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THE ENLIGHTENMENT
IMMANUEL KANT:
“Dare to Know! Have the
courage to use your own
intelligence!”
Renaissance
Reformation
Scientific Revolution
Newton
Locke
ORIGINS:
Periods:
Reason: Rational Thought
Secularism
Social Progress
Education of the Masses
Freedom and Liberty
Tolerance
Legal Reform
CHARACTERISTICS:
Laws of Nature!
Who where they?
Common bonds
Students of society
who analyzed its evils
and advanced reforms.
PHILOSOPHES:
Skepticism
Cultural Relativism
PHILOSOPHERS
Advocated religious
toleration
Deism: existence of a
“mechanic” who had
created the universe
World ran according to
natural law
VOLTAIRE:(1694-1778)
►Every man is guilty of all the
good he didn’t do.
► Judge a man by his questions
rather than by his answers.
► Men are equal; it is not
birth, but virtue that makes
the difference
VOLTAIRE’S WISDOM
►It is dangerous to be right
when the government is
wrong.
► Love truth and pardon
error.
►The way to become boring
is to say everything.
► I may not agree with what
you have to say, but I will
defend to the death your
right to say it.
Attacks traditional
religion
Advocates religious
toleration
Denounces slavery
Focus: use of reason
“Natural Laws”
governing society
Separation of powers• Executive• Legislative• Judicial
MONTESQUIEU: (1689-1755)
The Persian Letters: 1721 The Spirit of Laws: 1748
Man is born
free, but
everywhere he
is in chains.
ROUSSEAU: (1712-1778)
Social Contract
General Will
Liberty: achieved by being
forced to follow what was
best for all people.
Freedom: adherence to
laws one has imposed on
oneself
THE SOCIAL CONTRACT 1762
Principles of a
Democracy
ADAM SMITH
Economic Liberty:
-Free trade
-Laissez-faire
-The Wealth of Nations: 1776- 1. Law of Self- Interest- 2. Law of Competition- 3. Law of Supply and Demand
THE AMERICAN PHILOSOPHES
SOCIAL ENVIRONMENT
PARISIAN SALON
MADAME GEOFFRIN’S SALON
THE SALON
Philosophes and guests engaged in conservations
and spread the ideas of the Enlightenment
Run by wealthy women in urban areas
Reputation of salon depended upon the stature of
males a hostess could attract
Females influence decision making and literary and
artistic taste
Mary Wollstonecraft:
Vindication of the Rights of
Women: 1792• British• Women obeying men
same as monarchs have absolute power over their subjects
• Reason innate in all humans- women entitled to the same rights as men in education and political life
ROLE OF WOMEN
Attempts to summarize
the state of knowledge
Freedom of thought and
expression
Progress through
knowledge
DIDEROT
ENCYCLOPEDIA
First published 1751
28 Volumes
Illustrated
Cross-Referenced
Diderot’s Encyclopedie
Diderot’s Encyclopedie
Diderot’s Encyclopedie
ENCYCLOPEDIA
AN INCREASE IN READING
“Must Read” Books of the Time
The Royal Academy of Sciences, Paris
Zoology & Biology
A dissection at the Royal Academy, London.
Chemistry Labs & Botany Gardens