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The epidemiology of Mycoplasma hyopneumoniae
Eric BushUSDA:APHIS:VS
FDA:CVMSwine Mycoplasma Pneumonia Workshop
Kansas City, MOMarch 6, 2002
Objective: Respiratory disease Porcine Respiratory Disease
Complex (PRDC) Prevalence of primary pathogens Severity of condition
• mortality due to respiratory illness• age of onset in grower/finisher• course of treatment
Extent of control measures and their relation to prevalence and severity
Swine 2000
Swine 2000 study design NASS General Swine Farm Report
• June 1 – July 14, 2000• n=2499 respondents
VS Initial VMO visit• August 21 – November 3, 2000• n=895 respondents
VS Second VMO visit• December 1, 2000 – March 15, 2001
Ref: USDA:APHIS:VS. Part I: Reference of Swine Health and Management in the United States, 2000. Fort Collins, CO:NAHMS; 2001 August. Swine 2000
Objective: Serum bank Create national serum bank
Epidemiological description of endemic pathogens• prevalence• distribution• risk factors
Natural history of emerging diseases• time of emergence• epidemiological description
Swine 2000
Swine 2000 study design Blood collection Voluntary participation Collection from sows/gilts
• Max of 30 samples• Quota sampling by parity
Collection from finishers • Max of 15 samples• Across pens (max of 10 pens)• Must be 20 weeks or older
Shipped overnight on ice to NVSL.
Swine 2000 study design Blood collection Testing:
• PRRS - ELISA test at NVSL. • Mycoplasma – Tween20 ELISA test at ISU
(Pfizer).• Mycoplasma - IDEXX ELISA test at
BI/Vetmedica.• SIV - HI test at WI (Schering-Plough).
Serum banked for further use.• 5 of 8 sets left
Swine 2000 Blood collection Finishers only 200 Breeding only 111 Both 195
Total 506 sites----------------------------------------
14,328 samples collected from 506 sites. • 8466 sow/gilt samples from 306 sites• 5862 finisher samples from 395 sites.
Mycoplasma (ISU) results Site prevalence:
Finishers: 82.3% Breeding: 94.8%
Animal prevalence Finishers: 48.9% Breeding: 38.3%
Swine 2000
Any questions
How does site prevalence vary…
By region? By type of site? By size of site? Vaccine status of site? By visit blood collected (season)?
Site prevalence, by type Finishers only 77.5% Breeding only 97.3% Both 97.4%
All sites 89.5% sites
Site prevalence, by total inventory
<2000 2000-9999 10,000+
83.9 80.6 80.8
<2000 2000-9999 10,000+
93.1 98.1 92.3
Swine 2000
Sites with breeding females
Sites with finisher
Site prevalence, by vaccination status
Do vaccinate Don’t Vaccinate
88.4 77.1
Do vaccinate Don’t Vaccinate
97.8 93.5
Swine 2000
Sites which vaccinate breeding females
Sites which vaccinate finishers
Site prevalence, by visit (season)
First visit Second visit
88.5% 79.2%
First visit Second visit
76.9 94.9
Swine 2000
Sites with breeding females
Sites with finishers
What about the prevalence within sites (herds)?
How does it vary by pig type?
Distribution of sites by number of positive finishers
7063
45 49
7890
0
40
80
120
0 1-3 4-6 7-9 10-12 13-15
Number of positive finishers
Swine 2000Mean = 48.9%
Distribution of sites by number of positive breeding females
16
36
5145
52
3626
15 11 10 8
0
30
60
90
0 1-3 4-6 7-9 10-12
13-15
16-18
19-21
22-24
25-27
28-30
Number of positive breeding females
Swine 2000Mean = 37.4%
How does animal prevalence vary…
By region? By size of site? By gender of finishers? By parity of breeding females? Vaccine status of animal?
56.9%41.7%
42.7%36.1% 47.7%
37.0%
51.2%38.5%
Animal prevalence, by total inventory
<2000 2000-9999 10,000+
50.2 47.9 45.3
<2000 2000-9999 10,000+
36.5 38.6 47.9
Swine 2000
Percent breeding females that were positive
Percent late finishers that were positive
Finisher prevalence, by gender Gilts 46.0% Barrows 50.8%
All late finishers 48.9%
Animal prevalence, by vaccination status
Vaccinated Not vaccinated
56.1 43.3
Vaccinated Not vaccinated
49.8 32.1
Swine 2000
Percent of vaccinated sows/gilts that were positive
Percent of vaccinated finishers that were positive
Other mycoplasma data Prevalence of mycoplasma as
reported by respondents Vaccination practices Other control strategies
Prevalence of selected diseases in nursery pigs, by herd size
0 20 40 60 80 100
Strep suisStaph hyicus
PMWSPRRS
SIV (new)SIV (old)
MycoplasmaH. parasuis
APP
Percent sites
<2000 2000-9999 10,000+
Swine 2000
Prevalence of selected diseases in grow/finish pigs, by herd size
0 20 40 60 80 100
ErysipelasI leitisPMWSPRRS
SIV (new)SIV (old)
MycoplasmaAPP
Percent sites
<2000 2000-9999 10,000 +
Swine 2000
Mycoplasma vaccination – breeding females
0
20
40
60
80
100
<250 250-499 500 +
Breeding female inventory
Perc
en
t sit
es
Killed Autogenous DK
15.4%
43.6% 46.2%
Swine 2000
Mycoplasma vaccination – breeding females
Prior to entry
At entry
In the herd <250
250-499 500 +
Yes Yes Yes 23.1 14.0 26.1
Yes Yes No 3.4 15.6 24.5
Yes No Yes 5.3 5.9 6.2
No Yes Yes 7.8 11.1 0.0
Yes No No 42.2 41.4 18.7
No Yes No 6.0 8.7 24.5
No No Yes 12.2 3.3 0.0
Number of mycoplasma vaccinations received by breeding females
60.4 53.4 43.2
16.5 32.630.7
23.1 26.114.0
0%
20%
40%
60%
80%
100%
<250 250-499 500 +
Breeding female inventory
Perc
en
t of
vaccin
ate
d
sit
es
One Two Three
Swine 2000
Percent sites using vaccine to control mycoplasma in weaned market pigs, by herd size
2
33.3
9.1
10.6
60.8
22.5
0.6
55.3
42.2
0 20 40 60 80 100
Vx >70lbs
Vx le 70lbs
Vx sows/ gilts
Percent sites
<2000 2000-9999 10,000 +
Swine 2000
Number of mycoplasma vaccinations received by weaned market pigs
66.1
34.5 44.8
17.2
44.1 31.2
16.7 21.4 24
0%
20%
40%
60%
80%
100%
<2000 2000-9999 10,000
Total inventory
Perc
en
t of
sit
es
None One Two
Swine 2000
Mycoplasma vaccination – age weaned market pigs are vaccinated (weeks)
Dose <20002000-9999 10,000 +
1st & only 7.4 7.7 6.9
Swine 2000
Mycoplasma vaccination – age weaned market pigs are vaccinated (weeks)
Dose <20002000-9999 10,000 +
1st & only 7.4 7.7 6.9
1st of two 3.2 4.1 3.4
Swine 2000
Mycoplasma vaccination – age weaned market pigs are vaccinated (weeks)
Dose <20002000-9999 10,000 +
1st & only 7.4 7.7 6.9
1st of two 3.2 4.1 3.4
2nd of two 6.2 7.4 9.3
Swine 2000
Strategies employed to control mycoplasma in weaned market pigs, by herd size
0 20 40 60 80 100
Any of aboveRx pen/ air space
Rx ill pigsAIAO Nursery
AIAO farrowWean w/ Abx
MEWEarly Wean
Percent sites
<2000 2000-9999 10,000 +
Swine 2000
Acknowledgments National Agricultural Statistics Service (NASS) NAHMS Design and Implementation team State and Federal Veterinary Medical Officers, VS field APHIS: National Veterinary Services Laboratories (NVSL) ARS: Russel Research Center ARS: Eastern Regional Research Center ARS: National Animal Disease Center U.S. Food and Drug Administration (FDA-CVM) National Pork Board American Association of Swine Veterinarians (AASV) Pfizer Boehringer Ingelheim Vetmedica IDEXX Laboratories, Inc. Schering-Plough Iowa State University The Ohio State University University of Illinois University of Tennessee University of Wisconsin – Madison
Swine 2000
For more information:
Eric BushUSDA:APHIS:VS-CEAH555 S HowesFort Collins, CO. 80521(970) 490-8000
[email protected] search for “NAHMS swine” on the web.