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The expansion of Participatory Budgeting in Brazil. an analysis of the sucessful cases based upon design and socio-economic indicators Leonardo Avritzer Brian Wampler. The World Bank Institute The Municipal Development Program (MDP) , Africa The Participatory Democracy Project - PowerPoint PPT Presentation
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The expansion of The expansion of Participatory Budgeting in Participatory Budgeting in
BrazilBrazilan analysis of the sucessful cases based
upon design and socio-economic indicators
Leonardo AvritzerBrian Wampler
The World Bank InstituteThe Municipal Development Program (MDP), Africa
The Participatory Democracy Project
Belo Horizonte, BrazilDecember, 2008
Explaining the Explaining the ResearchResearch
Presentation guidelines: P.B. casesAfter the collection of data, it was time to categorize it for the analysis process. P.B.
cases were categorized according to their existence in administrative mayoral periods in Brazil since 1997:
1997-2000: 120 cases 2001-2004: 199 cases 2005-2008: 201 cases
Research Methodology: data collection and categorization; P.B. incidence: emergence and spreading; P.B. incidence: socio-economic indicators; P.B. incidence: design and patterns for successful cases
PB’s OperationPB’s Operation
1. City’s regionalization and constitution of fora and regional and thematic assemblies – presentation of demands and discussion of priorities;
2. Adjustment of the discussion to a set of rules and procedures to be discussed, such as poverty indices and access to public goods and services – redistributive criteria;
3. Creation of a PB council (delegates and councilors) that defines the investment plan and budget proposal;
4. Control, supervision and fiscalization of the implementation of approved projects.
Diffusion of PBs through municipal administrations in Brazil
Source: Projeto Democracia Participativa, 2004
Period 1989-1992 Period 1993-1996
P.B. INCIDENCE P.B. INCIDENCE Emergence and spreadingEmergence and spreading
Source: Projeto Democracia Participativa, 2004
Period 1997-2000 Period 2001-2004
Diffusion of PBs through municipal administrations in Brazil
P.B. INCIDENCE P.B. INCIDENCE Emergence and spreadingEmergence and spreading
Period 2005-2008
Source: data collected from the present research
Diffusion of PBs through municipal administrations in Brazil
P.B. INCIDENCE P.B. INCIDENCE Emergence and spreadingEmergence and spreading
Source: data collected from the present research
Regions ofBrazil
Years
1997-2000 2001-2004 2005-2008
North 2,5% 5,5% 8,5%Northeast 14,2% 22,6% 22,4%South 39,2% 22,6% 21,9%Southeast 41,7% 45,2% 41,3%Center West 2,5% 4% 6,0%
Percentage of P.B. Experiences through Brazil
P.B. INCIDENCE P.B. INCIDENCE Emergence and spreadingEmergence and spreading
Source: data collected from the research
PB 2008 Continuity 1997-2008
Continuity 2001-2008
Planning Secretary 32,50% 38,20% 29,20%
Works Secretary 1,90% 2,90% 3,10%
Finances / Accounting Secretary 11,90% 8,80% 9,20%
Sector directly subordinated to the Executive 36,30% 20,60% 46,20%
P.B. Secretary 4,40% 11,80% 3,10%
Secretary of administration 8,10% 11,80% 4,60%
Other 5% 5,90% 4,60%
P.B. 2008
In which place of the administration P.B. is located
P.B. INCIDENCE P.B. INCIDENCE Design and patterns for successful casesDesign and patterns for successful cases
Source: data collected from the research
P.B. 2008
Timing cycle for the cases
P.B. INCIDENCE P.B. INCIDENCE Design and patterns for successful casesDesign and patterns for successful cases
Source: data collected from the research
P.B. 2008
Existence of P.B. Municipal Council
P.B. INCIDENCE P.B. INCIDENCE Design and patterns for successful casesDesign and patterns for successful cases
Source: data collected from the present research
P.B. 2008
Priorities for the distribution of resources
P.B. INCIDENCE P.B. INCIDENCE Design and patterns for successful casesDesign and patterns for successful cases
ConclusionsConclusions
HDI ranking above the averageHistorically, P.B. cases are present in cities that rank higher in HDI average. Despite
the de-concentration from the South and Southeast, which are regions that usually rank higher anyway, this pattern hasn´t changed, as the table bellow shows:
P.B. Cases still rank higher in HDI in comparison to Brazil´s average. Regarding the Northeast region, which has received most of the new cases found, the pattern remains the same: P.B. Cases rank higher in comparison to the regions average.
Comparison of HDI averages
Brazil General PB 2008 Northeast
General PB 2008
Northeast cases HDI average 0,699 0,753 0,610 0,678
ConclusionsConclusions
Central institutions to the existence of P.B.The research has shown the existence of some institutions that have strong
presence in the successful cases of P.B.. They are described in the table that follows:
These institutons are related to design and may be understood as key elements for the proper functioning and even existence of P.B.
P.B. key institutions
PB 2008 Continuity
2001-2008 % of cases % of cases
Existence of regional meetings 88,1 95,4
Existence of PB Council 56,9 67,7
Representation of Civil Society in PB Council 100 100
Focus on infrastructure issues 83,1 83,8
Dissemination paperDissemination paperBrazil and Mozambique
Analysis of data collectedAnalysis of data collectedBrazil and MozambiqueBrazil and Mozambique
Two phenomena are common to both cases:
FIRSTRapid increasing in the degree of urbanization in the
last yearsRegions of
Brazil Years Mozambique Years
1991 2000 2005 1997 2007 (General) N % N %
Brasil 75,6 81,3 82,8 Urban 4,604,371 28.6 7,760,810 37,8 North 59,1 69,9 74,4
Northeast 60,7 69,1 70,8 Rural 11,494,829 71,4 12,769,904 62,2 Southeast 88,0 90,5 91,8
Southeast 74,1 80,9 82,5 Center-West 81,3 86,7 86,0
Analysis of data collectedAnalysis of data collectedBrazil and MozambiqueBrazil and Mozambique
Second
In spite of the increase in the degree of urbanization, there haven´t been adopted any effective urban planning policies to guide the process
The result is the lack of basic policies in many areas of many cities, such as access to electric energy, access to basic infrastructure, and so on
Analysis of data collectedAnalysis of data collectedBrazil and MozambiqueBrazil and Mozambique
One of the most important observed characteristic of P.B. cases in Brazil nowadays is not only the wide territorial distribution, but the non-complete dependency on the type of political party to exist. Not only leftist parties have been adopting it, but also centrist ones.
Political Party
Period 1997-2000 2001-2004 2005-2008
% % % PFL 1,7 4 3
PMDB 11,7 7,5 8.5 PSB 10,8 4 2
PSDB 15,9 11,6 5.5 PT 43,3 59,3 66
Others (Leftist) 16,6 12,5 13,5
Total 100 100 100
Analysis of data collectedAnalysis of data collectedBrazil and MozambiqueBrazil and Mozambique
Successful cases in Brazil have shown that two variables do have great weight for the existence of P.B.:
FirstThe political will of the government. The support and initiative
of the government are paramount
SecondThe existence of a strong participatory background, or, in
other words, the existence of a strong civil society capable of pressing the government for the adoption of the program
Analysis of data collectedAnalysis of data collectedBrazil and MozambiqueBrazil and Mozambique
In Mozambique, as well as in many other african countries, some participatory programs have been implemented by a myriad of organizations
However, the methodology of such programs implied a “top-down” implementation, which means that a whole prescription was previously made and, then, implemented as a package
Successfull P.B. cases in Brazil have, rather, been implemented in a “bottom-up” basis. This suggest that the role to be played by civil society actors is crutial for the success of the program, participating in all steps of the process