THE EXCHANGE OF IDEAS

THE EXCHANGE OF IDEASAdvances in the sciencesMachiavelli, Luther and changing leadership rolesThe Protestant ReformationThe arrival and impact of the printing press

1Chapter Four: Renaissance ThemeTHE EXCHANGE OF IDEASTHE SCIENTIFIC METHODThe process of making observations, experimenting, and drawing conclusions based on evidence is known as the scientific methodThe use of the scientific method led to discoveries in many areas of science during the RenaissanceThere were key advances in astronomy, medicine and mathematics

ASTRONOMY http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=htJNcj4K2QA&feature=related For thousand of years most people believed the Sun went around the EarthPtolemy, introduced the idea of the universeIt was followed by three key advancesCopernicus said the Earth is a planet that moved around a stationary Sun http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=oDKdi7aRGls Kepler concluded that the planets travelled in elliptical orbits, not perfect circleshttp://www.youtube.com/watch?v=dRT3m2Wzyh4&safe=active Galileo built telescopes which observed sun spots, craters on the moon, and Jupiters moons

MEDICINEDoctors of the day lacked accurate knowledge about anatomyRemedies of the day were often based on astrology, superstition, bloodletting, and applying leeches were commonAndreas Vesalius dissected bodies in his lecture hall while students observedDa Vinci also added detailed anatomy drawings based on dissectionhttp://www.youtube.com/watch?v=TWMPlowepGE

MATHEMATICSEarlier civilizations, contributed to understanding through concepts like zero from India and the decimal system by the MuslimsNew focus on geometry by Euclid and algebra by al-KhwarizmiMath was key in astronomy, economics, mathematical proofsBrunelleschi rediscovered the mathematical theory of perspective

POLITICAL AND RELIGIOUS LEADERSHIPIsabella DEste married the Duke of Mantau when she was 16Their court was known as a leader in learning, music and the visual artsShe became known as the first lady of the worldWhen her husband was away, Isabella ruled the city state in his absenceWhen her husband died she helped her young son to rule Mantua

NICCOLO MACHIAVELLIObserved people and governments as a civil servantHe wrote The Prince in which he explained his conclusions about the best way to governHis conclusions remain controversial todayIt is a good general rule about men that they are ungrateful, fickle, liars and deceivers, fearful of danger and greedy for gainA newly installed leader often cannot observe the qualities that make men good and it is often necessary in order to preserve the state to act contrary to faith, contrary to mercy, contrary to humanness, contrary to religionhttp://www.youtube.com/watch?v=44DNBRL4nR8

NICCOLO MACHIAVELLIMachiavelli described the state as a creation of human beingsHe felt it was a secular institutionThe only thing that mattered was the effective running of the state. The leader could do anything as long as it was good for the state.When it came to ideas of leadership, Machiavelli did not think the concepts of right and wrong were important

CHANGING LEADERSHIP IN THE CHURCHDuring the Middle Ages and the Renaissance, the Catholic Church was the most powerful institution in EuropeGirolamo Savonarola was a monk who believed in the Dominican orderHe dedicated his life to fighting against the corruption he saw in the churchHe directly accused Pope Alexander VI of corruptionIn 1497 he organized the Bonfire of the VanitiesPeople burned their wigs, make up, fancy clothing, art and books because these items diverted attention way from Godhttp://www.youtube.com/watch?v=MUdLHr4H-nQ

CHANGING LEADERSHIP IN THE CHURCHEventually due to his criticisms Savonarola was excommunicated That means he was officially excluded from the ChurchIn 1499, he was tried for heresy, found guilty and executed

MARTIN LUTHERMartin Luther, was a German monkHe came to the conclusion that the Bible, rather than the Church, should guide Christian life0ne of the things Luther was most critical of was the selling of indulgencesThese were certificates that reduced the amount of time people would be punished after they diedIn 1517, Luther published his Ninety-Five Theses on the outside of a church door in Wittenberg

MARTIN LUTHERPope Leo X issued an official order condemning Luther and banning his worksIn 1521, Luther was called before the Imperial Diet in the city of WormsThe pope excommunicated Luther, and emperor Charles V declared that Luther was on outlaw who could be killedLuther was forced into hidinghttp://www.youtube.com/watch?v=j89_BAh2Q3M

THE PROTESTANT REFORMATIONLuther also had made a Protestant translation of the Bible, which reached large numbers of GermansA new church was started the Lutheran Church and it soon spread across EuropePeople who joined this new movement were referred to as Protestants and this time became known as the Protestant Reformationhttp://www.youtube.com/watch?v=gi5qR7tflG0&safe=active THE CATHOLIC CHURCH COUNTER REVOLUTIONPope Paul III called a series of meeting known as the Council of Trent for the Church to examine its policiesNew religious orders were established to focus on converting people to CatholicismOne of these new orders was called the Society of Jesus, or JesuitsThe European Jesuits sent into North America were known as the Black Robes

THE PRINTING PRESSIn 1450 Johann Gutenberg developed the moveable printing pressIt allowed books to be produced quickly and cheaplyIt could produce thousands of books in the time it used to take to make a single copyThey could also be printed on paper which was much cheaper the parchmenthttp://www.youtube.com/watch?v=eMbvT3rwI3M

IMPACT OF THE PRINTING PRESS IN THE RENAISSANCEBy 1500, there were more than 6 million books in printNow that books were cheaper, middle class people began to read, discuss and eventually write booksInstead on only books in Latin, more books were produced in the vernacularThinkers like Erasmus began to make money from the books they wrote

THE IMPACT OF THE INTERNET ON CANADA TODAYYour generation is the first to grow up using the Internet since birth, digital nativesHeres a look at how this technological advance has impacted Canada90% of teenagers use the internet45% prefer instant messaging as a means of communicationFrancophones are less likely to use the internet than AnglophonesRural citizens use the internet less the urban citizensCanadian teens use the internet to Access information 71%Communicate electronically 60%Play games 48%Learn school related material 32%