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1/31/2020
1
Prithvi Mruthyunjaya, MDAssociate Professor of Ophthalmology and Radiation Oncology
The Exudative Retinal Detachment
VRS Clinical Update 2020
Disclosures
ConsultantOptosSanten
Castle Biosciences
I have no financial interests in the treatments or diagnostic tests discussed in this presentation
RETINAL DETACHEMENT
• Separation of the neurosensory retina and the retinal pigment epithelium (RPE)
• ACCUMULATION OF SUB RETINAL FLUID
Embryology
Re‐establishes potential space from the embyonic optic cup invaginations
3 Factors that maintain retinal attachment?
• RPE metabolic pump
• Osmotic pressure of choroid
• Interphotoreceptor matrix adhesions
Your choice of retinal detachment
• Rhegmatogenous
• Traction
• Traction/Rhegmatogenous
• Exudative (Serous)
1/31/2020
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Traction retinal detachment
Tractional RD
Downloaded from: The Retina (on 14 March 2008 06:10 PM)
Rhegmatogenous
Types of retinal breaks and tears
Horseshoe tear
Round hole
Atrophic hole
Retinal Dialysis
Giant retinal tear
The Exudative Retinal Detachment
Pediatric VR
Uveitis
General VR
Oncology
The Exudative Retinal Detachment
• Inflammatory• Scleritis, VKH, sarcoidosis
• Infectious• Tb, Syphilis
• Vascular• Coats’ disease• Hypertension• Toxemia of pregnancy
• Neoplastic• Lymphoma• Choroidal metastasis• Primary uveal melanoma• Retinoblastoma
• Drug induced
• Mechanical/Idiopathic• CSR• hypotony• Uveal effusion syndrome
Where did the SRF come from?
• What is the mechanism?• Rule out rhegmatogenous or tractional component
• Shifting subretinal fluid on exam
• Is there a systemic component?• Inflammatory/infectious workup
• Hidden tumor?• B scan, systemic testing
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Management of exudative RD
• Treatment of underlying etiology• Surgical intervention for diagnostic and/or therapeutic indication
• External drainage of SRF
• Internal drainage with vitrectomy
External SRF drainage
3. Needle drainage• Suture needle/blade penetration of sclera‐choroid (External puncture )
• Direct visualization of needle (Internal Needle Controlled)
• Chandelier assisted
2. Scleral cut downNon‐visualized drainage
With or without needle
Direct penetration of
choroid
1. Drain SRF, Air, Cryo to break, Encircle with band
13 month old male with leukocoria and total exudative RD
External drainage of SRF
Courtesy of Lejla Vajzovic, MD
Vitrectomy and internal drainage
Courtesy of Sunil Srivastava, MD
55 yo AAm emmetrope with serous RD
20/150
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Uveal Effusion Syndrome
• Rare, bilateral condition • Often a diagnosis of exclusion
• Delay in recognition….
• Differential includes:• Chronic CSCR• Posterior scleritis• Multifocal choroiditis• Melanoma• Vogt‐Koyanagi‐Harada disease
Uveal Effusion Syndrome: findings
• Serous retinal detachment
• Choroidal effusion • thickening
• Choroidal elevation
• RPE changes (leopard spot)
• Normal IOP
• Minimal/absent inflammation
Clinical features
• Peripheral changes often seen bilaterally
• Type 1: Nanophthalmos, hypermetropia
• Type 2: non‐nanophthalmic, rigid sclera
• Type 3: (idiopathic) normal sclera
Pathogenic mechanisms
• Dysregulation of choroidal vascular bed
• Vortex vein compression• Thickened sclera may obstruct venous outflow• Attempted surgical treatment
• Reduced scleral protein permeability• Osmotic forces • Reduces trans‐scleral protein diffusion• Increased proteins increased fluid retention
Management of UES
Reduce scleral resistance to choroidal fluid flow
• Scleral windows (Johnson and Gass)• Release resistance to fluid drainage• Often delayed due to diagnostic uncertainty
• Partial thickness windows +/‐ concurrent vitrectomy• Johnson et al.
• Vitrectomy alone
• Express shunt into choroidal space (Yepez, Arevalo)
Management of UES?
Reduce scleral resistance to choroidal fluid flow
Scleral windows (Johnson and Gass)• Release
resistance to fluid drainage
• Often delayed due to diagnostic uncertainty
+/‐ concurrent vitrectomy
Express shunt into choroidal
space (Yepez, Arevalo)
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video20/30
Management of UES: our experience
• Review of consecutive cases of UES managed with surgical intervention
• 200—2016 by two surgeons (PM and GJJ)
• Review of surgical techniques
• visual and structural outcomes
• Imaging findings• OCT
• Near infrared scanning laser ophthalmoscopy
Results
• 11 eyes of 10 patients with UES• 3 fellow eyes with effusion but no detachment• Mean age 63 yrs
• All suspected as uveitis or lymphoma• 1 eye hyperopic, none nanophthalmic
• Uveitis and oncology workup were common• 1 patient with + FTA‐ABS (‐ RPR)• 1 eye prior diagnostic vitrectomy (neg for lymphoma)• 7/11 treated with topical, PST or oral steroid without effect
Surgical intervention
• Time to surgery: 6.5 months
• All underwent sclera window procedure• 10/11 with 4 quadrant windows
• 2/11 with external drainage of subretinal fluid
• 1/11 required second window procedure
• Complications of surgery• 1 eye with retinal penetration‐ no RD
• 1 eye with retinal detachment, repaired
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Structural and visual outcomes
• 10/11 (91%) with resolution of exudative RD at last f/u
• Visual Acuity • Pre 20/64 (Range: 20/20 to CF)
• Post 20/220 (Range: 20/20 to NLP)
• limited by RPE abnormalities, chronicity
02.2015
64 yo with blurry peripheral vision Uveitis workup negative, now 2 months later…
2 months later
02.2015
SRF Worsened with PSTK OS
Proceed to surgery..
• 2 years post windows
02.2015
03.2015
04.2015
07.2015
08.2015
09.2015
02.2016
09.2017
Windows
Pre operative OCT findings
RPE undulation (78%)
Subretinal hyperreflectivematerial (89%)
Cystoid retinal thickening (11%)
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Post operative imaging findings
Resolved subretinalfluid (100%)
Ellipsoid disruption (56%)
Reduced SRHM (56%)
Decreased hypereflectivity on SLO
• Diagnosis is often delayed
• Scleral window creation can be curative• OCT normalization
• Acuity limited by RD chronicity, structural retinal changes• Aided by earlier diagnosis and intervention
The Exudative Detachment
• Consider the mechanism
• Common things are common• Rule out inflammation or systemic disorders
• Uveal Effusion Syndrome in differential
• Surgical management tailored to mechanism
Stanford Ocular Oncology Service
Prithvi Mruthyunjaya, MD, MHS Director
Andrea Kossler, MD Director, Orbital Oncology
Ben Erickson, MD
Albert Wu, MD
Thank you!
OrbitalEyelid Tumors
Ocular surface Tumors
Intraocular Tumors
Melanoma
Systemic cancers and the eye
Pediatric TumorsRetinoblastoma
Stanford Ocular Oncology Service
Thank you!
Prithvi Mruthyunjaya, MDDirector
919‐672‐4450 (cell)
Needle Controlled Drainage
• Localize, treat breaks
• Place encircling buckle, tighten
• 26g needle on TB syringe/plunger out
• Bevel away from sclera under buckle
• Depress sclera with needle shaft
• Enter sclera: tilt syringe away from globe
• Observe drainage: fluttering of retina over needle
• Creates a closed system for controlled drainage
Kitchens, J. 2013
1/31/2020
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13 month old male with leukocoria and total exudative RD
UES conclusions
• Diagnosis is often delayed
• Scleral window creation can be curative• OCT normalization
• Acuity limited by RD chronicity, structural retinal changes• Aided by earlier diagnosis and intervention