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THE FIRST WORLD THE FIRST WORLD WARWAR
Chapter 11Chapter 11
World War I BeginsWorld War I BeginsAmerican Power Tips the BalanceAmerican Power Tips the BalanceThe War at HomeThe War at HomeWilson Fights for PeaceWilson Fights for Peace
http://www.historyplace.com/worldhistory/firstworldwar/index.html
World War I BeginsWorld War I BeginsSection 1Section 1
Causes of World War ICauses of World War I– NationalismNationalism– ImperialismImperialism– MilitarismMilitarism– Alliance SystemsAlliance Systems– Assassination of Archduke Franz Assassination of Archduke Franz
FerdinandFerdinand
NationalismNationalism
Devotion to the interests and Devotion to the interests and culture of oneculture of one’’s nations nation
Atmosphere of competition Atmosphere of competition between countriesbetween countries
Various ethnic groups wanted Various ethnic groups wanted independence for their nationality independence for their nationality or peoplesor peoples– Serbia wanted to unite all Serbian Serbia wanted to unite all Serbian
peoples in the Balticspeoples in the Baltics
ImperialismImperialism
Competition for EmpireCompetition for Empire– ColoniesColonies– Raw MaterialsRaw Materials
German competing against German competing against Britain and FranceBritain and France
MilitarismMilitarism
The development of armed forces The development of armed forces and their use as a tool of diplomacyand their use as a tool of diplomacy
Arms Race to build the strongest Arms Race to build the strongest Armies and NaviesArmies and Navies
Compare to the Cold War after WWIICompare to the Cold War after WWII– Nuclear WeaponsNuclear Weapons– Space RaceSpace Race
Alliance SystemsAlliance Systems
Triple EntenteTriple Entente - France- France - Great Britain- Great Britain - Russia- Russia Triple AllianceTriple Alliance - Germany- Germany - Austria-Hungary- Austria-Hungary - Italy- Italy
Assassination of Assassination of ArchdukeArchduke
Who: Who: Franz FerdinandFranz Ferdinand, heir to , heir to Austria/Hungarian throneAustria/Hungarian throne
What: AssassinatedWhat: Assassinated Where: Sarajevo, BosniaWhere: Sarajevo, Bosnia When: June 1914When: June 1914 Why: Black Hand group wanted to Why: Black Hand group wanted to
unite Serbian peoples in Bosnia. unite Serbian peoples in Bosnia. Gavrilo PrincipGavrilo Princip shot Archduke shot Archduke and wife at point blank range.and wife at point blank range.
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Archduke_Franz_Ferdinand_of_Austria
The 1911 The 1911 Gräf & Stift Bois de BoulogneBois de Boulogne tourer tourer in which Archduke Franz in which Archduke Franz Ferdinand and his wife Ferdinand and his wife were riding at the time were riding at the time of their assassination. of their assassination.
Franz Ferdinand's blood-Franz Ferdinand's blood-stained uniformstained uniform
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Archduke_Franz_Ferdinand_of_Austria
The Archduke and wife, The Archduke and wife, SophieSophie
Gavrilo PrincipGavrilo Princip Archduke and wife in SarajevoArchduke and wife in Sarajevo
Alliance Systems Kick Alliance Systems Kick InIn Central PowersCentral Powers
– Austria/HungaryAustria/Hungary declare war on declare war on SerbiaSerbia
– Germany Germany backs backs A/HA/H
– Germany invades Germany invades France w/ the France w/ the Schliffen Plan Schliffen Plan (going through (going through Belgium) a Belgium) a neutral countryneutral country
Allied PowersAllied Powers– SerbiaSerbia – RussiaRussia goes to the goes to the
aid of Serbiaaid of Serbia– FranceFrance backs backs
RussiaRussia– BritainBritain backs backs
France after France after German invasionGerman invasion
– BelgiumBelgium is forced is forced into war due to into war due to invasioninvasion
– ItalyItaly is bribed to is bribed to join the Alliesjoin the Allies
Fighting Starts-Trench Fighting Starts-Trench WarfareWarfare
Trench WarfareTrench Warfare– See page 376See page 376– http://www.spartacus.schoolnet.co.uk/FWWtrench.htm
Virtual TourVirtual Tour– http://www.bbc.co.uk/history/worldwars/wwone/launch_vt_dugout_ext.s
html– http://www.bbc.co.uk/history/worldwars/wwone/launch_vt_frontline.sht
ml– http://www.bbc.co.uk/history/worldwars/wwone/launch_vt_trench_life.s
html– http://www.bbc.co.uk/history/worldwars/wwone/launch_vt_dogfight.sht
ml
World War I GameWorld War I Game
– http://farmfive.com/flash/warfare1917.html
http://www.docstoc.com/docs/document-preview.aspx?doc_id=97757507
Medical Care During the Medical Care During the WarWar
ConditionsConditions– Filth, Lice, Rats, Polluted WaterFilth, Lice, Rats, Polluted Water– Wet and flooded trenchesWet and flooded trenches– Smell of gas and decayed bodiesSmell of gas and decayed bodies– Lack of SleepLack of Sleep– Constant bombardmentConstant bombardment
DiseasesDiseases– Trench FootTrench Foot– Trench MouthTrench Mouth– Shell ShockShell Shock
Weapons & Mechanized Weapons & Mechanized WarfareWarfare
Mechanized Warfare – warfare that Mechanized Warfare – warfare that relies on machines powered by relies on machines powered by gasoline and diesel enginesgasoline and diesel engines
WeaponsWeapons– Big BerthaBig Bertha– ZeppelinsZeppelins– Poison GasPoison Gas– TankTank– AirplaneAirplane– Machine GunsMachine Guns– Trench MortarsTrench Mortars
Americans Question Americans Question NeutralityNeutrality
Pres. Wilson wanted NeutralityPres. Wilson wanted Neutrality– ““Peace without VictoryPeace without Victory””– ““U.S. must be neutral in fact as well as in U.S. must be neutral in fact as well as in
name during these days that are to try name during these days that are to try menmen’’s souls.s souls.””
View U.S. Neutrality under World War I View U.S. Neutrality under World War I http://www.montereyinstitute.org/courses/AP%20US%20History%20II/course%20files/multimedia/lesson56/lessonp_nroc_ap.html
Problems with NeutralityProblems with Neutrality– Nation of ImmigrantsNation of Immigrants– Use of PropagandaUse of Propaganda– Economic ConsiderationsEconomic Considerations
Problems with Problems with NeutralityNeutrality Nation of ImmigrantsNation of Immigrants
– For Allied PowersFor Allied Powers Culturally tied to EnglandCulturally tied to England Helped by French in Revolutionary WarHelped by French in Revolutionary War We see the Central Powers as the We see the Central Powers as the
AggressorsAggressors
– For Central PowersFor Central Powers Many people of German / Austrian Many people of German / Austrian
DescentDescent Russians in U.S. hate Russian TzarRussians in U.S. hate Russian Tzar Irish in U.S. hate the British rule of IrelandIrish in U.S. hate the British rule of Ireland
Problems with Problems with NeutralityNeutrality Propaganda – idea, facts, rumors Propaganda – idea, facts, rumors
or lies spread deliberately to help or lies spread deliberately to help or hurt a cause.or hurt a cause.– German PropagandaGerman Propaganda
““Hunger BlockadeHunger Blockade””– British PropagandaBritish Propaganda
Civilization vs. BarbarianismCivilization vs. Barbarianism Invasion of BelgiumInvasion of Belgium Compare Germans to the HunsCompare Germans to the Huns
Problems with Problems with NeutralityNeutrality U.S. Trade with Europe is U.S. Trade with Europe is
extensiveextensive
– Allies: 1914 - $825 million in tradeAllies: 1914 - $825 million in trade
1916 – $3.2 Billion in trade1916 – $3.2 Billion in trade
– Central: 1914 - $170 million in tradeCentral: 1914 - $170 million in trade
1916 - $2 million in trade1916 - $2 million in trade
U.S. also loaned Allies $2.3 billion U.S. also loaned Allies $2.3 billion compared to $27 million to Germanycompared to $27 million to Germany
Problems with BritainProblems with Britain
British warships started stopping British warships started stopping U.S. merchant ships with non-U.S. merchant ships with non-military goods bound for Central military goods bound for Central Powers Countries.Powers Countries.
U.S. protests but are not willing to U.S. protests but are not willing to go to war over it.go to war over it.
View Subs under World War I @View Subs under World War I @http://www.montereyinstitute.org/courses/AP%20US%20History%20II/course%20files/multimedia/lesson56/lessonp_nroc_ap.html
Problems with Problems with GermanyGermany Use of U-Boats (submarines) without Use of U-Boats (submarines) without
surfacing to give warning to neutral surfacing to give warning to neutral vessels. Against international law.vessels. Against international law.
War Zone Around British IslesWar Zone Around British Isles Sinking of the LusitaniaSinking of the Lusitania
– May 7, 1915 hit by German torpedoesMay 7, 1915 hit by German torpedoes– Sunk in 15 to 30 minutesSunk in 15 to 30 minutes– 1198 Passengers and Crew killed1198 Passengers and Crew killed– 128 Americans in total128 Americans in total– U.S. outraged, but do not declare warU.S. outraged, but do not declare war– Germans claim ship carried munitions for Germans claim ship carried munitions for
AlliesAllies
Sussex PledgeSussex Pledge
After several incidents of sinkings After several incidents of sinkings the Germans agree to suspend the Germans agree to suspend surprise attacks when the U.S. surprise attacks when the U.S. threatens to sever diplomatic threatens to sever diplomatic relations.relations.
Election of 1916Election of 1916
Wilson – Incumbent DemocratWilson – Incumbent Democrat– Slogan Slogan ““He Kept Us Out Of WarHe Kept Us Out Of War””– ““Peace with HonorPeace with Honor””
Charles Evans Hughes – RepublicanCharles Evans Hughes – Republican– Military Preparedness (Teddy Roosevelt)Military Preparedness (Teddy Roosevelt)– Freedom of the Seas / Be easy on Freedom of the Seas / Be easy on
GermanyGermany
Pacifists –people opposed to war –Pacifists –people opposed to war –Henry FordHenry Ford
Close Election – Wilson winsClose Election – Wilson wins
U.S. Declares War –U.S. Declares War –Reasons for Reasons for DeclarationDeclaration Unrestricted Submarine Unrestricted Submarine
WarfareWarfare Zimmerman NoteZimmerman Note Overthrow of Czar (Tsar) Overthrow of Czar (Tsar)
Nicolas II of RussiaNicolas II of Russia
American Power Tips the American Power Tips the BalanceBalanceSection 2Section 2
America MobilizesAmerica Mobilizes– US unprepared for warUS unprepared for war– Small armed force (200,000) with Small armed force (200,000) with
few experienced officersfew experienced officers Raising an ArmyRaising an Army
– Selective Service Act Selective Service Act May 1917 it required men 21-30 to May 1917 it required men 21-30 to
register for the draft. register for the draft. August age limit expanded to 18-45.August age limit expanded to 18-45. July the 1July the 1stst names were drawn from a names were drawn from a
fish bowl in lottery stylefish bowl in lottery style
Draft StatisticsDraft Statistics
24 million registered24 million registered 3 million were called up3 million were called up 2 million served in the Great War2 million served in the Great War ¾ saw actual combat¾ saw actual combat Most servicemen did NOT have a Most servicemen did NOT have a
high school educationhigh school education 20% were foreign born20% were foreign born
Discrimination in the Discrimination in the ServiceService
African American SoldiersAfrican American Soldiers– 400,000 African American served in 400,000 African American served in
segregated unitssegregated units– They were excluded from Navy and They were excluded from Navy and
MarinesMarines– Made to do non-combat dutiesMade to do non-combat duties
WomenWomen– Excluded from enlisting in ArmyExcluded from enlisting in Army
Army Corps of Nurses, but no rank, pay or Army Corps of Nurses, but no rank, pay or benefitsbenefits
– Non-combat duties in Navy and Marines Non-combat duties in Navy and Marines with full rankwith full rank
TrainingTraining
No problem with man powerNo problem with man power– DraftDraft– VolunteersVolunteers
Problem with feeding, clothing, housing, Problem with feeding, clothing, housing, transportation, and trainingtransportation, and training– Lack of bases to train and accommodate soldersLack of bases to train and accommodate solders– Lack of supplies, like weapons, grenades, etc.Lack of supplies, like weapons, grenades, etc.– Had to use fake weapons like broom sticks and Had to use fake weapons like broom sticks and
rocksrocks– Drill in civilian clothing due to lack of uniformsDrill in civilian clothing due to lack of uniforms
Lack of Planes and TanksLack of Planes and Tanks
Mass Production of Mass Production of ShipsShips Exempted or deferred shipyard Exempted or deferred shipyard
workers from the draftworkers from the draft Public Relations Campaign Public Relations Campaign Use of Fabrication TechniquesUse of Fabrication Techniques Government took over commercial Government took over commercial
and private ships to be converted and private ships to be converted for transatlantic war usefor transatlantic war use
What is the message this What is the message this graphic is trying to graphic is trying to convey?convey?
http://amhistory.si.edu/onthewater/exhibition/6_2.html
Check out: On the Water- Building Ships for Victory at the link below.
America Turns the TideAmerica Turns the Tide
German U-Boat Attacks threaten German U-Boat Attacks threaten shipping lanes around the British Islesshipping lanes around the British Isles
Solution: Solution: Convoy SystemConvoy System developed developed by Admiral William Sims.by Admiral William Sims.– Group several merchant ships together Group several merchant ships together
and surround them with cruisers and and surround them with cruisers and battleships on the high seas. Once in the battleships on the high seas. Once in the U-Boat zone Destroyers would be added U-Boat zone Destroyers would be added for extra protection.for extra protection.
– Sail in a zigzag, irregular pattern to make Sail in a zigzag, irregular pattern to make it harder to trackit harder to trackhttp://www.cityofart.net/bship/destroyers.htmlhttp://www.cityofart.net/bship/u_boat.html
Check out the following information about the role of the submarine and destroyer in World War I:
Convoy System Huge Convoy System Huge SuccessSuccess
By end of War 90% of ships sailed By end of War 90% of ships sailed in systemin system
Less than 1% of protected ships Less than 1% of protected ships were lost to the enemy.were lost to the enemy.
Fighting in EuropeFighting in Europe
General John J. PershingGeneral John J. Pershing – Lt. George S. Patton, Jr.Lt. George S. Patton, Jr.– Eddie Rickenbacker, a famous Eddie Rickenbacker, a famous
racecar driverracecar driver American Expeditionary ForceAmerican Expeditionary Force
– Limited role at first as replacements Limited role at first as replacements for depleted British and French for depleted British and French troopstroops
– Eventually fought as American UnitsEventually fought as American Units– Nickname Nickname ““DoughboysDoughboys””
http://www.thewarpage.com/ww1us.html
The U.S. Turns the The U.S. Turns the TideTide Major BattlesMajor Battles
– CantignyCantigny– 22ndnd Battle of Marne Battle of Marne– Saint-MihielSaint-Mihiel– Meuse-ArgonneMeuse-Argonne
U.S. LossesU.S. Losses
48,000 battle deaths48,000 battle deaths 62,000 disease and other causes62,000 disease and other causes 200,000 + wounded200,000 + wounded
Heroes of the WarHeroes of the War
Alvin YorkAlvin York– Began as a Began as a conscientious objectorconscientious objector
A person who opposes warfare on moral A person who opposes warfare on moral grounds or religious convictiongrounds or religious conviction
– Armed with only a rifle and a revolver, he Armed with only a rifle and a revolver, he killed 25 Germans killed 25 Germans
– With 6 other soldiers he captured 132 With 6 other soldiers he captured 132 German PrisonersGerman Prisoners
– Promoted to Sergeant and awarded many Promoted to Sergeant and awarded many medalsmedals
– Returned home to become a huge Returned home to become a huge celebritycelebrity
http://www.sgtyork.org/index.html
Heroes of the WarHeroes of the War
Eddie RickenbackerEddie Rickenbacker– Famous Racecar DriverFamous Racecar Driver– Began as a driver for General Began as a driver for General
PershingPershing’’s Staffs Staff– Pilot with the 94Pilot with the 94thth Aero Pursuit Aero Pursuit
SquadronSquadron– Ace of AcesAce of Aces
130 Air Battles130 Air Battles Downed 26 Enemy PlanesDowned 26 Enemy Planes
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eddie_Rickenbacker
The Collapse of The Collapse of GermanyGermany Austria/Hungary surrenders Nov. 3, 1918Austria/Hungary surrenders Nov. 3, 1918 Nov. 3 German sailors mutiny and the Nov. 3 German sailors mutiny and the
mutiny spreads to the Army and workersmutiny spreads to the Army and workers Nov. 9 a Provisional Government is Nov. 9 a Provisional Government is
established and the established and the Kaiser WilhelmKaiser Wilhelm abdicates his throne and flees to the abdicates his throne and flees to the NetherlandsNetherlands
Armistice Armistice (truce) is signed 11(truce) is signed 11thth hour, of hour, of the 11the 11thth day, of the 11 day, of the 11thth month, 1918. month, 1918.
The Final TollThe Final Toll
Deaths = 22 million (more then half civilian Deaths = 22 million (more then half civilian deaths)deaths)– England = 900,000England = 900,000– France = 1.35 millionFrance = 1.35 million– Russia = 1.7 millionRussia = 1.7 million– Germany = 2 millionGermany = 2 million– Austria/Hungary = 1.25 millionAustria/Hungary = 1.25 million– U.S. = 110,000U.S. = 110,000
Wounded = 20 millionWounded = 20 million Refugee = 10 millionRefugee = 10 million Direct Economic Cost = $338 BillionDirect Economic Cost = $338 Billion
Comparing Battle Comparing Battle DeathsDeaths
World War I World War I 1111 battle deaths per 1,000 battle deaths per 1,000 World War II World War II 1818 battle deaths per 1,000 battle deaths per 1,000 Vietnam __ battle deaths per 1,000Vietnam __ battle deaths per 1,000
1/3 the number of deaths in Civil War1/3 the number of deaths in Civil War
The War At HomeThe War At HomeSection 3Section 3
View: Mobilizing the Nation for War @View: Mobilizing the Nation for War @http://www.montereyinstitute.org/courses/AP%20US%20History%20II/coursehttp://www.montereyinstitute.org/courses/AP%20US%20History%20II/course
%20files/multimedia/lesson56/lessonp_nroc_ap.html%20files/multimedia/lesson56/lessonp_nroc_ap.html
http://www.woodrowwilson.org/doc_img/321813.jpg
War Industries BoardWar Industries Board
Bernard M. BaruchBernard M. Baruch – – administratoradministrator
July 1917- Created to coordinate July 1917- Created to coordinate the manufacture and purchase of the manufacture and purchase of all supplies needed in the warall supplies needed in the war– Encourage companies to use mass-Encourage companies to use mass-
production techniques and use production techniques and use standardized production of goodsstandardized production of goods
– Set production quotasSet production quotas– Allocated raw materialsAllocated raw materials
Effects of the War Effects of the War on the Economy and on the Economy and
LifestylesLifestyles Retail prices double (food, Retail prices double (food,
clothing, necessities)clothing, necessities) Coal shortageCoal shortage RationingRationing Corporate profits soarCorporate profits soar Change in womenChange in women’’s clothings clothing
– Steel ribbed corsetsSteel ribbed corsets– Tall leather shoesTall leather shoes– Hemlines roseHemlines rose
Fuel AdministrationFuel Administration
Aug. 1917Aug. 1917 Encouraged the increased Encouraged the increased
production of fuel and reduced production of fuel and reduced consumption of fuelconsumption of fuel
Monitored coal supplies and Monitored coal supplies and rationed gasoline and heating oilrationed gasoline and heating oil
Daylight Savings Time Daylight Savings Time ImplementedImplemented– Ben FranklinBen Franklin
Food AdministrationFood Administration
Herbert HooverHerbert Hoover – administrator – administrator Promoted farmers to increase Promoted farmers to increase
productionproduction Promoted the public to eat lessPromoted the public to eat less
– Meatless DaysMeatless Days– Wheatless DaysWheatless Days– Sweetless DaysSweetless Days– Gospel of the Clean PlateGospel of the Clean Plate– Planting of Victory GardensPlanting of Victory Gardens
Financing the War Financing the War EffortEffort
War Revenue Act 1917War Revenue Act 1917– Raised Corporate Tax (War Profits Tax)Raised Corporate Tax (War Profits Tax)– Raised Individual Income TaxRaised Individual Income Tax– Excise tax on tobacco, liquor and luxury Excise tax on tobacco, liquor and luxury
itemsitems Sale of Liberty Bonds or Victory BondsSale of Liberty Bonds or Victory Bonds
– Movie Stars promotedMovie Stars promoted– Patriotic expressionPatriotic expression
Total Cost - $35.5 billionTotal Cost - $35.5 billion– 1 million an hour for 2 years1 million an hour for 2 years
Committee on Public Committee on Public InfoInfo George CreelGeorge Creel – administrator – administrator 11stst full-blown propaganda agency in U.S. full-blown propaganda agency in U.S.
historyhistory Purpose is to Purpose is to ““Sell the WarSell the War”” to the American to the American
public and those around the worldpublic and those around the world Hired writers, lectures, artist, photographers, Hired writers, lectures, artist, photographers,
and filmmakers to promote the war in a and filmmakers to promote the war in a favorable lightfavorable light
““Four Minute MenFour Minute Men”” to deliver speeches to deliver speeches ““Red, White, and BlueRed, White, and Blue”” pamphlets distributed pamphlets distributed
Anti- Immigrant Anti- Immigrant HysteriaHysteria Anti-Immigrant attacks against those Anti-Immigrant attacks against those
of Germany ancestry or nationalityof Germany ancestry or nationality– Lost their jobsLost their jobs– Orchestras stopped playing German and Orchestras stopped playing German and
Austria composerAustria composer– Changed German named townsChanged German named towns– Stopped teaching German language Stopped teaching German language
classesclasses– Removal of German authors from librariesRemoval of German authors from libraries– Flogging and beating, tar and featheringFlogging and beating, tar and feathering
German Names German Names ChangeChange German Measles = Liberty German Measles = Liberty
MeaslesMeasles Hamburger = Salisbury Steak Hamburger = Salisbury Steak Hamburger = Liberty SandwichHamburger = Liberty Sandwich Sauerkraut = Liberty CabbageSauerkraut = Liberty Cabbage Dachshunds = Liberty PupsDachshunds = Liberty Pups
Espionage Act of 1917Espionage Act of 1917
Against the Law to:Against the Law to:– Aid the enemyAid the enemy– Interfere with the draftInterfere with the draft– Encourage disloyaltyEncourage disloyalty– Refuse to serve in the Armed ForcesRefuse to serve in the Armed Forces
Penalty:Penalty:– Heavy fine up to $10,000Heavy fine up to $10,000– 20 years in prison20 years in prison
The Sedition Act of The Sedition Act of 19181918 Crime to write, print, publish, or Crime to write, print, publish, or
say anything negative against the say anything negative against the government, Constitution, flag, government, Constitution, flag, uniform of service, and war effort.uniform of service, and war effort.
Penalty:Penalty:– Same as Espionage ActSame as Espionage Act
Civil Liberties LostCivil Liberties Lost
Violation of First AmendmentViolation of First Amendment Loss of Mailing PrivilegesLoss of Mailing Privileges 6,000 Arrests and 1,500 Convictions6,000 Arrests and 1,500 Convictions FiringsFirings
– See Examples on page 392See Examples on page 392
See Supreme Court Decisions on the Espionage See Supreme Court Decisions on the Espionage and Sedition Acts @and Sedition Acts @
http://www.hippocampus.org/US%20History%20IIhttp://www.hippocampus.org/US%20History%20II
African Americans and the African Americans and the WarWar
Most African Americans backed the Most African Americans backed the war effortwar effort
Greatest Effect on African Americans Greatest Effect on African Americans lives was the lives was the Great MigrationGreat Migration– Large scale movement of Southern blacks Large scale movement of Southern blacks
to cities in the North from 1910-1930to cities in the North from 1910-1930 Escape Jim Crowism (racism)Escape Jim Crowism (racism) Boll Weevil infestation-hurt farming of cottonBoll Weevil infestation-hurt farming of cotton Job opportunities in NorthJob opportunities in North
Problems in the NorthProblems in the North
Crowded GhettosCrowded Ghettos High rentsHigh rents Race Riots (see page 394)Race Riots (see page 394) White resentmentWhite resentment
http://patriciahysell.wordpress.com/tag/omaha-race-riots/
Women and the WarWomen and the War
Job market opened for Job market opened for women in non-women in non-traditional occupations traditional occupations left vacant by men in left vacant by men in the servicethe service
Volunteers Volunteers Service of women Service of women
prompted Wilson to ask prompted Wilson to ask congress for the congress for the passage of the 19passage of the 19thth AmendmentAmendment
Things to think about...... Do you think all of the women were happy about taking over jobs that the men usually did?Do you think this was the main trigger for allowing women to work like men did?Do you think some women would have rather fought for their country than filled in the gaps at home?
Influenza EpidemicInfluenza Epidemic
Originated in FranceOriginated in France ¼ of U.S. population ill¼ of U.S. population ill Effects on Economy DevastatingEffects on Economy Devastating
– Mines shut downMines shut down– Telephone service cut in halfTelephone service cut in half– Factories and Offices Staggered working Factories and Offices Staggered working
hourshours– Coffin ShortageCoffin Shortage– Corpses lay unburied for a weekCorpses lay unburied for a week– Doctors over worked and helplessDoctors over worked and helpless
500,000 Americans died500,000 Americans died 30 million deaths worldwide30 million deaths worldwide
Wilson Fights for Wilson Fights for PeacePeace
Section 4Section 4 ““Peace without VictoryPeace without Victory”” Calls for 14 PointsCalls for 14 Points Travels to Europe to negotiate end Travels to Europe to negotiate end
of the war.of the war. Many obstacle will stand in his way.Many obstacle will stand in his way. View WilsonView Wilson’’s 14 Points @s 14 Points @
http://www.montereyinstitute.org/courses/AP%20UShttp://www.montereyinstitute.org/courses/AP%20US%20History%20II/course%20files/multimedia/lesson57/%20History%20II/course%20files/multimedia/lesson57/lessonp_nroc_ap.htmllessonp_nroc_ap.html
WilsonWilson’’s 14 Pointss 14 Points
1.1. No secret treaties among nationsNo secret treaties among nations2.2. Freedom of the SeasFreedom of the Seas3.3. Tariffs and other economic Tariffs and other economic
barriers should be lowered or barriers should be lowered or abolished to foster free tradeabolished to foster free trade
4.4. Arms reductionArms reduction5.5. Colonial Policy consider the Colonial Policy consider the
inhabitantsinhabitants
14 Points Continued14 Points Continued
8.-13. concern boundary issues8.-13. concern boundary issues
14. 14. League of NationsLeague of Nations– Wilson's most important pointWilson's most important point– International Organization to International Organization to
address diplomatic crisesaddress diplomatic crises
The Big FourThe Big Four
David Lloyd David Lloyd George -Great George -Great BritainBritain
Georges Georges Clemenceau -Clemenceau -FranceFrance
The Big FourThe Big Four
Vittorio Orlando Vittorio Orlando -Italy -Italy
Woodrow Wilson Woodrow Wilson -United States -United States
Pictures of Big Four from www.wikipedia.org
Obstacles to Peace Obstacles to Peace and the 14 Pointsand the 14 Points
Some powers, like Italy and France, Some powers, like Italy and France, were concerned with gaining territorywere concerned with gaining territory
Some powers were interested in Some powers were interested in punishing Germanypunishing Germany
France was very interested in France was very interested in protecting itself from Germanyprotecting itself from Germany
Wilson was interested in the 14 Wilson was interested in the 14 PointsPoints
Wilson Must SacrificeWilson Must Sacrifice
French Premier said, French Premier said, ““ God gave us God gave us the 10 Commandments and we broke the 10 Commandments and we broke them. Wilson gave us his 14 Points – them. Wilson gave us his 14 Points – We Shall See.We Shall See.””
In the End only 4 of WilsonIn the End only 4 of Wilson’’s 14 Points s 14 Points SurviveSurvive
Sacrifice most points to get the 14Sacrifice most points to get the 14thth PointPoint
View Treaty of Versailles @View Treaty of Versailles @http://www.montereyinstitute.org/courses/AP%20US%20History%20II/coursehttp://www.montereyinstitute.org/courses/AP%20US%20History%20II/course
%20files/multimedia/lesson57/lessonp_nroc_ap.html%20files/multimedia/lesson57/lessonp_nroc_ap.html
Treaty of Versailles Treaty of Versailles Punishes GermanyPunishes Germany
Saar Basin (Industrial Area of Germany) turned Saar Basin (Industrial Area of Germany) turned over to the League of Nations for 15 years.over to the League of Nations for 15 years.
Rhineland to be Demilitarized ZoneRhineland to be Demilitarized Zone Alsace-Lorraine returned to FranceAlsace-Lorraine returned to France Creation of the Polish CorridorCreation of the Polish Corridor Disarmed Germany – Naval and Army RestrictionsDisarmed Germany – Naval and Army Restrictions Article 231 – War Guilt Clause – Germany takes Article 231 – War Guilt Clause – Germany takes
full responsibility or blame for warfull responsibility or blame for war Reparations to be determined later. Germany Reparations to be determined later. Germany
forced to sign forced to sign ““Blank CheckBlank Check””. Cost to be $33 . Cost to be $33 BillionBillion
League of Nations CreatedLeague of Nations CreatedSee HandoutSee Handout
Treaty WeaknessesTreaty Weaknesses
Humiliation of GermanyHumiliation of Germany Stripped Germany of Pacific Stripped Germany of Pacific
Colonies they could have used to Colonies they could have used to help pay reparationshelp pay reparations
Ignored Russia and made them Ignored Russia and made them determined to reclaim lost territorydetermined to reclaim lost territory
Ignored the claims of colonized Ignored the claims of colonized peoples. i.e. Vietnampeoples. i.e. Vietnam
Weaknesses lead to future conflictWeaknesses lead to future conflict
Opposition to the Opposition to the TreatyTreaty IrreconcilablesIrreconcilables
– DonDon’’t like anything about treatyt like anything about treaty– Opposed U.S. involvement in WWIOpposed U.S. involvement in WWI– Isolationist and XenophobesIsolationist and Xenophobes
Wilson DemocratsWilson Democrats– Will agree with anything Wilson wantsWill agree with anything Wilson wants
ReservationistsReservationists– Led by Sen. Henry Cabot LodgeLed by Sen. Henry Cabot Lodge– Reservations about League of NationsReservations about League of Nations’’
Clause that gives unconditional support to Clause that gives unconditional support to member nations in distressmember nations in distress
Public Disapproval of Public Disapproval of TreatyTreaty German-Americans think it is too German-Americans think it is too
harshharsh Italian-Americans think Italy Italian-Americans think Italy
doesndoesn’’t get enough landt get enough land Irish-Americans are upset it doesIrish-Americans are upset it does
nn ’’t address Irish self-t address Irish self-determinationdetermination
Wilson Refuses to Wilson Refuses to CompromiseCompromise
Congress does not seem likely to Congress does not seem likely to ratifyratify
Wilson goes on a national tour to Wilson goes on a national tour to appeal to the American publicappeal to the American public
Politically the tour gains Wilson Politically the tour gains Wilson more enemiesmore enemies
Wilson suffers major strokeWilson suffers major stroke Who runs the country for the rest Who runs the country for the rest
of his term???of his term???
Edith Bolling Galt WilsonEdith Bolling Galt Wilson
"Secret President," "Secret President," "first woman to run "first woman to run the government" -- the government" -- so legend has so legend has labeled a First Lady labeled a First Lady whose role gained whose role gained unusual significance unusual significance when her husband when her husband suffered prolonged suffered prolonged and disabling and disabling illness.illness.
http://www.whitehouse.gov/history/firstladies/images/ew28-2.gif
Treaty Treaty NOTNOT Ratified Ratified
November 1919 – Congress votes November 1919 – Congress votes against ratification of the Treaty of against ratification of the Treaty of VersaillesVersailles
The U.S. never joins the League of The U.S. never joins the League of NationsNations
View Defeat of the Treaty in the U.S. View Defeat of the Treaty in the U.S. @@
http://www.montereyinstitute.org/courses/AP%20US%20History%20II/coursehttp://www.montereyinstitute.org/courses/AP%20US%20History%20II/course%20files/multimedia/lesson57/lessonp_nroc_ap.html%20files/multimedia/lesson57/lessonp_nroc_ap.html
Legacy of World War ILegacy of World War I
Strengthened U.S. military and power of the Strengthened U.S. military and power of the governmentgovernment
Accelerated Social ChangeAccelerated Social Change– Role of WomenRole of Women– African AmericansAfrican Americans
Left behind fear and antagonism that would Left behind fear and antagonism that would emerge to cause unrest in the 1920semerge to cause unrest in the 1920s
Europe was left devastated, politically Europe was left devastated, politically unstable, ripe for more violenceunstable, ripe for more violence
Russia fell to communismRussia fell to communism Germany, Italy and Spain fell to fascismGermany, Italy and Spain fell to fascism The Treaty of Versailles would ultimately lead The Treaty of Versailles would ultimately lead
to the 2to the 2ndnd World War World War