.01513559.365205422912.5951747227.34813789.13112074.523012.651756766.54983628.0942073.523112.7051767634.8973910.0332180.523212.761777229.3963738.96292081.523312.8151787483.34623913.5449211923412.871797172.05183764.04592079.523512.9251807229.3963803.678211523612.981817319.50683829.26392101.523713.0351826719.44683646.15412058.523813.091837925.71094052.0071222323913.1451847729.1043991.3042195.524013.21857894.99124036.957222724113.2551867651.28083920.0669213924213.311877538.64213930.1011215824313.3651887763.91993921.07012145.524413.421897899.08693937.625223724513.4751907426.0023775.083213424613.531917798.73583893.4792173.524713.5851927821.26423952.17412206.524813.641937856.07913908.02712246.524913.6951948019.91894097.65922351.525013.751957323.6033829.2639217625113.8051967710.67293937.625221625213.861977872.46294086.6221233025313.9151987860.17584024.4152312.525413.971997591.88923943.6462256.525514.0252007106.51713826.25392197.525614.082017540.6893889.46512249.525714.1352027446.48193905.01712189.525814.192037878.60694031.939227125914.2452047493.58593861.873214326014.32057958.4794020.40092277.526114.3552067833.55184051.00292303.526214.412077833.55184043.478224526314.4652087618.51324028.428223026414.522097679.95313975.252211.526514.5752107471.05813952.676226526614.632117688.1454000.334224626714.6852127868.36824078.0942301.526814.742137458.773897.9929214826914.7952147495.63383985.2839221727014.852157618.51323941.63792189.527114.9052167655.3773959.6992199.527214.962177364.5623858.8632148.527315.0152187620.5613919.063216427415.072197462.86623964.71612173.527515.1252208017.87114073.57912210.527615.182217897.044088.1272291.527715.2352228214.47754172.91022281.527815.292238126.41414179.43122329.527915.3452247960.52694099.666228128015.42258042.44584145.3179231528115.4552268110.02984178.93022296.528215.512278132.55814189.96582297.528315.5652288224.71784225.585235728415.622297770.0644008.36112234.528515.6752307760.01324002.26492207.143128615.732317987.95414125.0832262.17628715.7852327516.07523930.1662170.616928815.842337542.06883919.72412149.18828915.8952347110.17923746.1882083.92829015.952357885.9814008.7292159.903129116.0052367602.05323899.33692168.181929216.062377903.97614043.03912206.168929316.1152387951.96294048.5092212.012929416.1723978123936.13312145.7829516.2252407626.04693817.7912132.629929616.282417738.01813934.64112196.42829716.3352427913.973139602183.767129816.392437837.99323977.40412145.7829916.4452447456.08983919.72412154.544930016.524578103998.28812179.38430116.5552467792.00494016.1882218.34430216.612477857.98784038.06592215.908930316.6652488097.92584141.49222280.681930416.722497867.98494049.00612209.577930516.7752507931.96924079.33692271.42830616.832517841.99224053.4812239.77230716.8852527696.02883952.5422169.15630816.942537672.03523958.5092182.304930916.9952548155.91114156.90582275.81231017.052557833.99413999.2822177.435131117.1052567652.0413959.50292198.37631217.162577786.00594054.47512243.668931317.2152587338.12113916.24292171.591131417.272597512.07623888.39792161.36431517.3252607704.02694081.32592201.785931617.382616288.39013603.9782069.318131717.4352626538.32623633.31492124.351131817.492636904.23193784.97192154.059131917.5452646704.28323738.7292113.148932017.62656904.23193801.38212151.13632117.6552667052.19383796.9062133.60432217.712676862.24323829.22712112.663132317.7652686848.24613828.23192159.41632417.822696934.22413932.65212202.7632517.8752707108.18023929.17092146.752932617.932716588.3133824.7512132.629932717.9852726366.37013794.9172133.116932818.042736350.3743869.50292136.039132918.0952747100.18214035.0832225.648933018.152756008.46093755.13792116.559133118.2052765880.49413722.3212119.4833218.262776542.32423918.7292144.319133318.3152786620.30523904.80692149.67633418.372796192.41413755.13792111.68833518.4252807502.07914095.2492292.856933618.482816246.39993834.6962158.440933718.5352827825.99614143.4812263.148933818.592836348.3753831.21612146.752933918.6452846352.3733760.60792108.2834018.72856182.4173763.59112123.86434118.7552866596.3113892.3752137.012934218.812876374.36823766.07692105.84434318.8652885606.5643483.6461997.2434418.922896232.40383709.39312064.44834518.9752906244.40093758.61892083.440934619.032915776.5213587.0722029.383134719.0852925568.57423468.23191991.883134819.142935836.50493554.25391997.72834919.1952945754.52593625.8562035.71435019.252955444.6053565.68992001.62435119.3052966454.34723810.3322068.83235219.362975916.48493734.25392046.91635319.4152985318.63823513.9781995.7835419.472995820.50883806.85112065.422135519.5253005422.61083636.79491999.18835619.583014284.90283282.26491922.2435719.6353024628.81493227.57011919.805135819.693034746.78523367.791937.82435919.7453043992.9783061.9891875.97436019.83053507.10212830.27711843.831136119.8553063685.05592872.04391844.31836219.913072799.2832503.5921781.00636319.9653083617.0742988.8951867.20836420.023093253.1672680.11111805.357136520.0753102753.29492368.84011744.4836620.133112411.38312388.7291724.02636720.1853123201.17992785.52491866.720936820.243132197.4372234.08791677.27236920.2953142595.3352557.791762.537020.353151757.551947.6791551.13637120.4053162057.47292301.71291688.47437220.463171713.5612068.0111650.97437320.5153182517.3552309.6681682.6337420.573191985.49192065.52491657.79237520.6253201801.53892103.8121644.642937620.683212095.46292240.5521711.36437720.7353221641.581937.2381697.72837820.793231961.4982118.23191728.409137920.8453241857.5241933.7571647.07838020.93252085.46612160.4981711.36438120.9553261097.7191544.421518.50638221.013271547.6041963.0941689.44838321.0653281107.71591393.261450.32438421.123291363.6511925.8011671.91638521.1753301173.6991753.7571620.7838621.23331825.7891274.421447.40238721.2853321029.7361485.2491525.81238821.34333989.7471547.4031537.538921.395334807.7931299.77911500.97439021.453351205.6911722.4311615.42239121.5053361031.7361523.0381554.54639221.56337843.7841320.6631481.9839321.6153381061.7281476.7961516.55839421.673391031.7361462.3751538.961139521.725340787.7981316.68511420.1339621.78341867.7781437.0161455.68239721.835342903.7691561.3261517.53239821.89343691.8231355.4691387.987139921.945344551.8591073.5361307.6340022345609.8441282.8731355.84440122.055346579.8521249.0611299.83840222.11347621.8411561.8231505.357140322.165348625.841592.1551497.564940422.22349793.7971821.3811614.44840522.275350557.8571461.8791475.6540622.33351691.8231567.2931512.66240722.385352679.8261750.2761590.09840822.44353729.8131782.0991654.8740922.495354611.8431591.6571576.94841022.55355473.8791410.1661502.92241122.605356545.861496.1881483.44241222.66357283.927942.7631175.6541322.715358353.9091073.0381208.2841422.77359255.934866.6851180.5241522.825360267.931921.3811176.13641622.8836191.976768.7291094.805141722.93536295.975776.1881062.17641822.99363191.951869.6691193.18241923.045364121.969597.681010.06542023.1365129.967695.6351091.39642123.15536695.975485.801860.55242223.21367113.971432.099759.7442323.26536891.976359.005694.48142423.3236993.976426.133790.42242523.375370117.97475.359796.75342623.4337131.992308.784596.10442723.48537247.988468.398778.73442823.5437347.988511.16733.44242923.59537443.989515.138715.42243023.65375127.967661.326936.52643123.70537665.983511.658747.56543223.7637771.982499.724772.8943323.815378107.972672.265946.75343423.8737995.975566.354844.48143523.92538075.981398.784641.39643623.9838167.983509.172730.03243724.03538267.983517.625778.73443824.0938343.989327.68547.40343924.14538435.991311.271522.56544024.238537.99290.387564.93544124.25538657.985242.652535.71444224.3138779.98269.503645.29244324.36538891.976222.265605.84444424.4238973.981214.807534.7444524.47539075.981276.464660.3944624.5339169.982227.735582.46844724.58539243.989230.718565.90944824.6439343.989319.227771.42944924.69539447.988314.751753.89645024.7539531.992295.857666.23445124.80539629.992352.542712.98745224.8639717.995274.973619.48145324.91539819.995319.724669.15645424.9739917.995249.116658.92945525.02540015.996305.304621.42945625.084019.997353.039693.01945725.1354020262.542573.21445825.194030242.154450.97445925.2454040335.138585.3946025.34050331.658588.31246125.3554060331.658596.10446225.414070279.448477.27246325.4654080322.21576.13646425.524090414.696710.55246525.5754100537.016857.6346625.634110224.751524.51346725.6854120262.542592.69546825.744130281.934535.22746925.7954140289.392684.7447025.854150165.58447.07847125.9054160197.9520.1347225.964170260.552646.75347326.0154180268.509700.81247426.074190234.696640.42247526.1254200200.387609.25347626.184210154.641507.95447726.2354220154.641513.79947826.294230141.712521.10447926.3454240189.447550.32548026.44250131.27439.28548126.4554260153.646436.8548226.514270132.265394.4848326.5654280160.607451.94848426.624290178.011497.24148526.6754300223.757552.7648626.73

Plot Values 6MV

6 MV10 MV18 MVY profile (mm)counts (500 ms)