The Faculty

78 The Faculty

Core FacultyAbbreviationsESP — Division of Environmental Sciences and PolicyEOS — Division of Earth and Ocean SciencesCSSP — Division of Coastal Systems Science and Policy* - holds a secondary appointment in the Nicholas School of the Environment and Earth Sciences, with primary appointment elsewhere at Duke University

*John D. Albertson, Associate Professor of Civil and Environ-mental Engineering; B.S., Civil Engineering, State University ofNew York, Buffalo; M.B.A., Finance, University of Hartford;M.E.S., Hydrology, Yale University; Ph.D., Hydrologic Science,University of California, DavisE-mail: john.albertson@duke.eduDr. Albertson works in the field of land-atmosphere interac-tion, which is centered on the connection between surfacehydrology and meteorology in terrestrial ecosystems. The dis-cipline seeks to develop a comprehensive theory to describethe exchange of mass (e.g. water and CO2), energy andmomentum between the land and atmosphere over a wide

range of spatial and temporal scales. The ultimate goal is to provide the theoreticalframework and tools needed to quantify spatially integrated land surface fluxes overlarge regions of complex terrain. (ESP)

Paul A. Baker, Professor of Geochemistry; B.A., Geology, Uni-versity of Rochester; M.S., Geology, Pennsylvania State Uni-versity; Ph.D., Earth Sciences/Marine Geology, ScrippsInstitution of Oceanography, University of California, SanDiego E-mail: pbaker@duke.eduDr. Baker’s major focus is on understanding climatic andoceanographic history of the tropics as preserved in the sedi-mentary records of lakes, paleolakes, rivers and the ocean. Hiswork involves field as well as laboratory study. Analyticalmethods that he employs include stable isotopic and elementalgeochemistry as well as all types of traditional geological andgeophysical methods. (EOS)

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Richard T. Barber, Harvey W. Smith Professor of BiologicalOceanography and Chair, Division of Coastal Systems Scienceand Policy; B.S., Zoology and Botany, Utah State University;Ph.D., Biological Science, Stanford University E-mail: rbarber@duke.eduDr. Barber’s major research interests lie in ocean productivityand biogeochemical cycling, specifically the role of ocean bio-geochemical processes in the global carbon cycle and theinvolvement of ocean processes in sequestering anthropogeniccarbon dioxide. Dr. Barber’s research group has participated inseveral cruises as part of the Joint Global Ocean Flux Study(JGOFS) program. In each of these efforts, the group hasfocused on the role of physical conditions in regulating pri-

mary production, using in situ incubations, deck incubations and photosynthesis vs.irradiance experiments to measure primary productivity and its response to environ-mental conditions. The observed relationships are used in models of the role of oce-anic primary productivity in the global carbon cycle. (CSSP, EOS)

Lori Snyder Bennear, Assistant Professor of EnvironmentalScience and Policy; A.B., Economics and Environmental Stud-ies, Occidental College; M.A., Economics, Yale University;Ph.D., Public Policy, Harvard UniversityE-mail: to comeDr. Bennear’s areas of specialization are environmental andnatural resource economics, applied microeconomics, andempirical methods. Her research focuses on estimating theeffect of different regulatory innovations on measures of facil-ity-level environmental performance, such as pollution levels,chemical use, and technology choice. Her recent work hasfocused on measuring the effectiveness of management-basedregulations, which require each regulated entity to develop its

own internal rules and initiatives to achieve reductions in pollution, as well as theeffectiveness of regulations that mandate public reporting of toxic emissions. (ESP)

*Fred Kofi Boadu, Associate Professor of Civil and Environmental Engineering; B.Sc.,University of Science and Technology; M.Sc., University of Calgary; Ph.D., GeorgiaInstitute of TechnologyE-mail: boadu@akoto.egr.duke.eduDr. Boadu focuses on applications of basic principles and methods of geophysics tosolve fundamental problems related to geoscience, geotechnical and geo-environmen-tal engineering. He has developed theoretical and phenomenological models and con-ducts both laboratory and field studies of the effects of lithology, porosity,permeability, chemistry, pore fluids and fractures on elastic wave propagation andelectrical response. His research takes a multidisciplinary approach, employing geol-ogy, geophysics, soil mechanics, hydrogeology, electrochemistry and engineeringphysics, as well as artificial intelligence (neural networks), fractal science and inversetheory. (EOS)

80 The Faculty

Celia Bonaventura, Professor of Cell Biology; B.A., Zoology,San Diego State University; Ph.D., Biochemistry, University ofTexas at Austin E-mail: bona@duke.eduDr. Bonaventura’s research is focused on the structure/func-tion relationships of oxygen and electron-transport proteins.She compares human proteins to those of marine organisms instructure/function assays that involve equilibrium measure-ments and complementary studies of rapid reaction kinetics,using UV/VIS and fluorescence spectroscopy and novel meth-ods of spectroelectrochemistry. This work has led to anincreased understanding of molecular adaptations in the respi-ratory proteins, with a focus on interactions with nitric oxide

and reactive oxygen species. Dr. Bonaventura’s comparative studies illustrate aspectsof environmental adaptations and mechanisms of toxicity associated with exposure tofree radicals and metals. (CSSP)

Joseph Bonaventura, Research Professor of Cell Biology; B.A.,Zoology, San Diego State University; Ph.D., Biochemistry, Uni-versity of Texas at AustinE-mail: joeb@duke.eduDr. Bonaventura’s research involves marine organisms foundin diverse environments. He studies their red blood cells andrespiratory proteins in order to understand molecular adapta-tions and the mechanisms that give rise to functional flexibil-ity. Dr. Bonaventura also examines the kinetics and equilibriaof ligand binding to hemoglobins, hemocyanins and cyto-chrome c oxidase. These studies are complemented by work inwhich properties of chemically modified, crosslinked andimmobilized forms of biologically active molecules are charac-

terized. His recent research concerns the development of a synthetic blood substitutefor humans. A new focus concerns the biochemistry of nitric acid in the human bodyand the development of a hypothesis of how this molecule might act as a regulator ofthe biosphere. (CSSP)

Alan E. Boudreau, Professor of Geology; B.A., Geology, Uni-versity of California, Berkeley; M.S., Geology, University ofOregon; Ph.D., Geology, University of WashingtonE-mail: boudreau@duke.eduDr. Boudreau’s research has focused on understanding thecrystallization of large layered intrusions, with particularattention to the Archean Stillwater complex in Montana.Besides the intriguing problems proposed for the crystalliza-tion of magmas, these intrusions are host to important mineralreserves. Much of Dr. Boudreau’s recent work has investigatedthe degassing history of these intrusions and the role of vola-tiles in the formation of platiniferous ore zones in South Africa.Another fundamental problem involves the mechanisms by

which igneous layering may develop. Dr. Boudreau has worked on models that chal-lenge the conventional “two magma” mixing models often called upon to explainsuch features. The search for new observations to constrain and test these and otherhypotheses is a major focus of his studies. (EOS)

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Lisa M. Campbell, Rachel Carson Assistant Professor ofMarine Affairs and Policy; B.A.& Sc., Arts and Sciences,McMaster University, Canada; M.A., Geography and Environ-mental Studies, University of Toronto; Ph.D., Geography,Cambridge University E-mail: lcampbe@duke.eduDr. Campbell’s research focuses on policies designed to recon-cile wildlife (and other resource) conservation with socio-eco-nomic development, primarily in rural areas of developingcountries. She studies the process of policy making, the transi-tion from policy to practice, and the impacts of (and responsesto) implementation at the local level. At the policy makingstage, she examines how the interaction of science and other

values, and how negotiations among stakeholders (local people, bilateral agencies,NGOs and experts) inform the process. A major research focus has been on marineturtle conservation policy and its implementation in Latin America and the Carib-bean. Dr. Campbell is more generally interested in research methodology, includingqualitative methods, interdisciplinary research and ethics. (CSSP)

Norman L. Christensen Jr., Professor of Ecology and FoundingDean of the Nicholas School of the Environment and Earth Sci-ences; A.B., M.S., Biology, California State University, Fresno;Ph.D., Biology, University of California, Santa Barbara E-mail: normc@duke.eduDr. Christensen’s research focuses on the effects of disturbanceon the structure and function of populations, communities andecosystems. Ongoing studies include an analysis of patterns offorest development following cropland abandonment, compar-ative studies of ecosystem responses to varying fire regimesacross temperate North America and research on the utiliza-tion of remote sensing systems such as synthetic aperture radarto evaluate long-term changes in forest ecosystems. In addi-

tion, Dr. Christensen has written widely on the importance of natural disturbance inthe management of forests, shrublands and wetlands. He is interested in the applica-tion of basic ecological theory and models to management, and has collaborated withothers in the development of the concept of ecosystem management. (ESP)

James S. Clark, H. L. Blomquist Professor of Biology; B.S.,Entomology, North Carolina State University; M.S., Forestryand Wildlife, University of Massachusetts; Ph.D., Ecology, Uni-versity of MinnesotaE-mail: jimclark@duke.eduDr. Clark’s research focuses on how global change affects for-ests and grasslands. Current projects include studies of plantmigrations, the effects of recurrent drought on vegetationcover and fire in the Northern Plains and the effects of aridityand fire on North American temperate and boreal forests dur-ing recent millennia. He is also developing approaches to fore-cast ecosystem change. Analyses of forest succession at DukeUniversity’s Free Air CO2 Experiment (FACE) are being used

to assess how changing atmospheric chemistry is affecting the trajectory of change inmodern forests. Dr. Clark has authored more than 100 scientific articles and edited thebook Sediment Records of Biomass Burning and Global Change (Springer, 1997). (ESP,EOS)

82 The Faculty

Bruce H. Corliss, Professor of Earth and Ocean Sciences; B.A.,Geology, University of Vermont; M.S., Ph.D., Oceanography,University of Rhode Island E-mail: bruce.corliss@duke.eduAs a geological oceanographer, Dr. Corliss’s research interestsinclude the ecology, functional morphology and geochemistryof deep-sea benthic foraminifera, Cenozoic paleoceanographyand deep-sea benthic ecology. His early work dealt with thedistribution of Quaternary deep-sea benthic foraminifera in theSouthern Ocean and their relationship with present and pastdeep bottom water circulation patterns. This effort was fol-lowed by studies of Eocene-Oligocene paleoceanographybased on the analysis of microfossils and sediments from Deep

Sea Drilling Project samples. An ancillary aspect of his research has been in deep-seasedimentation. Dr. Corliss’s current research deals with the ecology of living deep-seabenthic foraminifera using data from box core samples taken on a number of oceano-graphic cruises in the Atlantic, Pacific and Arctic Oceans. (EOS, CSSP)

Larry B. Crowder, Stephen Toth Professor of Marine Biology;B.A., Biology and Mathematics, California State University,Fresno; M.S., Ph.D., Zoology, Michigan State UniversityE-mail: lcrowder@duke.eduDr. Crowder’s research centers on predation and food webinteractions, mechanisms underlying recruitment variation infishes, and population and food web modeling in conservationbiology. He has studied food web processes in estuaries andlakes and has used observational, experimental and modelingapproaches to understand these interactions in an effort toimprove fisheries management. He co-directed the SouthAtlantic Bight Recruitment Experiment (SABRE) andresearches the life histories of estuarine-dependent fishes. Dr.

Crowder conducts model and statistical analyses to assist in endangered species man-agement for both aquatic and terrestrial species, notably sea turtles and red-cockadedwoodpeckers. Recently he has begun developing more extensive programs in marineconservation, including research on bycatch, spatial analysis, nutrients and low oxy-gen, marine invasive species and integrated ecosystem management. (CSSP, ESP)

Thomas Crowley, Nicholas Professor of Earth Systems Sci-ence; A.B., Geology, Marietta College; M.S., Ph.D., GeologicalSciences, Brown UniversityE-mail: tcrowley@duke.eduDr. Crowley’s basic area of research is climate change, particu-larly reconstructing past climates from marine cores or coralrecords, or modeling them with simple or complex climatemodels. He has focused on simulation of glaciation throughoutthe last 600 million years, using coupled climate/ice sheetmodels to model the major pre-Pleistocene glaciations. In addi-tion, Dr. Crowley has employed simple climate models to sim-ulate the temperature response to past changes in volcanismand solar output and compared the results to various recon-

structions of past climate. His work indicates that a surprising amount of the decadalvariance in the observed record can be explained by such changes, but that onlygreenhouse gas forcing can explain the late-20th-century temperature increase. A sec-ond area of new research involves the impact of climate change on the sedimentaryrecord. (EOS)

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Richard T. Di Giulio, Professor of Environmental Toxicology;B.A., Comparative Literature, University of Texas at Austin;M.S., Wildlife Management, Louisiana State University; Ph.D.,Wildlife Biology, Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State Uni-versityE-mail: richd@duke.eduDr. Di Giulio’s research is concerned with mechanisms of con-taminant metabolism, adaptation and toxicity, and the devel-opment of mechanistically-based indices that can be employedin biomonitoring. Of particular concern are mechanisms of oxi-dative metabolism of aromatic hydrocarbons, mechanisms offree radical production and antioxidant defense, and mecha-nisms of chemical carcinogenesis, developmental perturba-

tions and adaptations to contaminated environments by fishes. The goals of thisresearch are to bridge the gap between research and the development of tools for envi-ronmental assessment, and to elucidate linkages between human and ecosystemhealth. Dr. Di Giulio serves as Director of Duke University’s Integrated ToxicologyProgram and the Superfund Basic Research Center. (ESP, CSSP)

Richard B. Forward Jr., Bass Fellow, Professor of Zoology; B.S.,Biology, Stanford University; Ph.D., Biology, University of Cal-ifornia, Santa Barbara E-mail: rforward@duke.edu Dr. Forward investigates the physiological ecology of marinecrustaceans and fishes. His studies focus on sensory physiol-ogy and behavioral responses to environmental (e.g. light, tem-perature salinity) and chemical cues and biological rhythms. Inrecent studies, Dr. Forward has applied results to verticalmigration and selective tidal stream transport. (CSSP)

Jonathan H. Freedman, Associate Professor of EnvironmentalToxicology and Director, Toxicology Core Center for Environ-mental Genomics; B.A., Microbiology, Rutgers University;M.S., Molecular Pharmacology, Yeshiva University; Ph.D.,Molecular Pharmacology, Albert Einstein College of MedicineE-mail: jonf@duke.eduDr. Freedman’s research is directed towards understanding theregulatory processes controlling an organism’s response toenvironmental stress, particularly exposure to toxic concentra-tions of transition metals. His current focus is on understand-ing how cadmium induces the expression of dozens ofdifferent genes. Results from this research will help elucidatemechanisms of transition metal—induced disease, developmen-

tal abnormalities and carcinogenesis, and how organisms adapt to increasingly toxicenvironments. A second area of research focuses on understanding the regulatorymechanism of metallothionein gene transcription. Finally, in collaboration with otherresearchers, Dr. Freedman is exploring the mechanism by which environmental toxi-cants affect gene expression, and the toxicants’ ability to induce developmental abnor-malities. (ESP)

84 The Faculty

Peter K. Haff, Professor of Geology and Civil and Environ-mental Engineering and Chair, Division of Earth and OceanSciences; B.A., Physics, Harvard University; Ph.D., Physics,University of Virginia E-mail: haff@duke.eduDr. Haff works on earth surface processes such as the effects oferosion, weathering and soil creep, typically using cellularautomata models. Recently, he has become interested in neo-geomorphology, the study of the change of the earth’s surfaceas a result of human activity. A second area of interest is thechanging technological environment and the human implica-tions of the difference in rate of change between the technolog-ical sphere and the natural sphere. Dr. Haff is also interested in

the philosophy and practice of modeling and prediction, specifically the extent towhich limitations on our predictive abilities lie in the models we make of earth sys-tems versus in the nature of earth surface processes themselves. (EOS)

Patrick N. Halpin, Assistant Professor of the Practice of Land-scape Ecology; B.A., International Studies, M.P.A., Interna-tional Management, George Mason University; Ph.D.,Environmental Sciences, University of VirginiaE-mail: phalpin@duke.eduDr. Halpin’s research interests are in landscape ecology, GISand remote sensing and conservation management. Hisresearch activities include spatial analysis of environment andvegetation patterns, Geographic Information Systems analysis,ecological applications of remote sensing and terrestrial andmarine protected area management. Dr. Halpin has conductedresearch on the international impacts of global climate changein montane environments. He is currently a principal investi-

gator in research projects involving the spatial analysis of environmental change inurban environments, spatial analysis of forest structure and conservation applicationsof GIS. Dr. Halpin has a special interest in the application of GIS and spatial analysesto environmental problem solving in terrestrial and marine research and managementproblems. (ESP, CSSP)

Robert G. Healy, Professor of Environmental Policy; B.A., M.A.,Ph.D., Economics, University of California, Los AngelesE-mail: healy@duke.eduDr. Healy has a long-term interest in reconciling environmentalprotection with economic development, particularly in develop-ing countries. In addition, for many years his research has focusedon land use policy in the United States. Dr. Healy has written bookson state land use policy, rural land markets, the California CoastalCommission, management of eastern National Forests andresource and environmental threats to U.S. agriculture. Beforecoming to Duke in 1986, he spent 16 years in Washington, DC, atvarious research institutes, including the Urban Institute,Resources for the Future, and the Conservation Foundation. (ESP)

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Gabriele Hegerl, Associate Research Professor; B.A., M.S.,Mathematics, Ph.D., Numerical Fluid Dynamics, Ludwig Max-imilians University E-mail: hegerl@duke.eduDr. Hegerl’s research is centered on the natural variability ofclimate and changes in climate due to natural and anthropo-genic changes in radiative forcing. Dr. Hegerl works on defin-ing the role of greenhouse gasses in 20th-century warming. Sheis also studying changes in climate extremes in climate modelsimulations and attempting to detect them in observations,since these extremes may have a stronger societal impact.Other interests include detecting continental-scale climatechange in temperature and rainfall data, climate change in the

Atlantic ocean, variability that influences climate on long timescales and changes inmodes of climate variability and their influence on temperature, rainfall and climateextremes. (EOS)

David E. Hinton, Nicholas Professor of Environmental Qual-ity; B.S., Zoology, Mississippi College; M.S., Ph.D., Anatomy,University of Mississippi E-mail: dhinton@duke.eduDr. Hinton’s research is focused on the development andgrowth of fishes in normal health and in the case of toxicant-induced disease. His areas of interest include the developmentand application of biomarkers of exposure, the examination ofadverse effects and sensitivity to studies of early life stages offishes, and the long-term consequences of early life stage toxi-cant exposure to adult structure and function. (ESP, CSSP)

Robert B. Jackson, Professor of Environmental Sciences andBiology; B.S., Chemical Engineering, Rice University; M.S.,Plant Ecology, M.S., Statistics, Ph.D., Plant Ecology, Utah StateUniversity E-mail: jackson@duke.eduDr. Jackson examines feedbacks between global change andthe biosphere. Current projects in his lab include studies of theglobal carbon and water cycles, biosphere/atmosphere inter-actions and vegetation change. He leads research projects fortwo core projects of the International Geosphere BiosphereProgramme, Global Change and Terrestrial Ecosystems(GCTE) and Biosphere Aspects of the Hydrological Cycle(BAHC). He is the Director of Duke’s University Program inEcology and of its new Stable Isotope Mass Spectrometry Lab-oratory. (ESP)

*Sonke Johnsen, Assistant Professor of Biology; B.A., Mathematics, Swarthmore Col-lege; Ph.D., Biology, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill E-mail: sjohnsen@duke.eduDr. Johnsen’s research interests are comparative physiology of marine organismsfocusing on optical adaptations to a pelagic existence, including topics such as trans-parency, cryptic coloration, bioluminescence, ultraviolet protection and vision andorientation and navigation. (CSSP)

86 The Faculty

Jeffrey A. Karson, Professor of Geology; B.S., Geology, CaseInstitute of Technology; M.S., Ph.D., Geology, State Universityof New York, Albany E-mail: jkarson@duke.eduDr. Karson’s research is centered on the structural and tectonicanalysis of rift and transform lithosphere plate boundariesthrough investigations on both the seafloor and the continents.His work includes structural studies of the birth of a rifted con-tinental margin in the East African Rift System, investigationsof the ocean-continent transition and coastal dike swarms ofthe Tertiary East Greenland volcanic rifted margin, and exami-nations of the Mid-Atlantic Ridge and East Pacific Rise spread-ing centers and transform faults from the perspective of the

submersible Alvin and other seafloor mapping tools. By employing land-based geo-logical and geophysical techniques on the seafloor, Dr. Karson investigates the struc-ture and composition of the oceanic crust. (EOS)

Prasad Kasibhatla, Associate Professor of EnvironmentalChemistry; B.S., Chemical Engineering, University of Bombay;M.S., Ph.D., Chemical Engineering, University of Kentucky E-mail: psk9@duke.eduDr. Kasibhatla’s research is focused on the development of afundamental and quantitative understanding of the factorsthat determine the chemical composition of the atmosphere.He is particularly interested in delineating natural and anthro-pogenic impacts on the chemical composition of the atmo-sphere, and in exploring the potential for these impacts toaffect natural ecosystems. His research involves the use ofnumerical models in conjunction with remote and in situ mea-surements of atmospheric composition. (ESP)

Gabriel Katul, Professor of Hydrology; B.E., Civil Engineer-ing, American University of Beirut; M.S., Civil Engineering,Oregon State University, Ph.D., Civil Engineering, Universityof California, DavisE-mail: gaby@duke.eduDr. Katul’s work is focused on developing an understanding ofthe cycling of water, carbon and energy within the soil-plant-atmosphere continuum. His approach is based on the applica-tion of fluid mechanics to quantify the net exchange of carbondioxide, water, heat and momentum between ecosystems andthe atmosphere. His work spans from below the root zone inthe soil to the lower layers of the atmospheric boundary layer.While studies of this domain include the traditional disciplines

of surface hydrology, terrestrial ecology and boundary layer meteorology, the basicprinciples of fluid mechanics provide the integration across this natural continuumand thus the most logical basis for developing a comprehensive, robust theory inland-atmosphere interaction research. (ESP)

*Richard Kay, Professor of Biological Anthropology and Anatomy and of Geology;B.S., Anthropology and Zoology, University of Michigan; M. Phi.l, Ph.D., Geologyand Geophysics, Yale UniversityE-mail: rich_kay@baa.mc.duke.edu

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Dr. Kay’s current research interests center on the evolutionary history of the primates.He is especially interested in further documenting the fossil history of neotropicalmonkeys, whose history is poorly known. Another focus of his research has been theuse of quantitative methods to understand the dietary adaptations of the teeth of liv-ing primates. Dr. Kay is chairman of Duke’s Department of Biological Anthropologyand Anatomy. (EOS)

Robert O. Keohane, James B. Duke Professor of Political Science; B.A., Social Sciences,Shimer College; Ph.D., Political Science, Harvard University E-mail: rkeohane@duke.eduDr. Keohane’s research focuses on the role of international institutions, the conditionsunder which such institutions form and gain authority, and how they can becomeeffective in promoting concern about the environment, facilitating international envi-ronmental cooperation and strengthening national environmental policies. A recentbook, Institutions for Environmental Aid (eds. Keohane and Levy) explored the opera-tion of institutions designed to promote environmental protection in poor countriesby transferring resources from richer ones. His current research includes participationin a project on global environmental assessments and exploration of other issuesinvolving institutions’ roles in American foreign policy and world politics. (ESP)

William W. Kirby-Smith, Associate Professor of the Practice ofMarine Ecology; B.A., Biology, University of the South; Ph.D.,Zoology, Duke UniversityE-mail: wwks@duke.eduDr. Kirby-Smith’s interests in marine ecology are broadlybased. His current research interests are in applied ecology,especially the restoration of aquatic systems (e.g. marshes,agricultural ditches, storm water drainage systems) at thefreshwater/saltwater interface and in the ecology of fecalcoliform bacteria as they impact management of shellfishresources. In the past, his research projects have involved stud-ies of community ecology in aquatic systems extending fromthe interface between rivers and estuaries to the edge of the

continental shelf. He has a number of collaborative projects focused upon improvingestuarine water quality. (CSSP)

Emily M. Klein, Lee Hill Snowdon Associate Professor ofGeology; B.A., English, Barnard College; M.S., Ph.D., Geology,Columbia UniversityE-mail: ek4@duke.eduDr. Klein’s research focuses on the geochemistry of oceanicbasalts, using diverse tools of major, trace and isotopic analy-ses. The goals of her research are to understand the processesthat lead to the creation of the ocean crust, including the physi-cal and chemical characteristics of the sub-ridge mantle.Through these studies, Dr. Klein examines how the Earthevolves chemically through geologic time. Her researchinvolves sea-going expeditions to sample and map the oceanfloor. (EOS)

88 The Faculty

Randall A. Kramer, Professor of Resource and EnvironmentalEconomics; B.A., Economics, University of North Carolina atChapel Hill; M.E., Economics, North Carolina State University;Ph.D., Agricultural Economics, University of California, Davis E-mail: kramer@duke.eduDr. Kramer’s research has focused on ecosystem valuation,water resource economics and the economics of biodiversityand natural resource management in developing countries.Current projects in Indonesia focus on biodiversity economics,such as the effects of human population growth and migrationon the sustainable use of coastal resources and the examinationof how public and community-based fisheries managementaffects economic activity. Another set of studies is focused on

the economics of protected areas in Indonesia, with an emphasis on nature-basedtourism, agricultural and forest extraction in buffer zones and watershed protectionbenefits. In North Carolina, Dr. Kramer’s work includes studies investigating publicattitudes toward water quality protection and the economic and ecological criteria forselecting sites for wetlands restoration. (ESP, CSSP)

Seth W. Kullman, Assistant Research Professor; B.A., Cell andMolecular Biology, Sonoma State University; Ph.D., Pharma-cology and Toxicology, University of California, Davis E-mail: swkull@duke.eduDr. Kullman’s research is focused on molecular toxicologywith an emphasis on the biochemical and molecular mecha-nisms of cellular response to environmental pollutants. He isparticularly interested in understanding mechanisms govern-ing induction of drug metabolizing enzymes, carcinogenesisand differential gene expression in aquatic organisms. A cur-rent focus is on how steroid hormones and environmental toxi-cants regulate gene expression. The goal of these studies is todevelop a mechanistic understanding of how environmental

pollutants influence gene regulation and to develop aquatic exposure assessmenttools. A second research focus addresses mechanisms associated with induction/repression of drug metabolizing enzymes in aquatic vertebrates. Lastly, Dr. Kullmanis interested in disruption/stimulation of signaling targets governing cell growth anddifferentiation in relation to endocrine disruption and carcinogenesis. (ESP, CSSP)

*Michael Lavine, Professor of Statistics and Decision Sciencesand Professor of the Environment; B.S., Mathematics, BeloitCollege; M.S., Mathematics, Dartmouth College; Ph.D., Statis-tics, University of Minnesota Email: michael@stat.duke.edu Dr. Lavine currently applies statistical analysis to large datasets derived from studies of oceanography and seismology. Inaddition, he serves as a statistical consultant to many ecologi-cal and environmental scientists throughout the NicholasSchool. (ESP)

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*E. Ann LeFurgey, Associate Research Professor of Cell Biology; B.S., Biology/Chem-istry, Maryville College; M.S., Ph.D., Marine Biology, University of North Carolina atChapel HillE-mail: a.lefurgey@cellbio.duke.eduDirector of the analytical electron microscopy facility at the VA Medical Center andDuke University Medical Center’s Department of Cell Biology, Dr. LeFurgey is a cellphysiologist with interest in the mechanisms of toxic injury in cells elicited by metalsand organic pollutants. Her laboratory is one of few worldwide that focus on theapplication of quantitative electron probe x-ray microanalysis and imaging to prob-lems in environmental health and toxicology. (ESP)

*Edward D. Levin, Professor of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sci-ences, Duke University Medical Center; B.A., Psychology, Uni-versity of Rochester; M.S., Psychology, Ph.D., EnvironmentalToxicology, University of Wisconsin—Madison E-mail: edlevin@duke.eduDr. Levin’s research interests concern neurobehavioral toxicol-ogy and neurobehavioral pharmacology. He is particularlyconcerned with drug and toxicant effects on cognitive function.He has characterized the cognitive deficits from exposure tolead, PCBs, cocaine, nicotine, the pesticide chlorpyrifos and themarine toxin Pfiesteria piscicida. He and his collaborators havebeen working with rat, mouse and zebrafish models of toxi-cant-induced neurocognitive deficits to determine the mecha-

nisms of these impairments and therapeutic treatments to reverse them. He also hasappointments in the Department of Pharmacology and Cancer Biology, the Compre-hensive Cancer Center and the Duke University Integrated Toxicology Program.(ESP)

Elwood Linney, Professor of Microbiology and of Environ-ment; B.S., Engineering Physics, University of Illinois; M.S.,Biophysics, Michigan State University; Ph.D., Molecular Biol-ogy, University of California, San Diego E-mail: elwood.linney@duke.eduDr. Linney focuses on using zebrafish embryonic models forinvestigating the effects of environmental toxicants. His labora-tory produces and studies transgenic, fluorescent zebrafish asbiosensors for environmental insult. In addition, his group isusing microarray techniques for identifying genes that areaffected by environmental toxicants. (ESP, CSSP)

*Daniel A. Livingstone, James B. Duke Professor of Biologyand Geology; B.Sc., M.Sc., Dalhousie University; Ph.D., YaleUniversityE-mail: livingst@duke.eduDr. Livingstone has spent more than 50 years in field researchto reconstruct past climates from the pollen and chemical char-acteristics of lake sediments, focusing his attention on arcticand temperate North America and on sub-Saharan Africa. Heis broadly interested in how biogeochemical phenomena haveresponded to changes in Earth’s climate and to human impactsupon the vegetation and land surface. (EOS)

90 The Faculty

M. Susan Lozier, Truman and Nellie Semans/Alex Brown &Sons Professor of Physical Oceanography; B.S., Chemical Engi-neering, Purdue University; M.S., Chemical Engineering,Ph.D., Physical Oceanography, University of WashingtonE-mail: s.lozier@duke.edu Dr. Lozier’s research lies in the field of physical oceanographywith an emphasis on evaluation of the ocean as a reservoir forclimate signals. By understanding the rapidity and extent towhich climatic anomalies spread from their source region, sheaims to determine the effectiveness of the deep ocean as a cli-matic reservoir for heat. A particular focus is on answeringhow climatic signals are transmitted throughout the globalocean, especially the North Atlantic basin. Dr. Lozier also stud-

ies cross-frontal mixing mechanisms in the ocean. Currently, she is studying thedynamics of shelfbreak flow in an effort to understand how properties such as heat,sediment and nutrients are transported from the shelf to the open ocean. (EOS, CSSP)

Lynn A. Maguire, Associate Professor of the Practice of Envi-ronmental Management and Director of Professional Studies;A.B., Biology, Harvard University; M.S., Resource Ecology,University of Michigan; Ph.D., Ecology (Wildlife Science), UtahState University E-mail: lmaguire@duke.eduDr. Maguire uses methods from decision analysis, environ-mental conflict resolution and social psychology to study envi-ronmental decision making. She focuses on collaborativedecision processes in which both public and stakeholder val-ues must be considered along with technical analysis to deter-mine management strategies. These studies evaluate both thesubstance of environmental decisions–how well the resulting

management actions reflect public values and available science–and the process–how well the mechanisms used to involve the public achieve social justice goals. Dr.Maguire and her students have applied these approaches to collaborative decisionprocesses for public land management and for water quality management in NorthCarolina and elsewhere. (ESP)

Peter E. Malin, Professor of Seismology and of Civil and Envi-ronmental Engineering; B.S., Geophysics, M.S., Marine Geo-physics, Stanford University; Ph.D., Geophysics, PrincetonUniversityE-mail: malin@duke.eduDr. Malin’s interests include seismic wave propagation, tecton-ics and environmental geology. His current focus is on the SanAndreas fault in central California, the East African Rift Valleyin Kenya, and the volcanic island of Montserrat in the Carib-bean. Since seismic waves are inseparable from the geology inwhich they originate and travel, his research has becomeincreasingly interdisciplinary, emphasizing the application ofstructural and mechanical models to seismic observations.

Current projects include the Downhole Seismic Observatory Project in MammothLakes in Long Valley, CA, the San Andreas Fault Observatory at Depth (SAFOD), inParkfield, CA, and the seismological study of the Montserrat volcanic system. (EOS)

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*David McClay, Professor of Biology; B.S., Zoology, Pennsylvania State University;M.S., Zoology, University of Vermont; Ph.D., Zoology, University of North Carolinaat Chapel HillE-mail: dmcclay@duke.edu Dr. McClay studies the events of morphogenesis that mold the embryo at gastrulation.As the embryo establishes three germ layers and organizes the basic body plan, cellsrearrange in highly predictable ways. Dr. McClay studies the mechanisms by whichcells are specified during cleavage to become mesoderm or endoderm, the mecha-nisms employed by cells to rearrange during gastrulation and the function of severalspecific proteins in the morphogenetic process. (CSSP)

*Margaret McKean, Associate Professor of Political Science and Environment, B.A.,Political Science and Asian Studies, University of California, Berkeley; M.A., JapaneseStudies, Harvard University; Ph.D., Political Science, University of California, Berke-leyE-mail: mamckean@duke.eduDr. McKean’s current research is aimed at learning when and where common prop-erty regimes may be used to enhance environmental efficiency and under what condi-tions governments become willing to devolve property rights onto communities andindividual citizens. Her initial interests in environmental issues focused on Japan’spolitical response to serious pollution problems. She then turned to a consideration ofenvironmental problems as collective action dilemmas and of environmentalresources as common-pool goods subject to problems of underprovision and deple-tion. Her work on the Japanese experience at managing forest commons led to abroader interest in the relationship between property rights and environmental out-comes in both developing and developed worlds, in both past and present. (ESP)

*Miguel A. Medina Jr., Professor of Civil and Environmental Engineering and ofEnvironment; B.S., M.S., Civil Engineering, University of Alabama; Ph.D., WaterResources and Environmental Engineering Sciences, University of FloridaE-mail: miguel.medina@duke.eduDr. Medina’s research interests focus on water resources, hydrologic and water qual-ity mathematical modeling and integration of contaminant transportation predictionmodels within a decision-analysis framework for risk assessment. (ESP)

Marie Lynn Miranda, Gabel Associate Professor of the Practice in Environmental Eth-ics and Sustainable Environmental Management; A.B., Mathematics and Economics,Duke University; M.A., Ph.D., Economics, Harvard UniversityE-mail: mmiranda@duke.edu Dr. Miranda’s primary research is in resource and environmental economics, environ-mental health sciences and environmental justice, with an emphasis on interdiscipli-nary, policy-oriented perspectives. She holds a deep interest in children’s specialvulnerability to environmental toxicants. She has developed courses and conductedresearch on issues of environmental health with a particular emphasis on reproduc-tive and developmental toxicants and childhood lead exposure. Her most recent workuses Geographic Information Systems to develop predictive risk exposure models forchildren’s environmental health, including lead-based paint, allergen and asthma trig-gers and fire risks. Dr. Miranda serves as the Director of the Children’s EnvironmentalHealth Initiative (CEHI) within the Nicholas School. (ESP)

92 The Faculty

A. Brad Murray, Assistant Professor of Geomorphology andCoastal Processes; B.A., Journalism, B.I.S., General Science,M.S., Physics, Ph.D., Geology, University of MinnesotaE-mail: abmurray@duke.eduDr. Murray is interested in earth surface processes and pat-terns, focusing on rivers and desert, arctic and alpine geomor-phology. His recent efforts have focused on coastal andnearshore processes. The nearshore environment is a spatiallyextended system that exhibits complex, dynamic spatial pat-terns, including the arrangement of bars and channels, wavesand often an array of alongshore and cross-shore currents. Heapproaches such systems with the perspective and techniquesdeveloped in the study of nonlinear dynamics and complex

systems, looking for possibly simple, large-scale interactions that could explain com-plex behaviors. He uses relatively simple, cellular-automata models to test suchhypotheses, applying the methods to beach and surf-zone problems as well as off-shore currents and shoreline features. (EOS, CSSP)

Michael K. Orbach, Professor of the Practice of Marine Affairsand Policy and Director, Duke University Marine Laboratory;B.A., Economics, University of California, Irvine; M.A., Ph.D.,Cultural Anthropology, University of California, San DiegoE-mail: mko@duke.eduDr. Orbach has performed research on and been involved incoastal and marine policy on all coasts of the United States andin Mexico, Central America, the Caribbean, Alaska and thePacific, and has published widely on social science and policyin coastal and marine environments. Among his publicationsare Hunters, Seamen and Entrepreneurs: The Tuna Seinermen ofSan Diego (University of California Press, 1977), U.S. MarinePolicy and the Ocean Ethos (Marine Technology Society Journal,

1982), North Carolina and the Sea: An Ocean Policy Analysis (with D. Moffitt et al., NorthCarolina Department of Administration, 1985), and “A Fishery in Transition: TheImpact of Urbanization on Florida’s Spiny Lobster Fishery” (with J. Johnson, City andSociety, 1991). (CSSP)

Ram Oren, Professor of Ecology; B.S., Forest Resource Man-agement, Humboldt State University; M.S., Forest Ecology,Ph.D., Physiological Ecology, Oregon State UniversityE-mail: ramoren@duke.edu Dr. Oren’s research quantifies the components of water flux inforest ecosystems and the influence of certain biotic and abioticfactors on water flux. Climate variability, including elevatedatmospheric carbon dioxide, affects the patterns and amountsof water used by forest ecosystems, and their spatial distribu-tions. Using a local mass balance approach and detailed mea-surements of water flux and driving variables in the soil, plantsand atmosphere, Dr. Oren evaluates the likely responses of dif-ferent forest ecosystems to environmental change. He also

works to quantify the carbon and water balance in forests under current atmosphericCO2 concentration and projected future concentration, and to evaluate the effect ofsoil fertility on carbon sequestration and water yield in pine forests. (ESP)

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*Jeffrey Peirce, Associate Professor of Civil and Environmental Engineering; B.E.S.,Engineering Mechanics, The Johns Hopkins University; M.S., Ph.D., Civil and Envi-ronmental Engineering, University of Wisconsin—MadisonE-mail: peirce@duke.eduDr. Peirce studies the design, construction and use of experimental devices to observe,measure and model the movement of fluids, non-water liquids and gases throughporous materials in natural and engineered systems. His current research focuses onthe production and transformation of gases in soil and their transport to the lower tro-posphere. (ESP)

Orrin H. Pilkey, James B. Duke Professor Emeritus of Geologyand Research Professor; B.S., Geology, Washington State Col-lege; M.S., Geology, University of Montana; Ph.D., Geology,Florida State UniversityE-mail: opilkey@duke.eduDr. Pilkey’s expertise lies in basic and applied coastal geology,focusing primarily on barrier island coasts. He is director ofthe Program for the Study of Developed Shorelines. The pro-gram’s research focuses on beach replenishment and otherforms of shoreline stabilization, evaluation of the validity ofmathematical models of beach behavior, hazard risk mappingon barrier islands, sedimentary processes on shorefaces, miti-gation of hurricane property damage on barriers and princi-ples of barrier island evolution in Colombia, South America.(EOS)

Stuart L. Pimm, Doris Duke Professor of Conservation Ecol-ogy; B.A., Zoology, Oxford University; Ph.D., Ecology, NewMexico State University E-mail: StuartPimm@aol.comDr. Pimm is committed to the study of the scientific issuesbehind the global loss of biological diversity, including the rea-sons why species become extinct, how fast they do so, the glo-bal patterns of habitat loss and species extinction, the role ofintroduced species in causing extinction and, importantly, themanagement consequences of this research. Current workincludes studies of endangered species and ecosystem restora-tion in the Florida Everglades and setting priorities for pro-tected areas in the Atlantic Coast forest of Brazil, one of the

world’s hotspots for threatened species. Dr. Pimm has written more than 150 scientificpapers and four books including his recent global assessment of biodiversity’s future,The World According to Pimm: A Scientist Audits the Earth. (ESP, CSSP)

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Lincoln F. Pratson, Associate Professor of Sedimentary Geol-ogy; B.S., Geology, Trinity University; M.S., Oceanography,University of Rhode Island; M.Ph., Ph.D., Geology, ColumbiaUniversityE-mail: lincoln.pratson@duke.eduDr. Pratson studies how sedimentary processes shape conti-nental margins. Specific research interests include the dynam-ics of both current- and gravity-driven sediment transport,submarine canyon formation and seafloor evolution, thecauses and consequences of submarine slope failure and theinterplay between marine sedimentation and tectonics. He con-ducts this research using a variety of methods ranging fromseafloor mapping using multibeam bathymetry, side-scan

sonar imagery and shallow cores, to sequence stratigraphy based on seismic reflectionprofiles and borehole data constrained in some instances by gravity measurements.Dr. Pratson also uses numerical and experimental models of sedimentary processesfor testing ideas about their dynamics and predicting their contribution to and imprinton the morphology and stratigraphy of continental margins. (EOS, CSSP)

Joseph S. Ramus, Research Professor of Biological Oceanogra-phy; B.A., Ph.D., Botany, University of California, BerkeleyE-mail: jramus@duke.eduDr. Ramus’s research is centered on the ecological response ofa large estuary, the Pamlico Sound system, to watershed-scalenatural and anthropogenic perturbations. The informationwill be used in predictive modeling to guide policy and man-agement actions such as river basin nutrient managementplans. A recent collaborative project, FerryMon, is a time- andspace-intensive measurement of water quality parameters,designed to monitor status and trends analysis for the Sound.It utilizes fully automated sonde and grab sampler systemsaboard Pamlico Sound ferries. A high priority is the couplingof the Ferry Mon program to coastal remote sensing. (CSSP)

Andrew J. Read, Rachel Carson Associate Professor of MarineConservation Biology; B.Sc., M.Sc., Ph.D., Zoology, Universityof GuelphE-mail: aread@duke.eduDr. Read’s research interests are in the ecology and conserva-tion biology of marine mammals. His work focuses on howdolphins and porpoises obtain prey in a three-dimensionalenvironment and on the life history consequences of energyallocation. Much of his current research documents the directand indirect effects of human activities on populations ofmarine mammals and attempts to find solutions to such con-flicts, especially between marine mammals and commercialfisheries. This research involves field work, experimentation

and modeling. He is particularly interested in the development and application ofnew conservation tools to resolve such conflicts. (CSSP)

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Kenneth H. Reckhow, Professor of Water Resources andChair, Division of Environmental Science and Policy; B.S.,Engineering Physics, Cornell University; M.S., Ph.D., Environ-mental Science and Engineering, Harvard UniversityE-mail: reckhow@duke.eduDr. Reckhow’s research activities have concerned the develop-ment, evaluation and application of models and other assess-ment techniques for the management of water quality. Recentwork has focused on the assessment of nonpoint source pollu-tion on surface water quality and the development of “TotalMaximum Daily Loads” (TMDLs). For example, a currentproject involves the modeling and assessment of allowablenitrogen loads to the Neuse River Estuary in North Carolina in

order to achieve compliance with the chlorophyll standard. Dr. Reckhow was recentlychair of the National Academy of Sciences Committee assessing the scientific basis ofthe EPA TMDL program. (ESP)

James F. Reynolds, Professor of Biology and of EnvironmentalScience and Policy and Director of the National Phytotron; B.S.,Botany, Northern Arizona University; M.S., Botany, Universityof Wyoming; Ph.D., Biology, New Mexico State UniversityE-mail: james.f.reynolds@duke.eduDr. Reynolds participates in various international researchefforts on land degradation in arid and semiarid regions of theworld. He established ARID (Assessment, Research, and Inte-gration of Desertification), a research initiative on global deser-tification that emphasizes the interdependencies of natural andhuman systems in elucidating mechanisms of desertification.In addition, Dr. Reynolds is conducting basic ecologicalresearch on desertification, including field and laboratory

experiments and applying the Patch Arid Lands Simulator (PALS) ecosystem modelto explore the effects of climate variability on carbon, nitrogen, and water dynamics inarid ecosystems. The National Phytotron at Duke continues to house Dr. Reynolds’research on the effects of elevated CO2 and climate change on plants and ecosystems.(ESP)

Curtis J. Richardson, Professor of Resource Ecology; B.S., Biol-ogy, State University of New York at Cortland; Ph.D., Ecology,University of TennesseeE-mail: curtr@duke.eduDr. Richardson’s research interests in applied ecology are cen-tered on long-term ecosystem response to large-scale perturba-tions such as acid rain, toxic materials, trace metals, floodingand nutrient additions. His main interests are in phosphorusnutrient dynamics in wetlands, the effects of environmentalstress on plant metabolism and growth response, and wetlandrestoration. As director of the Duke University Wetland Centersince its inception in 1989, Dr. Richardson has directedresearch efforts to understand the ecological basis for a phos-

phorus threshold in the Everglades and sustaining ecosystem structure and function.(ESP, CSSP)

96 The Faculty

Daniel D. Richter Jr., Professor of Soils and Forest Ecology;B.A., Philosophy, Lehigh University; Ph.D., Forest Soils, DukeUniversityE-mail: drichter@duke.eduDr. Richter’s research centers on applying principles of soil andecosystem sciences to the management of forests, soils andwatersheds. Recent research has focused on Ultisols and Incep-tisols in the southeastern United States, boreal forest Gelisols ininterior Alaska, and a wide range of soils in the humid tropicsof Indonesia and Costa Rica. Dr. Richter’s research centers onbiogeochemical change in soil over three time scales: decades,in which contemporary ecosystems and their managementaffect ongoing dynamics of soil; centuries, in which past land-

use practices affect soil properties and processes; and millennia, in which ecosystemprocesses form soils. Dr. Richter studies three main issues: carbon sequestration, soil-nutrient regeneration, and soil-ecosystem acidification. (ESP, EOS)

Dan Rittschof, Associate Professor of Zoology; B.S., Ph.D., Zool-ogy, University of Michigan E-mail: ritt@duke.eduDr. Rittschof’s research focuses on ecology with emphasis on thechemical, behavioral and spatial aspects of the discipline. Pres-ently, he has two areas of focus: the ecology of local macroinverte-brates and the prevention of fouling of marine vessels. Dr.Rittschof is funded in both areas with grants to work on the spatialecology of blue crabs in the basin drained by the Beaufort Inletand to develop new antifouling technology. The most extensiveof these is a three-year antifouling program in Singapore thatstarted in early January 2002. This program has the goal of usingmedical drugs as environmentally benign antifoulants. (CSSP)

Stuart Rojstaczer, Associate Professor of Geology and of Civiland Environmental Engineering; B.S., Geology, University ofWisconsin—Madison; M.S., Geology, University of Illinois;Ph.D., Applied Earth Sciences, Stanford UniversityE-mail: stuart@duke.eduDr. Rojstaczer studies hydrology and land, air and waterresources. His research in hydrology is broad-based, coveringtopics ranging from the influence of human activity on thehydrologic cycle to water contamination to how geysers work.He and his students have recently examined many researchtopics including land subsidence in the San Joaquin-Sacra-mento Delta (a region critical to water supply in California),groundwater flow induced by tectonic activity along the San

Andreas Fault,; the mechanics of geysers, measurement of air permeability in thefield, rates of flow and residence times of fluids in karst, and interpolation of perme-ability structure in the presence of sparse data. (EOS)

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William H. Schlesinger, James B. Duke Professor of Bio-geochemistry and Dean, Nicholas School of the Environmentand Earth Sciences; A.B., Biology, Dartmouth College; Ph.D.,Ecology and Systematics, Cornell UniversityE-mail: schlesin@duke.eduDr. Schlesinger’s research focus is on the global biogeochemi-cal cycles of the chemical elements, especially on the role ofsoils in the global carbon cycle. He has also worked extensivelyin desert ecosystems and their response to global change,which often leads to the degradation of soils and regionaldesertification. His past work has taken him to diverse habi-tats, ranging from Okefenokee Swamp in southern Georgia tothe Mojave Desert of California. He is the author or coauthor of

more than 160 scientific papers and the widely-adopted textbook Biogeochemistry: Ananalysis of global change (Academic Press, 2nd ed. 1997). He was elected to the NationalAcademy of Sciences in 2003. (EOS, ESP)

*David Schwartz, Walter Kempner Professor of Medicine and Chief, Division of Pul-monary and Critical Care Medicine; M.D., University of California, San Diego; M.Ph.,Harvard UniversityE-mail: david.schwartz@duke.eduDr. Schwartz is interested in the genetics and biology of environmental lung disease.He has found that bacterial contamination of agricultural and organic dusts is largelyresponsible for causing airway disease in humans. More specifically, he has shownthat dusts have high concentrations of endotoxin and bacterial DNA, both of whichcause airway disease among those exposed to organic dusts. He has also demon-strated that a specific mutation in the Toll-4 gene is associated with a diminished air-way response to inhaled LPS in humans, which may explain why some individuals donot develop airway disease even when exposed to high concentrations of contami-nated aerosols. (ESP)

Martin D. Smith, Assistant Professor of Environmental Eco-nomics; B.A., Public Policy, Stanford University; Ph.D., Agri-cultural and Resource Economics, University of California,Davis E-mail: marsmith@duke.eduDr. Smith’s research focuses on spatial issues in naturalresource use and management. He specializes in appliedeconometrics and bioeconomic modeling. His current researchprojects include evaluating marine reserves as a commercialfishery management tool, studying the spatial and intertempo-ral behavior of renewable resource harvesters, modeling theimpacts of commercial fishing on endangered species throughpredator-prey interactions, analyzing private agricultural land

use decisions in federally managed wetlands and identifying transition dynamics inthe organic farming industry. (ESP)

98 The Faculty

John W. Terborgh, James B. Duke Professor of EnvironmentalScience; A.B., Biology, Harvard College; A.M., Biology, Ph.D.,Plant Physiology, Harvard UniversityE-mail: manu@duke.eduDr. Terborgh is co-director of the Center for Tropical Conserva-tion at Duke University. He is a member of the National Acad-emy of Sciences, and for the past 35 years he has been activelyinvolved in tropical ecology and conservation issues. Anauthority on avian and mammalian ecology in neotropical for-ests, Dr. Terborgh has published numerous articles and bookson conservation themes. Since 1973 he has operated a field sta-tion in Peru’s Manu National Park where he has overseen theresearch of more than 100 investigators. In April 1996, he was

awarded the National Academy of Sciences’s Daniel Giraud Elliot medal for hisresearch and for his book Diversity and the Tropical Rainforest. (ESP)

*Wayne Thomann, Assistant Clinical Professor; B.S., M.S., Microbiology, FloridaAtlantic University; Ph.D., Biohazard Science, University of North Carolina at ChapelHillE-mail: thoma010@mc.duke.eduDr. Thomann’s interests are indoor air quality, bioaerosols and asthma, safety man-agement and chemical and medical waste management. Thomann is the lead instruc-tor for two courses: Survey of Occupational Health & Safety and Survey ofEnvironmental Health & Safety. He is a research collaborator and co—principal investi-gator with Children’s Environmental Health Initiative (CEHI) and he is director ofresearch for many graduate students, not only for the Nicholas School but throughoutDuke. (ESP)

Dean L. Urban, Associate Professor of Landscape Ecology; B.A., Botany and Zoology,M.A., Wildlife Ecology, Southern Illinois University at Carbondale; Ph.D., Ecology,University of TennesseeE-mail: deanu@duke.eduDr. Urban’s interest in landscape ecology focuses on the agents and implications ofpattern in forested landscapes. Increasingly, his research is centered on what has beentermed theoretical applied ecology, developing new analytic approaches to applica-tions of immediate practical concern, such as conservation planning. A hallmark ofDr. Urban’s lab is the integration of field studies, spatial analysis and simulation mod-eling in environmental problem solving. (ESP)

Jonathan B. Wiener, Professor of Law and of EnvironmentalPolicy; A.B., Economics, Harvard College; J.D., Harvard LawSchoolE-mail: jonathan.wiener@duke.eduMr. Wiener studies the interplay of science, economics and lawin addressing environmental and human health risks. His pol-icy work and writing have addressed topics including climatechange, forest conservation, risk and risk-risk tradeoffs, bio-technology, mass torts and incentives in regulation and litiga-tion. Before coming to Duke in 1994, Mr. Wiener worked onU.S. and international environmental policy at the WhiteHouse Council of Economic Advisers and Office of Science andTechnology Policy, and at the United States Department of Jus-

tice, in both the first Bush and Clinton administrations. In 2000—01 he helped launch

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the Duke Center for Environmental Solutions, of which he serves as the Faculty Direc-tor. (ESP)

*Robert L. Wolpert, Professor of Statistics and Decision Sci-ences and of the Envi ronment; A.B., Mathematics, CornellUniversity; Ph.D., Mathematics, Princeton University E-mail: wolpert@stat.duke.eduDr. Wolpert works in collaboration with ecologists and otherenvironmental scientists in developing and using statistical,mathematical and computational models to help improve ourunderstanding and management of complex environmentalsystems. His specific areas of interest include spatial statistics,stochastic processes, nonparametric Bayesian analysis andmeta-analysis (the synthesis of evidence from multiple diversesources). He works with epidemiologists in England in devel-oping nonexchangeable hierarchical Bayesian models for syn-

thesizing evidence about the health effects of environmental pollutants. A newresearch area involves remote sensing of biomass and assessment of biodiversity.(ESP)

100 The Faculty

Extended FacultyAbbreviationsESP — Division of Environmental Sciences and PolicyEOS — Division of Earth and Ocean SciencesCSSP — Division of Coastal Systems Science and Policy

Steven Anderson, Adjunct Professor; Ph.D., North Carolina State UniversitySince mid-1997, Dr. Anderson has served as President and CEO of the Forest HistorySociety, based in Durham, NC. He has broad experience in leading programs forextension forestry, wildlife and aquaculture and has provided leadership and visionin the identification and development of numerous educational programs. (ESP)

Marcia Angle, Visiting Professor; M.D., Duke UniversityDr. Angle studies issues in international health and global epidemiology, with a spe-cial focus on reproductive health and family planning in the developing world. Shehas special interest in evaluating the strength of the epidemiologic evidence linkingvarious environmental exposures to human disease. (ESP)

Nick Bates, Adjunct Associate Professor; Ph.D., University of Southampton, U.K.Dr. Bates is a senior research scientist at the Bermuda Biological Station. His primaryinterest is studying the oceanic carbon cycle with a view towards better understand-ing global climate change. He is involved in many projects, including the BermudaAtlantic Time-series Study; studying carbon cycling in the Sargasso Sea, Ross Sea, Ber-ing Sea and Arctic Ocean; the role of hurricanes in the global exchange of carbon diox-ide between the ocean and atmosphere; the remineralization of dissolved organiccarbon; coral reef calcification; and improving technologies for the deployment of newchemical and biological sensors for ocean moorings. (CSSP)

Kathi K. Beratan, Research Scientist; Ph.D., University of Southern CaliforniaDr. Beratan’s research focuses on sustainability science, the study of interactionsbetween human and natural systems. She uses remote sensing and GIS approachescoupled with rigorous fieldwork to characterize interactions between watershed andecosystem processes and human use patterns. (ESP)

Nora G. Bynum, Adjunct Assistant Professor; Ph.D., Yale UniversityDr. Bynum is associated with the Center for Biodiversity and Conservation (CBC) ofthe American Museum of Natural History (AMNH) in New York, where she is direc-tor of the Network of Conservation Educators and Practitioners (NCEP), which pro-duces and disseminates teaching resources for university faculty on topics relevant tobiodiversity conservation. Dr. Bynum was trained as a primatologist and tropical ecol-ogist, studying hybrid macaques in Central Sulawesi, Indonesia. (ESP)

Fei Chai, Adjunct Assistant Professor; Ph.D., Duke University Dr. Chai is assistant professor of oceanography at the School of Marine Sciences, Uni-versity of Maine. He currently is involved in research to investigate how mesoscalephysical processes contribute to oceanic new production and whether this eddy-enhanced biological production significantly affects the global carbon cycle. (CSSP)

Yi Chao, Adjunct Assistant Professor; Ph.D., Princeton UniversityDr. Chao’s research aims to improve our understanding of the general circulation of

Extended Faculty 101

the ocean and to determine its role in the Earth system and global climate. He is amember of the technical staff at the Jet Propulsion Laboratory of the California Insti-tute of Technology. (CSSP)

Kathryn Coates, Adjunct Associate Professor; Ph.D., University of VictoriaDr. Coates is an associate research scientist at the Bermuda Biological Station. She isinvolved in several research projects with colleagues and graduate students on thediversity and evolution of marine invertebrates. Current projects include systematicand phylogenetic studies of marine clitellates and polychaetes; structural studies ofsensory organs of marine enchytraeid clitellates; calcification in marine tubificid clitel-lates; taxonomic studies of gorgonians in Bermuda; and behavioral studies of tube-dwelling hermit crabs. (CSSP)

Sherri L. Cooper, Adjunct Assistant Professor; Ph.D., The Johns Hopkins UniversityDr. Cooper’s interests include using paleoecological tools to re-create the history ofwater quality and vegetation changes in aquatic systems and watersheds, related toboth climatic influences and anthropogenic effects. Her specialties include estuarinesystems and diatom analysis. (ESP)

Kevin Craig, Assistant Research Scientist; Ph.D., Duke University Dr. Craig’s research addresses the effects of human-induced environmental stress onfish populations in nearshore coastal and estuarine systems, including includingnutrient loading and associated hypoxia. Through a combination of field observa-tional and modeling approaches he uses individual responses to environmentalchange to predict changes in population and communities, which are often the basisfor policy decisions. (CSSP)

Humberto Díaz, Adjunct Professor; Ph.D., Duke UniversityDr. Díaz continues to conduct active research following a 30-year career in the admin-istration of the Instituto Venezolano de Investigaciones Cientificas (IVIC) in Venezu-ela. His primary scientific interest is in coastal benthic crustaceans, and he works atthe interface of developmental biology, sensory biology, behavioral biology and ecol-ogy. He uses adult, juvenile and larval stages of dominant crustaceans as model sys-tems. (ESP)

Gary Dwyer, Adjunct Research Scientist; Ph.D., Duke UniversityDr. Dwyer is a sedimentary geologist focused on paleoclimatology and paleoceanog-raphy using proxy indicators from the sedimentary record. His primary researchinterest is documenting the history of climate and ocean variability of the last 20,000years. (EOS)

Karen Lind Eckert, Assistant Research Scientist; Ph.D., University of GeorgiaDr. Eckert has been active for more than two decades in the fields of sea turtleresearch and international conservation policy. She is currently Executive Director ofthe Wider Caribbean Sea Turtle Conservation Network (WIDECAST, Inc.), an interna-tional scientific network based at the Duke University Marine Laboratory. (CSSP)

Scott A. Eckert, Assistant Research Scientist; Ph.D., University of GeorgiaDr. Eckert has been active for more than two decades in the field of pelagic marinevertebrate research and conservation, focusing largely on sea turtles and, morerecently, whale sharks. He is a pioneer in the use of electronic technologies to studythe at-sea behavior and activities of marine turtles and other large pelagic vertebrates.(CSSP)

102 The Faculty

David W. Engel, Adjunct Assistant Professor; Ph.D., North Carolina State UniversityDr. Engel is Professor Emeritus, National Marine Fisheries, NOAA, Beaufort Labora-tory. His research interests concern the influence of quality and quantity of habitat onfishery populations and individual organisms, involving studies of large systems, i.e.Gulf of Mexico, and multiple contaminants and species. He is also interested in factorsthat affect the accumulation of mercury in fish and shellfish and in the more wide-spread mercury contamination that exists in the coastal plains of southeastern states.(CSSP)

David J. Erickson III, Adjunct Professor; Ph.D., University of Rhode IslandDr. Erickson’s expertise lies in the development and application of numerical bio-geochemistry models that employ satellite data, high performance computing, experi-mental results and extensive theoretical constructs to simulate and predict climatechange potentialities. (EOS)

Mark Feinglos, Divisional Associate; M.D., McGill UniversityDr. Feinglos has a primary position as Professor of Medicine at the Duke Medical Cen-ter, where he specializes in endocrinology. His secondary expertise lies in the area ofmineralogy, with a particular interest in descriptive mineralogy and mineral curation.He has participated in the description of six new mineral species, including dukeite,and other as yet incompletely defined phases. The mineral feinglosite was named inhis honor. (EOS)

Dale A. Gillette, Adjunct Professor; Ph.D., University of MichiganDr. Gillette, physical scientist at the NOAA Air Resources Laboratories in ResearchTriangle Park, is interested in eolian processes and has concentrated on mechanismsof wind erosion and applications to geology and ecology. He is an authority on manyof the mechanisms of wind erosion. (EOS)

Matthew Godfrey, Adjunct Assistant Professor; Ph.D., University of TorontoDr. Godfrey is coordinator of the Sea Turtle Project, a project of the North CarolinaWildlife Resources Commission. He is also involved in research, education, regula-tory activities and conservation policy. (CSSP)

Gary S. Hartshorn, Adjunct Professor of Tropical Ecology; Ph.D., Washington Univer-sityDr. Hartshorn’s expertise lies in tropical forest ecology, conservation and manage-ment. He is the former director of the Organization for Tropical Studies at Duke Uni-versity and currently is President and CEO of the World Forestry Center in Portland,Oregon. (ESP)

Robert Henkens, Adjunct Professor; Ph.D., Yale UniversityDr. Henkens is Associate Professor Emeritus, Duke University. His interests includegene probes with sensor electrodes for rapid testing of various environmental micro-bial disease agents. (CSSP)

Selina Heppell, Adjunct Assistant Professor; Ph.D., Duke UniversityDr. Heppell is an assistant professor in the Department of Fisheries and Wildlife atOregon State University. Her research involves landscape-level predictors of biodiver-sity and exotic species interactions, specifically amphibian population models andwetlands restoration in Oregon. (CSSP)

Thomas P. Holmes, Adjunct Professor; Ph.D., Ohio Wesleyan UniversityDr. Holmes is a research forester with the USDA Forest Service’s Economics of ForestProtection and Management work unit at Research Triangle Park, NC. His researchfocuses on the application of nonmarket valuation methods to problems of forest eco-system protection and conservation in the United States and Brazil. (ESP)

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K. David Hyrenbach, Research Scientist; Ph.D., Scripps Institution of OceanographyDr. Hyrenbach’s research focuses on characterizing the oceanic habitats of pelagic ver-tebrates (seabirds, turtles, cetaceans and tunas), and the physical mechanisms(upwelling and convergence) that define predictable areas of enhanced biologicalactivity in pelagic systems. (CSSP)

Jordi Julia, Research Scientist; Ph.D., Universitat de BarcelonaDr. Julia’s research focuses on the seismic imaging of the continental lithosphere andthe role of plate and plume tectonics in continental crustal evolution. (EOS)

Gregory L. Kedderis, Adjunct Associate Professor; Ph.D., Northwestern Medical andDental SchoolDr. Kedderis’ research interests include mechanisms of toxicity of drugs and xenobiot-ics, genotoxicity and chemical carcinogenesis, xenobiotic oxidation by cytochromesP540, biotransformations of chemicals, enzymology, and the relationship betweenchemical dosimetry and biological effects. He is a Scientist II at the Chemical IndustryInstitute of Toxicology, Research Triangle Park. (ESP)

Steven T. Lindley, Adjunct Assistant Professor; Ph.D., Duke UniversityDr. Lindley is an ecologist in NOAA’s National Marine Fisheries Service at the South-east Fisheries Science Center, Tiburon Laboratory, California. His research interestsfocus on ecosystem and population ecology, numerical modeling, and application ofstable isotopes as tracers of ecological processes. (CSSP)

Frederick Lipschultz, Adjunct Professor; Ph.D., Harvard UniversityDr. Lipschultz is a senior research scientist at the Bermuda Biological Station. Hisresearch primarily involves nitrogen cycling and has taken him to the riverine envi-ronment, the deep sea off Peru, the blue water in the North Pacific and Atlantic, andthe coral reefs off Bermuda. While remaining focused on nitrogen cycling, he has beenmoving from the microscopic to the macroscopic, with interests in giant diatoms andcorals rather than solely bacteria and phytoplankton. (CSSP)

Michael Lomas, Adjunct Assistant Professor; Ph.D., University of MarylandDr. Lomas is an assistant research scientist at the Bermuda Biological Station. His areaof expertise is phytoplankton physiology and ecology including specific experience inseveral harmful algal bloom species, marine nitrogen cycling, and chemical tech-niques for seawater analysis. (CSSP)

Karen Magnus, Adjunct Research Scientist; Ph.D., The Johns Hopkins UniversityDr. Magnus’ interests are in crystal structure and function. Her laboratory has madeunique and significant contributions to improve our understanding of the function ofhemocyanin. She studies the chemical basis of reversible oxygen binding in dicoppersystems, and her laboratory has created an atomic model for the basis of cooperativeligand binding behavior in hierarchical physiological macromolecular assemblies.(CSSP)

Patricia McClellan-Green, Adjunct Assistant Research Professor; Ph.D., North Caro-lina State UniversityDr. McClellan-Green’s research focuses on the study of natural and man-made toxinsin the marine environment and their effects on the metabolic activities of marineorganisms. Her current research projects include an examination of the molecular andbiochemical pathways involved in endocrine disruption, the mechanisms of PAH andPCB mediated gene regulation in fish and other organisms, the isolation and charac-terization of various cytochrome P450s in marine species, and the effects of marinedinoflagellate toxins on cellular metabolism. (CSSP)

Suzanne McMaster, Adjunct Assistant Professor; Ph.D., University of OklahomaHealth Sciences Center

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Dr. McMaster, who is employed by the Environmental Protection Agency in ResearchTriangle Park, is broadly interested in problems of environmental risk assessment andspecifically in children’s health issues. Her research interests include neurodevelop-mental effects of pre- and post-natal environmental exposures to pesticides and otherchemicals. (ESP)

D. Evan Mercer, Adjunct Associate Professor; Ph.D., Duke UniversityDr. Mercer is a research economist with the USDA Forest Service’s Southern ResearchStation at Research Triangle Park, NC. His current research interests are the econom-ics of agroforestry, nonmarket valuation, rural development and the effects of govern-ment policies, market factors and societal values on the management and protectionof tropical forest resources and properties of lake sediments. (ESP)

Ellen M. Mihaich, Adjunct Professor, Ph.D., Duke University Dr. Mihaich is a senior environmental toxicologist with Rhodia Inc., an internationalchemical company. Her research focuses on sound, scientific environmental riskassessment, identifying data needs and methods of interpretation of both exposureand effects data. Recently, she has been involved in environmental endocrine issuesand evaluating the process of risk assessment with chemicals that can mimic naturalhormones. (ESP)Bruce F. Molnia, Adjunct Professor, Ph.D.; University of South CarolinaDr. Molnia has conducted glacial, marine, remote sensing and coastal research inequatorial, temperate, sub-polar and polar regions for more than 35 years. Dr.Molnia’s current research interests are in glacial processes, impacts of changing cli-mate, fiord and shallow-water marine geology, remote sensing, and glacial-marinesedimentation. (EOS)

Eva Oberdoester, Adjunct Assistant Research Scientist; Ph.D., Duke UniversityDr. Oberdoester’s research focuses on the types of cell-signaling pathways used byinvertebrate peptide and steroid hormones, the fitness consequences on an organismand population level after exposure to toxicants and the mechanism of nanoparticletoxicity in aquatic systems. (CSSP)

Subhrendu Pattanayak, Adjunct Assistant Professor; Ph.D., Duke UniversityDr. Pattanayak measures resource and environmental values and models economicbehavior under environmental constraints for analysis of environmental policy. Hisrecent research has focused on non-industrial private forestry, urban land use dynam-ics, benefits of safe drinking water and benefits transfer methodology. His primaryresearch interests are in the application of micro-econometrics to economic evaluationof environmental and resource policies and in issues at the intersection of economicdevelopment and environmental protection. (ESP)

Sam Pearsall, Adjunct Assistant Professor; Ph.D., University of HawaiiDr. Pearsall examines selection, design, and adaptive management of landscape-levelsites for ecosystem conservation. His current research focuses on modeling and man-aging the riverian and riparian ecosystems of the Roanoke River in North Carolina,but he is also initiating new projects on the Santee River in South Carolina and in thelarge Karst system of the Duck River watershed in Tennessee. (ESP)

Song S. Qian, Adjunct Assistant Professor; Ph.D., Duke UniversityDr. Qian is a visiting scientist with The Cadmus Group and with the Water ResourcesResearch Institute of the University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill. His researchinvolves Bayesian hierarchical modeling of toxic micro-organisms in the United Statesdrinking water supply, and modeling nutrient loading in the Neuse River Basin usingSPARROW. (ESP)

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Kathryn Saterson, Research Scientist; Ph.D., University of North Carolina at ChapelHillDr. Saterson has more than 20 years of experience analyzing, designing and managingprograms and policies to mitigate human impacts on the environment. She is commit-ted to designing, monitoring and modifying projects for improved results (adaptivemanagement) and to using lessons from field projects and local conservation efforts toimprove environmental policy and practice. (ESP)

Eylon Shalev, Research Scientist; Ph.D., Yale UniversityDr. Shalev’s research interests include geothermal energy, volcanic and tectonics seis-micity, and three-dimensional inversion. His research involves installation of boreholeinstruments at depth and the deployment of dense surface seismic arrays. (EOS)

Sally Shaumann, Adjunct Professor; M.S., University of Michigan Dr. Shaumann is Professor Emerita of Landscape Architecture at the University ofWashington, Seattle. Her interests are in environmental management of landscapesand restoration ecology–most recently, studies of how residential landowners treatthe river corridors that adjoin their property. (ESP)

Narendra P. Sharma, Adjunct Professor; Ph.D., Virginia Polytechnic Institute andState UniversityPrincipal economist at the World Bank in Washington, DC, Dr. Sharma is the primaryauthor of the Bank’s forest policy. His research interests are in applied economics,project design and policy analysis. He has worked in developing countries on policyissues related to conservation and sustainable development, poverty, natural resourcemanagement and policy dialogue. His current research focuses on quantification ofenvironmental impacts and local participation. (ESP)

Struan Smith, Adjunct Assistant Professor; Ph.D., University of GeorgiaDr. Smith is an assistant research scientist at the Bermuda Biological Station and isproject director for the Benthic Ecology Research Programme. His research interestsencompass coral reef ecology, benthic ecology, nutrient cycling, physiology, her-bivory, pollution ecology, statistics and experimental design. (CSSP)

Laura K. Snook, Adjunct Assistant Professor; Ph.D., Yale UniversityDr. Snook is primarily interested in the application of ecological knowledge to themanagement and conservation of forests. Her research has focused on forest standdynamics, disturbance ecology and silviculture as well as social forestry and forestconservation. She has worked in highland (fir and pine), montane, and lowland tropi-cal forests in Mexico, and has ongoing research projects in the mahogany forests ofMexico, Belize and Brazil. (ESP)

William G. Sunda, Adjunct Assistant Professor; Ph.D., Massachusetts Institute ofTechnology/Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution Joint Program Dr. Sunda conducts research on the interactions between trace metal chemistry inmarine systems and phytoplankton dynamics. (CSSP)

Henry Trapido-Rosenthal, Adjunct Associate Professor; Ph.D., University of Califor-niaDr. Trapido-Rosenthal heads the Bermuda Biological Station’s marine molecular biol-ogy program, in which he and the members of his laboratory use the techniques ofmolecular biology and biochemistry to pursue research into marine pharmaceuticals,marine ecotoxicology, coral reef symbioses, biodiversity of marine ecosystems andchemosensory neurobiology. (CSSP)

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John J. Vandenberg, Adjunct Professor; Ph.D., Duke UniversityDr. Vandenberg is director of EPA’s research program on airborne particulate matter.His interests include research on the health effects of air pollutants, atmospheric sci-ences, and the interface of science and air quality management. (ESP)

Dharni Vasudevan, Adjunct Assistant Professor; Ph.D., The Johns Hopkins Univer-sityDr. Vasudevan is an Associate Professor of Chemistry and Environmental Studies atBowdoin College. Her expertise lies in the fate of chemicals in soils and subsoils, pro-cesses at the mineral-water interface (sorption-desorption and transformation) andcycling of natural organic matter in soils. She has strong interest in the relationshipbetween compound structure and reactivity in the environment. (ESP)

Jan Vymazal, Adjunct Associate Professor; Ph.D., Prague Institute of Chemical Tech-nologyDr. Vymazal, a private consultant on wetlands in the Czech Republic, has studiedmany aspects of nutrient loading, eutrophication and constructed wetlands, andserves as a collaborator on Nicholas School programs in the Florida Everglades. (ESP)

David N. Wear, Adjunct Professor; Ph.D., University of MontanaDr. Wear’s current research concerns the economics of ecosystem management, thedesign of forestry policies, and the regional assessment of forest production andinvestment. He is project leader for the economics of forest protection and manage-ment with the USDA Forest Service, Southeastern Forest Experiment Station, ResearchTriangle Park, NC. (ESP)

Clair Williams, Research Scientist; Ph.D., North Carolina State UniversityDr. Williams examines forest population genetics and investigates the potentialimpact of transgenic trees in forested ecosystems. (ESP)(

Faculty EmeritiJohn D. Costlow, Ph.D., Professor EmeritusGeorge F. Dutrow, Ph.D., Professor EmeritusJohn W. Gutknecht, Ph.D., Professor EmeritusS. Duncan Heron, Ph.D., Professor Emeritus of GeologyKenneth R. Knoerr, Ph.D., Professor Emeritus of Environmental Meteorology and‘HydrologyRonald D. Perkins, Ph.D., Professor Emeritus of Earth ScienceOrrin Pilkey, Ph.D., James B. Duke Professor of Geology Emeritus and Research Pro-fessorWilliam J. Stambaugh, Ph.D., Professor Emeritus

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