The Ferment of Culture and ReformReligion / Learning / Reform / ScienceArt / Literature /

Reviving Religion In 1860 3/4ths of

population attended church

New Faiths like Unitarians

Christians, and “circuit riders” begin revival meetings during Second Great Awakening to increase parishioners faith

Peter Cartwright and Charle Finney were two famous circuit riders

Denominational Diversity New York with the Puritan crowd known as the “burned over district” Religions split over slavery / women’s rights New Religion was Mormons, started by Joseph Smith, led to Utah over Utah Trail by Brigham Young. Utah becomes a state in 1896.

Free Schools for a Free People Jacksonian Democracy

brings about more discussion about tax supported education.

Horace Mann was “Father of Public Education”

William H. McGuffey readers

Noah Webster’s Dictionary Colleges were the Ivy

League schools and nondenominational UNC / UVA

Troy female Seminary (Emma Willard) and Mount Holyoke (Mary Lyon)

An Age of Reform Reformers sought to

reform tobacco use, alcohol abuse, and other vices

Reformers were for abolitionism and women’s rights

Debtor’s prisons were abolished

Dorothea Dix fought for asylum reform

American Peace Society (William Ladd) advocated an end to wars

Demon Rum The American

Temperance Society against alcohol abuse

Temperance….moderation

Neal S. Dow was the Father of American Prohibition….Maine Laws..stopped distilling and sale of liquor

Ten Nights In a Barroom and What I Saw There….temperance novel about Sam Slade’s tavern

Women in Revolt

The purity of women would guide men and the home. Many women viewed this as second class status.

Home was the center of a women’s world. Women were not in many occupations. Nursing / teaching and “womanly” roles

The Women’s Rights movement was led by Lucretia Mott, Susan B. Anthony, (Suzy Bs) , Elizabeth Cady Stanton

Formed NWSA / AWSA and finally NAWSA

First Women’s Rights Convention Seneca Falls

Women’s Rights Convention of 1848

• Women demanded suffrage

• Women’s movement soon took a back seat to abolitionism

Issued Declaration of Sentiments (stated all men and women were created equal)…launched modern women’s rights movement

Women Reformers• Elizabeth Blackwell…

lady medical doctor• Margaret Fuller..early

advocate of sexual liberation

• Amelia Bloomer…Dr. Elizabeth Blackwell… first “bloomers”

• Grimke sisters… abolitionists

Wilderness UtopiasCommunal Living toward a common goal

Robert Owen founded New Harmony Indiana

Brook Farm Massachusetts emphasized Transcendentalism

Oneida Community in New York…free love / eugenics

Shakers…communistic community founded by Mother Ann Lee

Scientific Achievement Influential scientists Benjamin Silliman…

chemist Louis

Agassiz….biologist Asa

Gray….botonists John

Audubon….birds

Medicine before Civil War Deadly diseases Low life

expectancy Patent medicines…

Robertson’s Infallible Worm Destroying Lozenges

Barber = surgeon

National Literature Federalist Papers / Poor

Richard’s Almanac and Thomas Paine’s Common Sense led the way

Knickerbocker group from New York led the way

Washington Irving…Rip Van Winkle , Legend of Sleepy Hollow

James Fenimore Cooper….The Last of the Mohicans

William Cullen Bryant…poet Thanatopsis

Trumpeters of Transcendentalism Search for the “inner light”

of truth Stressed individualism , self

reliance and non-conformity

Henry D. Thoreau….Walden or Life In The Woods

Ralph Waldo Emerson …Self Reliance

Thoreau wrote On Civil Disobedience

Walt Whitman’s Leaves of Grass

Thoreau

Emerson

Literary Lights Henry W. Longfellow…

poet “The Song of Hiawatha”

Louisa May Alcott…Little Women

Emily Dickenson..poet Edgar Allen Poe….The

Raven, The Pit and the Pendulum

Herman Melville …Moby Dick

Nathaniel Hawthorne ….The Scarlet Letter

Portrayers of the Past George Bancroft

…. The Father of American History

Francis Parkman …. The Colonial Wars

Patrician school of Early Historians