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The Events of The French Revolution. Financial Situation. Debt from Wars Debt from King’s extravagance Interest payments ½ tax revenue Tax structure problems Change necessary soon. Estates General called. Last called in 1614 Legislative body in an Absolute Monarchy - PowerPoint PPT Presentation
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THE EVENTS OF THE FRENCH REVOLUTION
Financial Situation
Debt from WarsDebt from King’s extravaganceInterest payments ½ tax revenue
Tax structure problemsChange necessary soon
Estates General called
Last called in 1614Legislative body in an Absolute Monarchy
Meeting at Versailles’ palaceEach Estate gets one vote
May 5th, 1789
Double the Third
Third Estate won’t cooperate; knows resultMeets in Tennis Court
King offers two votes to Third EstateThird rejects King’s offer
King closes the Estates General to the 3rd EstateJune 17th, 1789
National AssemblyJune 20th, 1789
Three Estates meet Form National Assembly
All Three Estates representedQuestion format of Assembly
Tennis Court Oath
National Assembly vows to make changeVow taken in Tennis Court
Will not disband until Constitution is created
BastilleKing’s Prison in downtown Paris
Symbol of King’s power and controlCrowds of 3rd Estate members attack
Free prisoners and gain weapons
Great FearRumors of violence against peasants
Untrue RumorsViolence caused against Manor houses
Declaration of Rights of Man and of the Citizen
Old Order is Gone1789
Based off of the American Declaration of Independence
Incorporated ideas from Locke, Montesquieu, Rousseau for freedom
No equality for women
Women March on Versailles
King refused to accept reform and the Declaration of Rights
National Assembly moved to ParisOctober 1789, thousands of women march to the
King’s palace in VersaillesKing announces that he will come to Paris to show
support for the National Assembly
Civil Constitution of the Clergy
The French Catholic church was under government control turning the clergy in to elected salaried officialsPassed the Civil Constitution of the Clergy in 1790
Created a deep disagreement between the Church and the Revolution
Many clergy refused to accept it.It took all church land and sold it to the highest bidder
Pope Pius VI condemns this bill and it creates two churches: one loyal to the state and one to the Pope
New Government
Unicameral Legislature Divided between Royalists and Radicals
National Assembly created a constitution of the people in 1791
Guaranteed the basic rights of the People and limited the monarchy
Middle Class gained powerFirst and Third Estates were unhappy because they were
losing power
EmigresNobles who fled to Austria
The royalty of Austria and other European countries were worried that their rule would be challenged by
the RevolutionHoped to restore Louis XVI to power in stead of the
Revolution
Declare war on Austria
1792Paris crowds attacked king’s palace
King fled to legislators for helpLegislators threw Royals in jail instead of helping them
Mobs of Paris killed Nobles and PriestsNew Constitution written which allowed all men the
right to vote
Section Three: Dawn of a new Era
Battle at ValmyFrench (in flux) went to war against Austria, Prussia
and Silesia (Monarchies)In Sept 1792, French Army won the conflictSoldiers were subjected to poor conditions
Victory boosted their spirits
National Convention and the New Calendar
Met from 1792-1795 and most members were bourgeoisie
Wrote the first Democratic ConstitutionAdopted a new calendar: 9.22.1792 = day one of year
one. Rename the months of the year. Redefine the borders of France for natural boundries
Trial and Execution of the King
Louis was executed in January of 1793Accused of crimes against the liberty of the nationUse a box of letters found to accuse him; the letters were from foreign monarchs. In the letters he pleads for help and badmouths the Revolutionary leaders.
The Crowds rejoice
Committee of Public SafetyNational Convention forms the Committee of Public
Safety to direct the war effortAdopt conscription: Draft all men between 18-45 for
military service (2 million men) Skilled with resources were prized.
Jacobins control the committee led by Maximilien Robespierre and extreme radical
They support the Sans Coulottes
Reign of TerrorJuly 1793- July 1794
40,000 French people are guillotined (111 per day)Enemies of the Revolution were tried and executed
It’s like a witch hunt
Constitution of 1795Universal male suffrage goes away; only property
owners can now vote.Convention writes a new constitution which creates the
Directory (5 directors/bicameral legislature)
The DirectoryInept leadership
Corrupt LeadershipCreated many enemies such as the Sans Culottes
Little effort to fix the close the gap between rich and poor
Section Four: Napoleon’s Empire
Overthrow of the DirectoryNapoleon overthrows the directory in 1799
Forms a dictatorshipMakes a new constitution
ConsulateExecutive branch is made of three consuls
Napoleon names himself as First Consul, a Roman ideaBicameral Legislature
Created Secondary Schools called Lycee, Universal Education
Created the Bank of FranceForced everyone to pay taxes
Crowns Himself EmperorTakes the Crown from the Pope and places it on his
own head, symbolizing his ability to crown himself not needing the church to do it.
1802
Napoleonic CodeHad a new code written
Made the State more important than the individualsBased on Enlightenment Idea: such as equality of all
citizens, religious tolerationLimited freedom of speech and press
Women’s rights were also limitedFrench law was made clear and consistant
Males were given more power in their household over their wives and families
Concordat of 1801Acknowledged Catholicism was the religion of the
majority of French PeopleAffirmed the religious toleration of others
Retained the right to name all bishops who had sworn alliance with the state.
Eliminated the Civil Constitution of the ClergyPope and Napoleon hug
Battle of TrafalgarThe battle happened in October 1805
British Admiral Nelson defeated the French NavyOff the southern coast of Spain
Removed the possibility of the French invasion of Britain
Continental SystemFrance banned trade with Great Britain
Made the countries which they had beaten, not trade with Britain either
Britain said that any ship on it’s way to Europe had to stop in Britain and pay a tax.
British Navy maintained control of the seasNapoleon was trying to destroy the British system
Attack on RussiaRussia begins to trade with Britain and this made
Napoleon angry. He invaded Russia
They retreated and used a “scorched earth” policy to stop the French
The 600,000 soldiers for France were hungry and cold, 400,000 died and 200,000 marched back to France
100 DaysUpon his return from Russia, he was exiled and
replaced by Louis XVIII.He was sent to a small island off the coast of Italy
named ElbaAfter being rescued by the French Army he led them
into battle
Battle of Nations @ Waterloo, Belgium
Great Britain, Netherlands and Prussia meet the French Army in Waterloo, Belgium
June 1815After the battle, Napoleon was placed under house
arrest
St. HelenaHe was placed here under house arrest
Located in the middle of the South Atlantic, Napoleon dies here in 1821
Section Five: Peace in Europe
Congress of ViennaKlemens Von Metternich
The Kings, Princes and Diplomats gather for a Peace Conference in Vienna, Austria
Sept. 1814 to June 1815
RestorationReparation
Balance of PowerRestoration: The action of restoring the Monarchies to
the condition they had been in before the French Revolution
Reparation: compensation for the expenses incurred during the French Revolution
Balance of Power: No country should ever again dominate Continental Europe.
Buffer StatesNeutral territories surrounded the country of FranceThis was to protect the Monarchies from Democratic
reforms of the French people. They didn’t want those ideas in their countries.
Examples of these countries were: Austrian Netherlands, Dutch Netherlands, German
Confederation, Switzerland, Sardinia
Reactionaries vs. Liberalism
Reactionaries: People who opposed change and want to return the Government to the format it was in earlier
times. These were the Nobles.Liberalism: Believe in the ideas of the Enlightenment
and the placed the rights of the individual above those of the State. Approved of the democratic
reforms of the French Revolution. These are the Middle class. They support the ideals of free speech
and press.
AlliancesGreat Britain, Austria, Prussia and Russia join the
Quadruple AllianceThe Holy Alliance was Russia and Netherlands,
Austria, Prussia.France joins the Quadruple Alliance
Why: The alliance agreement agreed to discuss the security of Europe.
Metternich SystemThe Meetings of the Alliances were called the Concert
of Europe and helped European countries avoid conflicts like the Napoleonic Wars
Metternich achieved his political goals in opposing Liberalism and Nationalism as well as defending the
Absolute Monarchies of Europe
NationalismThe idea of the people controlling their countries and
not the Kings was not eliminated by the Metternich System
In Germany, students rose up against the governmentIn Spain, the Absolute Monarch was forced to accept a
constitutionIn Greece the people won their independence from
Turkey in 1829The ideas of the French Revolution lived on!